Levels of mental reflection briefly. What is psychic reflection

Speech is the main, although not the only, source of influence and transmission of information in professional communication. Mastery of your own voice, its volume and intonation, the ability to control the rhythm of speech, the art of arranging speech pauses significantly influence the interlocutor’s assimilation of the information presented to him and predetermine the success of influencing him. Active listening techniques help maintain communication, and the art of using questions helps control the attention and thinking of the interlocutor. Let's take a closer look at these characteristics and psychotechniques.

CHARACTERISTICS OF SPEECH

The same information can be presented to a person in different ways (say), and it will have an impact different impact on him. An important factor What influences the perception of speech is the way a person speaks. Speech can be expressive, sensual and emotional, or it can be sluggish and indifferent. Accordingly, it will have a different effect on the listener. Let's look at some characteristics of speech.

Voice - it is the means by which a message is conveyed to other people. Often the listener determines the importance of incoming information by how it is pronounced, and not by what exactly the interlocutor or speaker says. The voice can be used correctly and it can become powerful and effective tool impact and transmission of information, or you can use it as an instrument of torture, making it monotonous and unpleasant to hear.

In management interaction great attention You should pay attention to the emotional state of both your own and your partners. We can metaphorically say that a person's voice is the place where his conscious (the content of speech) and the unconscious (characteristics of the voice) meet. It has been observed that in a state of anxiety or nervous tension a person's voice characteristics change. This fact has found worthy application in non-contact (i.e., invisible to the interlocutor) “lie detector” samples. The human subconscious sometimes successfully replaces a lie detector and can quite reliably determine the insincerity of the interlocutor. At the same time, non-verbal sounds accompanying human speech are also quite informative:

unexpected spasms of the voice reveal internal tension;
Frequent coughing can be interpreted as self-doubt or anxiety (although it could just be bronchitis);
laughter that does not correspond to the moment or is expressed inappropriately is clearly interpreted as tension, loss of control over the situation.

In order to more effectively master your own speech and correctly use your voice in the process of professional communication, it is useful to consider the following characteristics.

Rate of speech. This concept includes the speed of speech, the duration of the sound of individual words and the duration of pauses. Professional communicators have good command of their speech and know how to adjust its pace in accordance with the information being presented. Confident, meaningful speech, as a rule, has a medium, even pace with a clear separation of words. Complex ideas should be presented at a slower, more even pace. It is necessary to give the listener time to comprehend what you are saying (unless, of course, you are pursuing other goals).

During public speaking It should be realized that even if there is little time to present all the information and the lecturer tries to give it at twice the speed, then all that he will achieve is to halve the degree of its understanding. However, speaking too slowly and sluggishly can cause you to lose the audience's attention and interest.

In addition, one of the features of a slow tempo is the tendency for edifying intonations to appear. And you need to be able to use this correctly, distinguishing between informative and educational speech.

Volume. Every person has the ability to change the volume of their voice according to conditions. We are able to unconsciously assess the distance to the interlocutor, the noise level in the audience, and adjust the volume of our voice accordingly. For example, in a noisy audience a person tries to speak louder.

It should be borne in mind that a loud voice in combination with an increase in its pitch and vibration is perceived as insecure. Increasing the volume combined with lowering the pitch gives the voice strength, but can also create a feeling of aggressiveness.

Voice pitch is an important element of transmission mental state speaker and is capable of causing the same state in the listener. A low voice (especially the bass) conveys confidence. Accordingly, raising the pitch of the voice (especially in combination with increasing the rate of speech) may be perceived as a loss of control over the situation. If this does happen, slow down your speech rate and lower the pitch of your voice a little and you will feel more confident.

Intonation. Intonation is perhaps the most important element speech. The same words spoken with different intonations can convey different meanings, even the opposite. There are no question or exclamation marks in speech; their role is played by the intonation with which certain words are pronounced. During communication, a person uses from 10 to 20 different notes. Intonation creates an overall melodic pattern of speech and helps to maintain attention. The sharper the intonation falls, the more categorical it becomes. When emphasizing a formal situation, speech becomes more monotonous. Slowly rising and shallow intonations express uncertainty, bewilderment, and doubt. Deep emotions - sadness, pity, tender feelings - are conveyed by a smooth change of intonation in speech.

It is useful to practice mastering various intonations. For example, practice pronouncing the same phrases with different intonations, giving them different emotional meanings. Try using intonation to convey a state of interest, indifference, curiosity, anxiety, anger, peace, etc.

Pause in speech. Pause (silence) is an important tool of speech when used skillfully. It allows you not to confuse the meanings of different words and sentences, performing a separating function. Silence at the right time can be perceived as a sign of confidence in the manager and have a strong managerial impact.

Sometimes a person tries to hide his uncertainty by forcing pauses. As a result, his speech becomes hasty, chaotic and less understandable. Many famous speakers have successfully used the art of silence. The pause before the climax is the highlight of a good story. Although unnecessarily drawn out, it can be perceived as indecisiveness. Timely use of a pause prepares the audience, emphasizes the point, and allows them to appreciate the importance of what is being said. Using pauses is useful in next row cases.

Before the speech begins. A pause allows listeners to prepare for perception, sets them up for attentive listening, and gives the speaker the opportunity to collect his thoughts.

To control attention and enhance meaning. When a question, phrase, or thought is of particular importance but may be heard or misunderstood, using pauses at the right time emphasizes the meaning. Using a pause in this case is comparable to a guide stopping in front of a special painting.

Instead of punctuation marks. In this case, pauses are used to structure speech and increase the degree of its understanding.

Semantic stresses. In progress management communication professional communicator notes the importance of individual keywords, enhancing their impact with the help of semantic stresses. Similar semantic accents can be made using:

slower pronunciation of keywords;
changes in volume at the moment of their utterance;
raising or lowering intonation while pronouncing a word;
selection by pause.

However, you should understand that what matters more is not so much how you highlight the word, but what kind of word it will be.

Our lives are influenced not only real facts and events, but also the words with which we call them.

Psychotherapeutic truth

“One eastern ruler saw horrible dream as if all his teeth had fallen out one by one. IN strong excitement he called the dream interpreter to him. He listened to him with concern and said: “Lord, I must tell you sad news. You will lose all your loved ones one by one.” These words aroused the anger of the ruler. He ordered the unfortunate man to be thrown into prison and to call another interpreter, who, after listening to the dream, said: “Lord, I am happy to tell you the good news - you will outlive all your relatives.” The ruler was delighted and generously rewarded him for this prediction. The courtiers were very surprised. “After all, you told him the same thing as your poor predecessor, so why was he punished and you rewarded?” - they asked. To which came the answer: “We both interpreted the dream in the same way. But everything depends not only on what to say, but also on how to say it.”

The same information can be presented to a person in different ways, and it will have different effects on him. Forms and techniques for transforming content and context are well described in the book “Reframing” by R. Bandler and D. Grinder. We will not dwell on the semantic content of speech, but will only consider its particular characteristics.

8.1. CALIBRATION

VERBAL COMMUNICATION

There are several hundred thousand words in the Russian language. It is believed that 6,000 words are enough for a person to express his thoughts and feelings. Each person has his own basic (active) vocabulary, that is, the set of words that he uses most often and with the help of which his brain and consciousness reflect the world and process information coming from outside. It is important to understand that, despite the general similarity, basic dictionaries different people- differ from each other.

Do you want to get to know a person better? Listen to what and how he says.

A person’s speech reflects the peculiarities of his understanding of the world around him. A person’s language, as a system of verbal signs he has mastered, is a Map of his Model of the World. It is thanks to language and speech that one person only needs to say the word “chair”, and another person will understand what he meant by finding the corresponding object in his Model of the World and imagining it. But every person is unique. Remember? Each person has his own individual idea of the world around him in the totality of all objects, phenomena and events, as well as the words with which he calls them.

In some cases, by relating the word you hear to the corresponding understanding in your Model of the World, check whether that is what the person meant. Does your understanding of this word correspond to the meaning that is given to it? this person. Otherwise, it may turn out that in the group you will not work with real situations and problems of the participants, but with your own hallucinations about this or with your possible problems, which might arise for YOU if YOU were in the place of this person.

An important factor influencing how your speech is perceived is the way you speak. You can make your speech expressive, sensual and emotional, or you can speak facelessly and indifferently. Accordingly, it will have a different effect on the listener.

Your voice is the means by which you convey your message to the group. You may be happy with your voice, but you should remember that a person hears his voice differently than others hear it. This is partly due to the fact that during pronunciation he hears himself, including through the air channels connecting the mouth and ears." Therefore, often a person who hears his voice recorded on tape for the first time does not immediately recognize it. You can use your voice is correct, and it can become a powerful and effective tool for influencing and transmitting information, or you can use it as an instrument of torture, making it monotonous and unpleasant to hear.

We can metaphorically say that a person's voice is the place where his conscious (the content of speech) and the unconscious (characteristics of the voice) meet. For the listener, sometimes what is more important is not so much what we say as how we say it. It has been observed that in a state of anxiety or nervous tension, a person’s voice characteristics change. This fact has found worthy application in non-contact (that is, completely invisible to the interlocutor) samples of “lie detector”. The human subconscious sometimes successfully replaces a lie detector and can quite reliably determine the insincerity of the interlocutor. At the same time, non-verbal sounds accompanying human speech are also quite informative:

□ Frequent coughing can be interpreted as deceitfulness, self-doubt or anxiety. (Although it could just be bronchitis!);

□ inappropriate or inappropriately expressed laughter is clearly interpreted as tension, lack of control over the situation.

1 Lee David. Group training practice.

In order to more effectively control your own speech and use your voice correctly, consider the following characteristics:

SPEECH RATE

This concept includes: the speed of speech in general, the duration of the sound of individual words and the duration of pauses.

Speech that is too fast reveals the speaker’s internal tension and nervousness. Emotional stress often leads to the desire to complete what is happening as quickly as possible. The greater the tension, the faster the speech becomes. If there is not enough time to present all the information and you try to give it at twice the speed, then all you will achieve is to halve the degree to which participants understand it. However, speaking too slowly and sluggishly can cause you to lose the attention and interest of the group. In addition, one of the dangers of a slow tempo is the tendency for didactic intonations to appear. Don't let your words become lectures.

The presenter must master his speech and be able to adjust its pace in accordance with the information presented. Confident, meaningful speech, as a rule, has a medium, even pace with a clear separation of words. Complex ideas should be presented at a slower, more even pace. It is necessary to give the listener time to comprehend what you are saying (unless, of course, you are pursuing other goals).

PAUSE IN SPEECH

Pause (silence) is a very important tool in your speech if used skillfully. It allows you not to mix up the meanings of different words and sentences, serving as a separating buffer between them. Sometimes a person tries to hide his uncertainty by forcing pauses. Thus, his speech becomes hasty, chaotic and less understandable.

Many famous speakers have successfully used the art of silence. The pause before the climax is the highlight of a good story. Although unnecessarily drawn out, it can be perceived as indecisiveness.

Silence at the right moment is perceived as a sign of intelligence!

Timely use of a pause prepares the group, highlights the point, and allows the importance of what is being said to be assessed.

The use of pauses is useful in the following series of cases.

□ Before you start talking.

Pausing gives the group time to prepare to listen, gives participants a chance to listen carefully, and gives you a chance to collect your thoughts.

□ To control attention and enhance meaning.

When a question, phrase, or thought is of particular importance but may be heard or misunderstood, using pauses at the right time emphasizes the meaning. Using a pause in this case is comparable to a guide stopping in front of a special painting.

□ Instead of punctuation marks.

In this case, pauses are used to structure speech and increase the degree of its understanding.

□ When changing the content of work(transition to new exercise
niyu, new topic).

In this case, a pause separates the procedures and does not allow mixing different meanings and content.

VOLUME

Every person has the ability to change the volume of their voice according to conditions. We are able to unconsciously assess the distance to the interlocutor, the noise level in the audience, and adjust the volume of our voice accordingly. In a noisy audience, a person tries to speak louder. And since noise and uproar often accompany the implementation of certain procedures in training, the group leader sometimes has to speak louder. It should be borne in mind that a loud voice in combination with an increase in its pitch and vibration is perceived as insecure. Volume up combined with volume down

its tonality gives strength to the voice, but at the same time can create a feeling of aggressiveness. Therefore, when trying to calm the group, you should not increase the volume of your voice excessively. In such cases, there are other means to attract the group's attention, such as clapping your hands. In some cases, you can use a whistle. And if after using the whistle you speak a little louder than a whisper, then you will get the desired result. If your voice is barely audible, the group needs to calm down, shut up and listen very carefully to find out what you have to say.

The pitch of the voice is an important element in conveying the mental state of the speaker and can evoke the same state in the listener. A low voice (especially the bass) conveys confidence. Accordingly, raising the pitch of the voice (especially in combination with increasing the rate of speech) may be perceived as a loss of control over the situation. If this does happen, lower the pitch of your voice and slow down your tempo and you will feel more confident.

INTONATION

Intonation is perhaps the most important element of speech. The same words, pronounced with different intonations, can convey different meanings, even opposite ones. There are no question or exclamation marks in speech; their role is played by the intonation with which you pronounce certain words. During communication, a person uses from 10 to 20 different notes. Intonation creates an overall melodic pattern of speech and helps to maintain attention. The more sharply the intonation drops, the more categorical it becomes. Speech becomes more monotonous when emphasizing a formal situation. Slowly rising and shallow intonations express uncertainty, non-

doubt, doubt. Deep emotions - sadness, pity, tender feelings - are conveyed by a smooth change of intonation in speech.

You can practice pronouncing the same phrases with different intonations, giving them different meanings. For example, practice using intonation to convey a state of interest, indifference, curiosity, anxiety, anger, peace, etc.

8.8. SENSIBLE STRESSES

You can highlight certain parts of your speech, mark the importance of certain keywords, thereby increasing their impact. Similar semantic accents can be made using:

□ slower pronunciation of key words;
□ changes in volume at the moment of their pronunciation;

□ increasing or decreasing intonation during the pronunciation of a word;

□ highlighting with a pause.

However, you should understand that what matters more is not so much how you highlight the word, but what kind of word it will be. If you simply highlight every word in your speech, you will achieve no more than if you underline every word you write.

Language is the main tool of the training leader. Your professionalism is directly proportional to your knowledge of this tool and the ability to use it. Should be constantly replenished lexicon, know exact value words you use and pronounce them clearly.

Sloppy use of language will only earn you disdain from the people you interact with.

References for Chapter 8: .

Currently, there are various sciences that study language. Among them are psycholinguistics, theory of speech activity, sociolinguistics, and pragmalinguistics. Each of these sciences uses its own methods and ways of studying language. A number of theoretical and methodological works indicate the growing interest of linguists in the problem of speech influence (T.V. Gagin 2004, O. A. Filippova Training in emotional impact Published by "Science, Flint" (2012) O. S. Issers Speech influence Publ. "Flint, Science" (2009), V. I. Shlyakhov Publishing house "Krasand" (2010) Speech activity. The phenomenon of scripted communication, Andrey Donskikh: Convince. Summon. Achieve your goal! Speech influence on the interlocutor Ed. "Speech" 2011 etc.)

(Maslova A.Yu. Introduction to pragmalinguistics Tutorial. - 3rd ed. - M.: FLINTA: Science, 2010. - 152 p.) It is of some interest to consider the term pragmalinguistics or pragmatic linguistics. This term is quite distinct in its content: pragma-action, pragmalinguistics is a science that studies language as a means of influence and interaction (Kiseleva 1978). In other words, pragmalinguistics studies the impact of speech on a person. Because modern man lives in conditions of constant verbal influence exerted on him by other people, the role of influence in human communication is given such great importance.

In the very general view The main task of pragmalinguistics can be formulated as the study of language in its pragmatic function or as the study of verbal control of human behavior, modeling the social and individual behavior of people through speech. Pragmalinguistics has as its subject a system of pragmatic, that is, influencing, means of language and studies the patterns of their functioning in speech.

It seems appropriate to answer that the basis of any oral performance is an understanding of the language implemented in the system of signs. At the same time, however, it is necessary to distinguish between actual speech and effective speech, which includes a pragmatic component (Anoshchenkova 1977).

When analyzing public speech, of particular interest is the effectively targeted speech influence, in which a positive pragmatic effect is achieved, that is, when the regulatory influence exerted by the speaker on listeners achieves the goal. Many years of experience in studying the problems of speech influence show that human speech influences primarily its factual material. Of course, any public speech will have persuasive power if the material presented is consistently and logically organized.

Clarity, expressiveness, and emotionality of speech will also contribute to an effective speech impact on listeners. If a speaker encourages the audience with his speech to conscious actions, actions, if he influences the behavior of listeners through his speech, then his word has influencing power (Artemov 1966). As for pragmatically directed public speech, it should be borne in mind that the pragmatic goal setting of the speech act involves the speaker's conscious use emotional speech subject to full awareness of the motives and means of achieving not only their own goals, but also the goals of the listeners (Tarasov 1977).

When studying this issue, it is also necessary to pay attention to the following factors that determine the strength of the pragmatic impact of public speech on the audience: taking into account the social and professional background of both the speaker and the listeners; age characteristics; belonging to gender, since it is well known that the speech of men and women and their perception of speech is different and has its own specific features; features of intellectual, aesthetic and emotional development listeners.

One of the requirements for the skill of a speaker is a differentiated approach to social, professional, national and age composition audience that is playing important role in the effectiveness of targeted speech influence. The art of every speaker is to the best way influence this audience by making your speech more convincing and more visual.

It should be noted that the speaker’s needs in expressing a subjective attitude to reality and influencing the psyche (thoughts, feelings, will and behavior of people) through the expression of emotions, emotional assessment, aesthetic assessment, motivation, by giving special expressive power to linguistic means, as well as the need to establish contact give rise to varieties of pragmatic functions of speech: emotional, emotional-evaluative, aesthetic, incentive, expressive and contact. These types of pragmatic functions of public speech are united by the fact that they have a special focus on regulating the behavior of listeners.

The incentive function is considered as the purpose of linguistic means to convey the will of the speaker in order to encourage listeners to this or that action and behavior (Kiseleva 1978)

The term emotional function refers to the purpose of linguistic means to express the emotions and feelings of the speaker in order to influence the behavior of listeners through “emotional contagion.”

The term emotional-evaluative function is used to convey a positive or negative emotional assessment of the speaker in order to influence the evaluative attitudes of the audience and, as a result, behavior.

The expressive function is understood as the purpose of linguistic means to influence the psyche and behavior of the audience through their special expressive and figurative qualities, such as imagery, novelty and others.

The term contact function is proposed to be understood as the purpose of linguistic means to establish and maintain contact, i.e. establishing, maintaining and strengthening connections and relationships between the speaker and listeners.

All of the above functions of public speech serve to create a pragmatic effect on listeners. It is known that the pragmatic effect can be of two types: 1) planned (targeted, directed) and 2) unplanned (unintentional, actual)

The relationship between them is different: a) they can coincide when the planned pragmatic effect of public speech reaches full implementation, in which case we can talk about a positive pragmatic effect; b) between the planned and real (unplanned) pragmatic effect, a relationship of incompatibility may arise: in a specific speech situation, a pragmatic effect arises that is directly opposite to the planned one. Such an effect is qualified as negative. It's obvious that ultimate goal The speaker's public speech is to have a positive pragmatic effect on the audience.

Thus, based on the above, we can conclude that the study of the problems of speech influence, or rather the pragmatic aspect of speech, is a necessary condition successful influence of the speaker on the feelings and mind of the audience when delivering a public speech. The speaker, like no one else, has the ability to effectively influence listeners with his speech, control their actions and experiences.

As noted earlier, only that public speech will be valid which includes the pragmatic component of speech. In this regard, it is of some interest to consider the structural and stylistic features of pragmatically effective speech.

The word rhetoric comes from the Greek rhetorike, which means " oratory».

Rhetoric is the science of oratory, the skill of public speaking in front of an audience. Rhetoric is designed to teach you how to effectively influence an audience through your speech and how to achieve success when speaking in public. Possession of rhetorical skills allows you to learn how to speak in public, while influencing the feelings of listeners.

According to M.V. Lomonosov, rhetoric is the science of speaking and writing about any proposed matter. (M.V. Lomonosov).M. V. Lomonosov Quick Guide to eloquence

It seems appropriate to note that the term oratory has ancient origins. Its synonyms are the terms rhetoric and eloquence. In the Dictionary of the Russian Language, rhetoric is defined in the following way: theory of eloquence, science of oratory; excessive elation of presentation, pomposity.

Traditionally, eloquence was viewed as an art form. It has often been compared to poetry and acting. According to M.M. Speransky, eloquence is understood as the gift of shaking souls and communicating to them the image of one’s concepts, and rhetoric is understood as teaching how to use this divine gift; how gems, a pure product of nature, to clear their bark, increase their radiance with finishing, and insert them in a place that would increase their radiance.

Specialists of different profiles are interested in different aspects of eloquence. Linguists develop a theory of speech culture and give recommendations on how to speak correctly. (K. Gauzenblas, V.V. Vinogradov, G.O. Vinokur, L.V. Shcherba, R.O. Yakobson) (Culture of Russian speech / Edited by L.K. Graudina and E.N. Shiryaev - M., 1999) Thus, L.K. Grudina and E.N. Shiryaeva in the book The Culture of Russian Speech noted that the culture of speech represents such a choice and such an organization of linguistic means that in certain situation communication while complying with modern language norms and communication ethics allow us to ensure greatest effect in achieving the set communication goals.

Psychologists study issues of perception and impact of speech messages. (B.T. Gardner and R.A. Gardner F.G. Patterson, J. Piaget D. Watson, N. Chomsky) So, according to N. Chomsky’s theory, most languages have a basic the structure is similar. So, in every sentence there is a subject, a predicate and complements. It follows from this that each language is only one version of the basic model, characteristic of a given culture, common to all people. Another psychologist, J. Piaget noted that the development of language is no different from the development of perception or memory, or even from the development of thought processes. According to his theory, only the activity of the intellect is inherited, and knowledge of the world, in which language is only one of the ways of reflection, is formed through the child’s interaction with the environment. Language does not play any role in the development of thinking and intelligence.

In tradition domestic psychology, based on the works of L.S. Vygotsky, language is essentially a social product that is gradually internalized by the child and becomes the main “organizer” of his behavior and such cognitive processes as perception, memory, problem solving or decision making.

From a psycholinguistic point of view, the development of speech, as well as eloquence, is considered as the formation of an increasingly perfect structure. It follows from this that the development of speech represents continuously and cyclically repeating transitions from thought to word and from word to thought, which become more and more conscious and rich in content (see appendix 1).

During the whole history psychological research It was revealed that speech and thinking are continuously interconnected. Attempts were proposed to separate these two concepts and consider them as completely independent elements, or to combine these two elements, up to their absolute identification.

Currently, thanks to the research of P.K. Anokhin, A.N. Leontiev, A.R. Luria and other scientists, it has been established that the basis of any higher mental function are not separate “centers”, but complex functional systems, which are located in various areas central nervous system, at its various levels and are united by the unity of working action.

Let us remember that speech is a special and most perfect form of communication, inherent only to humans. In the process of verbal communication (communications), people exchange thoughts and influence each other. Speech communication is carried out through language. Language is a system of phonetic, lexical and grammatical means communication. The speaker selects the words necessary to express a thought, connects them according to the rules of the grammar of the language and pronounces them through articulations of the speech organs.

Logic teaches the speaker to express his thoughts consistently and harmoniously, and to structure his speech correctly.

Consciousness tends to look for system, order, and logic in everything. The logic of the development of phenomena is reflected in our thinking. Logic as a science studies the laws of thinking, ways and means of obtaining knowledge about the world through reasoning.

Of course, all people reason, even those who have not studied logic. But some are more logical than others. Knowledge of logic also helps to think correctly, just as knowledge of grammar helps to speak and write correctly. It is necessary for both the scientist and the speaker.

In his book Oratory and business conversation O.A. Baeva notes that logic, the science on which the logic of thinking and the logic of presentation are based, has two branches. Dialectical logic teaches a certain approach to phenomena and events: understanding their objective, natural nature, the causality of all phenomena, their connection with other phenomena or events, the search for contradictions as a source of development of processes.

Consciousness reflects ideas about the world in specific forms that are studied by formal logic. Dialectical logic is often called dialectics, and formal logic is simply called logic. Logic distinguishes three forms of thinking.

A concept is a form of thinking that reflects the general and most essential properties of an object or phenomenon. They represent the content of the concept. The concept is also characterized by volume - a set of objects or phenomena related to this concept. For example, the content of the concept “car” is a transport, self-propelled, trackless vehicle, and the scope of this concept is extremely large: all kinds of brands of cars, trucks, sports and other cars.

An inference is a chain of judgments, the last of which, the conclusion, is new knowledge derived from already known judgments called premises.

During his speech, the speaker reveals the content of the concept to which the topic is devoted and uses many others; he expresses certain judgments and comes to conclusions, sometimes unexpected for the audience. If the speaker speaks clearly, consistently, and reasonably, the audience will be captivated by the “iron” logic, which sometimes has a hypnotizing effect.

The purpose of speaking to the audience is to lead them to certain conclusions. At the same time, the speaker does not copy the course of his thoughts, does not reproduce the logic of reasoning, but strives to control the thought process of the listeners.

The logic of presentation is “logic for the audience.”

It is of some interest to trace how the connection between rhetoric and science is manifested. It is known that rhetoric takes advantage of the discoveries and achievements of all sciences, widely propagates and popularizes them. There is no doubt that many ideas or hypotheses were originally presented in orally V public speeches. Rhetoric is based on the system of the following sciences: philosophy, logic, psychology, pedagogy, ethics, aesthetics, literary criticism, linguistics.

Rhetoric as an academic subject is defined as follows: it is a philological discipline, the object of which is the theory of eloquence, oratory, methods of constructing expressive speech in different genres of written and oral speech.

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Levels of mental reflection briefly. What is psychic reflection

CHARACTERISTICS OF SPEECH

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