Sports for people with disabilities. Physical education for people with disabilities
Paralympic sports include many traditional disciplines designed for participation by people with disabilities. These games represent the culmination of a four-year sports cycle among all athletes, as well as other participants in this movement. Paralympic sports include the most prestigious competitions for people with disabilities, and selection for them takes place through a range of regional, national and international competitions.
Olympic and Paralympic Games
In 2000, it was signed between the Olympic and Paralympic International Committees, which established the basic principles of the relationship. Already in 2002, it was decided to use the “one application - one city” technology. In other words, the country’s application immediately extended to Paralympic sports, and the competitions themselves were held in the same facilities with the support of a single organizing committee. Moreover, these tournaments begin at intervals of two weeks.
Initially, the term “Paralympic Games” was encountered during the Games in Tokyo in 1964, but this name received official confirmation only in 1988, when the Winter Games were held in Austria, and before that they were usually called “Stoke Mandeville” (this name was given in honor of the place where they were held for the first time for combat veterans).
Origin story
Paralympic sports were largely due to a neurosurgeon named Ludwig Guttmann, who came up with the idea. In 1939, the doctor emigrated to England from Germany, where, on behalf of the British government, he opened his own Center for Spinal Injuries, based at the Stoke Mandeville Hospital in Aylesbury.
Just four years after its opening, he decided to organize the first games for people suffering from musculoskeletal injuries, calling them the “National Stoke Mandeville Games for the Disabled.” It is worth noting that even then they began in parallel with the opening ceremony of the 1948 Olympic Games, which at that time were held in London, and the competitions themselves attracted a large number of former military personnel who were injured during hostilities. We can say that it was then that the first Paralympic sports appeared. Winter, summer and other groups appeared later, when they began to acquire a more official status.
The name itself was initially associated with the term parapledgia, which means paralysis of the lower limbs, since the first regular competitions were held specifically among people suffering from various diseases of the spine. Along with the beginning of participation in such games by athletes who had other types of injuries, it was decided to somewhat rethink this term and further interpret it as “near, outside the Olympics,” that is, to merge the Greek preposition Para, meaning “near,” together with in the word Olympics. Such an updated interpretation should talk about holding various competitions among people with disabilities together and on an equal footing with the Olympic ones.
Already in 1960, the IX international annual Stoke Mandeville Games were held in Rome. In this case, the competition program included summer Paralympic sports:
- wheelchair basketball;
- Athletics;
- wheelchair fencing;
- archery;
- table tennis;
- darts;
- billiards;
- swimming.
More than 400 athletes with disabilities took part in these competitions, who came from 23 countries, and for the first time in history, not only those people who were injured during various military operations began to be allowed to participate. In 1984, the IOC decided to officially designate such competitions as the First Games for athletes with disabilities.
In 1976, competitions that combined Paralympic sports (winter) began for the first time. These competitions took place in Ornskoldsvik, and the program included only two disciplines - alpine skiing and cross-country skiing. 250 athletes from 17 different countries decided to take part in such competitions, and people with visual impairments and amputees have already participated.
An association
Beginning in 1992, the athletes for whom the Paralympic sports (summer and winter) were created began to compete among themselves in the same cities in which the Olympic Games were held. As the movement developed, various organizations gradually began to be created for athletes with different types of disabilities. Thus, Paralympic sports for the visually impaired and many others appeared. Also founded in 1960, the Committee for the International Stoke Mandeville Games subsequently became the so-called International Federation of Stoke Mandeville Games.
Committee work
The first General Assembly held by the International Sports Organizations for the Disabled is the most important event in the history of the development of Paralympic sports. The Summer and Winter Games began to be held under the leadership of the International Committee, which, as a non-profit international organization, began to lead this movement around the world. Its appearance was dictated by the ever-increasing need to expand the national representation, as well as the creation of such a movement, which could mainly focus on the sport of people with various forms of disability.
Thus, these games initially set themselves the goal of rehabilitation and treatment of the disabled, and over time they turned into a full-fledged sports event of the highest level, as a result of which their own governing body was needed. For this reason, in 1982, the ICC, the Coordinating Council of Sports Organizations for People with Different Forms of Disabilities, appeared, and the IPC, known as the International Paralympic Committee, to which the powers of the coordinating council were fully transferred, appeared only seven years later.
Correct writing
It is worth noting the fact that the spelling of the term "Paralympic" is fixed in the Russian spelling dictionary, as well as in many other technical literature. At the same time, another spelling can be found much more often - “Paralympic Games”. and summer) are rarely called that way, since this name is non-normative and is not indicated in dictionaries, although it is actively used in official documents of modern government bodies, which is a tracing-paper from the official name from English, which is written as Paralympic Games.
In accordance with federal legislation, a single concept is established that must be used in the laws of the Russian Federation, as well as all phrases that are formed on their basis. Therefore, Paralympic sports for the blind and visually impaired, as well as for other categories of athletes, are usually called that way.
In current laws, the spelling of these words is in accordance with the rules established by international sports organizations, and the rejection of the original term is dictated by the fact that the use of the word “Olympic”, as well as any of its derivatives, for marketing or some other commercial purposes must always be agreed with the IOC, which will be quite inconvenient.
International Committee
The International Paralympic Committee is a non-profit organization whose responsibilities include the preparation and subsequent holding of various winter and summer games, world championships and many other international competitions for people with disabilities.
The highest body of the IPC is the General Assembly, which meets every two years, and absolutely all members of this organization take part in it. It is customary to use the IPC Code of Rules as the main summary document in accordance with which the issues of the Paralympic movement are regulated.
The Committee not only regulates issues of existing disciplines - new Paralympic sports are also appearing, the list of which is constantly growing. Since 2001, the position of president of this organization has been held by Sir Philip Cravan (English), who is a member of the management team of the British Olympic Association. It is worth noting that this man is a world champion, and also twice became a two-time European champion in wheelchair basketball, and in his discipline he served as president of the International Federation for quite a long time.
Under the leadership of Philip Cravan, the strategic objectives, as well as the basic structures and systems of governance within the IPC began to be reconsidered. Ultimately, the use of this innovative approach allowed the development of a whole package of proposals, as well as a new vision and mission of the entire movement, as a result of which the IPC Constitution was adopted in 2004, which is in force to this day.
It is worth noting that the USSR national team first turned its attention to the Paralympic sport “boccia” and others only in 1984, when it came to Austria for these competitions. The team began its debut with two bronze medals, won by a visually impaired team. In summer competitions, Soviet athletes were able to make their debut only in the games in Seoul, which took place in 1988 - there they competed in athletics and swimming, ultimately managing to take home 55 medals, of which 21 were gold.
Symbolism
For the first time, competitions were held under the emblem in 2006, which included each winter Paralympic sport. Athletics, swimming and other summer disciplines began to be held under this emblem later, but it itself remains unchanged to this day. This logo includes hemispheres of green, red and blue colors, which are located around the center. This symbol is intended to reflect the IPC's core role in uniting athletes with disabilities who delight and inspire people with their achievements around the world. Today, the colors of this emblem are quite widely represented in various national flags of different countries of the world, and they symbolize Body, Mind and Spirit.
The Games also feature a Paralympic flag, which displays the IPC emblem on a white background, and can only be used at official events that have been previously authorized by the IPC.
The anthem is an orchestral work Hymn de l’Avenir, and was written by a famous French composer named Thierry Darny back in 1996, and it was almost immediately approved by the IPC Board.
The Paralympic motto is “Spirit in Motion”, and it also clearly and succinctly conveys the main vision of this direction - providing the opportunity for any athletes with disabilities to delight and inspire the world with their achievements, regardless of the person’s background and state of health.
Types of games
The Paralympic Games (sports) are divided into several categories.
- Summer. They include off-season and summer Paralympic Games (sports), held at intervals of four years under the control of the IOC. This includes, in addition to the games already listed, relatively young sports such as goalball and others.
- Winter. At first, this included exclusively skiing, but over time, sledge hockey and wheelchair curling were added. At the moment, the Winter Games are held in only 5 main disciplines.
Torch relay
As you know, the standard fire is lit in Olympia, and only then does the relay race begin, during which it is delivered directly to the capital city of the games being held. Olympic and Paralympic sports differ in this regard, and here the route does not start from Olympia - the organizers themselves determine the city where this procession will begin, and the path of fire to the capital, of course, is always somewhat shorter.
For example, in 2014 the relay race lasted for 10 days, and during this time the torch was carried by 1,700 people from Russia and other countries, including 35% of people with disabilities. Special attention should be paid to the fact that four thousand volunteers also took part in this relay, and the fire was carried through 46 cities in different regions of Russia. In addition, for the first time in the process of holding one of the stages of this relay, it was held in Stoke Mandeville, that is, exactly where the Paralympic Games were first held, although not yet on an official basis. Starting in 2014, fire will pass through this city constantly.
A kind of biathlon
Paralympic athletes take part in competitions in twenty different summer disciplines and only five winter disciplines - sledge hockey, biathlon, wheelchair curling and cross-country skiing. There are practically no fundamental differences in the basic rules for conducting such competitions, but there are some specific features.
Thus, Paralympic biathlon provides a reduced distance to the target, and it is only 10 meters, while standard biathlon provides for the target to be located 50 meters from the shooter. Also, athletes with visual impairments shoot from specialized rifles equipped with an optronic system that is triggered while aiming. This system involves the use of electro-acoustic glasses, which begin to emit loud sound signals when the athlete's sight approaches the center of the target, which allows him to better navigate for making accurate shots at the target.
Also, in various sports, a number of other auxiliary conditions and specialized technologies are used that simplify the performance of certain actions for athletes with disabilities, so they cannot be compared with standard sports, although in many ways they are quite similar.
The Paralympic Games have a lot of differences from the Olympic Games, but, one way or another, they pursue the same goals - to inspire to conquer new heights. For all the people who watch these competitions, disabled people who do not give up are definitely worthy role models.
The Center for Physical Culture and Sports of the Western Administrative District, in accordance with the adoption of the city program “Social support for residents of the city of Moscow for 2012-2016”, considers work with persons with disabilities of various categories to be one of the priority areas in its activities. In total, about 135 thousand people with disabilities live in the district, of which: between the ages of 18 and 30 years – 3000 people; from 30 to 50 years old - 9700 people; over 50 years – 120,000 people; disabled children - 3100 people.In the district, more than 217 institutions subordinate to city departments work with people with disabilities: social protection of the population, education, health care, physical culture and sports.
Currently, at the State Budgetary Institution of Moscow “Center for Physical Culture and Sports ZAO”, physical education and sports work with persons with disabilities is carried out by 7 specialists: Lisitsyn S.V., Nikitin S.V. (football section for children with cerebral palsy); Vitushkin S.A. (conducts classes in checkers, chess, and athletics for the visually impaired at the VOS Kuntsevo-Electro enterprise); Apinov H.V., (conducts classes in arm wrestling with disabled children studying at VI type boarding school No. 44); Tsareva N.Yu. (conducts exercise therapy classes at the Start gym with disabled people living in the closed joint-stock company); Minenkova T.B. (teaches initial ski training classes for disabled children on the ski slope in Krylatskoye). Kovalchuk V.A. conducts sports work with the hearing impaired. (forested area behind the Medic stadium), Sidorova E.V. table tennis for disabled people with various types of diseases (FOC "Yubileiny", Mosfilmovskaya St. 41). The approximate enrollment is about 170 people. Agreements on cooperation in the field of physical culture and sports have been concluded with all institutions.
In 2015, 10 district and 1 city events were held (stage of the World of Equal Opportunities Spartakiad in table tennis (sport for the deaf) for people with disabilities in various sports, alpine skiing - sports festival "Snowball" 2015, chess, darts, arm wrestling, swimming, table tennis; football tournament for children with cerebral palsy..
When carrying out physical education and sports work with people with disabilities, three areas can be distinguished: 1. Work with people with disabilities on the basis of sports facilities of sectoral departments and municipalities, as well as the organization of sections on the basis of regional sports and leisure facilities.
2 organization of classes for people with disabilities at facilities transferred to the operational management of the Center for Physical Education and Training of People with Disabilities, including children. 3. Conducting competitions of both regional and district nature. District competitions are held jointly with the district education department; competitions with adults together with the district department of social protection of the population, as well as the Society of Disabled People of the Closed Joint-Stock Company.
The issue of visits by disabled people, including children of disabled people, to swimming pools transferred to the operational management of the State Budgetary Institution of Moscow “Center for Physical Fitness and S JSC” has been resolved. It should be noted that visits to the pools are carried out in an organized manner in accordance with an agreement with the Department of Social Protection of the Population of the Closed Joint-Stock Company of Moscow. The Center for Physical Culture and Sports of the Joint-Stock Company, carrying out physical education and sports work with people with disabilities, solves the following problems:
- active involvement of people with disabilities in the sports life of the district;
- increasing social adaptation and physical rehabilitation of persons with disabilities;
- creating the necessary conditions for reunification with society, participation in socially useful work;
Solving the above problems will reduce the number of disabled people, as well as return them to professional, social and activity.
UAB national teams take an active part in the Moscow complex inter-district Spartakiad “World of Equal Opportunities”, as well as in the Moscow Paraspartakiad.
On the territory of the district there is the State Budgetary Institution “Sports School No. 93 “On Mozhaika”. The school has 2 departments of cross-country skiing and table tennis (opened relatively recently) for people with disabilities, classes are attended by 130 people.
List of documents required to be provided by persons with disabilities for classes in sections of the Center for Physical Education and Sports of the Western District of Moscow:
- Statement
- Medical and social examination certificate
- Medical certificate confirming the absence of contraindications
Schedule of sports sections and health groups:
- Schedule of free sports sections and health groups in the Physical Culture and Sports Centers of the administrative districts of Moscow with the participation of persons with disabilities
- Schedule of free sports sections and health groups in the Physical Culture and Sports Centers of the administrative districts of Moscow for persons with disabilities
- Invasport departments opened in Moskomsport institutions
Disabled sports news
16.02.2020District skiing competitions among persons with disabilities
On February 16, on the territory of the Moskoretsky natural-historical park, district skiing competitions were held among persons with disabilities (disabled due to general diseases) as part of the district stage of the World of Equal Opportunities Spartakiad.
08.01.2020
Volleyball competitions within the district stage of the World of Equal Opportunities Spartakiad among teams of the hearing impaired
On January 8, 2020, in the sports hall of the Dynamo Sports Palace in Krylatskoye (Ostrovnaya St., 7), volleyball competitions were held as part of the district stage of the World of Equal Opportunities Spartakiad among teams of the hearing impaired.
22.12.2019
Sports ski festival among children with disabilities “Ski Santa Claus” dedicated to the New Year 2020
On December 22, on the ski slope (sports base “Lata-Track”) in Krylatskoye, a sports ski festival was held among children with disabilities “Ski Santa Claus”, dedicated to the New Year 2020.
12.12.2019
Sports festival dedicated to the Ten Day of Disabled People
On December 12, 2019, a sports festival dedicated to the Ten Day of Disabled People was held at the Boarding House for Labor Veterans No. 29.
12.12.2019
Chess and checkers festival for children with disabilities
On December 12, 2019, a chess and checkers festival for children with disabilities was held at the Integrated Rehabilitation and Educational Center (Boarding School No. 44) as part of the Decade of Disabled People.
Annie Breggin. Orientation along the trails. The purpose of our book is to illustrate the possibility of overcoming a physical illness through participation in a sport such as orienteering. The book is intended both for those who want to engage in this sport and for those accompanying them. To refer to these persons in the future, we will use the word “accompaniment”, meaning people who help our athletes in their daily lives - parents, other family members, friends, teachers, medical professionals, etc. This also includes people providing the necessary equipment, organizing sports events in schools, sports clubs or circles. Read
Closing ceremony of the XII Paralympic Winter Games 2018 in Pyeongchang. The 2018 Winter Paralympic Games, held from March 9 to 18 in PyeongChang, South Korea, have been officially declared closed. The flag of the International Paralympic Committee was handed over to the delegation of Beijing, where the next Games will be held in 2022. 567 athletes from 48 countries took part in the competition. A total of 80 sets of awards were awarded in six sports. Russian athletes in Pyeongchang competed in the status of “neutral Paralympic athletes” (NPA) and in a reduced number of 30 people. The team won 8 gold, 10 silver and 6 bronze medals, taking second place in the medal standings of the 2018 Paralympics.
Opening ceremony of the XII Paralympic Winter Games 2018 in Pyeongchang. In 2018, a record number of participants arrived at the Winter Paralympics in Pyeongchang - 597, representing 49 countries. In the competitions, which will take place from March 9 to 18, 80 sets of medals will be awarded. Participants will compete in six sports: snowboarding, biathlon, cross-country skiing, curling, sledge hockey and alpine skiing. The International Paralympic Committee (IOC) has approved the participation of 30 athletes from Russia in the Winter Paralympic Games in Pyeongchang. They will perform under a neutral flag.
Sladkova N.A. Organization of physical education, health and sports work in clubs for the disabled. The book is intended to provide practical assistance to the leaders of clubs for the disabled in their activities in recruiting training groups, planning the training process, and determining the workload of coaches in adaptive physical culture and sports. Read
Closing ceremony of the XV Summer Paralympic Games 2016 in Rio. The XV Summer Paralympic Games were held from September 7 to 18, 2016 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. 528 sets were played in 22 sports. For the first time, kayaking, canoeing and triathlon competitions were held. The competition took place at the same venues used for the 2016 Summer Olympics.
Opening ceremony of the XV Summer Paralympic Games 2016 in Rio. The 2016 Summer Paralympics will be held from September 7 to 18, 2016 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. 528 kits will be raffled off in 22 sports. More than 170 member countries of the International Paralympic Committee are expected to participate in the 2016 Games. The International Paralympic Committee (IPC) announced the decision to ban the entire Russian team from the Paralympic Games in Rio de Janeiro.
The Closing Ceremony of the XI Winter Paralympic Games 2014 in Sochi. During a ceremony held at Fisht Stadium under the motto “Achieving the Impossible,” the Paralympic fire was extinguished and the Paralympic flag was handed over to Pyeongchang, where the 2018 Games will be held. The closing ceremony of the XI Winter Paralympic Games, which completes another four-year cycle, which has become the most successful for Russia in terms of victories in winter sports in recent history. Having hosted these prestigious competitions for the first time, Russia was able to win them, setting a number of records not only in the Paralympic, but also in the Olympic competition. The Paralympic Games in Sochi ended on March 16, 2014 with the triumph of the Russian team. In ten days, athletes won a record 80 awards - 30 gold, 28 silver and 22 bronze.
Opening Ceremony of the XI Winter Paralympic Games 2014 in Sochi. The first Paralympic Games in the history of Russia will open with a colorful Breaking the Ice Ceremony. The ceremony glorifies the strength of the human spirit and talks about how important it is to break the barriers of misunderstanding between people. The leitmotif of the Ceremony will be the theme "Together", which will help the viewer understand that together we can overcome any obstacles and discover new ways of communication.
Closing ceremony of the XIV Summer Paralympic Games in London. The closing ceremony of the XIV Paralympic Games was held at the Olympic Stadium in the British capital. 80 thousand spectators watched the performance. As part of the ceremony, the Paralympic flag was handed over from London to Rio de Janeiro, where the 2016 Games will be held. The President of the International Paralympic Committee, Sir Philip Craven, and the head of the Organizing Committee of the London Olympics and Paralympics, Sebastian Coe, said the final word. The fire of the Paralympics was extinguished by British champion swimmer Ellie Simmonds and sprinter Johnny Peacock. The Russian Paralympic athletes won 102 medals at the games that ended - 36 gold, 38 silver and 28 bronze - and took second place in the team event. At the Paralympics in Beijing, the Russians won 63 medals (18, 23, 22) and finished in eighth place in the unofficial medal standings.
Opening ceremony of the XIV Summer Paralympic Games in London. The opening ceremony of the XIV Summer Paralympic Games took place at the Olympic Stadium in London. The world competitions among athletes with disabilities will last until September 9. More than 4 thousand people will take part in them. The Russian Paralympic team consists of 163 athletes from 49 regions. They will represent our country in 12 sports. These are athletics, swimming, table tennis, judo, shooting, archery, wheelchair fencing, powerlifting, sitting volleyball, rowing, cycling, football for disabled people with cerebral palsy.
Paralympic sports. The emergence of sports in which disabled people can participate is associated with the name of the English neurosurgeon Ludwig Gutman, who, overcoming age-old stereotypes in relation to people with physical disabilities, introduced sports into the process of rehabilitation of patients with spinal cord injuries. He has proven in practice that sport for people with physical disabilities creates conditions for successful life, restores mental balance, and allows them to return to a full life, regardless of physical disabilities. Paralympic sport dates back to the 1880s. However, it was the development in 1945 of a new treatment regimen for people with spinal cord injuries that led to the development of the worldwide sports movement for the disabled, known today as the Paralympic Movement. Read
Lisovsky V.A., Evseev S.P. Comprehensive disease prevention and rehabilitation of sick and disabled people. Physical education and sports for disabled people and people with health problems. The manual deals with two interrelated problems - the restoration and preservation of human health, the role of risk factors in this process. Among the latter, the hereditary factor, nervous stress, sedentary lifestyle, poor nutrition, environmental imbalance and human health, and others are singled out and analyzed. The main principles and stages of rehabilitation are described, as well as its main types - medical, physical, psychological rehabilitation, professional aspect of rehabilitation. The textbook is intended for students studying in the specialty of adaptive physical education, as well as for a wide range of readers. Read
Bastrykina A.V. Tourism in the system of rehabilitation and social integration of the elderly and people with disabilities. Urism in the system of rehabilitation and social integration of the elderly and people with disabilities. Tourism is a unique means of recreation and rehabilitation for people with health problems, as its functions correspond to rehabilitation tasks, include various adaptation and self-adaptation mechanisms, subject to the active participation of the rehabilitator in the process. Read
Sladkova N.A. Functional classification in Paralympic sport. The book Functional Classification in Paralympic Sports is approved as a recommendation for leaders of institutions of adaptive physical culture; coaches and doctors working with athletes in Paralympic sports, classifiers, organizers of competitions in Paralympic sports. Read
Sladkova N.A. Recommendations for managers of physical education and health clubs for people with disabilities on organizing physical education and sports classes and distributing athletes into groups according to the degree of functionality. 2nd ed., revised. and additional The recommendations are intended to provide practical assistance to the leaders of clubs for the disabled in the activities of the clubs in recruiting groups of students, planning the training process, determining the workload of coaches in adaptive physical culture and sports. Read
Sladkova N.A. Model sports training program for disabled athletes and persons with disabilities in alpine skiing. This program puts into practice the principles of state policy in the field of physical culture and sports, declared in the Law “On Physical Culture and Sports in the Russian Federation” No. 329-FZ of December 4, 2007, and the order of the Federal Agency for Physical Culture and Sports of July 21, 2005 No. 448 "On sports cultivated among disabled people." The program reveals goals and objectives, means and forms of training, a system of control standards and exercises, psychological preparation, a system of rehabilitation and educational measures. Read
Sladkova N.A. Model sports training program for disabled athletes and persons with disabilities in swimming. The program implements in practice the principles of state policy in the field of physical culture and sports, declared in the Law on Physical Culture and Sports in the Russian Federation No. 329-FZ dated December 4, 2007, order of the Federal Agency for Physical Culture and Sports dated July 21, 2005 No. 448 About sports cultivated among disabled people. Read
International Paralympic Sailing Rules.(Paralympic sport). Sailing has relatively recently entered the Paralympic Games program. In Atlanta in 1996, it was presented as a demonstration event, and already at the next Paralympics in Sydney it was included in the Program for the first time. Athletes with physical (but not mental) disabilities, including musculoskeletal disorders, cerebral palsy, and visually impaired people, can take part in this sport. Read
Official Rules for Wheelchair Basketball.(Paralympic sport). These rules for wheelchair basketball have been developed for competitions held under the jurisdiction of the International Wheelchair Basketball Federation (IWBF) and have been compiled based on many years of experience in the field of sports for people with physical disabilities. They are based on the rules of the International Basketball Federation (FIBA), which, with the approval of the IWBF, include some changes and additions. Therefore, it is recommended to study them along with the basketball rules for healthy people. Read
Official rules for sitting volleyball.(Paralympic sport). In 1953, the first sports club for the disabled was formed in the Netherlands. In 1956, the Danish Sports Committee introduced a new sport called sitting volleyball. Since then, sitting volleyball has developed into one of the largest sports disciplines, practiced in the Netherlands in competitions for both disabled and “able-bodied” volleyball players with ankle or knee injuries. International competitions have been taking place since 1967, but it was only in 1978 that the International Sports Organization for Disabled People (ISOD) included sitting volleyball in its program. The first International Tournament under the auspices of ISOD was held in 1979 in Haarlem (Netherlands). In 1980 it was recognized as a Paralympic sport with seven teams. The development of this sport at the international level can be called rapid. Rehabilitation clinics were created all over the world and World, European and regional championships were held annually. Since 1993, men and women began to participate in sitting volleyball championships. Read
Official rules of fencing competitions.(Paralympic sport). Official rules for disabled fencing competitions were first drawn up by Leslie Wil for the International Sports Federation and Fencing Committee in the early 1970s. He headed this committee until 1984. These rules refer to the English version published by the English Fencing Association. These rules must be followed unless otherwise provided. The rules have been changed and modified. Read
Curling rules for athletes with ODA violations.(Paralympic sport). The game is attended by athletes of both sexes with musculoskeletal disorders, including athletes with significant damage to leg function (vertebral fracture, cerebral palsy, multiple sclerosis, absence of both legs, etc.) who move in a wheelchair. The sport is governed by the International Curling Federation (WCF), and the game is played in accordance with the rules approved by this organization. Read
Rules of the International Paralympic Committee table tennis.(Paralympic sport). Table tennis has been included in the Paralympic program since the very first Paralympics in Rome in 1960. By 2009, the sport is practiced in over 100 countries. Disabled athletes of all categories, with the exception of the visually impaired, take part in two categories - standing and sitting. Men and women compete individually, in pairs and in teams. The program of the Paralympic Games includes two types of competitions - individual and team. The game consists of five games, each played up to 11 points, the winner is the athlete or pair of athletes who won three of the five games. Read
Rules of the International Paralympic Committee swimming.(Paralympic sport). Swimming has been one of the main sports since the first Paralympic Games in 1960 in Rome. As in the Olympic Games, participants compete in freestyle, backstroke, butterfly, breaststroke and medley. The governing body is the International Swimming Federation (FINA). The starting point for the development of this Paralympic sport is the 1992 Paralympic Games in Barcelona. Then 25 countries presented their sports delegations to weightlifting competitions. Their number more than doubled in 1996 at the Atlanta Games. 58 participating countries were registered (out of 68 entered, 10 of which were prevented by inadequate funding from fielding their teams). Since 1996, the number of participating countries has steadily increased, today 109 countries on five continents take part in the Paralympic weightlifting program. Read
IPC Powerlifting Rules.(Paralympic sport). The starting point for the development of this Paralympic sport is the 1992 Paralympic Games in Barcelona. Then 25 countries presented their sports delegations to weightlifting competitions. Their number more than doubled in 1996 at the Atlanta Games. 58 participating countries were registered (out of 68 entered, 10 of which were prevented from fielding their teams by inadequate funding). Since 1996, the number of participating countries has steadily increased, and today 109 countries on five continents take part in the Paralympic weightlifting program. Read
Rules for conducting competitions in adaptive rowing.(Paralympic sport). Adaptive rowing is the youngest sport at the Paralympic Games. Rowing was introduced to the Paralympic program in 2005 and will be held for the first time at the Beijing 2008 Paralympic Games. Read
Wheelchair tennis.(Paralympic sport). Brad Parks created a new sport in the United States in 1976. While recovering from a skiing accident, the former tennis player realized the potential of wheelchair tennis. For the first time, a new sport was included in the program of the 1992 Paralympic Games in Barcelona. Read
Sledge Hockey Rules (IPC).(Paralympic sport). Sledge hockey is the Paralympic version of ice hockey. The sport was first included in the Winter Paralympic Games in 1994 in Lillihamer, and from that moment quickly became one of the most attractive spectacles of the Winter Olympics. This is a high-speed, physically demanding game for men with impaired motor function of the lower body. Read
Rules and regulations for biathlon and cross-country skiing IPC.(Paralympic sport). Skiing is one of the oldest sports, which originated in northern Europe and has now become a Paralympic sport and includes cross-country skiing and biathlon. Skiing appeared in the Paralympic program in 1976 at the Winter Games in Sweden. Men and women used the classic running style for all distances, the skating style was first used in Innsbruck in 1984 at the Paralympic Winter Games. Since then, the competition has been split into two separate races: classic and skating. Read
Rules for trail orienteering competitions. (Not a Paralympic sport). Trail orienteering is a discipline that the International Orienteering Federation considers a sport for the disabled. The discipline has been designed to enable everyone, including people with reduced mobility, to participate in real sports competition in orienteering with a map in natural terrain. The competition provides for the possibility of movement in a manual or electric wheelchair, as well as on foot with a cane. At the same time, it is allowed to provide assistance in moving the wheelchair, since the speed of movement is not taken into account when determining the result of the competition. Read
Armwrestling competition rules. (Not a Paralympic sport). In the sport of “armwrestling”, when holding international competitions, the competition rules of the World Armwrestling Federation (WAF) apply. When holding All-Russian, zonal, regional and municipal competitions, these Rules, developed by the Russian Armwrestling Association (RAA), apply. Read
FIDE Chess Rules. (Not a Paralympic sport). The FIDE rules of chess apply to the game at the chessboard. The rules of the game of chess consist of two parts: 1. Basic rules of the game and 2. Competition rules. Read
Model Law on Paralympic Sports. This Law aims to establish the general legal, economic and social foundations of activities in the field of Paralympic sports, as well as to determine the basic principles of the legislation on Paralympic sports implemented in the member states of the Commonwealth of Independent States. Read
Distribution of athletes by functional classes. In order to ensure a fair competition between athletes with various disabilities and disabilities, in each international sports organization for the disabled, athletes are divided into classes in accordance with their functional capabilities. Read
Medical care and medical supervision of people with disabilities engaged in health and fitness and sports clubs. Medical support for those involved is carried out in accordance with the Order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation dated August 20, 2001 N 337 On measures for the further development and improvement of sports medicine and exercise therapy and other regulations adopted by the federal government in the field of healthcare. Read
Integration of disabled people through sports. Physical culture and sports are one of the most important areas for the rehabilitation of disabled people and their integration in society, as well as integration through work and education. In many cases, physical education and sports for disabled people can be considered not only as a means of rehabilitation, but also as a permanent form of life activity - social employment and achievements.
Grigorenko V.G., Globa A.P. and others. Organization of sports and mass work with persons with spinal cord dysfunctions: methodological recommendations. A manual in which, for the first time in our country, recommendations on the organization of physical education and recreational work with people with disabilities are systematized. For specialists, methodologists, organizers, people with disabilities who want to engage in sports independently. Read
Social and hygienic problems of sports for disabled people. Thesis of a student at the Institute of Physical Culture and Sports of the Orenburg State Pedagogical University. Read
Indolev L.N. "Those in the stroller and next to them." Chapter 14. Everyone into the water! Remember that the main condition for proper and easy swimming is that your head is constantly almost entirely under water and comes to the surface only to inhale. Of course, you can swim with your head held high, but your legs will sink and you will need significantly more arm effort to keep your body afloat and propel you forward. Read
Information and methodological manual. Physical culture and sports for people with disabilities. This information and analytical collection aims to fill the lack of information in the field of physical culture and sports for people with disabilities. The history of this area of physical activity is briefly outlined, and the main institutions and organizations responsible for the development of this area are described. The collection does not pretend to be exhaustive - nowadays, more and more attention is paid to adaptive sports, more and more new associations and federations of people with disabilities are emerging, even new sports are appearing for people with certain health conditions. Read
Indolev L.N. "Those in the stroller and next to them." Chapter 18. Such is the sports life. Let me just start by listing the types of sports and active recreation available to wheelchair users, which the relevant associations are developing. So: arm wrestling, air gun shooting, archery, crossbow shooting, basketball, bowling, darts, football (that's right), hockey, collar rugby, badminton, road racing, ski luge, wheelchair slalom, softball , swimming, table tennis, athletics, trap shooting, weightlifting (bench press), skiing, fencing, speed skating, as well as aerobics, sport fishing, hand cycling, air sports, gliding, golf. Read
History and Overview of Paralympic Sports. The emergence of sports in which disabled people can participate is associated with the name of the English neurosurgeon Ludwig Guttman, who, overcoming age-old stereotypes in relation to people with physical disabilities, introduced sports into the process of rehabilitation of patients with spinal cord injuries. Read
Sports dancing in a wheelchair. Wheelchair Dance sports included in the Paralympic Games are Combi style dances. The Combi style (from the word “combined”) means that the pair involves a dancer who uses a wheelchair and a non-disabled dancer. The program includes classical dances (waltz, tango, Viennese waltz, slow foxtrot, quickstep) and Latin American dances - samba, cha-cha-cha, rumba, paso doble and jive. Read
Indolev L.N. Overcoming obstacles (method of overcoming obstacles on an active wheelchair). Technique from the book "Those who are in wheelchairs and next to them." Read
About physical culture and sports in the Russian Federation. The Federal Law establishes the legal, organizational, economic and social basis for activities in the field of physical culture and sports in the Russian Federation, defines the basic principles of legislation on physical culture and sports.
