Law of the Russian Federation on donation. Benefits for employed donors

The federal law of July 20, 2012 N125-FZ “On the donation of blood and its components” comes into force.

The document is intended to regulate the organization of procurement, storage, transportation, security and clinical use donated blood and its components, as well as protecting the health of blood donors and its components, recipients and protecting their rights.

The prerequisites for the development of the law were changes in organizational foundations providing medical care, including the appearance international standards in the field of blood donation, as well as the achievements of modern transfusiology. The new law describes in much more detail than the 1993 law the rights and responsibilities of donors, procedures for working with donated blood, ensuring its safety, etc. Many provisions of the new law are essentially the same as those of the earlier law. However, there are also innovations, including those that are especially important for the donors themselves.

The law introduces an extensive conceptual framework, establishes the basic principles of blood donation, and defines the fundamentals government regulation relations in the sphere of circulation of donor blood and its components, clarifies the powers of executive authorities and local self-government in the sphere of circulation of donor blood and its components, establishes responsibility for non-compliance with the safety requirements of the technical regulations on blood safety. In order to ensure state regulation of relations in this area, the law provides for the creation of a unified database of blood donation and its components and the implementation of state control.

Further, the 2019 law expanded the requirements for the information that a donor must disclose about himself. If, according to the law of 1993, the donor was “obliged to provide information known to him about the diseases he has suffered and existing, as well as about the use of narcotic drugs", That new law specifies:
“The donor must provide information known to him about past infectious diseases, being in contact with infectious patients, about the use of psychotropic substances or narcotic drugs, about staying in territories with the threat of the emergence or spread of mass infectious diseases or epidemics. It is also necessary to report vaccinations and surgical interventions ah, performed within a year before donating blood and its components, and about working with harmful or hazardous conditions labor."

The law of 1993 contained the following wording: “Every capable citizen over the age of 18 who has passed medical examination" In the new law, this wording is significantly expanded and supplemented:
“The donor has the right to be a legally capable person who is a citizen of the Russian Federation or lives on the territory of the Russian Federation in legally at least one year foreign citizen or a stateless person who has reached the age of eighteen years or has acquired full legal capacity before reaching the age of eighteen years in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, who has expressed a voluntary desire to donate blood and (or) its components, has undergone a voluntary medical examination and does not have medical contraindications for donating blood and (or) its components.”

Many people are interested in the question of benefits for gratuitous donors. As before, on the day of blood donation, the donor is provided with free food, and people who donate at least two maximum permissible doses blood (components) during the year, have the right to priority allocation of preferential vouchers for sanatorium treatment.

In accordance with the provisions of the law of 1993, donors who have donated blood for free at least 40 times or blood plasma at least 60 times are entitled to be awarded the badge " Honorary Donor Russia" and provision of appropriate measures social support. This provision remained in the 2019 law. Moreover: the new law, unlike the old one, mentions the procedure for recording the donation of blood components, except plasma. It means that now cytodonation, that is, the donation of blood cells (for example, platelets), will have to be equated with blood donation in this accounting. Let us recall that in the 1993 law, the donation of blood components, except plasma, was not mentioned at all. The procedure for recording them was indicated in a letter from the Ministry of Health dated August 29, 2003, where these donations, when calculated for awarding the title of “Honorary Donor,” were actually equated not to blood donations, but to plasma donations.

Another important question, not addressed in any way in the law of 1993, is the assignment of the title of Honorary Donor in cases of mixed donations, that is, in situations where the same donor sometimes donates whole blood and sometimes blood plasma. Previously, this issue was again addressed in a letter from the Ministry of Health dated August 29, 2003; it was stated there that in the case of mixed donations, the right to be awarded the title of “Honorary Donor” is given to a person who has donated blood or its components free of charge a total of 40 times (if there are at least 25 blood donations among these donations) or 60 times (if there are less than 25 blood donations). However, as is known, from the end of 2011 to the beginning of 2019, an extremely unpleasant situation: the processing of “Honorary Donor” documents in the case of mixed donations has been suspended. The official explanation of the Federal Medical and Biological Agency was that the 2003 letter from the Ministry of Health was not regulatory legal act. This caused outrage among many people.

The Law on Donation of 2019, as well as the law of 1993, does not describe the rules for recording mixed donations. However, the new law contains the following phrase: “The rules for recording donations and summing up their number in order to determine the possibility of awarding the badge “Honorary Donor of Russia” are approved by the federal executive body that carries out the functions of developing public policy and legal regulation in the healthcare sector.” Indeed, there is a draft order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, according to which the rules for recording mixed donations will be similar to the previous ones: the total number of donations for conferring the title of Honorary Donor should be 40, if among the donations there are at least 25 blood donations (remember that now cytodonations are considered on an equal basis with blood donations), and 60 otherwise. Therefore, from January 2013 this problem must be resolved.

The list of benefits for Honorary Donors remains the same: annual cash payments, the amount of which is indexed; the right to priority treatment in state or municipal health care organizations, to priority purchase of preferential vouchers for sanatorium and resort treatment and to provision of annual paid leave at a time convenient for the donor.

Many people are also concerned about the issue of “donor lunch”. As you know, on the day of blood donation, the donor must be provided with free food. In the new law, unlike the old one, only unpaid donors are mentioned in the clause on free food. In addition, the situation with replacing free food with monetary compensation remains unclear. The previous law on donation did not mention the possibility of such a replacement, but in practice it was often carried out. IN new version The law states that replacement of meals with monetary compensation can be carried out only in cases determined by “the federal executive body exercising the functions of developing state policy and legal regulation in the field of healthcare.” According to the draft order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, such exceptional cases include, for example, donating blood on-site.

Paid donation is also severely limited. Now it will be carried out, again, only in cases determined by the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. According to the draft order of the Ministry of Health dated September 24, 2019, such cases include only blood donation of rare phenotypes, as well as platelet or erythrocytepheresis.

Currently, compensation for food is 700 rubles. Donation can be made no more than once every 2 months, this is how much time the body needs to recover.

Blood guide. Myths and truth about donation How much you can earn by donating blood and others interesting questions Zozhnik asked Yaroslav Nikolaevich Glazov, a transfusiologist, head of the blood procurement and fractionation department of the Blood Center of the FMBA of Russia.

HOW MUCH BLOOD IS IN A PERSON

Tell us first, how much blood is there in a person and how much of it can be donated?

Depending on gender, age and body type, the circulating blood volume (CBV) per 1 kg of body weight ranges from 50 to 80 ml per kilogram of weight. BCC can be calculated using the formula: body weight * 77. For example, if a person weighs 56 kg, then his blood volume will be equal to 4.31 liters. However, no more than 12% of this volume can be donated.

But in general, the standard volume of blood collection is 450 ml, excluding blood taken for tests - up to 40 ml.

STORAGE LIFE

What happens to the blood that donors donate? We heard that quite a significant part of it is simply disposed of, roughly speaking - poured into the toilet. In what cases does this happen?

Usually, when talking about donation, they most often mean the procedure of donating whole blood. During this short procedure that does not cause even minor discomfort, about 450 ml of blood is removed from the donor’s bloodstream into a special plastic container.

In this case, about 30-40 ml is separately taken from the donor in order to later conduct examinations in special laboratories and determine her belonging to a certain blood group and Rh factor, biochemical parameters, as well as markers of the immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B and C and syphilis.

Immediately after donating blood, it is divided into components - red blood cells, platelets and plasma.

Red blood cells

Blood components made from red blood cells can be stored for up to 42 days. During this period, the container containing the red blood cell component will be sent to the hospital as soon as a request for this group blood and Rh factor.

Platelets

Platelets are stored for no more than 5 days, so their use is most effective immediately after harvesting.

Immediately after its isolation from whole blood, plasma is stored - quarantined. After at least 6 months, the donor must undergo another examination so that doctors can ensure that the dose of plasma collected earlier is completely safe. Plasma from donors who have undergone such testing can be given to medical institutions for transfusion to people in need.

Therefore, it is very important that the donor definitely comes to the blood transfusion facility again. If for some reason the donor cannot visit the blood transfusion facility for routine plasmapheresis after 6 months, then he can come simply to take tests. If the donor does not return after 6 months or a year, his plasma can be sent for virus inactivation, after which it will be released to a medical institution.

HARMS OF MASS BLOOD DONATION

Nowadays, it often happens that after terrorist attacks or disasters, various blood collection points are set up, and someone earns political points from this. People think that their blood will be directly transfused to the victims. Does it make sense to go and become a donor in such situations?

In case of emergency situations In blood service institutions, a minimum supply of blood components is constantly maintained. If necessary, reserves will immediately meet the need to treat a very large number of victims. It is the reserve - blood components previously prepared from regular donors, tested in full and ready for transfusion - that is spent primarily when eliminating the consequences of emergency situations.

During disasters, there is usually a massive influx of donors. Such an influx carries the risk of creating reserves of unclaimed blood. The most annoying thing is that short-term donor activity does not improve the situation with the daily shortage of blood components, and sometimes even worsens it.

A “rebound phenomenon” occurs - a significant decrease in the number of donors two to three weeks after a short surge in the number of donations. This situation arises when potential donors donated blood during the tragedy, and after that they must have a break of at least 2 months. At the same time, such blood components as red blood cells and platelets, as I already said, are stored for a relatively short time (red blood cells - 42 days, platelets - 5 days). Without being overfilled, they are disposed of. A month and a half after the disaster, the refrigerators filled with blood are empty, and life goes on as usual.

Another problem: in the wake of the excitement caused by the disaster, about half of those who donated blood are primary donors. Such donors need thorough examination due to the higher prevalence of infections compared to regular donors, whose blood is the safest due to constant monitoring for their state of health. Due to the unpreparedness of the primary donor for the procedure (violation of the donor diet), the presence of a number of hidden infections that he may not even be aware of, the blood and its components received from such a donor simply will not help the victims of the tragedy, but will be disposed of.

EARNING FROM DONATING BLOOD

Is it possible to make money by donating blood? How much do they pay and what do they give to donors?

In accordance with regulatory legal acts, a gratuitous donor is paid monetary compensation for lunch in the amount of 5% of the cost of living established for residents of the region in which the blood service establishment is located (on average in Russia, a donor will be given 368 rubles 60 kopecks, based on average size at 7372 rubles according to the 2nd quarter of 2013 - approx. Zozhnik).

For the donation of blood components, the amount of payments may be different: for blood donors with a rare phenotype - 8% of the subsistence level (590 rubles), for plasma donors by apheresis - 15% (1106 rubles), for platelet donors by apheresis - 35% of the cost of living (2580 rubles).

It is worth noting that regular gratuitous donation is an opportunity not only to check your health, but also to become an “Honorary Donor of Russia.” The “Honorary Donor of Russia” badge is awarded to citizens who have donated free whole blood and platelets 40 or more times or blood plasma 60 or more times.

Honorary donors have the right to priority treatment in state or municipal healthcare organizations, priority purchase of preferential vouchers for sanatorium treatment at their place of work or study. They are also provided with annual paid leave at a time convenient for them and an annual cash payment(for example, in 2013, all honorary donors were paid 11,138 rubles - Zozhnik’s note).

Plus in each subject there are additional measures social support for “Honorary Donors of Russia” living in this region.

WHITE AND BLACK BLOOD MARKET

Is there a blood shortage in Russia now? In this case, can patients who do not have enough for a transfusion buy blood?

Many patients and their relatives find themselves in a situation where the attending physician says, “We don’t have blood in the clinic, look for donors yourself.” So, according to regulatory documents throughout the Russian Federation, the free provision of donor blood and its components in the provision of medical care is guaranteed.

If previously the patient’s relatives could go directly to the blood transfusion facility and purchase the necessary blood components, now this is a criminal offense. The circulation of donor blood and its components can only be carried out by institutions, the list of which is reflected in Federal law“On the donation of blood and its components” (No. 125-FZ dated June 20, 2012).

RARE BLOOD

Is it true that there are particularly rare types of blood containing a certain unique set elements, and that such blood is especially in demand? Is there a shortage of any specific type of blood (type/Rh, something else)?

All blood is divided according to the principle group affiliation(blood group of the ABO system), based on 4 combinations of erythrocyte antigens A and B - I (O), II (A), III (B) and IV (AB), as well as by the Rh factor - the antigen that is on the surface of erythrocytes. About 85% of people have this same Rh factor and are Rh positive (Rh+). The remaining 15% are Rh negative (Rh-).

There are so-called rare phenotypes - a certain set of letter indicators. But in no case can we talk about any special demand for this phenotype. After all, if the phenotype is rare, then there are few people with such a phenotype, and they also need little blood.

Experts working in blood transfusion institutions agree that it is wrong to consider blood type IV with Rh+ and Rh- rare. Every day, clinics’ need for blood components of a certain group changes. At some point, both blood groups I and II may become “rare” if the number of requests for components of this group coming from health care facilities exceeds the capabilities of the blood transfusion institution.

WHEN WE NEED BLOOD

Wikipedia says that every third inhabitant of the earth needs a blood transfusion at least once in his life. In what cases do people need someone else's blood?

IN specialized treatment requiring the use of components and preparations of donor blood, people need:

- those who have lost a lot of blood due to childbirth, injuries, accidents (poisoning, burns), accidents;

- having oncological diseases;

- for blood diseases (hemophilia, leukemia, aplastic anemia);

- for severe chronic diseases;

- if necessary, transplantation bone marrow;

— during surgical operations (including endoprosthetics, cardiac surgery and other complex operations).

Every year, at least 1.5 million Russians need donor blood, and certain moment Almost every one of us may need it. Unfortunately, scientists have not yet invented any substitutes human blood, without which it is impossible to provide the necessary specialized assistance patients in need.

TATTOOS AND DONATION

Is it true that if a person has at least one tattoo, he cannot be a donor? What other restrictions are there on becoming a donor?

Many people believe that a person with a tattoo cannot be a donor. This is a big misconception. You will not be allowed to donate only if 1 year has not passed since the tattoo was applied. These are the so-called temporary contraindications, which in addition to tattoos include the following:

— piercing, acupuncture treatment (1 year);

— tooth extraction (10 days);

- sore throat, flu, ARVI (1 month from the moment of recovery);

— surgical operations, including abortion (6 months);

- menstruation (5 days after the end);

- reception hormonal contraceptives(1 month after the end of treatment);

- period of pregnancy, childbirth and lactation (1 year after birth, 3 months after the end of lactation);

- Recent vaccinations.

There is also absolute contraindications. In this case, the person is excluded from donation for life. These include: HIV infection, syphilis, viral hepatitis, tuberculosis, blood diseases, oncological diseases, peptic ulcer stomach and duodenum, Achilles gastritis, bronchial asthma, urolithiasis disease, diseases endocrine system, cardiovascular diseases, surgical interventions regarding resection and organ transplantation.

HOW TO BECOME A DONOR?

How can I find out the nearest qualified place where I can donate blood?

If you are 18 years old, have no contraindications to donation and weigh more than 50 kg, you are ready to become a donor. You can find out the address of the nearest blood service institution on the official website of the Blood Service www.yadonor.ru in the section “Where to donate blood?” or by contacting Hotline Blood services 8-800-333-33-30.

Read on Zozhnik:

The law must regulate the issues of organizing the procurement, storage, transportation, ensuring the safety and clinical use of donor blood and its components, protecting the health of blood donors and its components, recipients and protecting their rights.

What changed?

Previously, in Moscow, they paid 650 rubles for 100 ml of blood, 4,500 rubles for a complex transfusion - plateletpheresis, and 6,000 rubles for donating red blood cells.

Now in Russia, free blood donation is encouraged, that is, volunteers can only count on a free lunch, but not on monetary compensation. The list of benefits provided to donors has been reduced, but annual Russian benefits have been increased 1.5 times - up to 9,959 rubles.

Also, the purpose of the new law is to create a unified donation database. Despite the fact that free blood donation is a generally accepted world practice, the Ministry of Health told Interfax that encouraging free blood donation does not mean a complete abolition of compensation, since the law leaves citizens the right to choose between donating blood free of charge or donating blood for a fee.

Donors will be able to directly “earn money” only from complex transfusions. However, if previously they paid 4-6 thousand rubles for them, now they will be much less.

The law has already entered into force, but exactly how it will be applied is not yet clear. For example, it is not known how the donor will be provided with free lunch - in the form of dry rations or will they be fed on the spot? No monetary compensation is provided in place of free food, but it is not specified what kind of lunch volunteers can expect.

The enacted Federal Law “On the Donation of Blood and Its Components” does not speak about the right of donors to be released from work and one additional day of vacation.

Honorary donors of Russia - those people who have donated blood and its components 40 times in their lives or donated plasma 60 times, can count on an honorary donor badge of Russia, annual leave convenient time according to Labor Code, receiving medical care out of turn in government institutions and the right to purchase vouchers to a sanatorium at the place of work or study. They also increased their annual allowance, which will be indexed from year to year according to the level of inflation.

Expert opinion

What will the new law on donation lead to?

Ekaterina Chistyakova, director of the Gift of Life Foundation:

Of course, because of the new law and the abolition of monetary rewards, everyone who currently donates blood will not stop doing so. After all a large number of people donate blood free of charge, that is, for nothing. I can only talk about Moscow; I’m not very familiar with the situation in the regions. So, in Moscow this transition is completely unprepared. And it’s not a matter of the law, but of the Moscow health care leadership, which has long known what was happening and where things were going, and of course, it was necessary to prepare in advance. But it turned out as it happened now - the law came into force, but we don’t know what to do. There is a feeling that our city is not ready for the transition to gratuitous donations.

On currently this law will absolutely lead to corruption in this area. On the one hand, there is nothing terrible about looking for a donor on your own. It’s normal to come and donate blood for your friend. Or . But the so-called “gray donation” - when relatives pay some people to donate blood - will, of course, happen. Because currently in Moscow there is a shortage of gratuitous donations and a very serious one. This is due to the fact that everything last years Moscow relied on paid donation. And if you write everywhere that we pay money for blood, and quite a lot of it, that means people who need money will come to you.

If we prepare the ground in advance, a couple of years in advance, that we attract gratuitous donors, that it is not painful, not scary, not dangerous, convenient and very good, then a contingent of gratuitous donors will be formed.

However, we have taken the first step. So it has what we have.

Bobrov Boris Yurievich, endovascular surgeon, candidate medical sciences, medical director of the European Clinic (SPC modern surgery and Oncology), Head of the Department of Endovascular Surgery of the Perinatal medical center, leading researcher at the Center for X-ray Surgery of the Russian State Medical University named after. N.I. Pirogova:

This law may lead to sharp decline number of donors, and consequently, to a shortage of blood and its components. To be honest, we already felt this immediately after January 1, when many stations stopped selling blood to private clinics due to shortages. At the same time, we had big problems with management severe patients, with complex surgical interventions. Now the situation has more or less stabilized, but there is still great concern about the provision of blood components.

Galina Timofeevna Kholmogorova, senior researcher at the Center preventive medicine, Ph.D.:

Payments to donors had their drawbacks, if only because homeless people made money from it, and their blood was taken carelessly and not checked, which could lead to infections. But this is one side of the coin. To donate, it is necessary that the people themselves be highly moral, very healthy, who will donate blood for free, understanding that they are thereby giving someone life. I myself lost three liters of blood during childbirth and I know that 12 people saved me. I then rewrote all the names and wrote a letter to the station with gratitude both for my life and for the fact that my child is not growing up as an orphan. Then these people saved me, and I understand that only thanks to these people I remained alive.

Karlsson Julia, CEO Doctor Plastic clinics:

Of course, world experience suggests that donation should be free. But in Russia the situation is different, and donating blood for free has not justified itself. Moscow alone needs more than 200 liters of donor blood every day. And more than 30% of the blood for transfusion in Moscow comes from other regions of Russia.

With the adoption of amendments to the law “On the Donation of Blood and Its Components,” there is a risk of a shortage of blood supplies for patients who require transfusions.

The relationship between doctors, paid donors and patients can go into the shadows and generally escape the attention of legislators and regulatory agencies, which is fraught with speculation on the one hand and a risk to the health of patients on the other.

And in this case, the priority should not be the economy, but, first of all, concern for the health of citizens and the preservation of their lives.

Donation of blood and its components is an exclusively voluntary donation of blood by a person, as well as various activities that are aimed at ensuring and organizing the safety of the collection of the collected material. It should be especially noted that this practice began to be actively used precisely during the war years. You will learn about how to donate blood, whether it is safe or not, from the materials in this article.

What is it used for?

Blood donation is common in almost all countries. It is taken for educational and research purposes, for the production of medicines and medical supplies. Clinical Application of such material and its components is associated with transfusion to any patient in medicinal purposes, as well as to create supplies that may be needed in emergency situations.

Why don't they use substitutes?

Even with the development of technology and scientific discoveries, blood donation does not lose its relevance. After all, its artificial substitutes are toxic and have many side effects, are unreasonably expensive, and are also not able to fully reproduce all the functions of this material in the body. In this regard, donor blood is indispensable for transfusions to victims of various injuries and burns, during the most complex operations, as well as during difficult childbirth.

It should be especially noted that supplies of such material are vital for patients with anemia, hemophilia and cancer patients during chemotherapy. According to statistics, every third inhabitant of our planet needs donor blood at least once in their life. We cannot ignore the fact that our country is sorely lacking its components (domestic production). That is why it was decided to open federal program“Blood Service”, which encourages residents of Russia to donate freely.

Emblem in different countries

Blood is donated for donation in almost all countries of the world. Moreover, some of them even have a corresponding emblem. Thus, in Scandinavian countries an image of a pelican with drops of blood is used. A bird tearing its breast to feed its chicks symbolizes selfless love. Christian authors often compared this animal with Jesus Christ, who sacrificed himself for the salvation of all people.

Donor Day

Donating blood for donation is optional. However, everyone is encouraged to undergo this procedure. Not long ago, it was decided to declare June 14 World Day. This day was chosen and established by three organizations that advocate free and voluntary blood donation. These include the International Federation of the Red Cross, the International Blood Donor Society and the International Federation of Blood Donor Organizations.

Types of donation

Blood donation, the benefits and harms of which have long been known to everyone, involves blood collection. However, material from a particular person can be taken for different purposes. Let's look at the types of donation in more detail.

Autodonation. This is the collection of the patient’s own blood before subsequent planned surgery. As you know, transfusion of foreign material is stressful for any organism. But using your own allows you to minimize all side effects.

Whole blood donation. Such collection of material involves subsequent resuspension in a preservative solution, as a result of which the blood is separated into components, processed or transfused.

Donor plasmapheresis. This blood donation occurs manually or automatically. During manual plasmapheresis, the material is taken into a special sterile bag. Next, it is centrifuged, separated into plasma and red blood cells (using a plasma extractor), after which the latter is returned to the donor. In this case, the volume of circulating blood is replenished with an adequate amount of saline solution.

In automatic plasmapheresis, a person is connected to a separator. During this procedure, the blood is completely withdrawn. It is further divided into shaped elements and plasma, after which the former are returned to the donor. In a similar way it is carried out

Donor plateletpheresis. Such a fence is carried out using a special apparatus. Platelet mass is released from the donor's blood. As is known, it is extremely necessary during chemotherapy for cancer patients and for other abnormalities that are accompanied by thrombocytopenia. Platelet procurement is quite different high cost. That is why only those people who have donated material in this way more than once are invited to such blood donation. Indeed, in this case, specialists have complete confidence that they do not have vector-borne infections.

Donor granulocytapheresis (or leukocytapheresis). Patients with severe infectious complications Sometimes granulocytes, which are a type of white blood cell, are essential. The procedure for donating them is similar to collecting platelets. It should be noted that granulocyte transfusions are usually carried out within several hours after they are collected from the donor.

Immune plasma donation. Voluntary blood donation in this way implies immunization of a person with a safe strain of an infectious agent. The plasma, which is subsequently taken from such a donor, contains antibodies to the pathogen and can be used to produce medicines. In some cases, the material is transfused into weakened patients pure form as a component of polyvalent therapy or for preventive purposes.

Donor erythrocytepheresis. Red blood cell mass obtained in this way is extremely necessary for patients with anemia and other abnormalities that are accompanied by decreased blood formation and low level hemoglobin. Manual sampling is similar to plasmapheresis. The only difference is that with erythrocytepheresis, in addition to the erythrocyte mass, all remaining blood components are returned to the donor’s body. That is why the introduction of saline solution is no longer required to replenish its volume.

Basic requirements, rights and obligations of the donor

Almost everyone knows. However, not everyone knows the requirements that apply to such people.

Only a legally capable person who has reached the age of 18 can be a blood donor. Such a person must be a citizen of the Russian Federation or reside on its territory (legally) for at least 1 year. The donor must express a voluntary desire to become one and undergo a medical examination, which will not reveal any contraindications for donating material.

Before donating blood for donation, a person must:

• present a passport or other identification document;
• undergo a medical examination;
• provide all information about past infectious diseases, about contacts with infectious patients, about the use of narcotic and psychotropic substances, about staying in an area where there was a threat of the emergence or spread of epidemics (mass infectious diseases), about working with dangerous or harmful conditions labor, as well as any vaccinations and surgical operations, which were carried out during the year before donating blood.

What are the conditions for donating blood?

Among modern people Not only donation of material for free, but also blood donation for money is very popular. However, in any case, before such a procedure, a person must register, fill out a questionnaire, and also undergo a medical examination. Thus, the donor should donate blood for a hemoglobin level test (taken from a finger), and then visit a transfusiologist. All these activities take place directly at the donor point and do not take much time.

To donate whole blood, the volunteer must undergo a repeat test every six months. If a person does not show up at the point, then his stored blood is destroyed. When donating material more than three times within 1 year, the donor is required to do an ECG with interpretation, fluorography chest, donate urine and blood for analysis, and also obtain a certificate from an infectious disease specialist, which will confirm the absence of contact with infectious patients and patients with hepatitis. Representatives of the fairer sex should undergo an examination by a gynecologist.

Blood donation: benefits and harms

Correctly done collection of material never harms the donor, and even helps him. By saving someone's life, a volunteer does good not only to another person, but also to himself. This is expressed as follows:

• When the material is taken, the hematopoietic function begins to noticeably become more active, resulting in self-renewal of the blood. It is not without reason that back in the Middle Ages bloodletting was often used to treat certain abnormalities.
• The benefit of blood donation also lies in the fact that as a result of such procedures, a person’s spleen and liver are significantly relieved. After all, part of their functions is the disposal of dead red blood cells.
• The human body begins to noticeably develop immunity to even minor blood loss.
• Blood sampling is a kind of prevention of diseases of the digestive system, cardiovascular system, etc.

How can donation harm you?

Why do some people consider such an event as blood donation dangerous? Harm from this procedure can indeed occur, but only if it was carried out incorrectly. However, only professionals work at donor centers, which excludes this possibility.

It should also be noted that infection of a volunteer during blood donation is unlikely, since:

• the injection site is disinfected with alcohol or a special solution;
• Blood is drawn using new system, which is unpacked directly at the donor;
• in case of selection of any individual components the remainder of the blood is poured back through the same system; in this case, the volunteer can easily verify that the container contains only his data.

Despite all of the above, the risk of infection still remains. However, this can only happen if direct transfusion blood. Although such measures are taken only in special cases when there are no conditions or time to carry out all the necessary preparatory measures.

Contraindications to donation

Depending on previous operations and diseases, a person may not be allowed to donate blood (permanently or temporarily).

Temporary contraindications include ear piercing, tattooing, vaccinations, some infectious diseases(ARI, ARVI), operations, including abortions, lactation and pregnancy. To donate blood in such cases, you should wait 3 or more months.

Permanent contraindications include the presence of AIDS, viral hepatitis, acquired or carrier status of HIV infection, eczema, generalized psoriasis, complete blindness, complete absence speech and hearing, drug addiction, malignant neoplasms, alcoholism, surgical interventions for transplantation or resection of any organs and tissues.

Before donating blood directly, donors are not recommended to:

• drink alcoholic beverages in less than 2 days;
• donate blood on an empty stomach (in the morning it is advisable to eat a carbohydrate, but low-fat breakfast);
• the night before, eat fatty, spicy, fried, smoked, butter, dairy products and eggs;
• smoke less than 1 hour before the procedure;
• take Aspirin and analgesics, as well as any medicines containing them (72 hours before the procedure);
• donate blood if you feel unwell, have headaches, chills, dizziness or weakness.

After the procedure, the donor should refrain from severe physical activity. For 2 days after donating blood, you need to eat well and drink at least 2 liters of liquid per day (tea, juices and water). To restore blood pressure, the volunteer needs to consume foods such as coffee, chocolate and hematogen.

Donor restrictions

As is known, blood donation leads to significant fluid loss in human body, as well as a decrease in pressure. In this regard, the following restrictions were introduced regarding donors:

• Representatives of the stronger sex are allowed to donate whole blood no more than 5 times a year, while women - no more than 4 times every 12 months.
• By current rules In our country, you can donate whole blood no more than once every 2 months.
• Repeated plasma donation is carried out only after 14 days.
• After collecting whole blood, donating plasma is allowed only after a month.
• It is not allowed to donate blood after a sleepless night.
• The volunteer must not weigh less than 45 kg. Before donating blood, the body temperature should be no higher than 37°C, and the pressure should be from 80 to 160 mm Hg. Art. and from 70 to 100 mm Hg. Art. respectively. The donor's pulse rate should be about 55-100 beats per minute.
• Representatives of the fairer sex should not donate whole blood during menstruation or seven days before their onset, as well as within a week after. In addition, women are prohibited from becoming donors during lactation and pregnancy.

Let's sum it up

Where do you donate blood? If you have no contraindications to donating your material, then you should contact the nearest donor point. As a rule, they are available in every city of the Russian Federation.

Significant blood loss is life-threatening, and in this case, prompt transfusion is required. Then a blood donor comes to the rescue - a volunteer who gives part of his own to save another person. The word “donor” is translated from Latin - “to give.” Transfusion is vital in a number of cases, such as:

• injuries, surgical interventions, difficult childbirth, severe burns, etc.;
• anemia;
• heavy bleeding that does not stop for a long time;
• purulent-septic diseases;
• acute intoxication;
• severe toxicosis.

Donation law

To organize donation and resolve issues regarding blood procurement, transportation, storage and its safe use, the Law “On Donors of Blood and Its Components” was issued. This document determines who can become a blood donor, what requirements are imposed on him, responsibilities are imposed and rights are granted. The law provides health protection and protection of the rights of both the recipient and the person donating blood.

In 2013, a new law came into force. The changes were made to abolish paid donation, improve the quality of blood and blood products, and create a unified database. According to the new law, some benefits for blood donors have been cancelled. From now on, blood is donated only free of charge. Only free food is provided, but no monetary compensation. Now they pay for blood only in cases of complex transfusions. An honorary donor (who has donated blood at least 40 times or plasma at least 60 times) now receives an annual payment of 1.5 times more.

Who can donate blood?

A citizen of the Russian Federation who has reached 18 years of age, has suitable health conditions and weighs at least 50 kilograms can become a blood donor. If previously only a Russian citizen could donate blood, then under the new law, a foreigner who has lived legally in the Russian Federation for at least 1 year can also do so.

How to become?

How to become a blood donor? You need to come with your passport and military ID (for men) to the transfusion station and register. To do this, you need to fill out a questionnaire, honestly answering all the questions, and undergo a medical examination, which includes a blood test (general, biochemical, hepatitis, RW, HIV infection) and an examination by a general practitioner. During your initial visit, you can donate blood only the next day after a medical examination and laboratory testing.

Submission rules

You can't donate blood often. Men can do this no more than 5 times a year. For women, there are slightly different requirements - a maximum of four times a year. In both cases, the interval between whole blood donation procedures is at least 60 days. Plasma can be donated twice a month, but only a month after donating the whole plasma.

Donors donate whole blood or its components. Plasma is often required and may also require transfusion of donor platelets, red blood cells, in rare cases– leukocytes

Who cannot be a donor?

Exist absolute contraindications for donation and temporary. In the first case we're talking about about people who will never be able to donate blood for transfusion due to illnesses, no matter how much time passes after recovery. These include persons suffering from or having had the following diseases:

• AIDS, HIV carriage, as well as being in a risk group (drug addicts, prostitutes, homosexuals);
• viral hepatitis;
• tuberculosis;
• syphilis;
• typhus;
• brucellosis;
• leishmaniasis;
• toxoplasmosis;
• tularemia;
• leprosy;
• blood diseases;
• malignant tumors;
• organic central nervous system diseases;
• mental illness;
• complete absence of speech and hearing;
• drug addiction, alcoholism;
• cardiac ischemia, atherosclerosis, hypertension 2 and 3 degrees, heart defects, myocarditis, endocarditis;
• thrombophlebitis;
• bronchial asthma;
• pulmonary enphysema, obstructive bronchitis;
• cirrhosis of the liver;
• chronic liver diseases;
• Achilles gastritis;
• stomach ulcer;
• systemic connective tissue diseases;
• complete blindness;
• endocrine diseases with severe metabolic disorders;
• inflammatory and infectious skin diseases;
• high degree of myopia;
• severe acute and chronic ENT diseases;
• radiation sickness;
• osteomyelitis;
• psoriasis, eczema, sycosis, erythroderma;
• fungal infections of the skin and internal organs;
• surgeries for organ transplantation and resection.

Temporary restrictions:

• operations, abortions;
• business trips abroad for more than two months;
• acupuncture treatment, tattooing;
• stay in countries with tropical and subtropical climates for at least three months;
• ARVI, sore throat, flu, others infectious diseases, which are not provided for in the section of absolute contraindications;
• tooth extraction;
• vegetative-vascular dystonia;
• inflammatory diseases of any localization (chronic or acute) in the acute stage;
• menstruation;
• pregnancy and lactation;
• allergies in aggravation;
• vaccinations;
• treatment with antibiotics, analgesics, salicylates;
• drinking alcohol;
• changes in blood composition.

A temporary ban on donation can range from 10 days to several months and a year, depending on the reason.

Preparation for the procedure

1. A diet must be followed for three days before the test. Can't eat fatty foods and drink alcohol.
2. It is not recommended to come to the transfusion center in the morning after a night shift.
3. On the eve of the procedure, you should have a light dinner; on the day of the procedure, only sweet tea and bread are allowed.
4. Immediately after blood sampling, you should not drink alcohol or exercise physical labor, manage transport.

How is the procedure done?

The procedure is performed in the donor chair. Only disposable sterile instruments are used and must be destroyed. 450 grams of material are taken from the donor, part of which is sent for analysis. The blood is checked for contraindications, group and Rh factor. A small amount is then administered to the recipient and his condition is monitored. If he feels normal, begin transfusion at a rate of about 50 drops per minute. The procedure for donating whole blood takes about 15 minutes, plasma - about 30 minutes, platelets - about 1.5 hours.

Blood collection is carried out in comfortable conditions for the donor using only disposable sterile instruments

After the procedure, you need to rest for about 15 minutes and drink sweet tea or juice. If you feel dizzy, you should consult a doctor. You should not smoke for about an hour, and you should not engage in physical labor during the day.

Privileges

The donor is released from work (military personnel from duty) on the day of the procedure and the next day, while the average earnings are maintained.

On the day of donation, the donor is provided with free food.

For those who donate blood free of charge during the year in the amount of two maximum doses Additional benefits are provided:

• temporary disability benefits in the amount of full earnings throughout the year, regardless of illness and length of service;
• discounted vouchers to a sanatorium provided at the place of study or work;
• providing free iron-containing drugs and vitamins to prevent anemia;
• students - a 25% supplement to the scholarship from the local budget for six months.

The following benefits are provided for honorary donors:

1. Free dental prosthetics in public medical institutions (except for precious metals, metal-ceramics, porcelain).
2. 50% discount on medicines, according to the list approved by the government.
3. Free travel on public transport (except taxis).
4. 50% discount on utility bills.
5. Annual paid leave at a time convenient for the donor.
6. Priority provision discounted vouchers to the sanatorium.
7. Preferential loans for housing construction.

Is donation harmful?

Not everyone decides to donate blood because they do not know whether donation is harmful or not. There are many rumors and different opinions surrounding this topic.

Doctors say that being a donor is not harmful or dangerous:

• Blood can only be donated healthy people, have been examined, and passing 450 grams is not a threat to health.
• Only disposable instruments are used; they are opened in front of the donor.
• Regular blood donation has a positive effect on health, and a person quickly gets used to the loss and recovery and easily tolerates it. After two weeks, its volume is completely restored.
• All rights of the donor are protected by law.

Conclusion

Donation is a necessary and noble cause. When blood is needed for a transfusion, it is often a matter of life and death. Thanks to the volunteers, who are now not paid, many will be saved, not only strangers, but perhaps even those closest to them.