Use of broad-spectrum antibiotics. New generation broad-spectrum antibiotics (list and names)

An antibiotic is a chemotherapy drug that selectively suppresses the activity of pathogenic microorganisms. Used to treat most infectious diseases. As a rule, drugs in this group are prescribed by a doctor. Patients are often faced with the problem of the high price of a prescribed medicine and wonder whether it is possible to find an alternative, cheaper, but no less effective remedy? It is possible that there will be no availability at the pharmacy. the right antibiotic, in this case it is also necessary to be well versed in analogues of the drug.

Cheap antibiotics for adults

An important rule: cheap antibiotics are sold under the name of their chemical formula.

Inexpensive antibiotics for children

In general, most antibiotics for adults will be suitable for use in patients younger age. However, a downward adjustment of the dosage regimen is necessary. Self-selection of medications without a doctor’s prescription is unacceptable.

Before choosing a drug, it is necessary to isolate and identify the source of the disease, and then determine sensitivity to various groups of known antibiotics. The drugs of choice are those to which there is a fixed high sensitivity, less often – an intermediate level of tolerance.

Antibiotics are a broad group of drugs whose action is aimed at fighting diseases. infectious nature. Behind last years The list of these funds has undergone some changes. Antibiotics have become increasingly popular wide range actions of the new generation. Eat modern drugs, which are aimed at eliminating the pathogen certain disease. Medicines with narrowly targeted action are more preferable, since they do not affect the normal microflora.

How do new generation antibiotics work?

Medical professionals successfully use antibacterial agents due to the fact that life-threatening important processes in the cells of the human body differ from similar processes in a bacterial cell. These new generation drugs act selectively, affecting only the cell of the pathogenic microorganism, without affecting human ones. Classification occurs depending on the way in which they influence the vital activity of microorganisms.

Some drugs inhibit the synthesis of the outer cell membrane of bacteria, which is absent in the human body. These include cephalosporins, penicillin antibiotics, etc. Another group almost completely suppresses protein synthesis in bacterial cells. The latter include macrolides and tetracycline antibiotics. List of drugs broad action divided according to the principle of antibacterial activity. The instructions must indicate the area of ​​activity of the tablets.

Some drugs have a broad spectrum of action, being effective against many bacteria, while others may have a narrow focus, targeting a specific group of bacteria. Why is this happening? The fact is that viruses and bacteria are characterized by different structures and functioning, so what kills bacteria does not affect viruses. Broad-spectrum antibiotics are used when:

• pathogens exhibit resistance to the influence of a highly targeted drug;
• a superinfection has been identified, the culprits of which are several types of bacteria;
• prevention of infections occurs after surgical interventions;
• treatment is prescribed based on clinical symptoms, that is, empirically. In this case, the specific pathogen is not identified. This is appropriate for common infections and dangerous fast-acting diseases.

Features of broad-spectrum antibiotics

The new generation of broad-spectrum drugs are universal remedies that can treat inflammation of the lymph nodes, colds, accompanying coughs, runny nose, etc. Whatever pathogen causes the disease, the remedies will defeat the microbe. Each newly developed medicine has a more advanced, improved effect against pathogenic microorganisms. The new generation of antibiotics is believed to cause minimal damage to the human body.

List of new generation antibiotics with a wide spectrum of action

The list of existing new generation broad-spectrum antibiotics includes many drugs, both cheap and more expensive. The most frequently used of all groups of drugs are penicillins, macrolides, fluoroquinolones, and cephalosporins. They are available in the form of injection solutions, tablets, etc. New generation drugs are characterized by improved pharmacological actions, when compared with older drugs. So the list is:

• tetracycline group: “Tetracycline”;
• penicillins: “Ampicillin”, “Amoxicillin”, “Ticarcyclin”, “Bilmitsin”;
• fluoroquinolones: Gatifloxacin, Levofloxacin, Ciprofloxacin, Moxifloxacin;
• carbapenems: “Meropenem”, “Imipenem”, “Ertapenem”;
• amphenicols: "Chloramphenicol";
• aminoglycosides: "Streptomycin".

Find out more about the drug and children, instructions for use and contraindications.

Names of highly targeted strong antibiotics

New generation highly targeted drugs are used when the causative agent of the infection is precisely identified. Each drug acts on a specific group of pathogenic microorganisms. Unlike broad-spectrum antibiotics, they do not contribute to disorders and do not suppress the immune system. Due to a deeper degree of purification of the active substance, the medicine has less toxicity.

Bronchitis

For bronchitis, in most cases, new generation broad-spectrum antibiotics are prescribed, but the choice of drug should be based on the results of laboratory testing of sputum. The best medicine is considered to be the one that provides detrimental influence directly on the bacterium that caused the disease. This approach is explained by the fact that the study takes from 3 to 5 days, and bronchitis must be treated as early as possible to avoid complications. The following antibacterial drugs are often prescribed:

• Macrolides - prescribed for individual intolerance penicillin. Clarithromycin and Erythromycin are widely used.
• Penicillin has been used in medicine for a long time, and therefore some microorganisms have developed resistance to the active substance. Therefore, the drugs were enhanced with additives that block the action of enzymes produced by microorganisms in order to reduce the activity of penicillin. The most effective are Amoxiclav, Panklav, and Augmentin.
• Fluoroquinolones are used to treat chronic bronchitis during exacerbation. Great efficiency characterized by “Levofloxacin”, “Moxifloxacin”, “Ciprofloxacin”.
• Cephalosporins are prescribed in case of obstructive forms of the disease. Modern antibiotics Cefuroxime and Ceftriaxone are considered.

Sinusitis

Angina

Medicine has come a long way since the days of penicillin, creating a new generation of strong analogue drugs. The reason that modern doctors are forced to use powerful antimicrobial agents is that harmful microorganisms managed to adapt to penicillin. The microbes adapted and began to produce a special enzyme - penicillinase, which is capable of destroying antibiotics.

New generation antibiotics

Most new antibiotics work selectively, that is, their action is directed against microorganisms of one or two species. Today in medical medicine they found broad antibiotics from the group of fluoroquinolones, cephalosporins, imipenems, macrolides, . The most powerful antibiotics include broad-spectrum antibiotics that destroy both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria.

Cephalosporins

This group includes the most powerful antibiotics with a broad spectrum of action that work bactericidal. These medications are well tolerated by patients with minimal side effects. Now the group of cephalosporins has four generations.
First generation drugs.
Works great against staphylococcal infections cefadroxil (“Biodroxil”, “Durocef”), (“Kefzol”, “Rizolin”), (“Ospexin”, “Sporidex”).

Drugs.
Medicines are prescribed to combat Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae, and Klebsiella. These are cefuroxime (Zinnat, Ketocef, Aksetin, Ketocef), cefaclor (Taracef, Vercef).

Third generation drugs.
They have proven themselves well in the treatment of diseases such as pyelonephritis, meningitis, pneumonia, abdominal infections, and osteomyelitis. These include ceftazidime (Fotrazim, Fortum), Torcef, Lendacin, cefoperazone (Cefobid, Medocef), cefotaxime (Cefosin, Klaforan).

Medicines made from cephalosporins (Cefepime).
Their spectrum is much wider than the previous group, and at the same time there are more side effects: dysbacteriosis, nephrotoxicity, neurotoxicity, hematotoxicity.

Macrolides

Antibiotics of narrow use include macrolides, which have proven themselves in the fight against gram-positive microorganisms. The action of macrolides is aimed at stopping the growth of bacterial cells, while they do not suppress the immune system.

Drugs in this group include Erythromycin, Spiramycin, Oleandomycin, Clarithromycin, Azithromycin, Josamycin, Roxithromycin. The most powerful macrolides are considered to be Josamycin and Clarithromycin. These medications are prescribed for the treatment of stomach ulcers, sinusitis, otitis, respiratory and chlamydial infections.

Diseases caused by bacterial infections have existed as long as humanity itself has existed. But the trouble is, their number is growing every year, and bacteria are evolving, learning to camouflage and survive in unfavorable conditions. An empirical approach to the treatment of infectious pathologies involves prescribing an antimicrobial agent immediately during admission, without waiting for the results of an analysis of the causative agent of the disease. In such conditions, it is very difficult to choose an effective drug, because many antibiotics act only on a certain group of bacteria. And here they come to the rescue, effective in relation to large number pathogens and used to treat various infectious pathologies of different organs and systems of the human body.

Doctors quite often have to deal with not one, but several pathogens that have settled in the body of a particular person. Broad spectrum antibacterial agents antimicrobial activity They also help out in this situation by limiting the number of drugs prescribed to the patient.

ATC

J01 Antimicrobials for systemic use

Pharmacological group

Antibacterial agents for systemic use

pharmachologic effect

Broad-spectrum antibacterial drugs

Indications for the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics

Broad-spectrum antibiotics are rightfully considered generic drugs, because whatever infection is hidden in the body, they will definitely deal a devastating blow to it. They are used for various pathologies of human organs and systems, caused by a bacterial infection of one or more types.

Broad-spectrum antibiotics for infection may be prescribed in the following cases:

• If it is not possible to short terms determine the causative agent of the disease, and treatment is prescribed empirically. Those. Based on the patient’s complaints, a preliminary diagnosis is established and he is prescribed an antimicrobial drug, which should contain the infection until the true pathogen is identified.

By the way, this is a common practice in most medical institutions, especially when it comes to outpatient treatment. Even with well-equipped laboratories.

This approach to antibiotic therapy can be justified if we're talking about about severe infections, characterized by a rapid course and spread of the process to other organs, and about pathologies that are widespread, the causative agents of which are well known.

• If bacteria causing disease, are antibiotic resistant to drugs with a narrow spectrum of action.
• In case of detection of a non-standard superinfection, which is characterized by the presence of several types of bacterial pathogens.
• In order to prevent the development of infectious pathologies after surgical operations or cleaning wound surfaces.

The doctor makes the decision to prescribe one or another drug from a certain group of broad-spectrum antibiotics independently, based on the situation and the effectiveness of the previously prescribed treatment.

Broad-spectrum antibiotics for various diseases

An amazing feature of broad-spectrum antibiotics is that there is no need to invent many such drugs to treat various diseases. The same antibiotic can be used to treat the respiratory system and in the treatment of genitourinary infections. Indications for use are noted in the instructions for the drugs, and medical specialists have the opportunity to familiarize themselves with them and use this information in their work.

Let's consider the use of different groups of active antibiotics in the treatment of the most popular pathologies.

Broad-spectrum antibiotics for infections genitourinary systems s. UTI and UTI are the most common diagnoses in practical activities urologist. Their treatment cannot be accomplished without the use of effective antibiotics, which ideally should completely destroy the infectious agents without causing much harm to the human body.

Drugs for the treatment of the genitourinary system must be excreted by the kidneys and be effective against any bacteria that can cause these pathologies. The use of several medications is a blow primarily to the gastrointestinal tract (if taken orally), liver and kidneys. Broad-spectrum antibiotics can avoid this, because when correct selection You can get by with just one drug.

Infections of the genitourinary system can be caused by various types of bacteria, but the most popular are streptococci, staphylococci and E. coli, and in hospital infections - ureoplasma and chlamydia. They should be the target of the prescribed antibiotic.

Several groups of drugs meet this requirement:

• Beta-lactams
  • Penicillins (in particular aminopenicillins and combined broad-spectrum antibiotics of the penicillin series, which are protected from the destructive effects of beta-lactamases by including inhibitors of this enzyme in the composition of the drug).
  • 3rd and 4th generation extended-spectrum cephalosporins. The 3rd generation of drugs are effective for pyelonephritis, and the 4th generation is indispensable means for complex resistant infections.
• Aminoglycosides. They are also used for pathologies of the urinary tract, however, due to the negative effect on the kidneys, their use is justified only in a hospital setting.
• Macrolides are used only in connection with such pathology as non-gonococcal urethritis when atypical microflora (for example, chlamydia) is detected.
• The same can be said about tetracyclines.
• Carbapenems. They are often the drugs of choice for pyelonephritis (usually imipinem or its analogs are prescribed).
• Fluoroquinolones are indicative of their ability to accumulate in tissues, including the genitourinary organs (bladder, kidneys, prostate etc.). And thanks to the ability to suppress most strains of bacteria resistant to other antibiotics, they found quite wide application in urology.

In particular for cystitis, one of the most common pathologies of the genitourinary system, the following broad-spectrum antibiotics are applicable:

• New generation penicillin drugs, relevant against various pathogens (Escherichia coli, anaerobic microbes, Trichomonas, chlamydia, mycoplasma, ureoplasma, etc.), including protected penicillins (Augmentin, Amoxiclav, etc.).
• Cephalosporin antibiotics resistant to resistant strains bacterial infection(“Ceftriaxone”, “Cefotaxime” in the form of injections, “Cefuraxime” for oral administration, etc.).
• Macrolides (“Azithromycin” and its analogues for oral administration). The experience of their use in the treatment of genitourinary infections in women with penicillin intolerance is indicative, since macrolides have less toxicity.
• Fluoroquinolones (“Ciprofloxacin”, “Nolitsin”, etc.). Their advantage is the low frequency of administration and effectiveness against strains that are insensitive to beta-lactams and macrolides. The drugs show a good effect during treatment acute cystitis, the causative agent of which is Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
• Additionally, broad-spectrum drugs such as “Monural”, “Levomycetin”, “Furadonin” and other drugs can be prescribed at the discretion of the doctor.

When we talked about cystitis, we meant an inflammatory process in the bladder, but inflammation of the kidneys (nephritis) is no less rarely considered a pathology. Despite the fact that the concept of nephritis is a collective one and implies several types of kidney pathologies, the most popular of which is considered pyelonephritis, approaches to the treatment of these diseases in terms of the use of antibiotics have many common points contact.

Antibiotics for kidney inflammation are used predominantly with a wide spectrum of action, since this pathology is known to great amount pathogens that can act both alone (representatives of one group) and collectively (representatives of several groups and strains of bacteria).

When prescribing effective drugs, representatives of the penicillin series (Amoxicillin, Amoxiclav, etc.), effective in combating enterococci and coli. Such drugs can even be prescribed for the treatment of pyelonephritis during pregnancy.

As an option, for uncomplicated nephritis, macrolides (Sumamed, Vilprofen, etc.) can be prescribed, which are effective both in the case of gram-negative and gram-positive pathogens.

Cephalosporins (Tsiprolet, Cephalexin, Suprax, etc.) are prescribed for high probability development purulent inflammation. In severe cases of the disease and the development of complications, preference is given to aminoglycosides (Gentamicin, Netilmicin, etc.), and in case of severe pain, fluoroquinolones (Levofloxacin, Nolicin, etc.) are preferred.

Treatment of inflammatory kidney pathologies is always complex and multicomponent. Antibiotics can be prescribed either orally or by injection, which is often used for severe forms of kidney disease.

Many diseases of the reproductive system have unpleasant property transmitted during sex. So it becomes a problem for both genders. Such infectious diseases should be treated only with the use of effective antibiotics, and the sooner the better. Therefore, in case for sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), it is not possible to immediately identify the pathogen, preference is given to broad-spectrum antibiotics.

Sexually transmitted diseases that require antibiotics may be different (syphilis, gonorrhea, urogenital chlamydia, Reiter's disease with an unidentified pathogen, lymphogranulomatosis venereum and granuloma), and the approach to their treatment with antimicrobial agents may also differ.

For syphilis, preference is given to penicillin antibiotics, which in this case are considered more effective. It is also better to start treatment of gonorrhea with these antibiotics, however, in case of intolerance, they can without a doubt be replaced with other broad-spectrum antibiotics.

For urogenital chlamydia and Reiter's disease, tetracycline AMPs (Tetracycline and Doxycycline), macrolides (Erythromycin, Azithromycin, etc.) and fluoroquinolones (usually Ciprofloxacin) are used mainly.

For lymphogranulomatosis venereum, tetracycline drugs (Dixycycline, Metacycline, etc.) are used primarily, and for granuloma, penicillin drugs. In the latter case, drugs of other groups are sometimes prescribed (usually for intolerance to penicillins), for example, Levomycetin, Erythromycin, Tetracycline, etc.

Among sexually transmitted infections, I would like to mention balanoposthitis. And although this pathology It is popularly considered to be purely male, because it consists of inflammation of the head and some part of the male penis; it can be transmitted sexually to women.

Broad-spectrum antibiotics for balanoposthitis prescribed only in the advanced stage of the disease and only when it is not possible to accurately identify the pathogen or there are several of them. For gangrenous, purulent-ulcerative and phlegmonous forms of pathology, antibiotics are used mainly in injection form. For fungal pathogens, AMPs are not used.

Another common health pathology that reminds us of itself in the autumn-winter period is the cold. Of course, there is no such diagnosis; usually we are talking about respiratory diseases, which medical card are listed as acute respiratory infections or acute respiratory viral infections. In the latter cases, the causative agent is a virus, which is treated not with AMPs, but with antiviral immunomodulatory agents.

Broad-spectrum antibiotics for colds are prescribed only if weakening of the immune system under the influence of a virus provokes the awakening of bacterial infections in the body 3-5 days after the appearance of the first symptoms of the disease. In this case, it is necessary to treat complications of the cold, such as bronchitis, tracheitis, pneumonia, etc.

An acute respiratory infection, in turn, if treatment is ineffective, can easily develop into a sore throat, which is also treated with the use of antimicrobial drugs.

For sore throat A broad-spectrum antibiotic of a bacterial nature, which the doctor will first prescribe, will be one of the penicillins, effective against most pathogens of this pathology. The most popular drugs of this plan are Amoxil, Flemoxin, Ampicillin, Augmentin, etc.

If the patient is allergic to penicillins, they can be replaced with macrolides (Erythromycin, Clarithromycin, Azithromycin, etc.). In case of pathology that occurs with complications, cephalosporin antibiotics (Ceftriaxone, Cephabol, etc.) will be preferable.

Let's briefly look at what antibiotics are advisable to use to treat bronchitis and pneumonia. For bronchitis With a large number For all kinds of pathogens, doctors prefer to prescribe broad-spectrum antibiotics from the following groups:

• Aminopenicillins (“Amoxicillin”, “Augmentin”, “Amoxiclav”, etc.).
• Macrolides (Azithromycin, Summamed, Macropen, etc.).
• Fluoroquinolones (“Ofloxacin”, “Levofloxacin”, etc.). Prescribed if there are no problems with the gastrointestinal tract.
• Cephalosporins (Ceftriaxone, Cefazolin, etc.), resistant to strains that destroy penicillins.

For pneumonia Doctors prescribe the same groups of broad-spectrum antibiotics, but preference is given to:

• macrolides (“Azithromycin”, “Clarithromycin”, “Spiramycin, etc.)
• fluoroquinolones (“Levofloxacin”, “Ciprofloxacin”, etc.).

The prescription of broad-spectrum antibiotics in this case is due to the long waiting time for test results to determine the pathogen. But pneumonia is accompanied by a strong increase in temperature and other severe symptoms, the rapid relief of which depends only on the effectiveness of the antibiotic.

One more a common complication An acute respiratory infection and sore throat is otitis media (inflammation of the middle ear). The disease is painful and the pathogen cannot always be identified, therefore with otitis Doctors prefer to use broad-spectrum antibiotics in their prescriptions. Usually these are drugs of the penicillin series (Amoxicillin, Augmentin, etc.) and cephalosporins (Cefroxime, Ceftriaxone, etc.), which can be prescribed either orally or by injection. In addition, an alcohol solution called Levomycetin is often prescribed, which is used for instillation into the ear.

Broad-spectrum antibiotics are used to treatment of some gastrointestinal pathologies . Let's start with the fact that intestinal infections are quite a common occurrence, occurring both among adult patients and among children. Their pathogens enter the body through unwashed hands, food, and water. Unpleasant symptoms of intestinal infections are the result of poisoning of the body with poison (enterotoxin) secreted by bacteria.

Dysentery, salmonellosis, cholera, escherichiosis, giardiasis, typhoid fever, food poisoning staphylococcus - all these infectious pathologies are treated with antibiotics. The causative agents of these pathologies can be more than 40 varieties of pathogenic microorganisms, the identification of which takes time, during which the toxic infection can spread, causing various complications. That is why the drugs of choice for intestinal infections are antibiotics that are active against many bacteria.

Broad-spectrum intestinal antibiotic is designed to prevent the development of the disease and intoxication of the body, completely destroying any causative agent of the pathological process in the intestines.

This task is best accomplished by new generation cephalosporins (Claforan, Cephabol, Rotsesim, etc.) and fluoroquinolones (Ciprofloxacin, Normax, Tsiprolet, etc.). Moreover, the drugs are used both in tablet form and as injections.

Aminoglycosides for intestinal infections are used after the diagnosis has been clarified. The same can be said about antibiotics of the penicillin (“Ampicillin”) and tetracycline (“Doxal”, “Tetradox”, etc.) series.

To treat giardiasis, another broad-spectrum drug from the group of antiprotozoal antibiotics, Metronidazole, is used.

Everyone knows that such common gastrointestinal pathologies as gastritis and stomach ulcers are very often caused by the bacterium Helicobacter pylori. To treat such bacterial pathologies, despite the fact that the causative agent is known, the same broad-spectrum antibiotics are used.

Broad-spectrum gastric antibiotics- these are still the same Amoxicillin. “Clarithromycin”, “Metronidazole”, “Erythromycin”, etc., which are used in various treatment regimens to eradicate bacterial infections. Sometimes 2 antibiotics are used simultaneously, and in other cases a three-component regimen is preferred.

Prostate diseases are the scourge of the male population of the planet. In this case, 1/3 of patients have prostatitis of a bacterial nature, requiring special antibacterial treatment.

For bacterial prostatitis Doctors can use any broad-spectrum antibiotics that can quickly cope with any infection.

Let us list them in descending order of frequency of prescription for a given pathology:

• Fluoroquinolones (“Ofloxacin”, “Ciprofloxacin”, etc.)
• New generation tetracyclines (Doxycycline, etc.)
• Penicillins, starting from the 3rd generation (Amoxicillin, Amoxiclav, etc.)
• New generation cephalosporins (Ceftriaxone, Cefuroxime, etc.)
• Macrolides (“Azithromycin”, “Vilprafen”, “Josamycin”, etc.).

Apply broad-spectrum antibiotics and in gynecology. They are a universal medicine for any inflammatory process that occurs in the internal genital organs of a woman. Moreover, their appointment is often carried out even before the results of smears for microflora are obtained.

The most common medications prescribed by gynecologists are Ampicillin, Erythromycin, Streptomycin and other drugs from different groups of antibiotics that are active against numerous types of bacterial infections. In severe pathologies, preference is given to the drug “Amoxiclav” and representatives of cephalosporins. Sometimes combined drugs with a wide spectrum of action are prescribed, such as Gynekit (azithromycin + secnidazole + fluconazole), which can defeat both bacterial and fungal infections.

Broad-spectrum antibiotics have gained great popularity for combating infectious agents with some skin diseases (pemphigus of newborns, lupus erythematosus, erysipelas, lichen ruber, scleroderma, etc.). The advantage in this case remains with penicillins. In most cases, the drugs of choice are: Oxacillin, Ampicillin, Ampiox.

Also, for skin diseases, AMPs in the form of ointments are widely used. Antibiotic ointments allow you to influence the pathogen from the outside, which reduces the toxic effects on the patient’s body (Tetracycline, Erythromycin, synthomycin and many other ointments containing an antibiotic).

Broad-spectrum antibiotics are also used for skin pathologies that are associated with thermal or mechanical damage. (for wounds and burns). Treatment small wounds usually does not require the use of serious antimicrobial agents, but with the appearance of pus in the wound, the use of antibiotics becomes mandatory.

In the first days of treatment of purulent wounds, broad-spectrum antibiotics (penicillins, cephalosporins and other types of antimicrobial agents) are prescribed. The drugs are used both in tablets and injections, and in the form of solutions for treating wounds. At the second stage of treatment, the use of antibacterial gels and ointments is also indicated.

For burns, the goal of antibiotic therapy is prevention and prevention of spread purulent infection characteristic of such wounds. Necrotic tissue at the site of a severe burn becomes a breeding ground for various microorganisms. Antibiotics are not usually used for minor burns.

To suppress microbial invasion for burns 3 B and 4 degrees Broad-spectrum antibiotics are used (protected and semi-synthetic penicillins, 3rd generation cephalosporins, aminoglycosides and fluoroquinolones). If the process affects bone structures Lincomycin is prescribed. Systemic drugs are most often administered intramuscularly or intravenously. Local antibacterial therapy selected depending on the nature of the wound process.

Surgical intervention also involves violating the integrity of the skin and underlying tissues. Despite the fact that operations are performed strictly under aseptic conditions, it is not always possible to avoid the risk of developing postoperative purulent complications. To prevent and treat such complications after surgery, broad-spectrum antibiotics are used.

The drugs used in the postoperative period are selected by the doctor individually. In the first place are cephalosporins (Ceftriaxone, Cefazolin, etc.) and aminoglycosides (Amikacin, etc.). Then come protected penicillins (for example, Amoxiclav) and carbapenems (Maropenem, etc.).

Broad-spectrum antibiotics have also found their use in dentistry. Bacteria found in oral cavity, through wounds on the mucous membrane and damage to tooth enamel, they can enter the tissues of the jaw area. Such inflammatory processes(especially acute) occurring in the head area are considered very dangerous and require immediate treatment, including antibiotic therapy. Identification of the pathogen in this case is not always carried out. This means that broad-spectrum antibiotics remain the drugs of choice: protected penicillins (most often Augmentin) and fluoroquinolones (Pefloxacin and its analogues, Cifran, etc.). Macrolides (for example, Summamed) and Lincomycin are also used.

Release form

The produced pharmaceutical industry Broad-spectrum antibiotics may differ not only in names and scope of application, but also in release forms. There are drugs that are intended only for oral administration or only for injection, while others have several various forms release, which makes it possible to use them in various situations.

One of the most common forms of drug release is tablets. Broad-spectrum antibiotics in tablets are also used much more often than others dosage forms. In addition, many of them can be easily purchased at a pharmacy without a prescription.

The most popular penicillin drugs that are effective for various infectious pathologies respiratory, genitourinary and other body systems, necessarily have the form of release in the form of tablets (as a capsule or granule option) for oral administration. It is especially convenient if treatment is carried out in outpatient setting, since it does not require additional costs or skills to use. This is largely due to the wider use of tablets compared to injection solutions.

The most popular penicillins in tablets: Ampicillin, Amoxicillin, Amoxil, Flemoxin, Augmentin, Amoxiclav, Ecobol, Trifamox.

For cephalosporins of the 3rd generation and higher, which are often prescribed instead of penicillins in case of intolerance to the latter, the list of drugs in tablets is very small. The active ingredients of these drugs can be cefixime (Cefixime, Suprax, Ceforal Solutab, etc.) or ceftibuten (Cedex, etc.).

Macrolides, characterized by good tolerability and the ability to inhibit the proliferation of bacterial infections, have quite big list medicines in tablets: “Azithromycin”, “Summamed”, “Azicide”. “Ecomed”, “Clarithromycin”, “Klabaks”, “Erythromycin”, “Macropen”, “Rulid”, etc.

There are drugs in tablets and the strongest group antibacterial drugs– fluoroquinolones intended for the treatment severe course infectious pathologies of the respiratory, genitourinary, digestive and other systems. The most popular fluoroquinolone is ofloxacin, which in tablet form can be called: “Ofloxacin”, “Zanocin”, “Oflo”, “Tarivid”, etc.

Tablets based on ciprofloxacin (Ciprofloxacin, Tsiprolet, Tsifran, etc.) are no less popular.

The most powerful representative of fluoroquinolones is moxifloxacin. You can find it in tablet form under the names “Moxifloxacin”, “Avelox”, etc.

Despite the fact that many tablets from the AMP series can be purchased at the pharmacy without any restrictions, they can only be used as prescribed by the attending physician and in the dosage prescribed by him.

The number of tablets in an AP package may vary, as may the course of treatment with such drugs. IN Lately the so-called broad spectrum antibiotics for 3 days. The package of such AMPs usually contains 3 (sometimes 6) tablets or capsules, which are designed for a 3-day course of therapy. The dosage of such drugs is slightly higher than those designed for 5-14 days. And the positive effect is achieved due to loading dose antibiotic.

Antibiotics for oral administration can also be produced in the form of a suspension or granules for its preparation. Broad-spectrum antibiotics in suspension most often used to treat young children for whom tablet forms are simply not suitable. The suspension is also used if a person has certain difficulties swallowing tablets.

The second popular form of broad-spectrum antibiotics is injection solution. At the same time, some antibiotics can be found on sale in the form of ampoules with a ready-made injection solution, while others can be found in the form of a powder for preparing a solution, which is subsequently dissolved in a liquid medium (saline, anesthetics, etc.).

The method of using such drugs may also differ. Broad-spectrum antibiotics in ampoules are used parenteral administration drug: for intravenous or intramuscular injections, and also for use in droppers.

Broad-spectrum antibiotics in injections usually used in the treatment of inpatients of moderate and severe severity. However, in some cases (for example, with gastrointestinal pathologies, when drug irritation causes additional trauma to the gastric mucosa), the ampoule form of the drug can also be prescribed for treatment on an outpatient basis. In this case, the injections are given by health workers in the physical rooms of medical institutions or by a nurse visiting the home.

If the drug is not sold in liquid form, but in powder or suspension for the preparation of injection or infusion solution, then in addition to the syringe it will be necessary to purchase a solvent prescribed by the doctor along with the antibiotic. For infusion administration of the drug you will need a system (dropper).

Antibiotics in injections act faster and are somewhat more effective than oral forms. Their use is indicated for severe pathologies requiring urgent measures. Relief occurs already in the first days of taking the drug.

Broad-spectrum antibiotics in ampoules with a ready-made solution or medicinal substance Almost all groups of drugs have it for its preparation. Among the popular tetracycline drugs, Tetracycline and Doxycycline can be used in the form of injections. For cephalosporins, most drugs are available in powder form for the preparation of solutions for oral administration (Ceftriaxone, Cefazolin, etc.). Carbapenems are available only in the form of injection solutions.

Penicillins (Penicillin, Ampilillin, Trifamox, Ampisid, Timentin, Tizacin, etc.) and fluoroquinolones (Levofloxacin) have this form of release.

Very often, antibiotic injections are painful, so for intramuscular administration, powdered drugs are diluted with lidocaine solution.

Broad-spectrum antibiotic ointments are not used as often as the above forms. However, in some cases their use significantly increases the effectiveness of antibiotic therapy.

Their use is relevant for infectious pathologies of the organs of vision, otitis externa, infectious diseases skin, healing of wounds and burns, etc. In these cases, the use systemic drugs does not always allow you to achieve good results, while the ointment makes it possible to act directly on the bacterial pathogen located on the surface of the body. In addition, in addition to the antibiotic, other components that have a positive effect on the wound can be added to the ointment.

For skin diseases, such ointments as “Baneocin”, “Fastin”, “Fuziderm”, “Levosin”, “Terramycin ointment”, “Syntomycin” have become very popular. Antibiotic ointment "Sangviritrin" is used in both dermatology and dentistry. Dalatsin ointment is used in gynecology for inflammatory diseases caused by certain bacterial pathogens.

And tetracycline and erythromycin ointments are effective in the treatment of infectious diseases of the eyes, as well as pustules on the skin and mucous membranes. They are popularly considered to be a broad-spectrum eye antibiotic. Although ointments are not the only and preferred form of antibiotics for eye diseases. Yes, and doctors often give preference eye drops with a broad-spectrum antibiotic, which are more convenient to use.

Antibiotic eye drops contain AMPs of certain groups. These are aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones and chloramphenicol (drops “Torbex”, “Tsipromed”, “Levomycetin”, etc.).

Broad-spectrum antibiotics can also be produced in the form of rectal or vaginal suppositories. Most often, such drugs are used in gynecology to treat inflammation immediately after its detection, while a smear is analyzed for microflora. Often this form of the drug is prescribed in parallel with taking antibacterial tablets. Candles dissolve under the influence of heat from the body and release the active substance, which has the ability to act directly at the site of infection.

Pharmacodynamics

Broad-spectrum antibiotics of different groups may have different effects on pathogenic microorganisms. The action of some is aimed at destroying the cellular structure of bacteria (bactericidal), while others are aimed at inhibiting the synthesis of protein and nucleic acids (bacteriostatic).

Bactericidal antibiotics broad spectrum of action, inhibiting the biosynthesis of the cell wall of pathogenic bacteria, thereby destroying them. The bacteria cannot develop further and die. Such an effect manifests itself especially quickly in relation to bacteria capable of active reproduction (and microorganisms reproduce by cell division). The absence of a wall in “newborn” bacteria means that they quickly lose the substances necessary for life and actually die from exhaustion. It takes a little longer to kill adult bacteria this way. The disadvantage of drugs with a bactericidal effect is their relatively high toxicity to the body (especially when a large number of bacteria die) and low selectivity of action (not only pathogenic microorganisms die, but also beneficial ones).

Bacteriostatic antibiotics broad spectrum of action affect microorganisms differently. By inhibiting the production of protein, which is involved in almost all processes in a living organism, and nucleic acids, which are carriers of important genetic information, they thereby inhibit the ability of bacteria to reproduce and preserve species characteristics. In this case, the microorganisms do not die, but go into an inactive stage. With good work immune system In humans, such bacteria are no longer capable of causing the development of the disease, so the symptoms of the disease disappear. Alas, with weak immunity, exposure to drugs with a bacteriostatic effect will not be enough. But toxic effects they have less effect on the human body than bactericidal drugs.

Antibiotics penicillin series broad spectrum of action are famous for their noticeable bactericidal effect on most gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria (staphylococci, streptococci, diphtheria pathogens, anaerobes, streptochetes, etc.). They have found wide application in the treatment of infectious diseases of the respiratory system (pneumonia, bronchitis, etc.) and ENT organs (otitis, sinusitis, etc.), infections of organs abdominal cavity(peritonitis), genitourinary system (pyelonephritis, cystitis, etc.). They are used for purulent surgical infections and to prevent complications after surgical interventions.

The most widely used are semi-synthetic (they are more resistant to the acidic environment of the stomach and can be used orally) and protected penicillins (combined drugs that are resistant to the effects of beta-lactamase enzymes that destroy them, produced by bacteria for protection purposes).

A disadvantage of penicillin-type AMPs is the high likelihood of developing allergic reactions. varying degrees severity, including life-threatening. But these drugs are considered the least toxic of all known AMPs.

Broad-spectrum antibiotics cephalosporin series also have a strong bactericidal effect. They are characterized by good resistance to beta-lactamases and do not require the inclusion of additional components. The disadvantage of these antibiotics is that most of such effective drugs are not absorbed into the gastrointestinal tract, which means they can only be used parenterally (in the form of injections and droppers). Nevertheless, these AMPs have found wide application in the treatment of infectious pathologies of the respiratory and genitourinary systems. They are used in treatment venereal diseases, infections of the ENT organs, to combat pathogens of peritonitis, endocarditis, as well as diseases of the joints and bones.

Broad-spectrum antibiotics from aminoglycosides and fluoroquinolones are also classified as AMPs with bactericidal action, but they are prescribed much less frequently. Aminoglycosides are useful in the fight against anaerobic bacteria and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, but due to their high neurotoxicity they are rarely used, and fluoroquinolones with their powerful antibacterial effect are preferred mainly for severe purulent infections.

Some drugs from the group of aminoglycosides can also have a bacteriostatic effect.

Broad-spectrum antibiotics from the group of macrolides, like tetracyclines, belong to AMPs with a bacteriostatic effect. With their help, infectious diseases of the skin, respiratory system, and joints are treated. Indicative is their reception when serious illnesses, (for example, for pneumonia) in combination with bactericidal antibiotics. This double effect of AMP enhances healing effect. At the same time, the toxic effect on the body does not increase, since macrolides are considered one of the least toxic drugs. In addition, they extremely rarely cause allergic reactions.

Speaking about the bactericidal and bacteriostatic effects of AMPs, you need to understand that the same drug, depending on the pathogen and the dosage used, can have either one or the other effect. Thus, penicillins, at a small dosage or when used to combat enterococci, have a bacteriostatic rather than a bactericidal effect.

Directions for use and doses

We figured out what broad-spectrum antibiotics are and how they work for various infectious pathologies. Now it’s time to get to know the most prominent representatives of various ASSD groups.

List of broad-spectrum antibiotics

Let's start with the popular broad-spectrum antibiotics of the penicillin series.

Amoxicillin

The drug belongs to the class of semi-synthetic antibiotics of the penicillin series with a broad spectrum of 3rd generation. With its help, many infectious pathologies of the ENT organs, skin, biliary tract, bacterial diseases of the respiratory, genitourinary and musculoskeletal systems are treated. It is used in combination with other AMPs and for the treatment of inflammatory gastrointestinal pathologies caused by bacterial infection (the notorious Helicobacter pylori).

The active substance is amoxicillin.

Pharmacodynamics

Like other penicillins, Amoxicillin has a pronounced bactericidal effect, destroying the cell membrane of bacteria. It has this effect on gram-positive (streptococci, staphylococci, clostridia, most corynobacteria, eubacteria, pathogens anthrax and erysipelas) and gram-negative aerobic bacteria. However, the drug remains ineffective against strains capable of producing penicillase (also known as beta-lactamase), so in some cases (for example, with osteomyelitis) it is used in conjunction with clavulanic acid, which protects Amoxicillin from destruction.

Pharmacokinetics

The drug is considered resistant to acid and is therefore taken orally. At the same time, it is quickly absorbed in the intestine and distributed throughout the tissues and fluids of the body, including the brain and cerebrospinal fluid. After 1-2 hours, the maximum concentration of AMPs in the blood plasma can be observed. At normal functioning kidneys, the half-life of the drug will be from 1 to 1.5 hours, otherwise the process may take up to 7-20 hours.

The drug is excreted from the body mainly through the kidneys (about 60%), some of it in its original form is removed with bile.

Amoxicillin can be used during pregnancy, since the toxic effects of penicillins are weak. However, doctors prefer to seek antibiotic help only if the disease threatens the life of the expectant mother.

The ability of the antibiotic to penetrate liquids, including breast milk, requires the baby to be switched to formula milk for the period of treatment with the drug.

Contraindications for use

Due to the fact that penicillins are generally relatively safe, the drug has very few contraindications for use. It is not prescribed for hypersensitivity to the components of the drug, intolerance to penicillins and cephalosporins, as well as for infectious pathologies such as mononucleosis and lymphocytic leukemia.

Side effects

First of all, Amoxicillin is famous for the possibility of developing allergic reactions. varying degrees severity, ranging from rashes and itching on the skin to anaphylactic shock and Quincke's edema.

The drug passes along the gastrointestinal tract, so it can cause unpleasant reactions from digestive system. Most often it is nausea and diarrhea. Rarely, colitis and thrush may develop.

The liver may react by increasing liver enzymes if the drug is not taken. In rare cases, hepatitis or jaundice develops.

The drug rarely causes headaches and insomnia, as does changes in the composition of urine (the appearance of salt crystals) and blood.

Directions for use and doses

The drug can be found on sale in the form of tablets, capsules and granules for preparing a suspension. You can take it regardless of food intake at intervals of 8 hours (for kidney pathologies - 12 hours). A single dose, depending on age, ranges from 125 to 500 mg (for children under 2 years old - 20 mg per kg).

Overdose

Overdose can occur when exceeding permissible doses drug, however, it is usually accompanied only by the appearance of more pronounced side effects. Therapy consists of gastric lavage and taking sorbents; in severe cases, hemodialysis is used.

Amoxicillin has negative impact on the effectiveness of oral contraceptives.

Concomitant use of the drug with probenecid, allopurinol, anticoagulants, antacids, and antibiotics with bacteriostatic action is undesirable.

Storage conditions

Best before date

The shelf life of the drug in any form of release is 3 years. The suspension prepared from granules can be stored for no more than 2 weeks.

Amoxiclav

A new generation penicillin combination drug. Representative of protected penicillins. It contains 2 active ingredients: the antibiotic amoxicillin and the penicillase inhibitor clavuonic acid, which has a slight antimicrobial effect.

Pharmacodynamics

The drug has a pronounced bactericidal effect. Effective against most gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, including strains resistant to unprotected beta-lactams.

Pharmacokinetics

Both active substances are quickly absorbed and penetrate into all environments of the body. Their maximum concentration is observed an hour after administration. The half-life ranges from 60 to 80 minutes.

Amoxicillin is excreted unchanged, and clavuonic acid is metabilized in the liver. The latter is excreted by the kidneys, like amoxicillin. However, a small part of its metabolites can be found in feces and exhaled air.

Use during pregnancy

By life important indications Can be used during pregnancy. When breastfeeding, it should be taken into account that both components of the drug can pass into breast milk.

Contraindications for use

The drug is not used for liver dysfunction, especially those associated with taking any of the active substances, as noted in the anamnesis. Amoxiclav is not prescribed if there is hypersensitivity to the components of the drug, or if beta-lactam intolerance reactions have been noted in the past. Infectious mononullosis and lymphocytic leukemia are also contraindications for this drug.

Side effects

The side effects of the drug are identical to those observed while taking Amoxicillin. No more than 5% of patients suffer from them. The most frequent symptoms: nausea, diarrhea, various allergic reactions, vaginal candidiasis (thrush).

Directions for use and doses

I take the drug in tablet form regardless of meals. The tablets are dissolved in water or chewed with ½ glass of water.

Usually single dose the drug is equal to 1 tablet. The interval between doses is 8 or 12 hours, depending on the weight of the tablet (325 or 625 mg) and the severity of the pathology. Children under 12 years of age are given the drug in the form of a suspension (10 mg per kg per dose).

Overdose

In case of an overdose of the drug, life-threatening symptoms are not observed. Usually everything is limited to pain in the abdomen, diarrhea, vomiting, dizziness, and sleep disturbances.

Therapy: gastric lavage plus sorbents or hemodialysis (blood purification).

Interactions with other drugs

It is undesirable to take the drug simultaneously with anticoagulants, diuretics, NSAIDs, allopurinol, phenylbutazone, methotriexate, disulfiram, probenecid due to the development of side effects.

Parallel use with antacids, glucosamine, laxatives, rifampicin, sulfonamides and antibiotics with bacteriostatic action reduces the effectiveness of the drug. It itself reduces the effectiveness of contraceptives.

Storage conditions

The drug should be stored at room temperature away from sources of moisture and light. Keep away from children.

Best before date

The shelf life of the drug, if the above requirements are met, will be 2 years.

As for the drug "Augmentin", it is a complete analogue of "Amoxiclav" with the same indications and method of administration.

Now let’s move on to an equally popular group of broad-spectrum antibiotics – cephalosporins.

Ceftriaxone

Among the 3rd generation cephalosporin antibiotics, it is a big favorite among therapists and pulmonologists, especially when it comes to severe pathologies prone to complications. This is a drug with a pronounced bactericidal effect, the active substance of which is ceftriaxone sodium.

The antibiotic is active against a huge list of pathogenic microorganisms, including many hemolytic streptococci, which are considered the most dangerous pathogens diseases. Most strains that produce enzymes against penicillins and cephalosporins remain sensitive to it.

In this regard, the drug is indicated for many pathologies of the abdominal organs, infections affecting the musculoskeletal, genitourinary and respiratory system. It is used to treat sepsis and meningitis, infectious pathologies in weakened patients, and to prevent infections before and after operations.

Pharmacokinetics

The pharmacokinetic properties of the drug are highly dependent on the administered dose. Only the half-life (8 hours) remains constant. The maximum concentration of the drug in the blood at intramuscular injection observed after 2-3 hours.

Ceftriaxone penetrates well into various environments of the body and maintains a concentration sufficient to destroy most bacteria throughout the day. Metabolized in the intestines to form inactive substances, excreted in equal amounts with urine and bile.

Use during pregnancy

The drug is used in cases where there is a real threat to life expectant mother. Breastfeeding should be avoided during treatment with the drug. Such restrictions are due to the fact that ceftriaxone is able to pass through the placental barrier and penetrate into breast milk.

Contraindications for use

The drug is not prescribed for severe pathologies of the liver and kidneys with impaired function, gastrointestinal pathologies affecting the intestines, especially if they are associated with taking AMPs, or with hypersensitivity to cephalosporins. In pediatrics, it is not used for the treatment of newborns diagnosed with hyperbilirubinemia, in gynecology - in the first semester of pregnancy.

Side effects

The incidence of undesirable effects while taking the drug does not exceed 2%. The most common symptoms are nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, stomatitis, reversible changes in blood composition, and allergic skin reactions.

Less often headache, fainting, fever, severe allergic reactions, candidiasis. Occasionally, inflammation may occur at the injection site; pain during intramuscular injection is removed with the help of iceocaine administered in the same syringe with ceftriaxone.

Directions for use and doses

A tolerance test for ceftriaxone and lidocaine is considered mandatory.

The drug can be administered intramuscularly and intravenously (injections and infusions). For intramuscular administration, the drug is diluted in a 1% solution of iceocaine, for intravenous injection: in case of injections, water for injection is used, for droppers - one of the solutions (saline solution, solutions of glucose, levulose, dextran in glucose, water for injection).

The usual dosage for patients over 12 years of age is 1 or 2 g of ceftriaxone powder (1 or 2 bottles). For children, the drug is administered at the rate of 20-80 mg per kg of weight, taking into account the patient’s age.

Overdose

In case of an overdose of the drug, neurotoxic effects and increased side effects, up to convulsions and confusion. Treatment is carried out in a hospital setting.

Interactions with other drugs

Antagonism between ceftriaxone and chloramphenicol has been experimentally noted. Physical incompatibility is also observed with aminoglycosides, therefore, in combination therapy, the drugs are administered separately.

The drug is not mixed with solutions containing calcium (Hartmann's, Ringer's, etc. solutions). Concomitant administration of ceftriaxone with vancomycin, fluconazole or amzacrine is not recommended.

Storage conditions

Vials with the drug should be stored at room temperature, protected from light and moisture. Ready solution can be stored for 6 hours, and at a temperature of about 5 o C it retains its properties for 24 hours. Keep away from children.

Best before date

The shelf life of the antibiotic powder is 2 years.

Cefotaxime

One of the 3rd generation cephalosporins, showing, like others, a good bactericidal effect. The active substance is cefotaxime.

It is used for the same pathologies as the previous drug, and has found wide application in the treatment of infectious diseases of the nervous system, in case of blood infection (septicemia) with bacterial elements. Intended for parenteral administration only.

Active against many, but not all bacterial pathogens.

Pharmacokinetics

The maximum concentration of cefutaxime in the blood is observed after half an hour, and the bactericidal effect lasts 12 hours. The half-life ranges from 1 to 1.5 hours.

Has good penetrating ability. During the metabolization process, it forms an active metabolite, which is excreted in the bile. The main part of the drug in its original form is excreted in the urine.

Use during pregnancy

The drug should not be used during pregnancy (at any stage) and breastfeeding.

Contraindications for use

Do not prescribe if you are hypersensitive to cephalosporins or during pregnancy. If you are intolerant to ice-caine, the drug should not be administered intramuscularly. Intramuscular injections are not given to children under 2 and a half years old.

Side effects

The drug may cause both lung skin reactions(redness and itching), and severe allergic (Quincke's edema, bronchospasm, and in some cases anaphylactic shock).

Some patients report epigastric pain, stool disorders, and dyspepsia. There are slight changes in the functioning of the liver and kidneys, as well as in laboratory blood parameters. Sometimes patients complain of fever, inflammation at the injection site (phlebitis), deterioration due to the development of superinfection ( reinfection modified bacterial infection).

Directions for use and doses

After testing for sensitivity to cefotaxime and lidocaine, the drug is prescribed in a dosage of 1 g (1 bottle of powder) every 12 hours. For severe infectious lesions the medicine is administered 2 g every 6-8 hours. The dose for newborns and premature babies is 50-100 mg per kg of weight. The dosage is also calculated for children over 1 month. Babies up to 1 month are prescribed 75-150 mg/kg per day.

For intravenous injections the drug is diluted in water for injection, for drip administration(within an hour) - in saline solution.

Overdose

An overdose of the drug can cause damage to brain structures (encephalopathy), which is considered reversible with appropriate professional treatment.

Interactions with other drugs

It is undesirable to use the drug simultaneously with other types of antibiotics (in the same syringe). Aminoglycosides and diuretics may increase the toxic effects of the antibiotic on the kidneys, so combination therapy should be carried out with monitoring of the condition of the organ.

Storage conditions

Store at a temperature not exceeding 25 o C in a dry, dark place. The prepared solution can be stored at room temperature for up to 6 hours, at a temperature of 2 to 8 o C - no more than 12 hours.

Best before date

Drug in original packaging can be stored for up to 2 years.

Hepaceph

This drug also belongs to the 3rd generation cephalosporin antibiotics. It is intended for parenteral administration for the same indications as the 2 drugs from the same group described above. The active substance, cefoperazone, has a noticeable bactericidal effect.

Despite its greater effectiveness in relation to many significant pathogenic microorganisms, many bacteria produced by beta-lactamase retain antibiotic resistance to it, i.e. remain insensitive.

Pharmacokinetics

With a single administration of the drug, it is already observed high content active substance in body fluids such as blood, urine and bile. The half-life of the drug does not depend on the route of administration and is 2 hours. It is excreted in urine and bile, with its concentration remaining higher in bile. Does not accumulate in the body. It is also allowed reintroduction cefoperazone.

Use during pregnancy

The drug can be used during pregnancy, but it should not be used unless absolutely necessary. A small part of cefoperazone passes into breast milk, and yet breastfeeding should be limited during treatment with Gepacef.

Contraindications for use

There were no other contraindications for use other than intolerance to cephalosporin antibiotics.

Side effects

Skin and allergic reactions to the drug occur infrequently and are mainly associated with hypersensitivity to cephalosporins and penicillins.

Symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, decreased bowel movements, jaundice, arrhythmias, increased blood pressure (in rare cases, cardiogenic shock and cardiac arrest), increased sensitivity of teeth and gums, anxiety, etc. may also occur. Superinfection may develop.

Directions for use and doses

After a skin test for cefoperazone and lidocaine, the drug can be administered either intravenously or intramuscularly.

Regular adult daily dosage ranges from 2 to 4, which corresponds to 2-4 bottles of the drug. The maximum dose is 8 g. The drug should be administered every 12 hours, evenly distributing the daily dose.

In some cases, the drug was administered into large doses(up to 16 g per day) with an interval of 8 hours, which did not have a negative effect on the patient’s body.

Daily dose for a child, starting from the neonatal period, is 50-200 mg per kg of weight. Maximum 12 g per day.

For intramuscular administration, the drug is diluted with lidocaine, for intravenous administration - with water for injection, saline solution, glucose solution, Ringer's solution and other solutions containing the above liquids.

Overdose

Acute toxic effects the drug does not work. Increased side effects, seizures and other neurological reactions may occur due to the drug entering the cerebrospinal fluid. In severe cases (for example, with renal failure) treatment can be carried out through hemodialysis.

Interactions with other drugs

The drug should not be administered simultaneously with aminoglycosides.

During treatment with the drug, you should limit the consumption of alcohol-containing drinks and solutions.

Storage conditions

Best before date

The drug retains its properties for 2 years from the date of release.

Antibiotics from the fluoroquinolone group help doctors with severe infectious pathologies.

Ciprofloxacin

A popular budget antibiotic from the fluoroquinolone group, which is available in the form of tablets, solutions and ointments. It has a bactericidal effect against many anaerobes, chlamydia, and mycoplasma.

It has a wide range of indications for use: infections of the respiratory system, middle ear, eyes, urinary and reproductive systems, abdominal organs. It is also used in the treatment of infectious pathologies of the skin and musculoskeletal system, as well as for preventive purposes in patients with weakened immune systems.

In pediatrics, it is used to treat complicated diseases if there is a real risk to the patient’s life that exceeds the risk of developing joint pathologies when treated with the drug.

Pharmacokinetics

When the drug is taken orally, it is quickly absorbed into the blood in the initial part of the intestine and penetrates into various tissues, fluids and cells of the body. The maximum concentration of the drug in the blood plasma is observed after 1-2 hours.

Partially metabolized with the release of low-active metabolites with antimicrobial effect. The drug is excreted mainly by the kidneys and intestines.

Use during pregnancy

The drug is not used at any stage of pregnancy due to the risk of damage cartilage tissue in newborns. For the same reason, you should avoid breastfeeding during the period of drug therapy, since ciprofloxacin passes freely into breast milk.

Contraindications for use

The drug is not used to treat pregnant and lactating women. Oral forms of the drug are not used in people with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency and in patients under 18 years of age.

Treatment with the drug in patients with hypersensitivity to ciprofloxacin and other fluoroquinolones is prohibited.

Side effects

The drug is usually well tolerated by patients. Only in isolated cases can there be observed various disorders gastrointestinal tract problems, including bleeding in the stomach and intestines, headaches, sleep disturbances, tinnitus and other unpleasant symptoms. Marked rare cases development of arrhythmias and hypertension. Allergic reactions also occur very rarely.

May provoke the development of candidiasis and dysbacteriosis.

Directions for use and doses

The drug is administered orally and intravenously (stream or drip) 2 times a day. In the first case, a single dose ranges from 250 to 750 mg, in the second – from 200 to 400 mg. The course of treatment is from 7 to 28 days.

Local eye treatment with drops: drop 1-2 drops into each eye every 1-4 hours. Suitable for adults and children from 1 year.

Overdose

Symptoms of a drug overdose when taken orally indicate an increase in its toxic effect: headache and dizziness, tremors in the limbs, weakness, convulsions, the appearance of hallucinations, etc. In large doses it leads to impaired renal function.

Treatment: gastric lavage, taking antacids and emetics, drinking plenty of fluids(acidified liquid).

Interactions with other drugs

Beta-lactam antibiotics, aminoglycosides, vancomycin, clindomycin and metronidazole enhance the effect of the drug.

It is not recommended to take ciprofloxacin concomitantly with sucralfate, bismuth preparations, antacids, vitamin and mineral supplements, caffeine, cyclosporine, oral anticoagulants, tizanidine, aminophylline and theophylline.

Storage conditions

Best before date

The shelf life of the drug should not exceed 3 years.

Tsiprolet is another popular drug from the group of fluoroquinolones, which belongs to the category of broad-spectrum antibiotics. This drug is inexpensive analogue the drug Ciprofloxacin with the same active ingredient. It has indications for use and release forms similar to the above-mentioned drug.

The popularity of the next group of antibiotics - macrolides - is due to the low toxicity of these drugs and relative hypoallergenicity. Unlike the above groups of AMPs, they have the ability to inhibit the proliferation of bacterial infections, but do not completely destroy bacteria.

Sumamed

A broad-spectrum antibiotic beloved by doctors, which belongs to the group of macrolides. It can be found on sale in the form of tablets and capsules. But there are also forms of the drug in the form of a powder for the preparation of an oral suspension and a lyophilisate for the preparation of injection solutions. The active substance is azithromycin. It has a bacteriostatic effect.

The drug is active against most anaerobic bacteria, chlamydia, mycoplasma, etc. It is used primarily for the treatment of infections of the respiratory and ENT organs, as well as for infectious pathologies of the skin and muscle tissue, STDs, gastrointestinal diseases caused by Helicobacter pylori..

Pharmacokinetics

The maximum concentration of the active substance in the blood is observed 2-3 hours after its administration. In tissues, the content of the drug is tens of times higher than in liquids. It is eliminated from the body over a long period of time. The half-life can range from 2 to 4 days.

It is excreted mainly in bile and slightly in urine.

Use during pregnancy

According to experiments with animals, azithromycin does not have a negative effect on the fetus. And yet, when treating people, the drug should be used only in extreme cases due to the lack of information regarding the human body.

Azithromycin concentration in breast milk not clinically significant. But the decision to breastfeed during drug therapy should be well thought out.

Contraindications for use

The drug is not prescribed for hypersensitivity to azithromycin and other macrolyses, including ketolides, as well as for renal or liver failure.

Side effects

Adverse reactions while taking the drug are observed in only 1% of patients. These may be dyspepsia, stool disorders, loss of appetite, and the development of gastritis. Allergic reactions, including angioedema, are sometimes observed. May cause kidney inflammation or thrush. Sometimes taking the medicine is accompanied by heart pain, headaches, drowsiness, and sleep disturbances.

Directions for use and doses

Tablets, capsules and suspension should be taken once every 24 hours. In this case, the last 2 forms are taken either an hour before meals or 2 hours after it. There is no need to chew the tablets.

One-time adult dose the drug is 500 mg or 1 g depending on the pathology. Therapeutic course – 3-5 days. Dosage for a child is calculated based on age and weight little patient. Children under 3 years of age are given the drug in the form of a suspension.

The use of lyophysilate involves a 2-step process of preparing a medicinal solution. First, the drug is diluted with water for injection and shaken, then saline solution is added, dextrose solution or Ringer solution. The drug is administered only intravenously as a slow infusion (3 hours). The daily dose is usually 500 mg.

Overdose

An overdose of the drug manifests itself in the form of side effects of the drug. Treatment is symptomatic.

Interactions with other drugs

Do not use simultaneously with ergot preparations due to the development of strong toxic effects.

Lincosamines and antacids can weaken the effect of the drug, and tetracyclines and chloramphenicol can enhance it.

It is undesirable to take the drug simultaneously with medications such as heparin, warfarin, ergotamine and its derivatives, cycloseryl, methylprednisolone, felodipine. Indirect anticoagulants and agents subject to microsomal oxidation increase the toxicity of azithromycin.

Storage conditions

The drug should be stored in a dry room with a temperature range of 15 -25 degrees. Keep away from children.

Best before date

The shelf life of capsules and tablets is 3 years, powder for oral administration and lyophysilate is 2 years. The suspension prepared from the powder is stored for no more than 5 days.

Broad-spectrum antibiotics for children

Studying the description of various broad-spectrum antibiotics, it is easy to notice that not all of them are used to treat children. The danger of developing toxic effects and allergic reactions makes doctors and parents of the baby think a thousand times before offering their child this or that antibiotic.

It is clear that, if possible, it would be better to stop taking such strong drugs. However, this is not always possible. And here you have to choose from the whole variety of AMPs those that will help the baby cope with the disease without causing much harm to his body.

Such relatively safe drugs can be found in almost any group of antibiotics. For young children, suspension forms of the drug are provided.

The prescription of drugs with a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity in pediatrics is practiced when it is not possible to quickly identify the causative agent of the disease, while the disease is actively gaining momentum and poses an obvious danger to the child.

Choice effective antibiotic is carried out according to the following principle: the drug must exhibit sufficient activity against the suspected pathogen in minimally effective doses and have a release form appropriate for the child’s age. The frequency of taking such antibiotics should not exceed 4 times a day (for newborns - 2 times a day).

The instructions for the drug should also indicate how to calculate the effective dose of the drug for a child of the appropriate age and weight.

The following drugs meet these requirements:

• Penicillin group - amoxicillin, ampicillin, oxacillin and some drugs based on them: Augmentin, Flemoxin, Amoxil, Amoxiclav, etc.
• Cephalosporin group - ceftriaxone, cefuroxime, cefazolin, cefamandole, ceftibuten, cefipime, cefoperazone and some drugs based on them: Zinnat, Cedex, Vinex, Suprax, Azaran, etc.
• Aminoglycosides based on streptomycin and gentamicin
• Carbapenems – Imipenem and Moropenem
• Macrolides – Clarithromycin, Klacid, Sumamed, Macropen, etc.

About the possibilities of using the drug in childhood can be found in the instructions included with any medicines. However, this is not a reason to prescribe antimicrobial drugs to your child yourself or change the doctor’s prescription at your own discretion.

Frequent sore throats, bronchitis, pneumonia, otitis, various colds in childhood, neither doctors nor parents are surprised for a long time. And taking antibiotics for these diseases is not uncommon, since babies do not yet have a sense of self-preservation, and they continue to actively move and communicate even during illness, which causes various complications and the addition of other types of infection.

You need to understand that mild course The above pathologies do not require the use of antibiotics, either broad or narrow spectrum. They are prescribed when the disease moves to a more severe stage, for example, with purulent tonsillitis. At viral infections antibiotics are prescribed only if a bacterial infection is associated with them, which manifests itself in the form of various serious complications ARVI. At allergic form bronchitis, the use of AMPs is inappropriate.

Doctors' prescriptions for different pathologies of the respiratory and ENT organs may also differ.

For example, for angina, doctors give preference to drugs from the macrolide group (Sumamed or Klacid), which are given to children in the form of a suspension. Treatment of complicated purulent sore throat is carried out mainly with Ceftriaxone (most often in the form of intramuscular injections). Of the cephalosporins, Zinnat suspension can be used for oral administration.

For bronchitis, the drugs of choice are often penicillins (Flemoxin, Amoxil, etc.) and cephalosporins for oral administration (Suprax, Cedex). For complicated pathologies, they again resort to the help of Ceftriaxone.

For complications of acute respiratory viral infections and acute respiratory infections, protected penicillins (usually Augmentin or Amoxiclav) and macrolides (Sumamed, Macropen, etc.) are indicated.

Typically, antibiotics intended to treat children have pleasant taste(often raspberry or orange), so special problems does not occur with their use. But be that as it may, before offering a medicine to your baby, you need to find out at what age it can be taken and what side effects can be encountered during drug therapy.

Taking penicillins and cephalosporins can cause allergic reactions in a child. In this case they will help antihistamines Suprastin or Tavegil.

Many broad-spectrum antibiotics can lead to the development of dysbiosis and vaginal candidiasis in girls. The following will help improve digestion and normalize the microflora of the body: safe medicines like probiotics: Linex, Hilak Forte, Probifor, Acylact, etc. The same measures will help preserve and even strengthen the baby’s immunity.

Today, the cheapest antibiotics are penicillin antibiotics. Unfortunately, most bacteria have already developed resistance to them. Therefore, it is advisable to use antibacterial drugs with complex composition and action. Let's look at the most effective and inexpensive antibiotics for colds, which are available in any pharmacy chain.

When to take antibiotics

Use antibacterial drugs on initial stages disease is not necessary. It is worth including them in therapy if the cold persists, and associated symptoms are getting worse. For example:

• the temperature rises sharply;
• pain in the throat and ears increases;
• there is constant chills;
• lymph nodes enlarge;
• cough gets worse
• shortness of breath and difficulty breathing appeared.

Without paying attention to similar symptoms, you can get complications in the form of pneumonia, sore throat or bronchitis. In such a situation, the use of antibiotics is a necessary measure.

It is also worth noting that antibiotics themselves do not harm the body. Negative consequences Their uncontrolled use, chaotic change of one drug to another and non-compliance with the instructions for use are harmful to health.

List of antibiotics

For a cold bacterial origin One of the drugs described below may be prescribed.

• Ampicillin(price from 20 to 55 rubles). Semi-synthetic antibiotic bactericidal action, containing ampicillin trihydrate, ampicillin and ampicillin sodium salt. Prescribed in the form of intravenous or intramuscular injections or tablets for mixed infectious diseases: sore throat, tonsillitis, peritonitis, infections urinary tract, gonorrhea. Ampicillin is contraindicated in children under 1 year of age; pregnant and lactating women; persons with renal or liver failure; in case of individual intolerance to the components in the composition.
• Bicillin-3(from 10 rubles) . The bactericidal drug is available in powder form for injection solution. Contains benzathine benzylpenicillin (bicillin-1), benzathine benzylpenicillin, sodium benzylpenicillin and benzylpenicillin novocaine salt(bicillin-3), benzathine benzylpenicillin and benzylpenicillin novocaine salt (bicillin-5). Indications include tonsillitis, colds, and pneumonia. Asthma and intolerance to individual components in the composition are noted as contraindications. The drug is approved for adults and children of any age.
• Cefazolin(from 14 rubles). Prescribed for diseases of the upper and lower respiratory tract, colds and some ENT diseases in the form of intravenous or intramuscular injections. Allowed for adults and children over one month old. Contraindications include: renal and liver failure; pregnancy and breastfeeding; hypersensitivity to the components of the drug.
• 
  Amoxicillin(from 65 to 115 rubles). Today it is considered the best semi-synthetic drug for colds of bacterial origin. Prescribed in the form of injections and pills. Not recommended for use by people with diathesis allergic origin, asthma, colitis. Use with caution during pregnancy and breastfeeding. Treatment with Amoxicillin must be continued after the cold symptoms disappear - for at least two days in a row.
• Amosin(from 32 rubles). A powerful bactericidal drug, available in pill form. Prescribed for colds, pneumonia, sore throat, otitis media. Contraindications duplicate the previous remedy.
• Cephalexin(from 53 rubles). Antibiotic from the cephalosporin series. Prescribed for bronchitis, pneumonia, lung abscess, sore throat, pharyngitis, otitis media, sinusitis. Indicated for adults and children over six years of age. Available in several forms - tablets, suspension and powder for injection. Contraindicated in case of hypersensitivity, colitis, pregnancy and breastfeeding. The drug is especially effective in cases where there is resistance to penicillin or ampicillin treatment had to be interrupted.
• Erythromycin(from 70 rubles). A drug of the macrolide class with antibacterial action. Contains erythromycin. Available in the form of pills and powder for injections, which are approved for use by adults and children from birth. Prescribed when atypical pneumonia, various types respiratory tract infections. Taking the drug is prohibited during pregnancy, breastfeeding, and liver disease. The main advantage of Erythromycin is its effectiveness against bacteria resistant to the penicillin series.
• Sultasin(from 60 rubles). Combined action drug. Active substances- ampicillin sodium and sulbactam sodium. Available in powder form for the preparation of a solution for intramuscular injection. The remedy can be prescribed for pneumonia, chronic bronchitis, lung abscess, meningitis, sinusitis and otitis media. Contraindications - intolerance to components; mononucleosis; liver diseases. Gives results against bacterial pathogens resistant to ampicillin.
• Ceftriaxone(from 18 rubles). Belongs to the group of third generation cephalosporins. Contains ceftriaxone sodium. Indications for use: chronic bronchitis, lung abscess, pneumonia. Contraindicated in case of sensitivity to cephalosporins, gastrointestinal diseases, kidney and liver diseases, colitis, pregnancy and feeding.
• Tsiprolet(from 44 rubles). A drug from the fluoroquinolone group. Contains ciprofloxacin and tinidazole. Release form: pills. It is used for chronic bronchitis, pharyngitis, pneumonia, tonsillitis, sinusitis, and sinusitis. Use is prohibited if you are sensitive to any of the components, have blood diseases, are pregnant or breastfeeding, or are under 18 years of age.
• Azithromycin(price 100-150 rubles). Macrolide with antibacterial action. Available in powder form white. It is used for diseases such as tonsillitis, bronchitis, pharyngitis, pneumonia, otitis media, sinusitis, laryngitis. Use is prohibited for liver and kidney problems, pregnancy and breastfeeding. The product is easy to use - one dose per day is enough.
• Ormax(from 350 rubles). Inexpensive, broad-spectrum suspension. Belongs to a number of macrolides. The composition contains azithromycin (in the form of dihydrate). Can be prescribed for pharyngitis, sinusitis, tonsillitis, bronchitis, pneumonia. Prohibited for use in cases of hypersensitivity to the component and in children weighing less than five kilograms.
• Cefuroxime(from 350 rubles). A second generation antibiotic, which is prescribed by doctors for exacerbation of bronchitis, inflammation of the upper and lower respiratory tract, tonsillitis, furunculosis, pneumonia, urethritis. Not recommended for gastrointestinal diseases and kidney diseases. It has many side effects: drowsiness, chills, headache, hearing loss.
• Augmentin(price at the pharmacy - from 240 rubles) — a modern broad-spectrum bactericidal agent. Available in the form of pills and powder for making a suspension. In addition to amoxicillin (in the form of trihydrate), Augmentin also contains clavulanic acid (in the form of potassium salt). The drug is prescribed to both adults and children from the first day of life for sinusitis, tonsillitis, otitis media, bronchitis, and pneumonia.
• Clarithromycin(from 250 to 470 rubles depending on the manufacturer). A macrolide antibiotic that inhibits the growth and development of bacteria. It is used to treat infectious diseases: pharyngitis, sinusitis, bronchitis. Contraindicated in children under 12 years of age, with cardiac arrhythmia, or kidney disease.

How to take antibiotics for a cold

Follow these rules:

1. The course of treatment should include only one class of antibiotics.
2. If the temperature does not subside within two days, consider changing the drug.
3. The simultaneous use of antipyretics and bactericidal drugs is not recommended, since the former reduce the effectiveness of the latter.
4. Even if the symptoms become less severe or disappear altogether, do not interrupt the course of treatment. The minimum course duration is at least 5 days.
5. Include antibiotics in your therapeutic treatment regimen when absolutely necessary under the supervision of your attending physician, as even expensive drugs can cause a number of side effects: disruption of intestinal microflora, exacerbation chronic diseases Gastrointestinal tract, allergic reactions.

If you follow these simple rules, the treatment will pass successfully and without side effects.

It is worth noting that antibiotics are useless if used to fight a viral disease. Virus and bacteria are different microorganisms with different structures. The use of antibacterial drugs for colds of viral rather than bacterial origin is absolutely pointless.