Antibacterial drugs with anti-helicobacter activity. Broad-spectrum antimicrobials
These funds are able to block the spread of disease-causing agents or have a detrimental effect on them. But in order for the fight against them to be successful, it is necessary to establish exactly which ones. In some cases, it is impossible to determine the diagnosis and the best way out is broad-spectrum antimicrobials.
Features of the fight against pathogens
It is important to consider that many antimicrobial drugs have a powerful effect not only on foreign agents, but also on the patient's body. So, they have a detrimental effect on the microflora of the gastric region and some other organs. To cause minimal damage, it is important to start treatment immediately, because microorganisms spread at a tremendous speed. If you miss this moment, the fight against them will be longer and more exhausting.
In addition, if antimicrobials are to be used for treatment, they should be prescribed in the maximum amount so that the microorganisms do not have time to adapt. The assigned course cannot be interrupted, even if improvements are noticed.
Also, in the treatment it is recommended to use different antimicrobials, and not just one type. This is necessary so that after the therapy there are no foreign agents left that have adapted to a particular drug.
In addition to this, be sure to take a course that will strengthen the body. Because many drugs can cause serious allergic reactions, they should only be taken as directed by your doctor.
Sulfanilamide funds
We can say that they are divided into three types - these are nitrofurans, antibiotics and sulfonamides. The latter means have their detrimental effect in that they do not allow microbes to receive folic acid and other components that are important for their reproduction and life. But the premature termination of the treatment course or a small amount of the drug makes it possible for microorganisms to adapt to new conditions. In the future, sulfonamides are no longer able to fight.
This group includes well-absorbed drugs: "Norsulfazol", "Streptocid", "Sulfadimezin", "Etazol". It should also be noted that drugs that are difficult to absorb: "Sulgin", "Ftalazol" and others.
If necessary, for the best result, the doctor may recommend combining these two types of sulfa drugs. It is also possible to combine them with antibiotics. Some antimicrobials are described below.
"Streptocide"
Basically, this drug is prescribed for the treatment of tonsillitis, cystitis, pyelitis, erysipelas. In some cases, the medicine can cause side effects such as headache, severe nausea accompanied by vomiting, some complications from the nervous, hematopoietic or cardiovascular systems. But medicine does not stand still, and in practice such drugs are used, but they have fewer adverse reactions. These drugs include "Etazol" and "Sulfadimezin".
Also, "Streptocid" can be applied topically for burns, festering wounds, skin ulcers. In addition, you can inhale the powder through your nose if you have an acute runny nose.
"Norsulfazol"
This drug is effective in cerebral meningitis, pneumonia, sepsis, gonorrhea, etc. This antimicrobial agent is quickly excreted from the body, but it is necessary to drink large amounts of water per day.
"Ingalipt"
Good antimicrobials for the throat, which are prescribed for laryngitis, ulcerative stomatitis, pharyngitis, are those that contain streptocide and norsulfazol. Such means include "Ingalipt". Among other things, it contains thymol, alcohol, mint and eucalyptus oil. It is an antiseptic and anti-inflammatory agent.
"Furacilin"
This is an antibacterial liquid known to many, which has a detrimental effect on various microbes. You can use the medicine externally, treating wounds, washing the nasal and auditory passages, as well as internally for bacillary dysentery. On the basis of "Furacilin" some antibacterial and antimicrobial drugs are produced.
"Ftalazol"
This slowly absorbed drug can be combined with antibiotics. It is also combined with "Etazol", "Sulfadimezin" and other drugs. It actively works, inhibiting intestinal infections. Effective in dysentery, gastroenteritis, colitis.
Nitrofuran
In medicine, there are many drugs that are derivatives of "Nitrofuran". Such funds have a wide range of effects. For example, "Furagin" and "Furadonin" are often prescribed for cystitis, urethritis, pyelonephritis and other infectious diseases of the genitourinary system.
"Penicillin"
The drug is an antibiotic that has a detrimental effect on young microbes. In the fight against influenza, smallpox and other viral diseases, it is ineffective. But with pneumonia, peritonitis, abscess, sepsis, meningitis "Penicillin" is a good helper. Various drugs are obtained from it, which are superior in effect, for example, "Benzylpenicillin". These medications are low-toxic, they practically do not cause complications. That is why it is considered that these are strong antimicrobials for children.
But still it is worth considering that a low-quality medicine can cause intense allergies. It can also suppress the natural intestinal microflora in the elderly and newborns. Weakened people or in childhood simultaneously with "Penicillin" are prescribed vitamins of groups C and B.
"Levomitsetin"
Strains resistant to Penicillin are inhibited by Levomycetin. It has no effect on protozoa, acid-fast bacteria, anaerobes. In psoriasis and skin diseases, this drug is contraindicated. It is also forbidden to take it with oppression of hematopoiesis.
"Streptomycin"
This antibiotic has several derivatives that help in different situations. For example, some can treat pneumonia, others are effective for peritonitis, and others cope with an infection of the genitourinary system. Note that the use of "Streptomycin" and its derivatives is permissible only after a doctor's prescription, since overdose does not exclude such a serious complication as hearing loss.
"Tetracycline"
This antibiotic is able to cope with many bacteria that cannot be treated with other drugs. Side effects may occur. "Tetracycline" can be combined with "Penicillin" in case of a severe septic condition. There is also an ointment that copes with skin diseases.
"Erythromycin"
This antibiotic is considered a "fallback" option, which is resorted to if other antimicrobial agents have not done their job. He successfully defeats diseases that have appeared due to the action of resistant strains of staphylococci. There is also erythromycin ointment, which helps with bedsores, burns, purulent or infected wounds, trophic ulcers.
The main broad-spectrum antimicrobials are listed below:
- "Tetracycline".
- "Levomycetin".
- "Ampicillin".
- "Rifampicin".
- "Neomycin".
- "Monomycin".
- "Rifamcin".
- "Imipenem".
- "Cephalosporins".
Gynecology and antibacterial treatment
If in any other area it is permissible to attack the disease with broad-spectrum antibacterial drugs, then in gynecology it is required to strike with a well-chosen, narrowly targeted remedy. Depending on the microflora, not only drugs are prescribed, but also their dosage and duration of the course.
Most often, antimicrobial drugs in gynecology are used externally. It can be suppositories, ointments, capsules. In some cases, if the need arises, treatment is supplemented with broad-spectrum drugs. These may include "Terzhinan", "Polizhinaks" and others. A faster result can be achieved if you take two or three drugs at the same time. In any case, a preliminary consultation with a doctor is important.
The development of most diseases is associated with infection by various microbes. The antimicrobial drugs that exist to combat them are represented not only by antibiotics, but also by agents with a narrower spectrum of effects. Let us consider in more detail this category of drugs and the features of their use.
Antimicrobials - what is it?
- Antibacterial agents are the largest group of drugs for systemic use. They are obtained using synthetic or semi-synthetic methods. They can disrupt the reproduction of bacteria or destroy pathogenic microorganisms.
- Antiseptics have a wide spectrum of action and can be used in case of damage by various pathogenic microbes. They are mainly used for local treatment of damaged skin and mucous surfaces.
- Antimycotics are antimicrobial drugs that suppress the viability of fungi. They can be used both systemically and externally.
- Antiviral drugs can affect the multiplication of various viruses and cause their death. Presented in the form of systemic medicines.
- Anti-tuberculosis drugs interfere with the vital activity of Koch's bacillus.
Depending on the type and severity of the disease, several types of antimicrobial drugs may be prescribed at the same time.
Types of antibiotics
To overcome the disease caused by pathogenic bacteria, it is possible only with the help of antibacterial agents. They can be of natural, semi-synthetic and synthetic origin. Recently, drugs belonging to the latter category are increasingly being used. According to the mechanism of action, bacteriostatic (cause the death of a pathogenic agent) and bactericidal (prevent the vital activity of bacilli) agents are distinguished.
Antibacterial antimicrobials are divided into the following main groups:
- Penicillins of natural and synthetic origin are the first medicines discovered by man that can fight dangerous infectious diseases.
- Cephalosporins have a similar effect to penicillins, but they are much less likely to cause allergic reactions.
- Macrolides inhibit the growth and reproduction of pathogenic microorganisms, having the least toxic effect on the body as a whole.
- Aminoglycosides are used to kill gram-negative anaerobic bacteria and are considered the most toxic antibacterial drugs;
- Tetracyclines can be natural or semi-synthetic. They are mainly used for topical treatment in the form of ointments.
- Fluoroquinolones are drugs with a powerful bactericidal effect. They are used in the treatment of ENT pathologies, respiratory diseases.
- Sulfanilamides are broad-spectrum antimicrobials that are sensitive to gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria.
Effective antibiotics
Antibacterial drugs should be prescribed for the treatment of a particular ailment only if infection with a bacterial pathogen is confirmed. Laboratory diagnostics will also help determine the type of pathogen. This is necessary for the correct selection of medication.
Most often, specialists prescribe antibacterial (antimicrobial) drugs with a wide spectrum of effects. Most pathogenic bacteria are sensitive to such medicines.
Effective antibiotics include drugs such as Augmentin, Amoxicillin, Azithromycin, Flemoxin Solutab, Cefodox, Amosin.
"Amoxicillin": instructions for use
The drug belongs to the category of semi-synthetic penicillins and is used in the treatment of inflammatory processes of various etiologies. "Amoxicillin" is produced in the form of tablets, suspensions, capsules and injections. It is necessary to use an antibiotic for pathologies of the respiratory tract (lower and upper sections), diseases of the genitourinary system, dermatoses, salmonellosis and dysentery, cholecystitis.
In the form of a suspension, the drug can be used to treat children from birth. The dosage in this case is calculated only by a specialist. Adults, according to the instructions, need to take 500 mg of amoxicillin trihydrate 3 times a day.
Application features
The use of antimicrobials often causes the development of allergic reactions. This should be considered before starting therapy. Many doctors recommend taking antihistamines along with antibiotics in order to eliminate the appearance of side effects in the form of a rash and redness of the skin. It is forbidden to take antibiotics in case of intolerance to any of the components of the drug or the presence of contraindications.
Representatives of antiseptics
The infection often enters the body through damaged skin. To avoid this, abrasions, cuts and scratches should be immediately treated with special antiseptic agents. Such antimicrobials act on bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Even with prolonged use, pathogenic microorganisms practically do not develop resistance to the active components of these drugs.
The most popular antiseptics include medicines such as iodine solution, boric and salicylic acid, ethyl alcohol, potassium permanganate, hydrogen peroxide, silver nitrate, Chlorhexidine, Collargol, Lugol's solution.
Antiseptic drugs are often used to treat diseases of the throat and mouth. They are able to suppress the reproduction of pathogenic agents and stop the inflammatory process. You can buy them in the form of sprays, tablets, lozenges, lozenges and solutions. Essential oils and vitamin C are often used as additional components in the composition of such preparations. The most effective antiseptics for treating the throat and oral cavity include the following:
- "Ingalipt" (spray).
- "Septolete" (lozenges).
- "Miramistin" (spray).
- "Chlorophyllipt" (solution for rinsing).
- "Geksoral" (spray).
- "Neo-Angin" (lollipops).
- "Stomatidin" (solution).
- Faringosept (tablets).
- "Lizobakt" (tablets).
When to use Faringosept?
A powerful and safe antiseptic is the drug "Faringosept". If the patient has an inflammatory process in the throat, many specialists prescribe these antimicrobial tablets.
Preparations containing ambazone monohydrate (like Faringosept) are highly effective in combating staphylococci, streptococci and pneumococci. The active substance interferes with the processes of reproduction of pathogenic agents.
Antiseptic tablets are recommended for stomatitis, pharyngitis, tonsillitis, gingivitis, tracheitis, tonsillitis. As part of complex therapy, Faringosept is often used in the treatment of sinusitis and rhinitis. You can prescribe the medicine to patients older than three years.
Preparations for the treatment of fungus
What antimicrobials should be used in the treatment of fungal infections? To cope with such ailments, only antimycotic agents can do it. Usually, antifungal ointments, creams and solutions are used for treatment. In severe cases, doctors prescribe systemic drugs.
Antimycotics can have a fungistatic or fungicidal effect. This allows you to create conditions for the death of fungal spores or prevent reproduction processes. Effective antimicrobial drugs with an antimycotic effect are prescribed exclusively by a specialist. The best are the following medicines:
- "Fluconazole".
- "Clotrimazole".
- "Nystatin".
- "Diflucan".
- "Terbinafine".
- "Lamisil".
- Terbizil.
In severe cases, the use of both local and systemic antimycotic drugs is indicated.
Often, as soon as we notice a cough or a slight increase in temperature, we begin to study all possible pills and potions. Undoubtedly, knowledge of good medicines will always come in handy. Therefore, searching for information about them on the Internet is a very useful pastime. However, any disease should be treated carefully, having thoroughly studied everything and, of course, consulting a doctor. Especially when it comes to antibiotics.
Antibiotics are a powerful and effective remedy for many diseases. These antibacterial substances of synthetic, semi-synthetic or natural origin can quickly stop the growth of harmful microorganisms or completely destroy them.
Especially often they are used in the treatment of such common diseases as:
- angina;
- bronchitis;
- sinusitis;
- intestinal infections;
- otitis;
- pneumonia.
Also, antibiotics are used in a number of other cases, due to which they are one of the most popular types of medicines. However, not all and not always treated with these substances. For example, most antibiotics are usually useless in the treatment of viral diseases. Against viruses, only tetracyclines and some other groups are mainly used.
In addition, despite their widespread use, antibiotics are by no means harmless. Some of them, with prolonged use, can cause dysbacteriosis and skin rashes. Also, antibacterial drugs often have side effects, and if taken incorrectly, they can greatly weaken the body and make harmful bacteria resistant to treatment.
Therefore, for review, we have compiled a rating of the best antibiotics against specific diseases, in particular, sore throats, coughs and some others. When choosing funds, we were guided by the recommendations of specialists, patient reviews and a description of the pharmacological action of drugs. However, antibiotics should be taken strictly according to the doctor's prescription!
There are contraindications. Check with your doctor.
The best antibiotics for sore throat, bronchitis and cough
Most antibiotics are designed to fight several different types of microbes at once and have a fairly wide spectrum of action. However, only a few of them are really effective for coughs and respiratory tract infections.
3 Azithromycin
Best price
Country Russia
Average price: 160 rubles.
Rating (2019): 4.0
The rating of the best antibiotics against colds is opened by a budget domestic broad-spectrum drug. Despite the low price, it copes well with various respiratory infections, including bronchitis, laryngitis and pneumonia. Therefore, it is one of the most prescribed antibiotics.
However, he was prevented from getting a higher place in the ranking by a large number of side effects and contraindications, alas, characteristic of most of these drugs. In addition, it is not recommended for children under 16 years of age, as well as for adults who have arrhythmias, kidney or liver failure.
2 Macrofoam
The best antibiotic tablets
Country: Slovenia
Average price: 262 rubles.
Rating (2019): 4.4
Coated Slovenian tablets are a good remedy for pathogenic intracellular microorganisms. This antibiotic is used mainly for bronchitis, stomatitis, pneumonia and other infections caused by certain pathogens. Also, the drug can be taken for the treatment and prevention of whooping cough and diphtheria.
The advantages of this antibiotic include efficiency, few contraindications and minimal side effects. Plus, it's pretty easy to take. Usually it is prescribed 3 times a day, one tablet before meals.
The standard form of release of the antibiotic is 16 tablets. However, the drug is also found in the form of a suspension, which is given even to the smallest children.
1 Fluimucil-antibiotic IT
Best result
Country: Italy
Average price: 750 rubles.
Rating (2019): 4.8
Fluimucil is one of the few truly effective antibiotics suitable for both injection and inhalation. This antibiotic is used mainly for inhalation with a wet cough, bronchitis, tonsillitis, tracheitis and a number of other respiratory diseases.
Also, this solution can be called one of the best means for washing or instillation for sinusitis, including sinusitis, and otitis media. Due to the successful combination of antibiotic and mucolytic, Fluimucil not only eliminates pathogenic microflora, but also helps to cleanse the problem area. For example, with bronchitis, the drug accelerates the process of sputum excretion.
Fluimucil-antibiotic IT is released in the form of a solution of 500 mg for inhalation and injection. It should not be confused with the effervescent tablets and granules of the same name for the preparation of a solution that is taken orally.
The best antibiotics for sinusitis
2 Polydex with phenylephrine
Antibacterial and vasoconstrictive action
Country: France
Average price: 320 rubles.
Rating (2019): 4.7
Polydex spray is a complex remedy that is prescribed for a protracted cold with purulent discharge from the nose. Thanks to the combination of two antibiotics and the vasoconstrictor phenylephrine, this antibiotic has a wide spectrum of action and is effective in the fight against sinusitis and other sinusitis, rhinitis and a number of different bacteria. These drops can be called the best drug that has an antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effect and improves breathing. The effect of their application, as a rule, is noticeable after 3-5 days. The full course of treatment takes no more than 10 days.
It is important to remember that this is not only a nasal spray, but also a strong antibiotic that has a number of contraindications. In addition to pregnant women and children under 2.5 years old, Polydex is not suitable for adults suffering from glaucoma, kidney failure and kidney disease. Therefore, it is often replaced with a more gentle analogue.
1 Isofra
Best topical antibiotic
Country: France
Average price: 300 rubles.
Rating (2019): 5.0
The first place among the best remedies for sinusitis goes to a fairly powerful local antibiotic in the form of a nasal spray. Although this French drug is quite inexpensive and does not have the widest spectrum of action, it is literally indispensable in the treatment of a protracted cold with rhinitis, sinusitis or nasopharyngitis. In addition, this antibiotic is used to treat both adults and children.
The drug is considered one of the most harmless antibiotics, goes well with other drugs, has virtually no contraindications. Possible side effects include only an allergy to individual components and some deterioration in the microflora of the nasopharynx with prolonged use.
However, it is important to remember that this is still an antibiotic that must be used as prescribed by a doctor. In addition, it is categorically not recommended for use in allergic rhinitis or as a remedy for allergies.
Best Broad Spectrum Antibiotics
Although in most cases the use of narrowly targeted antibiotics is preferable, as they have fewer side effects, often recovery is not possible without a broad-spectrum antibiotic. For example, some diseases can be caused by several types of bacteria at once. In addition, not all pathogenic microflora can be eliminated by taking a specialized antibiotic.
3 Tetracycline
The widest range of action
Country Russia
Average price: 76 rubles.
Rating (2019): 4.2
Probably almost every adult knows this frequently prescribed drug. Produced in various forms, the antibiotic is almost universal.
In most cases, tetracycline is taken in the form of tablets, including bronchitis, tonsillitis, pharyngitis, prostatitis, eczema, and various infections of the gastrointestinal tract and soft tissues. Acting in a complex way, this antibiotic quickly copes with most infectious causes of cough, fever and other ailments. Also, the antibiotic is available in the form of an ointment for external use and eye ointment, which helps to eliminate some problems locally.
However, the antibiotic has many contraindications and is not suitable for children under 8 years of age, as well as women during pregnancy or lactation. Also, like many strong drugs, it can cause serious side effects.
2 Avelox
Better efficacy in acute and chronic diseases
Country: Germany
Average price: 773 rubles.
Rating (2019): 4.5
Avelox tablets from the well-known German company Bayer are one of the most serious antibiotics used primarily to combat acute and chronic diseases that cannot be treated by most other means. Therefore, since 2012, it has been included by the Government of the Russian Federation in the List of Essential Medicines.
It is also one of the best drugs for adults due to its high efficiency and the fact that it is convenient and easy to take, so it does not depend on meals and does not require any additional actions. In addition, the antibiotic is well studied and, according to numerous studies, rarely causes side effects.
Also, the antibiotic is found in the form of an injection solution, which is often used for exacerbation of chronic bronchitis. In some cases, the course of injections of Avelox precedes the course of the same antibiotic in tablets.
1 Amoxicillin
The most harmless universal antibiotic
Country: Slovenia
Average price: 44 rubles.
Rating (2019): 4.9
The time-tested popular drug becomes the leader in the ranking of the best broad-spectrum antibiotics. It is taken for many diseases that occur both with and without temperature, in particular:
- infections of the respiratory tract and ENT organs (including sinusitis, bronchitis, tonsillitis, otitis media);
- gastrointestinal infections;
- skin and soft tissue infections;
- infections of the genitourinary system;
- Lyme disease;
- dysentery;
- meningitis;
- salmonellosis;
- sepsis.
Amoxicillin is perhaps one of the most popular antibiotics for adults and children. The presence of different forms of release, including tablets and suspensions, as well as a relatively small list of possible side effects, allow even pregnant women and babies aged 1 month to take the medicine.
Best antibiotics for kids
The illness of a child in itself is not an easy test. However, the situation is often complicated by the fact that children do not want to take an antibiotic, or it has many side effects that are extremely harmful to the child's body. Therefore, we have selected some of the most harmless and palatable effective drugs for sore throats, bronchitis and other common diseases.
2 Augmentin
The best complex antibiotic
Country: UK
Average price: 150 rubles.
Rating (2019): 4.4
Augmentin is one of the few antibiotics safe enough to be given to young children, even infants. Despite the relatively small number of side effects, the drug, unlike some analogues, can still have a negative effect on the kidneys and intestines. Therefore, it should be taken with caution, especially at an early age.
In general, the antibiotic is effective and has a good composition. Especially often this antibacterial agent is prescribed in the treatment of bronchitis, tonsillitis, sinusitis, as well as various respiratory tract infections. In addition, due to the extended complex action, this antibiotic is also effective in the fight against various mixed infections.
In addition to the suspension, Augmentin is also available in the form of tablets that school-age children and adults can take.
1 Amoxiclav
Maximum benefit - minimum contraindications
Country: Slovenia
Average price: 220 rubles.
Rating (2019): 5.0
The leader among the best children's antibiotics can be confidently called a universal broad-spectrum drug, suitable for both adults and children. The most popular form of Amoxiclav is tablets, but in pharmacies you can easily find a suspension, which is usually given to young children and even newborns with severe colds, coughs and fever caused by various infections.
In addition to the convenient form of release and versatility, the advantages of the drug include:
- minimum contraindications and side effects;
- pleasant taste;
- speed;
- does not contain dyes;
- affordable price.
Despite the mild effect of the drug, you can take it, like other antibiotics, only as directed by a doctor. In addition, Amoxiclav cannot be combined with certain other medicines.
And antibacterial drugs are classified into narrow-spectrum drugs (destroy only one type of bacteria) and broad-spectrum drugs (effective against most microorganisms at the same time).
The mechanism of their action is to block the vital functions of the pathogen. At the same time, new generation broad-spectrum antibiotics are designed in such a way that they do not have a similar effect on the cells of the affected organ.
Such selectivity of exposure is due to the fact that the bacteria form cell walls, the structure of which differs from human ones. The active components of the drug contribute to the violation of the integrity of the walls of bacterial cells, without affecting the cell membranes of the patient's organs.
Unlike drugs from the group of antiseptics, the antibiotic has the proper therapeutic effect not only after external application, but also acts systemically after oral, intravenous, intramuscular use.
New generation antibiotics are capable of:
- Influence the synthesis of cell walls by disrupting the production of vital peptide complexes.
- Disrupt the functioning and integrity of the cell membrane.
- Disrupt the synthesis of a protein necessary for the growth and vital activity of a pathogenic pathogen.
- Inhibit nucleic acid synthesis.
By the nature of the effect on bacterial cells, antibiotics are divided into:
- Bactericidal - the pathogen will die and then be removed from the body.
- Bacteriostatic - the active ingredient does not kill bacteria, but it disrupts their ability to reproduce.
It is important to determine how active the active substance of the drug is in relation to a particular pathogen of the pathological process. To do this, you must undergo a series of laboratory tests prescribed by a doctor.
Features of the action of drugs
The advantages of broad-spectrum antibiotics are due to their ability to destroy most pathogens.
The drugs of this group include drugs of the tetracycline, cephalosporin series, aminopenicillins, aminoglycosides, as well as drugs from the group of macrolides, carbapenems.
New generations of drugs are less toxic, the risk of developing unwanted side effects is much lower.
Broad-spectrum antibiotics are distinguished by their ability to effectively deal with complicated colds, inflammatory processes affecting the area of the ENT organs, lymph nodes, genitourinary system, skin, etc.
List of new generation broad spectrum antibiotics
If we consider new generation antibiotics, the list is as follows:
When 3rd and 4th generation cephalosporins fail, as in the case of infectious diseases provoked by exposure to anaerobes and enterobacteria, patients are shown taking carbopenems: Ertpenem and Meropenem (these are a kind of reserve drugs).
Use of penicillins it is advisable for infection of the gastrointestinal tract, respiratory and genitourinary system, skin integuments. Only the third generation has a wide spectrum of activity, which includes: Ampicillin, Amoxicillin, Ampiox and Bakampicillin.
The drugs described are not intended for self-medication. When identifying the first signs of the disease, you should consult a doctor for advice and selection of a suitable, comprehensive treatment regimen.
Narrowly targeted strong antibiotics
Narrow-spectrum antibiotics are active against a few types of bacteria.
These drugs include the following groups:
- Macrolides based on erythromycin, triacetyloleandomycin, oleandomycin.
- Cephalosporins based on cefazolin, cephalexin, cephaloridine.
- Penicillins.
- Streptomycins.
- Antibacterial reserve drugs that act on gram-positive pathogens that are resistant to penicillins. In this case, the doctor may recommend the use of semi-synthetic penicillins: ampicillin, carbenicillin, dicloxacillin.
- Various other drugs based on rifampicin, lincomycin, fusidine.
Broad-spectrum drugs for bronchitis
Bronchitis is treated with a new generation of antibiotics because laboratory testing can take days and treatment is recommended to start as soon as possible.
In the course of complex therapy, the following can be prescribed:
There is no such thing as the best antibiotic, since each remedy has its own extensive list of pharmacological properties, indications and contraindications, possible adverse reactions and recommendations for admission, as well as drug interactions.
The selection of an antibacterial drug is carried out only by a qualified, experienced specialist who will take into account the nature of the origin of the disease, the individual characteristics of the patient's body, his age, weight, concomitant diseases. Read more about treating bronchitis with antibiotics.
Treatment of pneumonia
In the treatment of pneumonia, antibiotics of a new generation from the group are used:
- Cephalosporins: Nacef, Ceclor, Maximim, Liforan, Cefabol, Tamycin, etc.
- Combined fluoroquinolones: Tsiprolet A.
- Quinolones: Glevo, Tavanik, Zanotsin, Abaktal, Tsiprolet, Tsifran.
- Combined penicillins: Augmentin, Amoxiclav, Panklav.
The described drugs can be used until the results of laboratory tests are obtained, with pneumonia without specifying the pathogen.
Therapy of sinusitis
The structure of cephalosporins and macrolides are similar to drugs of the penicillin series, but they have the ability to inhibit the development and complete destruction of pathogenic microorganisms.
Additionally, anticongestants, antiseptics, secretolytics can be prescribed.
- In severe cases of the disease, macrolides are used: Macropen and Azithromycin.
- The use of combined fluoroquinolones based on tinidazole and ciprofloxacin (Ciprolet A) may also be recommended.
Treatment of angina
Comprehensive treatment of acute tonsillitis (tonsillitis) involves the use of antiseptics, local anesthetics, and antibacterial agents.
Antibiotics for systemic exposure are:
- Preparations of the cephalosporin series based on cefixime (Pancef) and cefuroxime (Zinnat).
Previously, treatment was carried out mainly with penicillins. In modern medicine, new generation cephalosporins are preferred because they show greater efficacy in the treatment of bacterial infections that affect the nasopharynx.
- Combined fluoroquinolones based on ciprofloxacin in combination with tinidazole (Ciprolet A).
- Multicomponent preparations of the penicillin series: Panklav, Amoxiclav.
- Medicines from the group of macrolides based on azithromycin ( Azitral, Sumamox). They are one of the safest antibiotics, since they practically do not provoke unwanted side reactions from the gastrointestinal tract, as well as toxic effects on the central nervous system.
Colds and flu
With a confirmed need to prescribe antibiotics during the treatment of colds, the doctor prescribes:
Even drugs with a wide range of pharmacological activity do not affect the vital activity of viruses, so their use is not advisable in the course of complex therapy for measles, rubella, viral hepatitis, herpes, chicken pox, and influenza.
Urinary tract infections: cystitis, pyelonephritis
- Unidox Solutab - the drug is easy to use: 1 time per day.
- Norbactin is recommended to be used twice a day, the drug has a list of contraindications and side effects.
- Monural is an antibiotic in the form of a powder for oral administration. It is a drug of prolonged action, which contributes to the rapid elimination of pathogenic microorganisms.
Pending laboratory results for pyelonephritis, start with fluoroquinlones (Glevo, Abaktal, Tsiprobid), further treatment can be adjusted. Cephalosporins and aminoglycosides may also be prescribed.
Antifungal drugs in the form of tablets
Given the large number of different types of fungal infections, the doctor prescribes one or another antibiotic based on the results of a comprehensive examination.
The drug of choice may be:
- Medicines that belong to the 1st generation based on nystatin.
- Antibiotics of the 2nd generation, which are used for infections of the genitourinary system. Among them: Clotrimazole, Ketoconazole, and Miconazole.
- Among 3rd generation drugs, the use of Fluconazole, Antraconazole, Terbinafine.
The 4th generation drugs include Caspofungin, Ravuconazole and Posaconazole.
Antibiotics for diseases of the organs of vision
With bacterial keratitis and chlamydial conjunctivitis, it is advisable to use Maxakvin, a systemic therapy agent.
Antibiotics for topical use include Vitabact, Tobrex, Okatsin.
Let's summarize
Antibiotics are powerful substances of natural, synthetic or semi-synthetic origin, which help to suppress the growth and vital activity of pathogenic microorganisms.
List of new generation broad-spectrum antibiotics and their uses
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Chapter 7. Antimicrobials
The containment or cessation of the growth of microbes is achieved by various methods (sets of measures): antiseptics, sterilization, disinfection, chemotherapy. Accordingly, the chemicals that are used to implement these measures are called sterilizing agents, disinfectants, antiseptics, and antimicrobial chemotherapeutic agents. Antimicrobial chemicals are divided into two groups: 1) non-selective actions- harmful to most microbes (antiseptics and disinfectants), but toxic to macroorganism cells, and (2) possessselective actions(chemotherapeutic agents).
7.1. Chemotherapeutic drugs
Chemotherapeutic antimicrobialsmedicines- This chemicals used in infectious diseases etiotropic
treatment (i.e. directed at the microbe as the cause of the disease), and (rarely andhorny!) to prevent infections.
Chemotherapy drugs are injected into the body, so they must have a detrimental effect on infectious agents, but at the same time be non-toxic to humans and animals, that is, they must have selective action.
Currently, thousands of chemical compounds with antimicrobial activity are known, but only a few dozen of them are used as chemotherapeutic agents.
According to which microbes the chemotherapy drugs act on, determine range their activities:
acting on cellular forms of microorganisms (antibacterial, antifungalvye, antiprotozoal).Antibacterial, in turn, it is customary to subdivide into drugs narrow And wide action spectrum: narrow- when the drug is active against only a small number of varieties of either gram-positive or gram-negative bacteria, and wide - if the drug acts on a sufficiently large number of varieties of representatives of both groups.
antiviral chemotherapy drugs.
In addition, there are some antimicrobial chemotherapy drugs that also have againstneotumor activity.
By type of action distinguish between chemotherapy drugs:
"Microbicidal"(bactericidal, fungicidal, etc.), i.e., detrimental to microbes due to irreversible damage;
"Microstatic", i.e., inhibiting the growth and reproduction of microbes.
Antimicrobial chemotherapeutic agents include the following groups of drugs:
Antibiotics(act only on cellular forms of microorganisms; antitumor antibiotics are also known).
Synthetic chemotherapy drugs different chemical structure (among them there are drugs that act either on cellular microorganisms or on non-cellular forms of microbes).
7.1.1. Antibiotics
The fact that some microbes can somehow inhibit the growth of others has been well known for a long time. Back in 1871-1872. Russian scientists V. A. Manassein and A. G. Polotebnov observed an effect in the treatment of infected wounds by applying mold. The observations of L. Pasteur (1887) confirmed that antagonism in the world of microbes is a common phenomenon, but its nature was unclear. In 1928-1929. Fleming discovered a strain of the fungus penicillium (Penicillium notatum), releasing a chemical that inhibits the growth of staphylococcus aureus. The substance was named "penicillin", but only in 1940 X. Flory and E. Cheyne were able to obtain a stable preparation of purified penicillin - the first antibiotic that was widely used in the clinic. In 1945, A. Fleming, X. Flory and E. Chain were awarded the Nobel Prize. In our country, a great contribution to the doctrine of antibiotics was made by 3. V. Ermolyeva and G. F. Gause.
The term "antibiotic" itself (from the Greek. anti, bios- against life) was proposed by S. Waksman in 1942 to refer to natural substances, produced microorganisms and at low concentrations antagonistic to the growth of other bacteria.
Antibiotics- these are chemotherapeutic drugs from chemical compounds of biological origin (natural), as well as their semi-synthetic derivatives and synthetic analogues, which in low concentrations have a selective damaging or detrimental effect on microorganisms and tumors.
7.1.1.1. Sources and methods of obtaining antibiotics
The main producers of natural antibiotics are microorganisms that, being in their natural environment (mainly soil), synthesize antibiotics as a means of survival in the struggle for existence. Animal and plant cells can also produce some substances with a selective antimicrobial effect (for example, phytoncides), but they have not been widely used in medicine as antibiotic producers.
Thus, the main sources of obtaining natural and semi-synthetic antibiotics are:
actinomycetes(especially streptomyces) - branching bacteria. They synthesize the majority of natural antibiotics (80%).
mold mushrooms- synthesize natural beta-lactams (fungi of the genus Cephalosporiurr, And Penicillium) n fusidic acid.
typical bacteria- for example, eubacteria, bacilli, pseudomonads - produce bacitracin, polymyxins and other substances that have an antibacterial effect.
There are three main ways to obtain antibiotics:
biological synthesis (this is how natural antibiotics are obtained - natural fermentation products, when microbes-producers are cultivated under optimal conditions that secrete antibiotics in the course of their life activity);
biosynthesis followed by chemical modifications(this is how semi-synthetic antibiotics are created). First, a natural antibiotic is obtained by biosynthesis, and then its original molecule is modified by chemical modifications, for example, certain radicals are attached, as a result of which the antimicrobial and pharmacological characteristics of the drug are improved;
chemical synthesis (this is how synthetic analogues natural antibiotics, such as chloramphenicol/levomycetin). These are substances that have the same structure.
like a natural antibiotic, but their molecules are chemically synthesized.
7.1.1.2. Classification of antibiotics by chemical structure
According to the chemical structure, antibiotics are grouped into families (classes):
beta lactams(penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems, monobactams)
glycopeptides
* aminoglycosides
tetracyclines
macrolides (and azalides)
lincosamides
Levomycetin (chloramphenicol)
rifamycins
polypeptides
polyenes
different antibiotics(fusidic acid, ruzafunzin, etc.)
Beta lactams. The basis of the molecule is the beta-lactam ring, upon destruction of which the drugs lose their activity; type of action - bactericidal. Antibiotics of this group are divided into penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems and monobactams.
Penicillins. Natural remedy - benzylpe-nicillin(penicillin G) - active against gram-positive bacteria, but has many disadvantages: it is quickly excreted from the body, destroyed in the acidic environment of the stomach, inactivated by penicillinase - bacterial enzymes that destroy the beta-lactam ring. Semi-synthetic penicillins, obtained by adding various radicals to the basis of natural penicillin - 6-aminopenicillanic acid, have advantages over the natural drug, including a wide range of actions:
depot drugs(bicillin), acts for about 4 weeks (creates a depot in the muscles), is used to treat syphilis, prevent recurrence of rheumatism;
acid resistant(phenoxymethylpenicillin), khtya oral administration;
penicillinase-resistant(methicillin, oxacil-mn), but they have a rather narrow spectrum;
a wide range(ampicillin, amoxicillin);
antipseudomonal(carboxypenicillins- carbe-nicillin, ureidopenicillins- piperacillin, azlo-cilin);
combined(amoxicillin + clavulanic acid, ampicillin + sulbactam). These drugs include inhibitors enzymes - beta-lactamase(clavulanic acid, etc.), which also contain a beta-lactam ring in their molecule; their antimicrobial activity is very low, but they easily bind to these enzymes, inhibit them, and thus protect the antibiotic molecule from destruction.
V Cephalosporins. The spectrum of action is wide, but more active against gram-negative bacteria. According to the sequence of introduction, 4 generations (generations) of drugs are distinguished, which differ in their activity spectra, resistance to beta-lactamase and some pharmacological properties, therefore drugs of the same generation Not replace drugs of another generation, but complement them.
1st generation(cefazolin, cephalothin, etc.)- more active against gram-positive bacteria, destroyed by beta-lactamases;
2nd generation(cefuroxime, cefaclor, etc.)- more active against gram-negative bacteria, more resistant to beta-lactamase;
3rd generation(cefotaxime, ceftazidime, etc.) - more active against gram-negative bacteria, highly resistant to the action of beta-lactamase;
4th generation(tsefepim, etc.)- act mainly on gram-positive, some gram-negative bacteria and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, resistant to the action of beta-lactamase.
Carbapenems(imipenem, etc.)- of all beta-lactams, they have the widest spectrum of action and are resistant to beta-lactamases.
Monobactams(aztreonam, etc.) - resistant to beta-lactamases. The spectrum of action is narrow (very active against gram-negative bacteria, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa).
GLYCOPEPTIDES(vancomycin and teicoplanin) - these are large molecules that are difficult to pass through the pores of Gram-negative bacteria. As a result, the spectrum of action is limited to gram-positive bacteria. They are used for resistance or allergy to beta-lactams, with pseudomembranous colitis caused by Clostridium difficile.
AMINOGLYCOSIDES- compounds, the composition of the molecule of which includes amino sugars. The first drug, streptomycin, was obtained in 1943 by Waksman as a treatment for tuberculosis.
Now there are several generations of drugs: (1) streptomycin, kanamycin, etc., (2) gentamicin,(3) sisomycin, tobramycin, etc. The drugs are bactericidal, the spectrum of action is wide (especially active against gram-negative bacteria, they act on some protozoa).
TETRACYCLINES- this is a family of large molecular drugs that have four cyclic compounds in their composition. Currently, semi-synthetics are mainly used, for example doxycycline. The action type is static. The spectrum of action is wide (especially often used to treat infections caused by intracellular microbes: rickettsia, chlamydia, mycoplasmas, brucella, legionella).
MACROLIDES(and azalides) are a family of large macrocyclic molecules. Erythromycin- the most famous and widely used antibiotic. Newer drugs: azithromycin, clarithro-mycin(they can be used only 1-2 times a day). The spectrum of action is wide, including intracellular microorganisms, legionella, Haemophilus influenzae. The type of action is static (although, depending on the type of microbe, it can also be cidic).
LINCOZAMIDES(lincomycin and its chlorinated derivative - clindamycin). Bacteriostatics. Their spectrum of action is similar to macrolides, clindamycin is especially active against anaerobes.
POLYPEPTIDES(polymyxins). The spectrum of antimicrobial action is narrow (gram-negative bacteria), the type of action is bactericidal. Very toxic. Application - external; currently not in use.
POLYENES(amphotericin B, nystatin and etc.). Antifungal drugs, the toxicity of which is quite high, therefore, are used more often locally (nystatin), and for systemic mycoses, the drug of choice is amphotericin B.
7.1.2. Synthetic antimicrobial chemotherapy drugs
Many substances have been created by chemical synthesis methods that are not found in nature, but are similar to antibiotics in terms of mechanism, type and spectrum of action. In 1908, P. Ehrlich synthesized salvarsan, a drug for the treatment of syphilis, based on organic arsenic compounds. However, further attempts by the scientist to create such drugs - "magic bullets" - against other bacteria were unsuccessful. In 1935, Gerhardt Domagk proposed prontosil ("red streptocide") for the treatment of bacterial infections. The active principle of prontosil was sulfanilamide, which was released during the decomposition of prontosil in the body.
To date, many varieties of antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal synthetic chemotherapeutic drugs of various chemical structures have been created. The most significant groups include: sulfonamides, nitroimidazoles, quinolones and fluoroquinolones, imidazoles, nitrofurans, etc.
A special group is made up of antiviral drugs (see section 7.6).
SULFANILAMIDES. The basis of the molecule of these drugs is a paraamino group, therefore) they act as analogues and competitive antagonists of paraaminobenzoic acid, which is necessary for bacteria to synthesize vital folic (tetrahydrofolic) acid, a precursor of purine and pyrimidine bases Bacteriostatics, the spectrum of action is wide. The role of sulfonamides in the treatment of infections has recently declined, as there are many resistant strains, side effects are serious, and the activity of sulfonamides is generally lower than that of antibiotics. The only drug of this group, which continues to be widely used in clinical practice, is co-trimoxazole and its analogues. Co-trimoxazole (bactrim, 6ucenmol)- a combination drug that consists of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim. Both components act synergistically, potentiating each other's action. Acts bactericidal. Trimethoprim blocks-
Table 7.1. Classification of antimicrobial chemotherapy drugs by mechanism of action
Cell wall synthesis inhibitors
Beta-lactams (penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems, monobactams)
Glycopeptides
Synthesis inhibitors
Aminoglycosides
Tetracyclines
Chloramphenicol
Lincosamides
Macrolides
Fusidic acid
Nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors
Nucleic acid precursor synthesis inhibitors
Sulfonamides
Trimethoprim DNA replication inhibitors
Quinolones
Nitroimidazoles
Nitrofurans RNA polymerase inhibitors
Rifamycins
Function inhibitors
cell membranes
Imidazoles
Polymyxins
ruet synthesis of folic acid, but at the level of another enzyme. Used for urinary tract infections caused by gram-negative bacteria.
QUINOLONS. The first drug of this class is nalidixic acid (1962). She has limited
The spectrum of action, resistance to it quickly develops, and has been used in the treatment of urinary tract infections caused by gram-negative bacteria. The so-called fluoroquinolones, i.e. fundamentally new fluorinated compounds, are now being used. Advantages of fluoroquinolones - different routes of administration, bactericidal
action, good tolerability, high activity at the injection site, good permeability through the blood-tissue barrier, a fairly low risk of developing resistance. In fluoroquinolones (qi-profloxacin, norfloxacin etc.) the spectrum is wide, the type of action is cidic. It is used for infections caused by gram-negative bacteria (including Pseudomonas aeruginosa), intracellular
They are especially active against anaerobic bacteria, since only these microbes are able to activate metronidazole by reduction. Action type -
cidal, spectrum - anaerobic bacteria and protozoa (Trichomonas, Giardia, dysenteric amoeba). IMIDAZOLES (clotrimazole and etc.). Antifungal drugs act at the level of the cytoplasmic membrane. NITROFURANS (furazolidone and etc.). Action type
tvia - cidal, spectrum - wide. Are accumulating
in the urine at high concentrations. They are used as uroseptics for the treatment of urinary tract infections.
