Dosage forms Bear and badger fat supplied to the market in its natural form (rendered fat); sold in pharmacies in the form of a biologically active food supplement; is a part of medical and cosmetic creams and ointments. Bear and badger have proven themselves well

Dosage Forms Procurers supply the market with beaver stream in its natural form (whole dry gland), as well as in the form of powders and ready-made tinctures. Some traditional healers strong rubbing and ointments are made from natural raw materials. Essential

Dosage forms The complex complex of active ingredients of ginseng has not been separated, and they have not yet been obtained separately, therefore, from the roots of this medicinal plant tinctures and extracts are made. The most common in medical practice is alcohol

Dosage Forms You can buy fresh cedar resin from manufacturers. There are a lot of private ads and offers from various companies on the Internet. To prepare turpentine balm, the collected resin is cleaned and filtered, and then mixed with cedar and

Dosage forms Decoction 1. Preparing in the following way: 1 tbsp. a spoonful of crushed roots is poured into 1 cup of hot water, boiled over low heat for 15 minutes, cooled for 45 minutes and filtered. Take 1/3-1/2 cup 3 times a day 15 minutes before meals with liver diseases,

Dosage forms If you are interested in getting rid of an ailment, you need to clearly understand what and how to take for a particular disease, which folk remedies component is ginger and how these folk remedies to use them so that their action is as soft as possible,

Dosage forms All drugs can be divided according to their state of aggregation into the following forms: - solid; - liquid; - soft; - gaseous.

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Introduction

3. Suspensions

3.1 General characteristics

3.2 Dispensing suspensions

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

solution liquid suspension concentrated

Liquid dosage forms - systems with a liquid dispersion medium. In medical practice, dosage forms with a liquid dispersion medium are used quite widely. They make up about 60% of the total number of recipes for individual production (especially in pharmacies medical institutions). At present, there is a trend towards an increase in the number of prescriptions entering the pharmacies , in the manufacture of liquid dosage forms for external use.

The prevalence of liquid dosage forms in medical practice is explained by the fact that they allow:

Regulate the bioavailability, rate of release and absorption of medicinal substances (quick release and absorption are provided by injection solutions, enemas; a prolonged effect is characteristic of emulsions, suspensions, solutions in viscous solvents, etc.; targeted transport can be provided, for example, by using liposomal or magnetically controlled liquids);

amplify pharmacological effect some substances (solutions of protected colloids, tannin, extracts);

Reduce strongly irritant effect a number of substances (bromides, iodides, salicylates, chloral hydrate, etc.), manifested in the form of powders;

Improve organoleptic properties drug (taste, color, smell), which is especially important in pediatrics and geriatric practice.

In addition, liquid dosage forms are able to provide a variety of methods of administration (inside, outwardly, in the form of instillations, injections, iontophoresis, etc.); dosing accuracy (especially in the case of true solutions); portability of some types of packaging (ampoules, drop bottles, etc.); ease of use.

Liquid dosage forms can provide a local (local) effect of medicinal substances, for example, when prescribing lotions, as well as a general (resorptive or reflex) effect on the body, for example, injection solutions, rectal solutions. They can be targeted and controlled release (liposomal, magnetic fluids).

However, it should be noted that liquid dosage forms manufactured in pharmacy , have a short shelf life (2-3 days). This is due to the possible violation various kinds stability (antimicrobial, chemical, physico-chemical), especially in the aquatic environment. The loss of physicochemical (thermodynamic) stability is accompanied by coagulation processes (solutions of protected colloids); sedimentation (suspension), coalescence (emulsion), etc. In the aquatic environment, the processes of interaction of ingredients proceed more actively (especially during thermal sterilization).

Since liquid dosage forms of pharmaceutical manufacture are non-dose dosage forms, a violation of the dosage of the drug when taken (especially suspensions and emulsions), as well as a violation of the integrity of glassware, can be of great danger.

All these and many other problems make us special attention relate to the manufacture, storage and dispensing of liquid dosage forms.

1. Liquid dosage forms. General characteristics. Dispersion media

As already mentioned in the introduction, liquid dosage forms are systems with a liquid dispersion medium. Their general characteristics, their advantages over other dosage forms, and the current problems associated with their manufacture, storage, and dispensing were also given there. This chapter will follow detailed story about an integral component of liquid dosage forms - a dispersion medium.

The following are currently used as dispersion media and co-solvents: purified water and for injection; ethyl alcohol (ethanol) of different concentrations; glycerol; fatty and mineral oils; ether; chloroform; PEO-400; DMSO; polyorganosiloxane liquids and others approved for medical use.

In the manufacture of homeopathic medicines, purified water, ethanol of various concentrations, expressed as a percentage by weight, vegetable oils are more often used. Muravyov I.A. Drug technology. M.: Medicine, 1980

Different dispersion media require the use of specific technological methods in the manufacture of various dosage forms. Viscous dispersion media require heating, more intensive mixing, and often preliminary grinding of medicinal substances. In the manufacture of solutions in ethanol and other volatile media, heating, on the contrary, is undesirable. There are features of dosing. Purified water, ethanol, aqueous and ethanol solutions, syrups are prescribed in the prescription and dosed by volume, drugs made using these media are controlled by volume. Viscous and volatile dispersion media (except ethanol) are prescribed in the prescription and dosed by weight, drugs made using these media are also controlled by weight.

Dispersion media are classified by origin, molecular size, degree of hydrophilicity, and purpose. Krasnyuk I.I. and other Technology of dosage forms: textbook. for university students - M .: "Academy", 2007

By origin, dispersion media are classified into two groups:

1) natural - inorganic (purified water and for injection); organic (ethanol, glycerin, fatty and mineral oils);

2) synthetic and semi-synthetic - organic (dimexide, PEO-400); organoelement (polyorganosiloxane liquids).

According to the size (size) of molecules, dispersion media are also divided into 2 groups:

1) low molecular weight substances (water, glycerin, ethanol);

2) macromolecular substances and oligomers (polyethylene oxides, etc.).

According to the degree of hydrophilicity, dispersion media are distinguished:

1) hydrophilic (water, glycerin);

2) lipophilic (fatty and mineral oils, chloroform, polyorganosiloxane liquids, ether);

3) diphilic (ethanol, dimexide, etc.).

By appointment, they distinguish:

1) proper dispersion media (in solutions of protected colloids, suspensions, emulsions, complex mixtures);

2) solvents (in true solutions of low- and high-molecular substances);

3) extractants (for obtaining aqueous extracts, extraction preparations of various nature).

High demands are placed on dispersion media, they must:

Possess dissolving power or achieve optimal dispersity;

Ensure the bioavailability of medicinal substances;

Not exposed to microbial contamination;

Be chemically indifferent, biologically harmless;

Possess optimal organoleptic properties;

Be cost effective.

Additional requirements are imposed on extractants: high diffusion capacity; permeability through the pores of biological material and cell membranes; desorbing ability; selective (selective) dissolving power.

Currently, unfortunately, there are no universal dispersion media and extractants that would meet all the above requirements. Krasnyuk I.I. and other Technology of dosage forms: textbook. for university students - M .: "Academy", 2007

2. Classification of liquid dosage forms

There are several different types of classification of liquid dosage forms, depending on certain features.

According to the dispersion of the phase and the nature of the connection with the dispersion medium, the following types of disperse systems are distinguished:

1) solutions in various solvents - homogeneous systems with maximum grinding of the dispersed phase (ionic and molecular - 1-2 nm) associated with the solvent due to the formation of solvate complexes in the absence of an interface between the phases - true solutions of low molecular weight and high molecular weight substances;

2) sols or colloidal solutions (micellar degree of crushing). The size of the particle diameter does not exceed 100 μm, the interface between the phases is outlined (ultramicroheterogeneous systems);

3) suspensions (suspensions) - microheterogeneous systems with a solid dispersed phase and a liquid dispersion medium. The interface between the phases is visible to the naked eye. The particle sizes do not exceed 0.2-100 microns. In pharmaceutical suspensions, these sizes are in the range of 30-50 microns;

4) emulsions - dispersed systems consisting of two liquids, insoluble or slightly soluble in each other, the phase and medium are mutually immiscible liquids. The droplet sizes of the liquid phase do not exceed 20 µm;

5) combined systems - in this case, the technological process is reduced to dissolution or peptization, suspension or emulsification of the dispersed phase in dispersion media of different viscosities. Kondratieva T.S. Technology of dosage forms: a textbook in 2 volumes. Volume 1 - M.: Medicine, 1991

Table 1

Classification of liquid dosage forms depending on the type of dispersed system

Depending on the composition, all liquid dosage forms can be simple, consisting of one component, for example, sunflower oil, and complex, consisting of two or more components.

Complex liquid dosage forms require strict adherence to the order of dissolution and mixing, taking into account the physicochemical properties of medicinal and excipients.

Taking into account the physicochemical state and properties of medicinal substances, dispersion (particle size) and the nature of the relationship with the dispersion medium, a dispersion classification is distinguished.

In accordance with this classification, liquid dosage forms are free, comprehensively dispersed physicochemical systems, in which medicinal substances (dispersed phase) are evenly distributed in a liquid dispersion medium. However, the concept of freedom is relative, since everything depends on the nature of the intermolecular and interphase interaction of particles of the dispersed phase and the dispersion medium. Liquid dosage forms can be: single-phase (having no phase boundary), i.e. homogeneous, two-phase, and also having a larger number of phases (having a phase boundary), i.e. heterogeneous (Table 1). Krasnyuk I.I. etc. Workshop on pharmaceutical technology: textbook. for stud. - M.: "Academy", 2007

Homogeneous dispersed systems include true solutions of low-molecular and high-molecular substances. Medicinal substances in them are crushed to molecules and (or) ions, invisible even in an ultramicroscope.

Heterogeneous disperse systems are colloidal solutions, suspensions and emulsions. In colloidal solutions, molecules and ions combine in a certain way into micelles that are invisible to the naked eye (ultraheterogeneous systems). In suspensions (suspensions), medicinal substances are in the form of relatively large solid particles (microheterogeneous systems). Emulsions are liquids in which liquid medicinal substances immiscible with a dispersion medium are crushed into tiny droplets (microheterogeneous systems). Emulsions are stable only in the presence of a stabilizer (emulsifier).

The ability to determine the nature of the liquid dispersed system to be manufactured allows the pharmacist-technologist to choose the optimal method of obtaining, to carry out the filtration stage, to correctly assess the quality and issue the drug for release.

Homogeneous systems are obtained by dissolution. Heterogeneous - by the dispersion method (preliminary grinding) or by the condensation method (physical condensation - solvent change; chemical - the formation of a new product with a large particle size as a result of chemical interaction).

True solutions are filtered through any permitted filter material, colloidal solutions - using a strictly defined filter material, taking into account the properties and sizes of micelles, suspensions are not filtered.

True solutions are transparent, ultra-heterogeneous - opalescent; heterogeneous systems are turbid. For them, it is necessary to check the rate of sedimentation (deposition), resuspendability and other specific indicators.

The classification of liquid dosage forms according to the route and rate of administration is also important, since the route of administration determines certain professional actions and technological operations:

Verification of doses in enterally administered liquid dosage forms administered per os; enemas administered per rectum;

Strict control of the absence of mechanical inclusions in eye drops, injection solutions;

The need for sterilization of liquid dosage forms (introduced into body cavities that do not contain microorganisms: uterus, bladder and others; dosage forms administered in violation of skin and mucous membranes; eye drops; fluids applied to wounds and burn surfaces and etc.).

Classification by age category Patient management involves taking into account the pharmacist-technologist both in the process of developing new dosage forms and drugs, and in the implementation of the technological process of the anatomical and physiological characteristics of the body.

In the manufacture and subsequent sterilization of drugs for newborns, aseptic conditions are necessary. Microbiological purity is also important in the production of drugs for geriatric patients.

For these population groups, there are peculiarities in prescribing substances of various pharmacological groups and checking doses; depending on age, an individual approach to the choice of composition, aids, type of liquid dosage form.

Depending on the composition of the dispersion medium, liquid dosage forms are classified as aqueous; non-aqueous, including viscous and volatile dispersion media (solvents); combined (different combination of dispersion media). Krasnyuk I.I. and other Technology of dosage forms: textbook. for university students - M .: "Academy", 2007

2.1 Solutions. Definition. Classification

Pharmaceutical solution (Solutio) - a liquid homogeneous thermodynamically stable dosage form of variable composition, obtained by dissolving one or more medicinal substances, intended for injection, internal or external use. Solutions intended for dosing with drops to patients are called drops (Guttae).

The substances that make up a solution are called its components.

2.1.1 Ways to indicate the concentration of the solution in the recipe prescription

To denote the concentration in a solution, volumetric and mass-volume concentrations are used. Four methods are used to express them (Table 2).

When prescribing the components of the prescription separately, the total volume of the drug is determined by summing up the volumes of all liquids prescribed in the prescription. If the concentration is indicated by other methods indicated earlier, the volume of the solution is indicated in the recipe.

If it is required to establish the volume of the liquid prescribed in the prescription and dosed by weight, or the mass of the liquid prescribed in the prescription and dosed by volume, use table values density.

table 2

2.1.2 Features of the technology for the manufacture of solutions in viscous and volatile solvents

General technological rules for the manufacture of solutions. Solutions are made immediately in a dry, sterilized dispensing vial. First of all, medicines (substances) are dosed, then the solvent. The latter is dosed by weight (with the exception of ethanol and its solutions, which are dosed by volume). Solutions are made in concentration by weight (the exception is the dilution of ethanol - volume concentration, the manufacture of solutions in ethanol - mass-volume concentration). Filter solutions only as a last resort. If necessary, filter through a dry filter material, which is selected taking into account the viscosity or volatility of the solvent, taking precautions (to reduce losses associated with evaporation or sorption on the filter material).

Differences in the preparation of solutions in viscous and volatile solvents. Heating as a technological method of increasing solubility and accelerating the dissolution process in the manufacture of solutions in volatile solvents is used only as a last resort, observing precautions. Solutions containing ether are not heated, and the preparation is carried out away from sources of fire. Do not heat liquids containing mixtures of ether and alcohol. Solutions containing chloroform should be heated only when necessary and with due care. Solutions containing volatile substances are heated at a temperature of not more than 40-45 0 C. When using viscous solvents (glycerin, oils), heating is usually used. Krasnyuk I.I. etc. Workshop on pharmaceutical technology: textbook. for stud. - M.: "Academy", 2007

Solutions in viscous solvents are filtered through a double layer of gauze, sometimes in the case of a high viscosity of the solution and if the properties of medicinal substances allow, a hot filtration funnel is used. Solutions in volatile solvents, if necessary, are quickly filtered through a dry cotton filter, covering the funnel with a watch glass.

Volatile solvents are used mainly in the composition of complex solvents as co-solvents or pharmacologically active components.

2.2 Standard solutions and their dilutions

Standard solutions are aqueous solutions of some medicinal substances of industrial production. These include:

Table 3

Solutions of hydrochloric acid

Solutions of hydrochloric acid of any concentration are made from dilute hydrochloric acid (8.2-8.4%), taking it as a unit (100%).

Diluted hydrochloric acid is also used to obtain a 10% (1:10) solution as an intra-pharmaceutical preparation (the acid concentration will be 0.82-0.84%). Order No. 308 dated 10/21/97 "On approval of instructions for manufacturing in pharmacies ZhLF"

Rp.: Acidi hydrochlorici diluti 4 ml

Pepsini 4,0 Aquae purificatae 150 ml

The total volume of the mixture is 154 ml. 114 ml of purified water and 40 ml of a solution of hydrochloric acid diluted 1:10 (or 150 ml of purified water and 4 ml of diluted hydrochloric acid 8.3%) are measured into a vial for dispensing. Dissolve 4 g of pepsin in acidified water. Hydrochloric acid with a concentration of 24.8-25.2% is dispensed only in cases where there is a corresponding indication in the prescription. Without further indication, hydrochloric acid with a concentration of 24.8-25.2% is used in the manufacture of solution 2 according to Demyanovich's prescription.

Rp.: Solutionis Acidi hydrochlorici 6% -100 ml

(Solution No. 2 according to Demyanovich)

The volume of the solution is 100 ml. 94 ml of purified water and 6 ml of hydrochloric acid 24.8-25.2% are measured into a vial for dispensing. In the absence of hydrochloric acid with a concentration of 24.8-25.2%, diluted hydrochloric acid with a concentration of 8.2-8.4% can be used, which should be taken 3 times more. 82 ml of purified water and 18 ml of diluted hydrochloric acid are measured into a vial for dispensing. Order No. 308 dated 10/21/97 "On approval of instructions for manufacturing in pharmacies ZhLF"

Solutions of ammonia and acetic acid

Solutions of ammonia and acetic acid are made based on the actual content of the drug in the standard solution. When calculating, use the dilution formula:

V 1 x C 1 V = , C

where: V is the volume of the standard solution, ml;

V 1 - the required volume of the produced solution, ml;

C 1 - the required concentration of the solution,%;

C is the concentration of the standard solution, %.

Solutions of aluminum acetate basic, potassium acetate, hydrogen peroxide, formaldehyde. medicinal solution medicine suspension

When performing calculations for diluting these standard solutions to the required concentration, it is taken into account under what (chemical or conditional) name the solution is prescribed in the prescription. If the solutions of these substances are written out under the chemical name (Table 1), the calculation is carried out taking into account their actual content in the standard solution, and if under the conditional name, then during the manufacture the standard solution is taken as a unit (100%). For the manufacture of diluted solutions of formaldehyde and hydrogen peroxide, it is allowed to use formalin with a formaldehyde content of less than 36.5% and a perhydrol solution with a hydrogen peroxide content of more than 30%.

In the calculations, the difference in concentrations is taken into account using the conversion factor (KF). The pharmacy received a solution with a formaldehyde concentration of 34%. Order No. 308 dated 10/21/97 "On approval of instructions for manufacturing in pharmacies ZhLF"

Rp.: Solutionis Formaldehydi 5% -200 ml

The solution is written out under the chemical name. The number of milliliters of formaldehyde standard solution (X) required for dilution is calculated by the formula, taking into account its actual (34%) content in the solution:

200 x 5 x = 29.4 ml 34

Purified water - 170.6 ml (220 - 29.4) ml

Rp.: Solutionis Formalini 5% - 200 ml

The solution was issued under the conditional name. In calculations, the standard solution is taken as a unit (100%). A standard formaldehyde solution (36.5-37.5%) should be taken in 10 ml and 190 ml of purified water. In the case of using a 34% formaldehyde solution, the CP value is 1.08 (37:34). The calculated amount of a standard 34% formaldehyde solution is multiplied by 1.08 (10 x 1.08), i.e. you should take 11 ml of this solution and 189 ml of purified water. The pharmacy received perhydrol with a hydrogen peroxide concentration of 40%.

Rp.: Solutionis Hydrogenii peroxydi 20% -100 ml

The solution is written out under the chemical name. The number of grams of perhydrol 40% (X) required for dilution is calculated by the formula:

20 x 100 x = 50 g 40

Weigh 50 g of perhydrol 40% and add purified water to obtain 100 ml of solution.

Rp.: Solutionis Perhydroli ex 20.0 -100 ml

The solution was issued under the conditional name. To make the prescribed solution, you should take 20 g of a standard solution of perhydrol and purified water up to 100 ml. In the manufacture of perhydrol 40% concentration of the latter should be taken less. The CP value is 0.75 (30:40), i.e. 15 g (20 x 0.75). Weigh 15 g of perhydrol 40% concentration and add purified water to 100 ml. When dosing perhydrol by volume, it is necessary to make calculations taking into account its density. Order No. 308 dated 10/21/97 "On approval of instructions for manufacturing in pharmacies ZhLF"

In the manufacture of an intra-pharmaceutical preparation of a 3% hydrogen peroxide solution, sodium benzoate stabilizer should be added in an amount of 0.05%.

If the concentration of the solution is not indicated in the prescription, then the solutions are released:

Hydrochloric acid diluted 8.3%

Hydrogen peroxide 3%

Acetic acid 30%

Ammonia 10%

Formaldehyde 37%

2.3 Concentrated solutions. Features of their manufacture

Concentrated solutions of medicinal substances (concentrates) are made in mass-volume concentration under aseptic conditions in freshly obtained purified sterile water. All auxiliary materials, as well as utensils for the manufacture and storage of concentrated solutions, must be pre-sterilized.

The volume of solutions can be significant, taking into account the need pharmacies (from 500 ml and more). The quality of solutions of preparations ready for dispensing from pharmacies . Concentrated solutions of narcotic, psychotropic, hypnotic and list A substances are not manufactured.

Concentrated solutions are prepared in an aseptic unit.

Special requirements apply to purified water. Purified water is used, freshly obtained, sterile, tested for the absence of chlorine ions, calcium, sulfate ions, reducing substances, ammonium salts, carbon dioxide with a pH of 5-7. Purified water is sterilized by the thermal method (saturated steam) at a temperature of 120 ± 2 0 C, the sterilization time depends on the sterilized volume. Muravyov I.A. Drug technology. M.: Medicine, 1980

Taking into account that concentrated solutions are made in concentrations much more than 3%, and the change in volume that occurs when a substance is dissolved does not fit into the allowable deviation, it should be taken into account in calculations and manufacture. If a concentrated solution is made in volumetric utensils, graduated "for pouring", the change in volume is automatically taken into account when dosing. In the absence of volumetric utensils, the volume of water is calculated taking into account the change in volume (using the RCF). For example, it is necessary to prepare 500 ml of a 50% glucose solution. The mass of anhydrous glucose required for the manufacture of 500 ml of solution is 250 g; taking into account the content of water of crystallization (10%):

(250.0*100)/(100-10)=277.77 g;

water volume:

500 - ?V KUO \u003d 500 ml - 277.77 * 0.69 ml / g \u003d 308.3 ml.

Deviation rate ±1% (i.e. no more than 5 ml).

First, the mass of 500 ml of a 50% solution is calculated, it is equal to: 500 * 1.186 = 593 g; then calculate the mass of purified water: 593-277.77=315.23 g; the volume of purified water can be taken equal to the mass at a water density of 1 g/ml. Some discrepancies in the calculations of the volume of water are close to the norm of permissible deviation. The concentration of the solution after manufacture is checked potentiometrically and adjusted if necessary. Muravyov I.A. Drug technology. M.: Medicine, 1980

2.4 Calculations when preparing solutions from standard and concentrated liquids

In the process of preparing solutions by diluting concentrates, quick and error-free calculations of the required amount of the initial concentrate and solvent combined into one solution should be carried out.

When calculating the dilution of concentrates, in which the concentration is indicated as the ratio of the amount solute to the amount of solution required amount dry matter is multiplied by the dilution value, i.e. to the second digit of the concentration ratio.

For example, if the required amount of dry soluble substance is 5 g, and the concentrated solution has a concentration of 1: 10, then the required amount of concentrate solution will be: 5 x 10 = 50 (ml).

If the concentration of the blank solution is indicated as the ratio of the solute to the solvent reduced to unity (for example, 1 + 3), then, by analogy with the previous case of a concentrated solution, it is necessary to take:

5 x (1 + 3) = 20 (ml).

If the concentration of the semi-finished solution is expressed as a percentage and is equal, for example, to 10%, then under the same conditions it must be taken: 5 x 100/10 = 50 (ml).

In pharmacy practice, it is very often necessary to determine the required amount of a stock solution by its concentration (in percent), the amount of solution to be prepared and its concentration (in percent), the amount of diluted solution to be prepared and its concentration (also in percent).

For example, there is an X% concentrated solution.

To determine the amount of this solution required to obtain A ml of a diluted solution with a concentration of Y% (let's denote it B), it is necessary to carry out the following calculations. Krasnyuk I.I. and other Technology of dosage forms: textbook. for university students - M .: "Academy", 2007

The amount of a solute in a concentrated solution is: X x B / 100, and in the resulting diluted solution - Y x A / 100. Since both quantities are equal, then, respectively:

X x B / 100 = Y x A / 100.

From here we express the volume of X% concentrated solution required to obtain A ml of Y% diluted solution:

B \u003d Y x A / X (ml).

And the amount of solvent necessary for diluting the workpiece, therefore, will be equal to A - B (ml).

Sometimes it is necessary to prepare solutions of a given concentration from two solutions (one with a higher and the other with a lower concentration). For example, there are two solutions with concentrations X and Y%. In order to determine in what ratio these solutions should be mixed in order to get C ml of a solution with a concentration of Z%, we carry out calculations. Denote the required amount X-percent solution through D, then a Y-% solution will require (C - D) ml. Considering the previous calculations, we get:

X x D + Y x (C - D) = Z x C.

Hence: D \u003d C x (Z - Y) / (X - Y) (ml).

Very convenient for diluting concentrated solutions is the use of the so-called mixing rule. Let's assume that from two solutions with concentrations X and Y% it is necessary to prepare a Z% solution. Determine in what ratio you need to mix the initial solutions. Let the desired values ​​be equal: A (X% solution) and B (Y% solution) ml. Krasnyuk I.I. and other Technology of dosage forms: textbook. for university students - M .: "Academy", 2007

Therefore, the amount of the prepared Z% solution should be equal to: (A + B) ml.

Then: X x A + Y x B = Z x (A + B),

or A / B \u003d (Z - Y) / (X - Z).

Equating the corresponding members of the relations, we have:

A \u003d Z - Y, B \u003d X - Z.

Example 1

Let us calculate in what proportions it is necessary to mix 35% and 15% solutions in order to obtain a 20% solution.

After completing the necessary calculations, we get that you need to mix 5 parts of a 35% solution and 15 parts of a 15% solution. As a result of mixing, 20 parts of a 20% solution will be obtained.

Example 2

Let us calculate in what proportions it is necessary to mix water, i.e. 0% solution, and 25% solution to get 10% solution. After the calculations, we get that you need to mix 10 parts of a 25% solution and 15 parts of water. As a result, 25 parts of a 10% solution will be obtained. Kondratieva T.S. Technology of dosage forms: a textbook in 2 volumes. Volume 1 - M.: Medicine, 1991

2.5 Technology for making potions

Medicines based on ready-made concentrated solutions. They are made in the same sequence as other solutions. Solutions for internal use, medicines of complex composition are classified as non-dose dosage forms, since they are released to the patient in the total volume, and the patient doses the drug on his own. They check by analogy with solutions of the dose of medicinal substances of list A and B.

On the reverse side of the written control passport, calculations are made of the total volume of the medicine, the volumes of concentrated solutions; volume of purified water.

Manufacturing. Concentrated solutions are measured directly into the dispensing vial. The use of concentrated solutions significantly speeds up the preparation process, since the stages of dissolution and filtration are excluded. The use of concentrated solutions ensures the standardization of the prepared preparation. Other liquid medicines are added to the aqueous solution in the following order:

Aqueous non-volatile and odorless liquids, miscible with water (for example, sugar syrup);

Aqueous volatile liquids;

Liquids containing ethanol, in order of increasing concentration in the liquid. Often the composition of the mixtures includes adonizide, containing in its composition an 18-20% ethanol solution, it is added after aqueous solutions, but before galenic and new galenic liquids with a higher ethanol content;

Volatile and odorous liquids are added to last turn.

It should be taken into account that in the last two cases (adding liquids containing ethanol, other solvents, volatile and odorous non-aqueous liquids), the formation of a microheterogeneous system is possible due to the deterioration of the solubility of substances (when changing the solvent). To ensure higher dispersion, they are added last in order of increasing ethanol concentration in the added liquid.

The bottle with the finished solution is sealed with a screw cap with a sealing gasket, labeled with the main label “Internal” and warning labels or inscriptions on the main one “Keep in a cool place”.

In the absence of a vial of light-protective glass, as an exception, you can release the medicine in a colorless vial with a warning inscription (label) "Keep in a place protected from light." Kondratieva T.S. Technology of dosage forms: a textbook in 2 volumes. Volume 1 - M.: Medicine, 1991

Quality control. The prepared mixture according to the above prescription is a homogeneous system (a true solution of low molecular weight substances), colorless clear liquid. The deviation in volume for a given mixture should not exceed ±1% (±2.1 ml).

Medicines based on ready-made concentrated solutions with the addition of solids. In pharmacy practice, there are cases when it is necessary to make medicines using concentrated solutions and dissolving solids, the concentrates of which are in pharmacy do not produce (narcotic, sleeping pills, analgin, antipyrine, novocaine, diphenhydramine, eufillin, etc.) or they are temporarily absent (glucose, magnesium sulfate, etc.). The volume of water for dissolving medicinal substances in these cases is calculated by subtracting from the total volume the volumes of all liquids prescribed in the prescription, the volumes of concentrated solutions used, as well as the magnitude of the change in volume that occurs when the medicinal substances are dissolved (if this change does not fit into the norm of permissible deviation ). Considering that List A substances and narcotic substances are prescribed in a prescription in a mass significantly less than 1.0 g, there is no FSC for these substances.

Manufacturing. Medicinal substances are dissolved in a measured volume of purified water. The dissolution of magnesium sulfate should be carried out in purified water before measuring concentrated solutions, using preliminary grinding to speed up the process.

After the dissolution of magnesium sulfate, a filtration step follows. You can filter through a cotton filter, washed with purified water.

Concentrated solutions are added in the sequence written out in the prescription, if the substances are included in common list. Kondratieva T.S. Technology of dosage forms: a textbook in 2 volumes. Volume 1 - M.: Medicine, 1991

The bottle is sealed with a plastic stopper with a screw cap, labeled. The design features of the label are described earlier. When choosing a vial for dispensing, one should take into account the need to store preparations containing sodium bromide in a container that protects from light. The bottle of light-protective glass should be labeled "Mixture" with the necessary warning labels.

Quality control. The medicine is a homogeneous transparent, colorless liquid. After manufacturing, the front side of the PPK is drawn up.

3. Suspensions

3.1 General characteristics

Suspension (suspensium) is a liquid dosage form, which is a dispersed system in which a solid substance is suspended in a liquid. Suspensions consist of a dispersion medium (water, vegetable oils, glycerin, etc.) and a dispersed phase (particles of solid medicinal substances that are practically insoluble in this liquid). Suspensions differ from colloidal solutions in large sizes of suspended particles (more than 0.1 microns). The diameter of the particles of the dispersed phase in the suspension is in the range of 0.1--100 microns. Depending on the size of the particles, thin (0.1-1 µm) and coarse (more than 1 µm) suspensions are distinguished.

Suspensions are formed if the substance does not dissolve in this medium (for example, magnesium oxide, zinc oxide are insoluble in water), is introduced in an amount exceeding its solubility limit (for example, hydrocortisone in a concentration above 0.2%) or when interacting substances, soluble separately, but forming insoluble compounds (for example, when benzylpenicillin is dissolved with a solution of novocaine, an insoluble novocaine salt benzylpenicillin). In addition, suspensions can also occur when changing the solvent, i.e. liquid medium (for example, when diluting alcohol solutions with water or vice versa). Assign suspensions for internal and external use; less often - intramuscularly or in the body cavity, i.e. into the abdominal or chest cavity. Magazine "Pharmacy", October 2007

In pharmaceutical practice, in the form of suspensions, substances for internal use are most often prescribed - suspension mixtures. Suspended particles are often components of lotions, potions, douches, rinses, drops, liniments, and the like. Pasty suspensions with a viscous dispersion medium (for example, with petroleum jelly) are widely used as ointments. Suspension, administered to the patient in the form of injections, increases the period of therapeutic action of the drug. In terms of effectiveness, suspensions occupy an intermediate position between solutions and fine powders.

To ensure a more accurate dosage of medicinal substances, it is necessary that the suspensions be stable during storage.

However, it was shown above that a characteristic feature of suspensions is their ability to sedimentation, the rate of which largely depends on the degree of particle dispersion, as well as on some other factors. Thus, the stability of the suspension suspension will be the greater, the smaller the particle size, the closer the densities of the dispersed phase and the dispersion medium will be, and the greater the viscosity of the dispersion medium. Magazine "Pharmacy", October 2007

3.2 Dispensing suspensions

When dispensing, vials with suspensions are labeled “Shake before use”. Some suspensions for external and internal use are produced by the pharmaceutical industry in finished form. At the same time, the doctor may not indicate the concentration of the suspension when prescribing the drug, except in cases where the suspension is produced in different concentrations. It should be remembered that it is impossible to prepare and dispense suspensions according to prescriptions, including insoluble toxic substances. Suspensions should be released freshly prepared in colorless transparent glass bottles so that it is easy to visually determine the results of shaking. The exception is drugs that decompose in the light; their suspensions are released in orange glass vials. Dispensing containers with suspensions must be tightly closed with a cork, otherwise, when shaking, the drug may leak out.

3.3 Quality control of suspensions

The main criterion for quality control of suspensions is the degree of dispersion of medicinal substances. To characterize the degree of dispersion, following methods analysis: microscopic, sedimentometric, filtration method, nephelometric (turbidity of the liquid layer), centrifugation method, weight, viscometric, etc. Journal "Pharmacy", October 2007

Conclusion

Liquid dosage forms (LDF) of pharmacies account for more than 60% of the total number of all drugs prepared in pharmacies .

The widespread use of ZhLF is due to a number of advantages over other dosage forms:

Due to the use of certain technological methods (dissolution, peptization, suspension or emulsification), a medicinal substance in any state of aggregation can be brought to the optimal degree of particle dispersion, dissolved or evenly distributed in a solvent, which is of great importance for providing a therapeutic effect of a medicinal substance on organism and confirmed by biopharmaceutical studies;

Liquid dosage forms are distinguished by a wide variety of composition and methods of application;

As part of the ZhLF, it is possible to reduce the irritating effect of certain medicinal substances (bromides, iodides, etc.);

These dosage forms are simple and convenient to use;

In ZLF, it is possible to mask the unpleasant taste and smell of medicinal substances, which is especially important in pediatric practice;

When taken orally, they are absorbed and act faster than solid dosage forms (powders, tablets, etc.), the effect of which is manifested after their dissolution in the body;

The emollient and enveloping effect of a number of medicinal substances is most fully manifested in the form of liquid medicines.

Thus, ZLF is a widely used dosage form today. Due to their advantages, liquid medicines have great prospects in the future when creating new medicines.

Bibliography

1. USSR State Pharmacopoeia 10th ed. M.: Medicine, 1968

2. USSR State Pharmacopoeia 11th ed. Issue. 1. M.: Medicine, 1987

3. USSR State Pharmacopoeia 11th ed. Issue. 2. M.: Medicine, 1990

4. Muravyov I.A. Technology of drugs. M.: Medicine, 1980

5. Orders and other normative documentation regulating the issues of technology and analysis of medicinal products manufactured in pharmacies .

6. Magazines "Pharmacy" for the last 2 years.

7. Krasnyuk I.I. and other Technology of dosage forms: textbook. for university students - M .: "Academy", 2007

8. Kondratieva T.S. Technology of dosage forms: a textbook in 2 volumes. Volume 1 - M.: Medicine, 1991

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Classification of dosage forms

Dosage forms- drugs that have certain physical and chemical properties and provide optimal therapeutic effect.

The following groups of classification of dosage forms can be distinguished:

I. Classification of dosage forms according to the state of aggregation.

II. Classification of dosage forms depending on the method of administration
neniya or method of dosing.

III. Classification of dosage forms depending on the method of administration
niya in the body.

I. Classification of dosage forms by state of aggregation

1. Solid.

2. Soft.

3. Liquid.

4. Gaseous.

/. Solid dosage forms

Pills - dosage form obtained by pressing or forming a medicinal product, medicinal mixtures and excipients.

Dragee- dosed dosage form of a rounded shape, obtained by repeated layering of drugs and excipients into granules.

Granules - homogeneous particles (grains, grains) of drugs round, cylindrical or irregular shape 0.2-0.3 mm in size.

Powders - dosage forms with flowability; There are powders simple (single-component) and complex (two or more components), divided into separate doses and undivided.

Fees- a mixture of several types of cut, crushed into coarse powder or whole medicinal raw materials of plants, sometimes with the addition of other medicines.

Capsules - dosed powdered, granular, sometimes liquid drugs, enclosed in a shell of gelatin, starch, and other biopolymers.

Spansula- capsules, in which the content is a certain number of granules or microcapsules.

Medicinal pencils (medical) - cylindrical sticks 4-8 mm thick and up to 10 cm long with a pointed or rounded end.

Medical films - dosage form in the form of a polymer film.

2. Soft dosage forms

Ointments - dosage forms of soft consistency for external use. Depending on the consistency properties, ointments, pastes, creams, gels and liniments are distinguished.

plasters- a dosage form for external use in the form of a plastic mass, which, after softening at body temperature, adheres to the skin; patches are applied to a flat surface of the body.

Suppositories (candles)- solid at room temperature and melting at body temperature dosage forms intended for administration into body cavities (rectal, vaginal suppositories); suppositories may be in the form of a ball, cone, cylinder, cigar, etc.

Pills - dosage form in the form of a ball weighing from 0.1 to 0.5 g, prepared from a > homogeneous plastic mass containing drugs and excipients; a pill weighing more than 0.5 g is called a bolus.

3. Liquid dosage forms

Solutions - dosage forms obtained by dissolving one or more drugs.

Suspensions (suspensions)- systems in which a solid is suspended in a liquid and the particle size ranges from 0.1 to 10 microns.

emulsions- dosage forms formed by liquids insoluble in each other.

Infusions and decoctions- aqueous extracts from medicinal plant materials or aqueous solutions of extracts.

Slime- dosage forms of high viscosity, A also prepared with the use of starch from an aqueous extract of vegetable raw materials.

Plasters liquid - when applied to the skin, it leaves an elastic film.

Syrups medicinal - solution of a medicinal substance in a thick sugar solution.

Tinctures- alcohol, water-alcohol or alcohol-ether transparent extracts from medicinal plant materials, obtained without heating and removing extracts.

Extracts - concentrated extracts from medicinal plant materials; distinguish liquid, thick, dry, etc.

4. Gaseous dosage forms

Aerosol- dosage form in a special package in which solid or liquid drugs are in a gas or gaseous substance.

II. Classification of dosage forms depending on from way
application or dosing method

2. Potions.

3. Tablets.

4. Gadgets.

5. Poultices.

6. Washing.

8. Powders.

9. Rinsing.

Drops - liquid dosage forms intended to be taken in the form of drops enterally or externally: in the eyes, ears, etc.

potions- liquid dosage forms for internal use, dosed with a tablespoon, dessert or teaspoon.

Some dosage forms are called rinses, lotions, poultices, washes, powders, powders.

III. Classification medicinal forms depending on from way
introduction into the body

1. Enteral.

2. Parenteral.

Enteral - forms introduced into the body through the gastrointestinal tract (through the mouth, rectum).

Parenteral - forms administered bypassing the gastrointestinal tract, by applying to the skin and mucous membranes of the body; by injection into the vascular bed (artery, vein), under the skin or muscle; through inhalation, inhalation, etc.

Dosage forms can be dosed(divided) when the dose of the medicinal product is given at one time; And underdosed(undivided), in which the drug is prescribed in a total amount for all doses.

Linimenta - Linimenta

(Liniment- them. p. units hours - Linimentum; genus. p. units hours - Lininenti; abbr.-lin.)

Liniments - dosage form for external use. There are emulsion liniment and liniment for topical application. Liniments are produced ready-made by the industry. They are written in abbreviated form.

Dispensing example official liniment for outdoor use Write out 5 ml of 5% liniment cycloferon (Cycloferon) for topical use (in vials).

Rp.: Linimenti Cycloferoni 5% 5 ml D. t. d. No. 10

S. To perform intravaginal or intraurethral installations, 5 ml daily for 10-14 days.

Trunk liniments are prescribed in deployed form. After indicating the ingredients of the liniment and their quantity, write M. f. linimentum (Misce ut fiat linimentum - mix to form linimentum) and D.S.

An example of writing out the main liniment

Write out 60 ml of liniment, consisting of equal amounts of purified turpentine oil (Oleum Terebinthinae rectificatum), chloroform (Chloroformium) and methyl salicylate (Methylii salicylas). Assign for rubbing into the area of ​​the affected joint.

Rp.: Olei Terebinthinae rectificati

Methylii salicylatis ana 20 ml

M.f. linimentum

D.S. For rubbing into the area of ​​the affected joint.

An example of writing out a liniment in an abbreviated form

Write out 25 g of 5% synthomycin liniment (Synthomycinum) for external use.

Rp.: Linimenti Synthomycini 5% 25.0

S. Outdoor. For treatment festering wounds.

3.3. Gels- Gel

(Gels (jelly) - not skl.- gel)

Gels(jelly)- it is a soft non-dose dosage form mainly for external use (as well as for enteral and parenteral administration), having a jelly-like translucent consistency. They are a solution of medicinal substances on a jelly-like basis (as constituens). Gel is a common modern dosage form. Currently, the following types of gel are produced: for external use, for skin and hair care, for application to the skin of the eyelids, for dry skin, for gums, tooth gel, for the treatment of the oral cavity, for the nose (nasal), eye gel, for intravaginal, intracervical and intraurethral administration, rectal, gel with liposomes, lipogel, sterile gel, gel for intradermal injections, gel for oral suspension and oral administration, transdermal, rodenticide gel, insecticidal gel.

The gel is made only in the factory, so the recipe is issued only in an abbreviated form. The prescription indicates medicinal

form, gel name, concentration, quantity. The prescription is concluded with instructions on the rules for taking the medicine (D.S.).

Example of prescribing gels (.jelly)

Write out 5.0 g of 20% gel "Solcoseryl" ("Solcoseryl"). Assign for the treatment of dystrophic keratitis.

Rp.: Gel "Soicoseryl" 20% - 5.0

D.S. Eye gel. Apply to the damaged surface 1-2 times a day.

Pasta

(Pasta - them. p. units hours - pasta; genus. p. units hours - pastae; abbr. - Past.)

Pastes - varieties of ointments containing powdered substances of at least 25% and not more than 60%.

Pastes longer than ointments held in place by the application. Thanks to more content powdered substances of the paste have adsorbing and drying properties. There are the following types of pastes: for topical use, for preparing a solution for external use, for teeth and gums, for preparing an oral solution and ingestion, gel-like, electrically conductive, insecticidal and rodenticide.

Fat bases for pastes are the same formative substances as for ointments: Vaselinum, Lanolinum, Adeps suillus depuratus, unguentum Glyc-erini, unguentum Naphthalani. If the powdered medicinal substances in the paste are less than 25%, then it is necessary to add indifferent, powders - Amylum, Talcum, Zinci oxydum, Bolus alba (white clay). As fillers can be used: wheat starch (Amylum Tritici), corn starch (Amylum Maydis), potato starch (Amylum Solani), rice starch (Amylum Oryzae), talc (magnesium salt of silicic acid) (Talcum), white clay (kaolin ) (Bolus alba).

Pastes are among the non-dosed dosage forms, so they are prescribed in total. Trunk pastes are prescribed only in expanded form listing all ingredients and quantities. After the word Recipe list the name of all the ingredients, their masses in grams. This is followed by an indication to the pharmacist: Misce fiat pasta (M. f. pasta), issue, designate (D. S.) and method of application.

An example of writing out pasta in expanded form

Write out 100.0 g of paste with 5% content of resorcinol (Resorcinum). For application to affected areas of the skin.

Rp.: Resorcini 5.0

Vaselli ad 100.0

When prescribing a paste in an abbreviated way, after the Recipe write the name of the dosage form (Pastae), then the name of the medicinal substance, its percentage And total mass pastes. Then - issue, designate (D. S.) and method of application.

The pasta recipe written above can be presented abbreviated way:

Rp.: Pastae Resorcini 5% 100.0

D.S. Apply to the affected areas of the skin.

Dental paste is used for injection into the tooth cavity, and it must be of a thicker consistency (at least 75% of powdered substances) so that it can be tightly stuffed into narrow dental canals. Glycerin (Glycerinum) is used as the base in dental pastes. It is added drop by drop, and the recipe says "quantum satis" (q. s.).

An example of a main recipe for dental paste

Prescribe a dental paste containing tricresol (Tricresolum) and formalin (Formalinum).

Rp.: Tricresoli 4.0

D.S. Insert into the tooth cavity.

An example of writing out an official paste with commercial name

Write out pastes of dental adhesive Solcoseryl (Solcoseryl dental adhesive) 5 g in a tube. Assign for the treatment of gingivitis.

Rp.: Pasta "Solcoseryl dental adhesive" 5.0

D.S. The affected area of ​​the oral mucosa is pre-dried with cotton or gauze swab, then a strip of paste about 0.5 cm long is applied, without rubbing, in a thin layer and slightly moistened with a fingertip or cotton swab wetted with water. The procedure is repeated 3-5 times / day after meals and at bedtime. For a course of treatment, 5 g of the drug (1 tube) is recommended.

3.5. Creams- Cremores

(Cream - them. p. units hours - Cremorum; genus. p. units hours - Cremoris)

Creams- These are semi-liquid forms, less viscous than ointments, which are a combination of water, oils, fats and medicinal substances. Unlike ointments, they have a less protective function, but are better absorbed by the skin and, therefore, are more attractive to patients.

Cream prescribing example

Write out 30 g of 0.05% Betamethasone cream (Betametasone). For outdoor use.

Rp.: Cremoris Betametasoni 0.05% 30.0

D.S. Apply to the affected areas of the skin.

3.6. suppositories- Suppository

(Suppository - them. p. units hours - Suppository; wines p. units hours - Suppository; wines n. pl. hours - Suppositories; abbr. - Supp.)

suppositories- soft (solid at room temperature) dosage form, consisting of a base and medicinal substances, melting or dissolving at body temperature. Suppositories are intended mainly for rectal and vaginal administration.

There are the following suppositories:

1) Rectal suppositories(suppositoria rectalia) - cone or cylinder with sharp
end, their mass ranges from 1.1 to 4.0 g (in pediatric practice
ke - 0.5-1.5 g). The maximum diameter is 1.5 cm. If the weight is not specified in the recipe
on, then they are made with a mass of 3.0 g.

2) Vaginal suppositories(suppositoria vaginalia) - can be spherical in shape
ric (balls - globuli), ovoid (ovuli - ovula), or in the form of a flat
th body with a rounded end (pessaries - pessaria). Mass of vaginal soup
positories - from 1.5 to 6.0 g, by default they are made with a mass of 4.0 g.

3) sticks(bacilli) - intended for introduction into the urethra
canal (urethral suppositories), cervix, fistulous passages, etc.
Currently, this dosage form is rarely used.

Suppositories consist of medicinal substances and a base. As constituens for the preparation of suppositories, substances of a dense consistency are used that melt at body temperature, do not have irritating properties, are poorly absorbed through the mucous membranes, and do not enter into chemical interaction with medicinal substances. These properties in most have cocoa butter (oleum Cacao), butyrole (Butyrolum), gelatin-glycerin (massa gelatinosa) synthetic mass - polyethylene oxide (polyaethylenoxydum) or esilon-aerosil mass.

Rectal suppositories are widely used. From the rectum, medicinal substances are absorbed faster than when applied through the mouth (per os), they are not affected by digestive tract enzymes. Suppositories can be prescribed in two ways. When prescribing in expanded form, after the Recipe, indicate the name of the medicinal substance, the dose for 1 dose, the forming substance (constituens) and its mass. In praescriptio, they note - mix to form a suppository (M. f. supp. rectale or vagi-nale), then indicate how many candles should be given out (D. t. d. N.) and in the signature the method of application.

An example of prescribing a suppository in expanded form

Rp.: Trichomonacidi 0.05

About lei Cacao 4.0

M. f. supp. vaginale

S. 1 suppository in the vagina 2 times a day (morning and

in the evening), after removing the packaging.

Most suppositories are produced ready-made and prescribed using an abbreviated prescription form. The prescription begins with an indication of the dosage form - Suppositorium (suppository ... - wine. p. units. h.). Further, after the preposition cum (s), the name of the medicinal substance (in TV units) and its dose follow. The prescription ends with the prescription - D. t. d. N... and signature.

An example of prescribing a suppository in an abbreviated form

Write out 10 official suppositories containing 0.2 theophyllin (Theophyllinum). Assign 1 suppository 2 times a day.

Rp.: Suppositorium cum Theophyllino 0.2

S. Apply rectally 1 suppository 2 times a day.

When prescribing official suppositories of complex composition with commercial name ("Anuzol", "Betiol", "Cefekon", etc.), the prescription is limited to indicating the dosage form in wines. n. pl. hours (Suppositoria), the name of the drug and the number of suppositories. Doses of medicinal substances in such a recipe are not given.

An example of prescribing a suppository under a commercial name

Write out 10 suppositories "Proctosedyl" ("Proctosedyl"). Assign 1 suppository 2 times a day.

Rp.: Suppositoria "Proctosedyl" N. 10

D.S. Apply rectally 1 suppository 2 times a day for the treatment of hemorrhoids.

When prescribing suppositories in deployed form in the recipe, it is permissible not to indicate the amount of the base, but write q. s. (quantum satis - as needed).

Recipe Example

Write out 6 rectal suppositories containing 0.02 Promedol (Promedolum). Assign 1 suppository for pain.

Rp.: Promedoli 0.02

Olei Cacao q. s.

M.f. suppository rectal

S. 1 suppository for pain.

An example of writing out a ball

Write out 50 balls with econazole cream 150 mg - "Gyno-Pevaril" ("Gyno-Pevaryl"). For topical use.

Rp.: Globuli "Gyno-Pevaryl" 0.15

S. The drug is injected deep into the vagina 1 time per day (before going to bed).

3.7. plasters- Emplastra

(Patch - them. p. units hours - Emplastrum; genus. p. units hours - Emplastri: abbr. - Empl.)

Adhesives - dosage form for external use in the form of a plastic mass, which has the ability to soften at body temperature and adhere to the skin, or in the form of the same mass on a flat carrier.

Depending on the medical purpose distinguish patches:

- epidermal: have the necessary stickiness and may not
hold medicinal substances, apply as a dressing mat
rial, bringing the edges of wounds together, hiding skin defects, protecting it from
traumatizing environmental factors, in the treatment of certain skin
diseases;

- ender.matic: contain medicinal substances
(keratolytic, depilatory, etc.);

- diadermal: contain medicinal substances that penetrate through
skin, affecting deep-lying tissues or general (resorptive
vigilant) action. A variety of diadermal patches are
traisdermal therapeutic systems - TTS (see below).

According to the state of aggregation, plasters can be solid and liquid.

Hard plasters They are firm at room temperature and soften at body temperature. Distinguish between smeared and non-smeared hard plasters: the first are smeared on the fabric, the second - in the form of conical or cylindrical blocks. When prescribing smeared plasters, it is necessary to indicate their dimensions.

Liquid patches (skin adhesives) - volatile liquids that leave a film on the skin after evaporation of the solvent. Produced in bottles, bottles, in the form of aerosols.

Dispensing example plaster

Write out a pepper patch. Prescribe for pain.

Rep.: Empl. Capsici 10 x 18 cm

D. S. Degrease the skin in the area of ​​greatest soreness, dry

wipe and apply the patch with the adhesive side. If there is no strong

irritation, leave for 2 days.

Solutions - Solutions

(solution - them. p. units hours - Solutio; genus. p. units hours - solutions; abbr.-Sol.)

Solution- a liquid dosage form obtained by diluting liquid and dissolving solid or gaseous substances in an appropriate solvent. Solutions are a universal dosage form, as they can be applied externally, administered parenterally and taken orally. The undoubted advantage of solutions is that the effect of the drug administered in liquid form occurs faster, and the effect of the drug is the most complete.

The solution consists of the main active substance (basis) and the solvent (constituens). A simple solution contains one dissolved preparation, a complex solution contains several ingredients. As solvents, distilled water (aqua destillata) is most often used, as well as ethyl alcohol (spiritus aethylicus 70%, 90%, 95%), glycerin (Glycerinum), various liquid oils, for example, almond oil (oleum Amygdalarum), peach ( oleum Persicorum), sunflower (oleum Helianthi), vaseline (oleum Vaselinum), etc. Accordingly, aqueous, alcohol, glycerin and oil solutions are isolated. There are also true and colloidal solutions; true should always be transparent, should not contain suspensions and sediment.

Mucus - Mucilagines

(Mucilago - singular number, im. case; mucilaginis - singular number, genus case)

Slime are dispersed systems in which the smallest particles of mucous substances, which are hydrophilic colloids, form stable complexes with water. Mucus is obtained by treating mucous substances with water. plant origin. Examples are: starch slime (Mucilago Amyli), flaxseed slime (Mucilago seminum Lini), marshmallow root slime (Mucilago radicis Althaeae), etc.

Mucus is used more often as corrigens with irritants in potions or enemas.

Mucus mixtures are added in an amount of 10-30%, to enemas - up to 50% of the total volume. All slimes are official. When they are written out, only the name and the total amount in ml are indicated.

Example of mucus discharge

Write out 100 ml of a medicinal enema solution containing chloral hydrate (Chlorali hydras) 1.5 g and starch mucus (Mucilago Amyli) equally with water. Assign for one enema after cleansing enema.

Rp.: Chlorali hydratis 2.0

Mucil. Amily Aq. destill aa ad 50 ml

M.D.S. For one medicated enema after cleansing enema.

4.6. Enemas- Enemata

Enemas- these are solutions for introduction into the rectum, which are used as cleansing, nutritional and therapeutic enemas, as well as X-ray contrast agents for fluoroscopy of the colon.

An example of an enema

Write out 60 ml of mesalazine suspension (Mesalazine) for rectal administration.

Rp.: Suspensions Mesalazini 60 ml

D.t. d. N. 10 in enematis

S. 60 ml into the rectum every other day at bedtime after a preliminary bowel cleansing. There are 10 procedures per course.

Balms - Balsama

Balms - aromatic liquids obtained from plants. They contain organic nitrogen-free substances, essential oils and some other compounds. Balms have antiseptic and deodorizing (eliminating unpleasant odor) properties, have a local irritant effect, promote sputum separation (expectorant action), increase urination.

Today, balms are not only products derived from plants, but also combinations of alcohols, essential oils, terpenes and other substances, as well as synthetic compounds, for example, Vinilinum seu Balsamum Schosta-kowsky. In the latter case, the "balm" has figurative meaning- "healing agent". There are balms for internal use, for external use, sports balm, conditioner balm and shampoo balm.

An example of prescribing a balm

Write out 50 g of Dr. Theiss cough balm. Rp.: Balsami contra pertussim "Dr. Theiss" 50.0

D.S. For children, lubricate the skin of the chest and back several times a day (especially at night), then cover the lubricated area with a scarf (woolen or flannel) and keep the chest and back warm.

Lotions - Lotiones

Lotions - These are liquid preparations for application to the skin. Usually contain cooling or antiseptic substances. Lotions can be compared to creams, but contain more liquid and can be applied to a larger area of ​​the body. Some lotions are prepared specifically for washing the eyes, ears, nose, and throat.

Lotion prescribing example

Write out 20 ml of 0.1% Mometasone lotion (Mometasone) in a polyethylene dropper bottle. A remedy for the treatment of atopic dermatitis.

Rp.: Lotionis Mometasoni 0.1% -20 ml

D.S. External agent in a dropper bottle (shake before use). The lotion is applied to the affected areas of the scalp once a day and rubbed with gentle movements until completely absorbed.

Chapter 5 RULES FOR PRESCRIBING MEDICINES IN SOLID DOSAGE FORMS

Powders - Pulveres

(Powder - them. p. units hours - Pulvis; genus. p. units hours - pulveris; abbr.- Pulv.)

Powder- a solid dosage form for internal and external use, obtained by grinding and mixing bulk medicinal substances (one or more). Powders are the oldest dosage form, used as far back as 2500-3000 years BC. e., which has not lost its relevance to the present day.

When grinding medicinal substances, their adsorption activity and solubility increase. In the state of powder, drugs have a high therapeutic activity, since as the particles are dispersed, the absorption of soluble and especially difficult to dissolve medicinal substances is facilitated and accelerated.

Insoluble substances ( Activated carbon, bismuth nitrate, white clay, talc, etc.) in a state of high dispersion to the maximum extent show their adsorbing, enveloping and antiseptic effect. Powders are easy to take, easy and accurate dosed, easy to prepare.

Disadvantages of powders - as a result of an increase in the specific surface of the medicinal substance due to grinding, powders easily lose crystallized water if they are prone to weathering, or quickly become damp if they are hygroscopic. The adverse effects of carbon dioxide, oxygen, moisture, and light are increasing. Powders can also acquire a foreign odor by adsorbing vapors of volatile substances. All these shortcomings can

avoid with proper storage of both the original ingredients and And the powders themselves.

Distinguish simple powders (pulveres simplices) consisting of one substance, and complex (pulveres compositi), consisting of two or more ingredients. There are also powders bleached into single doses (pulveres divisi) and powders undivided(pulveres indivisi). In addition, the following types of powders are distinguished according to the degree of grinding: coarse powder (pulvis grossus), fine powder (pulvis subtilis), the smallest powder (pulvis subtilis- simus).

Pulvis subtilis is a standard powder for medicines taken by mouth. Pulvis subtilissimus is used mainly for application to a wound or mucous membrane. The smallest powder topical application does not cause mechanical irritation, has a large adsorbing surface. Powders applied externally are called powders (aspersiones).

Undivided powders are prescribed and dispensed with a total weight of 5 to 100 g and are dosed as directed by the doctor to the patient himself. In undivided powders, substances that are not potent are prescribed, which do not require an exact dosage. Undivided powders are used more often externally - on the skin and mucous membranes, less often - for internal use. When writing out an undivided powder, indicate the name of the substance, its total mass, and then write the signature.

1. Prescription of a simple undivided powder for external and internal use.

Recipe Examples

Write out 30.0 g of the smallest powder of streptocidum (Streptocidum) for powdering the wound.

Rp.: Streptocidi subtilissimi 30.0

D.S. For powdering the wound.

Write out 50 g of magnesium oxide (Magnesii oxydum). Take orally 1/2 teaspoon 3 times a day after meals.

Rp.: Magnesii oxydi 50.0

D.S. Take 1/2 teaspoon orally 3 times a day after meals.

Separated powders in a separate package contain the exact dose at a time. They are prescribed for internal use in the amount of 3, 6, 10, 12 pieces.

The mass of the dosed powder must be at least 0.1 g and not more than 1 g, the average mass of the divided powder is from 0.3 g to 0.5 g. For vegetable powders, the minimum weight is allowed 0.05 g. medicinal substance, its dose at one time, and in the instructions to the pharmacist, the inscription Da tales doses numero (D. t. d. N.) must be followed, i.e. how many powders should be given to the patient. Prescribing powders vegetable Origins begin with the word Pulveris, followed by the part of the plant, its name and dosage.

2. Prescription of a simple divided powder
Recipe Example

Write out 10 powders of rhubarb root (radix Rhei) 0.5 g each. Assign 1 powder at night.

Rp.: Pulveris radicis Rhei 0.5

S. 1 powder at night.

Complex Powders(pulveres compositi) consist of two or more ingredients. When prescribing complex undivided powders, after Recipe (Rp.), all medicinal substances and their masses are listed. Be sure to indicate the form and method of preparation with the words Misce ut fiat pulvis (M. f. pulv.) - mix to form a powder. Then the signature is written from a new line. When prescribing in undivided powders substances that cannot be used in pure form (per se), but only in a certain concentration, it is necessary to add a formative substance (remedium constituens). In non-dosed powders for external use (powders), the following indifferent compounds can be shaping substances: sugar (Saccharus), starch (Amylum), talc - magnesium salt of silicic acid (Talcum), white clay - kaolin (Bolus alba), moss spores (Lycopodium).

3. Prescription of complex undivided powder
Write out Zhitnyuk's powder. For the treatment of bedsores.

Rp.: Acidi borici 5.0

Streptocidi 20.0

A complex undivided powder (powder - aspersio, aspers.), Consisting of only two ingredients, can be written out not only in expanded, but also in an abbreviated way.

Write out 50 g of powder containing 2% boric acid(Acidum boricum). Assign for sprinkling the affected areas of the skin:

Rp.: Aspersionis Acidi borici 2% 50.0

D.S. Sprinkle on the affected areas of the skin.

When prescribing divided complex powders, a detailed prescription is used: a single dose of each drug is indicated, the method of preparation (M. f. pulvis) and the number of powders that must be given to the patient.

4. Prescribing complex divided powder
Recipe Example

Write out 10 powders containing 0.015 g of codeine phosphate (Codeini phosphas) ​​and 0.3 g of sodium bicarbonate (Natrii hydrocarbonas). Assign 1 powder 3 times a day.

Rp.: Codeini phosphatis 0.015

Natrii hydrocarbonatis 0.3

When prescribing drugs, the dose of which less 0.1 g, to increase the mass of the powder, the addition of forming substances (constituents) is necessary. Constituents are added in a mass of 0.2-0.5 g (usually in the amount of 0.3 g). The following are used as forming substances in separated powders for internal use: sugar (Saccharum), glucose (Glu-cosum), licorice root powder (Pulvis Glycyrrhizae), etc.

Recipe Example

Write out 10 powders containing 0.02 g of papaverine hydrochloride (Papaverini hydrochloridum) and 0.003 g of platyphyllin hydrotartrate (Platyphyllini hydrotartras). Assign 1 powder 2 times a day.

Rp.: Papaverini hydrochloridi 0.02

Platyphyllini hydrotartratis 0.003

S. 1 powder 2 times a day.

Separated powders are packaged and dispensed from the pharmacy in plain paper. If the powders contain volatile or odorous substances, they are released in parchment paper (charta pergaminata), and hygroscopic or weathering (volatile) substances - in waxed (charta cerata) or waxed (charta "paraffinata) paper. Recipe Example

Write out in wax paper 10 powders containing 0.25 g of grated camphor (Camphora tritae). Assign 1 powder 3 times a day.

Rp.: Camphorae tritae 0.25

D.t. d. N.10 in charta cerata

S. 1 powder 3 times daily.

Granules-Granule

Granules - solid dosage form in the form of homogeneous particles (grains, grains) of round, cylindrical or irregular shape, intended for internal use. In medical practice, granules are used: homeopathic, soluble, for resorption, for application to the wound surface, granules for preparation, for oral administration, effervescent, coated, microgranules.

The composition of the granules includes medicinal and excipients. Sugar can be used as excipients, milk sugar, sodium bicarbonate. The size of the granules is 0.2-3.0 mm. They must be uniform in color. Granules are prepared in a factory way. This is always the official dosage form. When writing out a prescription, the name of the dosage form, the name of the drug and the total weight are indicated.

Prescribing examples of granular drugs

Write out 10 sachets of acetylcysteine ​​in 200 mg granules. To prepare a hot drink.

Rp.: Granularum Acetylcysteini 0.2

S. To prepare a hot drink. Expectorant.

Write out granular aminosalicylic acid in packages of 4 g. Assign inside 1 package 3 times a day.

Rp.: Gran. Acid amino salicylici 4.0

S. Adults take 1 sachet (4 g) 3 times daily as a granule.

5.3. Medicinal fees- Species

Medicinal herbal raw materials - It is a substance of plant origin from which medicines are made. Medicinal raw materials must be approved for use by the Pharmacological Committee of the Ministry of Health of Russia. Preparations made from medicinal plant materials by simple processing (drying, grinding) are called simple. Among them gathering and tea- solid dosage forms, consisting of crushed or whole medicinal plant materials (leaves, herbs, flowers, roots, seeds, etc.), sometimes with the addition of salts of essential oils, etc.

Fees are intended for the manufacture of infusions and decoctions used internally. Sometimes they are prescribed externally in the form of rinses, poultices, baths, for smoking. Types of fees: herbal, collection-briquette, collection-powder, collection-raw materials, collection-raw materials crushed. Fees - undosed dosage form. They are prescribed with a mass of 50-200 g. When writing a prescription after Rp. write the name of the dosage form, the name of the collection and the total weight in g. Next - issue, designate (D. S.) and method of application.

Examples of issuing fees

Write out 100 g of breast collection No. 2 (Pectorales species No. 2). Assign for oral administration.

Rp.: Specierum Pectorales 100.0

D.S. Pour one tablespoon with a glass of boiling water, leave for 20 minutes, strain. Take 0.5 cup 2-3 times a day after meals.

Write out herbal tea "Bronchicum" ("Bronchicum"). For oral administration, 1 cup of tea 3 times a day.

Rp.: "Bronchicum" N. 1

D.S. Inside, 1 cup of tea 3 times a day. One teaspoon of tea is placed in a cup, poured hot water and stir, after which the tea is ready to drink.

5.4. Pills- tabulettae

(Tablet-km.p.u.h.-tabuletta; wines p.s.h.- Tabulettam; wines n. pl. h.- Tabulettas; me. n. pl. h.-tabulettis; abbr.-Tab.)

Tablet - solid dosage form obtained by compressing medicinal substances or a mixture of medicinal and excipients. Tablets are prepared in a factory way. They can be effervescent, soluble or coated (tabulettae obductae). Used to coat tablets wheat flour, starch, sugar, cocoa, edible varnishes, etc. In some cases, tablets for children are produced.

Introduction

Pharmacology- fundamental biomedical science of medicinal substances and their effects on the body. Pharmacology studies the effect of drugs used for the treatment and prevention of various diseases and pathological conditions, and one of the most important tasks pharmacology - the search for new effective drugs.

This discipline serves theoretical basis pharmacotherapy and the foundation for the study of clinical disciplines: therapy, pediatrics, surgery, etc. Knowledge in the field of pharmacology is necessary for all future medical specialists.

Successful assimilation of the material in this discipline largely depends on the optimization educational process. It is for this purpose that a workbook has been developed that will allow you to systematize the information received on theoretical classes, deepen and consolidate knowledge, cover a wide range of logical, interdisciplinary and intra-subject relationships.

Dear students!

The workbook brought to your attention is a didactic addition to textbooks and a lecture course on pharmacology.

At the discretion and instruction of the teacher, tasks are performed in writing or orally, in the classroom or at home, used for control, self-control or learning. Free place, blank pages in a workbook are designed to complete assignments, solve problems.

The main purpose of creating this workbook was the desire of the author to facilitate your work and increase its efficiency.

Good luck with your studies!

TOPIC: “Soft and hard dosage forms”, “Liquid dosage forms. Dosage forms for injections»

Date of______________

Practice No. ____________

Solid dosage forms

Prescription Rules

Pills

Powders in capsules

Soft dosage forms

Official, having a commercial (company) name

Task number 1.

Solve the crossword. Give answers to Latin.

Vertically:

1. Union "to".

9. The case in which medicinal substances are prescribed in the prescription.

15. Cocoa is used as the basis for making candles.

16. Equally.

17. Dosage dosage form, melting at body temperature.

18. The preposition "from", which is used when prescribing infusions and decoctions.

19. Sterilize.

20. Remembrance.

21. Alcohol extract from medicinal plant materials.

22. Preposition "to".

23. Soft dosage form with stickiness.

25. Solid dosage form for external and internal use, obtained by pressing.

26. Designate.

27. Liquid dosage form formed by mutually insoluble or poorly soluble liquids in each other.

28. The solution can be water, alcohol and ...

Horizontally:

1. Dosage form for external use of a soft consistency.

2. A mixture of liquid or liquid and solid medicinal substances.

3. Solid dosage form with the property of flowability.

4. Aqueous extraction from hard parts of plants.

5. The soft part of the plant.

6. Pasty thick ointment containing more than 25% powdered

7. Aqueous extraction from the soft parts of plants.

8. Strip.

9. Approximate measure of dosing liquid dosage forms, depending on the surface tension of the liquid, from the opening of the pipette.

10. Take it.

11. Dosage form consisting of a solvent and medicinal substances.

12. Blend.

14. Liquid dosage form, consisting of a liquid and a suspension of medicinal substances that are insoluble in it.

Task 2.Writing the recipe.

Task 3.Define dosage form.

Pills………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Dragee…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Capsules …………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Powders………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Ointments…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Pastes………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Liniments……………………………………………………………………………………………………

Control questions:

1. What types of forms are used for prescribing drugs and the necessary points in their execution (what seals and signatures should they have)?

2. Acceptable common prescription abbreviations (dosage forms and special prescription expressions).

3. Modern solid dosage forms, rules for their administration, their positive characteristics.

4. Which tablets cannot be divided, crushed and why?

5. Which tablets need to be crushed and why?

Liquid dosage forms

Recipe Samples

Dosage forms for injection

Task number 1.Fill in the table.

Task 2. Give a definition.

Solution………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Emulsion……………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Suspension…………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Decoction…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Infusion…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Solutions for injection……………………………………………………………………………………...

Task 3.Write out a prescription, arrange in the form of a table.

Task 4. Insert missing words.

DOSAGE FORMS FOR INJECTION INCLUDES …………. and …………..solutions made both in………and in …………….according to the main prescriptions.

TOPIC "MAIN ISSUES OF GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY"

Date of___________________

Practice #_________

Task number 1.

Solve the crossword

Horizontally:

1. A negative side effect on the fetus is called ... action.

2. Information about the mechanisms of action, therapeutic and side effects is being studied ...

3. With repeated administration of the drug into the body, weakening is possible therapeutic effect or...

4. The science of drugs is called ...

5. The action of a drug directly on an organ or some system of the body is called ... action.

6. Negative effect on the organ of hearing is called ... toxic effect.

7. The science that studies the dependence of the action of medicinal substances on the body on the manufacturing technology, on the nature of medicinal substances, on the nature of excipients, on the method of introducing the drug into the body, on the age of the patient, on the dosage form is called ...

8. The negative effect of the drug on the nervous system is called ... toxic.

9. The body's resistance to the action of a medicinal substance is called ...

10. If the medicinal substance affects the symptom of the disease, then there is ... treatment.

11. An action that develops as a consequence of a direct action is called ... action.

12. Water extraction from the solid parts of plants is called ...

Vertically:

1. A complex of pleasant sensations while taking drugs is called ...

4. The processes of absorption, distribution and transformation of medicinal substances in the body are studied ....

8. The negative effect of a medicinal substance on the kidneys is called ... toxic.

13. Against the background of abstinence from drugs, a person experiences a complex of sensations of a mental and physical nature, which is called ....

14. Harmful effect of a medicinal substance on protective systems organism is called ... toxic.

15. The synthesis of something in the body is called ...

16. The absorption of medicinal substances is called ...

17. In case of impaired liver and kidney function, ...

18. The harmful effect of a drug on the liver is called ... toxic.

19. A collection of mandatory national standards and regulations that regulate the quality of medicines is called ...

20. The totality of chemical reactions in the body is called ...

21. Diseases due to the fault of a medical worker are called ... diseases.

22. The influence of a medicinal substance on offspring, leading to deformities, is called ... gene action.

23. Water extraction from medicinal plant materials is called ...

24. Oil is used to make candles...

25. If the medicinal substance acts on the cause of the disease, then there is ... treatment.

Task number 2 Fill in the table.

Classification of dosage forms

Homework:

Get ready for the knowledge test on the listed concepts.

1. State Pharmacopoeia

2. Pharmacokinetics

3. Pharmacodynamics

4. Biotransformation, metabolism

5. Anabolism

6. Catabolism

7. Mechanism of action

8. Enteral routes of administration

9. Parenteral routes of administration

10. Resorption

11. Cumulation

12. Types of drug interaction with the body: local, resorptive, reflex

13. Types of drug action: main, side (hepatotoxic, nephrotoxic, immunotoxic, neurotoxic, ototoxic, fetotoxic or embryotoxic, teratogenic, ulcerogenic, carcinogenic), direct, indirect

14. Types of treatment: etiotropic, symptomatic, pathogenetic, combined, substitution therapy

15. Types of doses: single, higher single, daily, higher daily, course, shock, toxic, lethal

12. Breadth of therapeutic action

13. Hypersensitivity: idiosyncrasy, sensitization

14. Decreased sensitivity or resistance or tolerance

15. Tachyphylaxis or rapid addiction

16. Synergy

17. Antagonism

18. Addicted

19. Euphoria

20. Abstinence

21. Iatrogenic diseases

22. Addition

23. Concepts of medicinal substances from the groups "Venena" and "Heroica"

24. Elimination

Task 2.

Working solutions of antiseptics are obtained by diluting concentrates. Add the formula for calculating the amount of concentrated solution (matrix). Solution dilution formula.

Task 3Solve problems using the dilution formula.

1. Prepare from 10% ammonia solution 1 liter of its 0.5% solution.

2. Prepare from 50% solution calcium chloride 300 ml of 10% solution.

3. Prepare 250 ml of its 6% solution from 34% perhydrol.

4. Prepare 600 ml of 10% magnesium sulfate solution from a 25% solution.

5. Prepare 5 ml of a 0.5% novocaine solution from a 2% solution.

To solve problems, you need to answer the following questions:

a) how many ml of the matrix solution must be taken to obtain a diluted solution? Specify specifically the name of the matrix solution and its concentration.

b) how much to take ml. water to dilute the concentrate?

c) how many ml. what solution and what concentration will you receive?

Task 4. Write in Latin the names of the following antiseptics

Ammonia solution _______________________________________________

Ethanol____________________________________________________

Brilliant Green Solution

Iodine solution 5% alcohol ___________________________________________

Potassium permanganate solution

Hydrogen peroxide solution concentrated or perhydrol

A solution of salicylic acid 2% alcohol __________________________________________________________

Birch tar ___________________________________________________

Ichthyol ____________________________________________________________

Ethacridine lactate or rivanol

Silver nitrate _________________________________________________________

Copper sulfate _____________________________________________________________

Task 5.Fill in the tables. List the tools used:

Task 6.Fill in the table. List the tools used:

Task 7.Write prescriptions in Latin for the following drugs:

1. Alcohol solution of iodine

2. Furacilin solution for rinsing:

3. Furacilin tablets for solution preparation:

4. Alcohol solution of brilliant green:

5. Ethyl alcohol for injection site treatment:

6. Alcoholic solution of boric acid - drops in the ear:

7. Hydrogen peroxide solution for the treatment of purulent wounds:

Control questions.

1. Prepare for the knowledge test on the topic in accordance with the theoretical minimum

2. What are antiseptics?

3. What is disinfectants?

4. Differences between the group of antiseptics and chemotherapeutic agents.

5. Classification of antiseptics.

6. Preparations, synonyms, indications for use, routes of administration of antiseptics from the groups into the body:

a. halogens,

b. aromatic derivatives,

c. aliphatic derivatives,

d. dyes,

e. oxidizers,

f. acids, alkalis,

g. detergents,

h. heavy metal salts

7. To prepare working solutions of antiseptics (less concentrated) from matrix solutions (more concentrated - concentrates), it is necessary to make calculations according to the formula?

8. Types of antimicrobial action, action spectra of antimicrobial agents.

9. Mechanisms of bacteriostatic and bactericidal action.

Antibiotics

natural penicillins