What is a hypotonic solution? Hypertonic salt solution: description, indications for use, how to prepare

In this article: a description of a hypertonic solution, what it is, why the solution is called that, its types. The mechanism of action for various pathologies, how and when you can make the solution yourself and use it.

Article publication date: 04/07/2017

Article updated date: 05/29/2019

A hypertonic salt solution (sodium chloride) is a liquid with a concentration of the main substance above 0.9%. To understand where the name “hypertonic” comes from, it is necessary to understand the basics of the normal physiology of the cell and the substance surrounding it.

Liquid is the main part of the contents of the cell and the space surrounding it; all substances necessary to maintain normal function are dissolved in it. The exchange of contents occurs based on the difference in liquid pressure. Under physiological conditions, normal fluid pressure in cells and intercellular substance is maintained by sodium chloride ions at a concentration of 0.9%, the same percentage in human blood plasma. If the amount of substance inside and outside the cell is equal, there is no transition of ions; when it changes, the ions move in the direction with a lower concentration, maintaining equilibrium. Thus, a 0.9% solution of sodium chloride or salt is called physiological or isotonic (relative to blood plasma), and any solution of higher concentration is called hypertonic.

This solution is an official medicinal product, widely used in medical practice in different concentrations:

1–2% for rinsing, washing the nasal passages and throat (otolaryngology);
2–5% for gastric lavage (emergency medicine);
5–10% for the treatment of infected wounds (purulent surgery), as well as to stimulate the passage of stool during constipation (therapy, postoperative period);
10% for treatment and in case of urinary obstruction (emergency and emergency medicine).

Taking into account the indications, the solution can be recommended or prescribed for treatment and prevention by doctors of several specialties: therapists, otorhinolaryngologists, surgeons, resuscitators, nephrologists.

Indications for use and mechanism of action

Depending on the type of pathological process and method of application, different concentrations of the drug are used. Some methods of use require only a pharmacy (sterile) form of the drug; for others, self-preparation is suitable. Before moving on to home recipes, you need to consider in detail how and what medicine to use.

1–2% salt solution

Indications: infectious and inflammatory diseases of the mucous membranes of the nasal passages, maxillary sinuses, oral cavity (rhinitis, sinusitis, tonsillitis, pharyngitis, stomatitis), as well as surgical interventions and injuries in this area.

Action: inhibits the growth of microorganisms, reduces tissue swelling and pain.

Application: rinse your nose or rinse your mouth and throat every 4 hours during the acute period of the disease. Duration of use is 3–5 days depending on clinical manifestations.

2–5% salt solution

Indications: gastric lavage if lapis (silver nitrate) is ingested.

Action: by entering into a chemical reaction, a hypertonic salt solution neutralizes the acid by forming safe silver chloride, which is excreted unchanged through the intestines.

Application: use in the first minutes after ingestion of lapis, if the victim cannot drink on his own, administer through a gastric tube. Total volume up to 500 ml depending on the amount of silver nitrate ingested.

5–10% salt solution

Indications:

infected wounds with copious purulent discharge;
prolonged absence of stool, including after surgical treatment of the abdominal organs.

Action:

has a pronounced antimicrobial effect, reduces swelling and inflammation in the purulent focus, reduces pain;
in the ampoule of the rectum, the solution irritates the mucous membrane and increases the release of fluid into the lumen, softening the stool and stimulating bowel movements.

Application:

dressings with napkins generously soaked in the drug 2-3 times a day (the frequency depends on the severity of purulent-inflammatory changes);
microenemas (total volume up to 200 ml) 1–2 times in the morning.

10% salt solution

Indications:

internal and external bleeding with a large volume of blood loss;
acute renal failure in the stage of a sharp decrease or complete absence of urine excretion by the kidneys (oligo- and anuria).

Action:

increases the volume of blood plasma by stimulating the release of fluid from the intercellular space into the vessels;
restoration of the lack of sodium and chlorine ions against the background of disturbed water and electrolyte balance.

Application: slow, intravenous administration with a total volume of up to 10–20 ml.

Contraindications and negative effects

Hypertonic solution is a universal medical remedy with a minimum number of contraindications:

Contraindication for local use (rinsing, rinsing, dressings, microenemas) is individual intolerance (allergic reactions of any type).

Contraindications for intravenous administration:

individual intolerance;
in the absence of urine output - only according to strict laboratory indications (decreased chlorine and sodium ions in the blood plasma and increased potassium content);
for large blood losses, they are currently rarely used - only if there is a shortage of drugs to restore the volume of circulating plasma (due to the need to administer large volumes of solution to adequately support heart function and blood circulation, which in turn leads to electrolyte disturbances, aggravating the patient’s condition ).

A burning sensation, or even slight pain in the area of the wound surface when applying a napkin with a solution is a normal reaction and does not require its cancellation. The discomfort goes away with regular use.

Administration of the drug subcutaneously and intramuscularly is absolutely contraindicated - tissue necrosis develops at the injection site.

Administration of a large volume of solution through the stomach or intravenously will lead to the development of hypernatrium and hyperchloremia (exceeding the physiological concentration of ions in the blood). Clinical manifestations include: thirst, impaired consciousness, convulsions. In extreme cases, coma and cerebral bleeding develop.

Self-cooking

For use in washing the mucous membranes of the nasal passages, mouth, throat, stimulating the passage of stool and cleansing purulent wounds, you can prepare a hypertonic solution at home. You cannot make a sterile drug for intravenous administration yourself, nor can you administer this drug at home without a doctor’s prescription.

The pharmaceutical form of the drug is available in bottles of 200 and 400 ml; only distilled water is used for dilution and the dry substance is calculated per 1 liter. For topical use, ordinary boiled water, cooled to a temperature of 35–37 degrees (this temperature to accelerate dissolution) and ordinary table salt from the kitchen are suitable.

How to prepare a hypertonic solution in terms of 200 ml of water (the volume of a faceted glass up to the rim):

Storing a homemade solution does not require special conditions - antimicrobial activity prevents the growth of bacteria. The shelf life is limited by salt crystallization (easy to determine by eye).

In conclusion, it can be noted that saline solution in the treatment of purulent-inflammatory processes in some cases successfully replaces expensive topical medications.

A solution that has an osmotic pressure higher than the osmotic pressure of blood plasma is called a hypertonic solution. Most often this excess is 10%.

The osmotic pressure of different cells is different, and it depends on the species, functional and environmental specifics. Therefore, a hypertonic solution for some cells can be isotonic and even hypotonic for others. Those immersed in a hypertonic solution decrease in volume as it sucks water out of them. Red blood cells of animals and humans in a hypertonic solution also decrease in volume and lose water. A combination of hypertonic, hypotonic and is used to measure osmotic pressure in tissues and living cells.

Due to its osmotic effect, hypertonic solution is widely used in the form of compresses to separate pus from wounds. In addition, locally it has an antimicrobial effect. The scope of application of hypertonic solutions is quite wide. A hypertonic solution is used externally in the treatment of diseases of the respiratory tract and purulent wounds, and for gastric, pulmonary and intestinal bleeding it is used intravenously. In addition, a hypertonic solution is used for gastric lavage in cases of silver nitrate poisoning.

Externally, 3-5-10% hypertonic solutions are used in the form of lotions, compresses and applications. 10% hypertonic solutions are slowly administered intravenously to treat gastric, pulmonary and intestinal bleeding, as well as to increase diuresis. It is extremely important that when administering the solution intravenously, it does not get under the skin, as this will lead to tissue necrosis. Hypertonic solutions are also used in the form of enemas (80-100 ml of 5% solution) to stimulate bowel movements. In addition, 2-5% hypertonic solutions are used orally for gastric lavage. For diseases of the upper respiratory tract, use 1-2% sodium chloride for rinsing, bathing and rubbing.

Hypertonic solution: preparation

A hypertonic solution (10%) is available in powder form in sealed bottles of 200 or 400 ml. For inhalation and intravenous administration, the solution must be sterile; therefore, for these purposes it is better to purchase it at a pharmacy. You can prepare a product for compresses, applications and rinses yourself. A hypertonic solution is prepared in a ratio of 1:10, i.e. one part salt to ten parts water. Its concentration should not exceed 10%, since capillaries may burst in places where the compress is applied.

Sodium chloride hypertonic solution is used in the treatment of many diseases. How to prepare this substance yourself? Due to the extremely simple technology of preparing the solution, do not try to stock up on it for future use. Remember that a self-prepared solution must be used immediately, as it cannot be stored.

For laryngitis and sore throat, a not very concentrated solution is needed (2 g of salt per 100 ml of water). To lavage the stomach in case of poisoning, you will need about a liter of solution, and you need to take 30 grams of salt. If there is no need to do a cleansing enema, but you need to empty your bowels (for example, in the pre-, postpartum or postoperative period), a 5% hypertonic solution is used. When treating purulent wounds, a 10% hypertonic solution is used, the preparation of which has its own characteristics. Salt dissolves less well the higher its concentration, and getting undissolved salt crystals into the wound is simply unacceptable, so the solution for treating purulent wounds must be brought to a boil. This will help the salt crystals dissolve completely and disinfect the solution. Before use, the liquid must be cooled to room temperature.

Which are lower than in the cells of plant or animal tissues. In G. r. cells absorb water, increasing in volume, and lose some of the osmotically active substances (organic and mineral). Red blood cells of animals and humans in G. r. swell to such an extent that their shells burst and they are destroyed. This phenomenon is called Hemolysis. Wed. Hypertonic solutions and Isotonic solutions.

Great Soviet Encyclopedia. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. 1969-1978 .

See what “Hypotonic solutions” are in other dictionaries:

- (biological), solutions whose osmotic pressure is lower than the osmotic pressure in the cells of the body. * * * HYPOTONIC SOLUTIONS HYPOTONIC SOLUTIONS, in biology, solutions whose osmotic pressure is lower than the osmotic pressure in ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

- (biol.), pry, osmotic. pressure below osmotic. pressure in the cells of the body... Natural science. encyclopedic Dictionary

In biology, solutions whose osmotic pressure is lower than the osmotic pressure in the cells of the body ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

hypertonic and hypotonic solutions- Hypertonic and hypotonic solutions: if two solutions have different osmotic pressures, then the solution with a higher osmotic pressure is called hypertonic with respect to the second solution, and the solution with a lower osmotic pressure... ... Chemical terms

Solutions whose osmotic pressure is higher than the osmotic pressure in plant or animal cells and tissues. Depending on the functional, species and environmental specifics of the cells, the osmotic pressure in them is different, and the solution... ...

- (from Iso... and Greek tónos voltage) solutions with the same osmotic pressure (See Osmotic pressure); in biology and medicine, natural or artificially prepared solutions with the same osmotic pressure as in the contents... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

SODIUM- SODIUM. Natrium, chemical element, symbol Na, a silvery-white, shiny, monatomic metal with a waxy density at ordinary temperatures, becoming brittle in the cold and distilling in bright red-hot heat; discovered by De.wi (1807) by electrolysis... ...

Interaction of red blood cells with solutions depending on ... Wikipedia

ENEMA- ENEMA, clyster (Greek: klyzo, I rinse), a technical technique consisting in introducing any liquid substance into the rectum - water, medicinal solutions, oil, liquid suspensions, etc. The main purpose of K is a therapeutic effect;... ... Great Medical Encyclopedia

- (from the Greek plásma fashioned, shaped and lýsis decomposition, decay) lag of the Protoplast from the shell when the cell is immersed in a hypertonic solution (See Hypertonic solutions). P. is characteristic mainly of plant cells... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Hypertensive – a solution with a higher concentration and higher osmotic pressure compared to another solution.

Hypotonic – a solution having a lower concentration and a lower osmotic pressure.

Isotonic solutions – solutions with the same osmotic pressure.

Isotonic coefficient

Isotonic van't Hoff coefficient (i) shows how many times the colligative properties of an electrolyte solution are greater than those of a non-electrolyte solution under the same conditions and concentrations.

The concept of isosmia (electrolyte homeostasis)

Izoosmia - relative constancy of osmotic pressure in liquid media and tissues of the body, due to the maintenance at a given level of concentrations of the substances contained in them: proteins, electrolytes, etc.

Osmolality and osmolarity of biological fluids and perfusion solutions.

Osmotic concentration- the total concentration of all dissolved particles.

Can be expressed as osmolarity (osmol per liter of solution) and how osmolality (osmoles per kg solvent).

Osmole is a unit of osmotic concentration equal to the osmolality obtained when one mole of a nonelectrolyte is dissolved in one liter of solvent. Accordingly, a non-electrolyte solution with a concentration of 1 mol/l has an osmolarity of 1 osmol/liter.

All monovalent ions (Na+, K+, Cl-) form a number of osmoles in solution equal to the number of moles and equivalents (electric charges). Divalent ions each form one osmole (and mole) in solution, but two equivalents.

The osmolality of normal plasma is a fairly constant value and is equal to 285-295 mOsmol/kg. Of the total plasma osmolality, only 2 mOsmol/kg is due to the presence of proteins dissolved in it. Thus, the main components providing plasma osmolality are Na+ and C1- (about 140 and 100 mOsmol/kg, respectively). The constancy of the osmotic pressure of intracellular and extracellular 1 fluid implies the equality of the molar concentrations of the electrolytes they contain, despite differences in the ionic composition inside the cell and in the extracellular space. Since 1976, in accordance with the International System (SI), the concentration of substances in solution, including osmotic, is usually expressed in millimoles per 1 liter (mmol/l). The concept of “osmolality”, or “osmotic concentration”, is equivalent to the concept of “molality”, or “molal concentration”. Essentially, the concepts of “milliosmoles” and “millimoles” for biological solutions are close, although not identical.

Table 1. Normal values of osmolality of biological media

Blood osm = 7.7 atm

The main task of osmoregulation is performed by the kidneys. The osmotic pressure of urine is normally much higher than that of blood plasma, which ensures active transport from the blood to the kidney. Osmoregulation is carried out under the control of enzymatic systems. Violation of their activity leads to pathological processes. For intravenous injections, to avoid disruption of the osmotic balance, isotonic solutions should be used. A saline solution containing 0.9% sodium chloride is isotonic with respect to blood. In surgery, the phenomenon of osmosis is used by using hypertonic gauze dressings (the gauze is soaked in a 10% sodium chloride solution). In this case, the wound is cleansed of pus and carriers of infection. Hypertonic solutions are administered intravenously for glaucoma to reduce intraocular pressure due to increased aqueous content in the anterior chamber of the eye.

The role of osmosis in biological systems.

· Causes turgor (elasticity) of cells.

· Ensures the flow of water into cells and intercellular structures, elasticity of tissues and preservation of a certain shape of organs. Provides transport of substances.

· Osmotic pressure of human blood at 310 K is 7.7 atm, NaCl concentration is 0.9%.

Plasmolysis and hemolysis

Plasmolysis – compression, wrinkling of the cell in a hypertonic solution.

Hemolysis – swelling and rupture of cells in a hypotonic solution.

Ticket 14. Colligative properties of dilute electrolyte solutions. Isotonic coefficient.

Metabolism. Concept.

Metabolism(metabolism) is a set of chemical reactions that occur in a living organism to maintain life. Thanks to these chemical reactions, nutrients entering our body are converted into constituent parts of the body's cells, and waste products are removed from it.

Maintaining solute concentrations is an important condition of life. For metabolic reactions to proceed properly, it is necessary that the concentrations of substances dissolved in the body remain constant within fairly narrow limits.

Significant deviations from the normal composition are usually incompatible with life. A living organism is faced with the task of maintaining proper concentrations of solutes in body fluids, despite the fact that the intake of these substances from food can vary significantly.

One means of maintaining constant concentration is osmosis.

Osmosis.

Osmosis is the process of one-way diffusion through a semi-permeable membrane of solvent molecules towards a higher concentration of the solute (lower concentration of the solvent).

In our case, the semi-permeable membrane is the cell wall. The cell is filled with intracellular fluid. The cells themselves are surrounded by intercellular fluid. If the concentrations of any substance inside and outside the cell are not the same, then a flow of liquid (solvent) will arise, trying to equalize the concentrations. This fluid flow will exert pressure on the cell wall. This pressure is called osmotic. The reason for the occurrence of osmotic pressure is the difference in the concentrations of liquids located on opposite sides of the cell wall.

Isotonic, hypotonic and hypertonic solutions.

The solutions that make up our body, which differ from each other in osmotic pressure, can be divided into the following:

1. Isotonic solutions- these are solutions with the same osmotic pressure. The cell is filled with intracellular fluid. There is intercellular fluid around the cell. If the osmotic pressures of these liquids are the same, then such solutions are called isotonic. In normally functioning animal cells, the intracellular contents are usually isotonic with the extracellular fluid.

2. Hypertonic solutions - These are solutions whose osmotic pressure is higher than the osmotic pressure of cells and tissues.

3. Hypotonic solutions- these are solutions whose osmotic pressure is lower than the osmotic pressure in the cells.

If solutions of intercellular and intracellular fluids have different osmotic pressures, then osmosis will occur - a process designed to equalize concentrations.

If the intercellular fluid is hypertonic in relation to the intracellular fluid, then a fluid flow will occur from inside the cell to the outside. The cell will lose fluid and “shrink.” At the same time, the concentration of substances dissolved in it will increase.

Conversely, if the intercellular fluid is hypotonic in relation to the intracellular fluid, then a fluid flow directed into the cell will occur. The cell will be “sucked up” by the liquid and increase in volume. At the same time, the concentration of substances dissolved in it will decrease.

Sweat is a hypotonic solution.

Our sweat is a hypotonic solution. Hypotonic in relation to intracellular and intercellular fluids, blood, lymph, etc.

As a result of sweating, our body loses water. The blood loses water. It becomes thick. The concentration of substances dissolved in it increases. It turns into a hypertonic solution. Hypertonic in relation to intercellular and intracellular fluids. Immediately after this, osmosis occurs. Substances dissolved in the intercellular fluid diffuse into the blood. Substances in the intracellular fluid diffuse into the extracellular fluid and then back into the blood. The cell “shrinks” and the concentration of substances dissolved in it increases.

Who is in charge of all this?

All these processes are controlled by the brain. It receives a signal from thermoreceptors that the body temperature is rising. If the brain believes that this increase is excessive, then it will give a command to the endocrine glands and they will increase the amount of sweating. As sweat evaporates, your body temperature will decrease.

Next, we will consider the situation if the osmoreceptors report a loss of fluid and an increase in the intracellular concentration of salts. Now the brain, through the nervous system, will tell us that it would be nice to replenish it. Thirst will arise. After it is satisfied, the water balance and osmotic pressure in the cells will be restored. Everything will return to normal.

A similar scheme can be implemented for other reasons. For example, it is necessary to remove some harmful substances from the body. These substances could have entered him with food. Or they could appear as a waste product of their own metabolism. And now they need to be removed from the cells.

Regulatory processes similar to those described above will again be launched. Participants in the process may change. Other receptors, other parts of the brain, other endocrine glands will be involved. But the result should be the same - the conditions for the correct flow of metabolic processes must be preserved.

What if no one is in charge of all this?

And this also happens.

In case of disturbances in the activity of the nervous system, endocrine system or local lesions of the cerebral cortex (for example, the hypothalamus), our body ceases to act as coherently as necessary. The regulation system fails.

In this case, metabolic processes will not be able to proceed properly. The person will suffer from some kind of metabolic disease.