Lozenges for restoring oral flora. Normal constant microflora of the oral cavity

The human oral cavity normally contains a large number of microorganisms of varying degrees of pathogenicity. A failure in their ratio, caused by various factors, leads to dysbiosis. As a result, opportunistic bacteria begin to multiply uncontrollably, causing negative impact on teeth, gums and other tissues. In order to begin adequate treatment, it is necessary to understand the causes of the disease.

Dysbacteriosis of the oral cavity is a common pathology, untimely treatment which can lead to tooth loss and other unpleasant consequences. In the professional environment, it is customary to divide the disease into the following stages:

Symptoms of dysbacteriosis

At the initial stage of development, the disease manifests itself as sticking in the corners of the mouth and an unpleasant odor. In later cases – the appearance of plaque and damage to tooth enamel. In addition, there is the appearance of:

• dry mouth;
• characteristic coating on the tongue;
• unpleasant taste and smell;
• point inflammation on soft tissues;
• and loosening of teeth;
• seals and blisters on the mucous membrane;
• regular inflammation of the tonsils.

White plaque is one of the symptoms of oral dysbiosis.

Important! In the absence of therapy, pathogens invade increasingly larger areas, affecting the functioning of the tonsils, tongue receptors, and vocal cords.

Reasons for development

The appearance of oral dysbacteriosis entails changes in the composition of the general microflora. At the same time, the number of pathogenic species increases, and the number of beneficial species decreases.

This phenomenon usually appears as a result of the interaction of several negative factors. The microflora of the oral cavity can change due to the presence of inflammation of the teeth and gums, malfunctions, exposure to the mucous membrane of harmful substances and dust from the air.

The ratio of bacterial balance is influenced by the thoroughness of daily hygienic care, as well as the presence of congenital anomalies of the oral structures (cleft palate and others), chronic tonsillitis, sinusitis, tonsillitis and other diseases.

Smokers are most susceptible to developing dysbiosis.

Additional Information! Heavy smokers and people who abuse alcohol are at risk of dysbacteriosis, since regular exposure to toxins leads to structural changes salivary fluid.

Other causes of bacterial imbalance include:

Prevention of dysbacteriosis

In order to prevent the development of oral dysbiosis, it is necessary to take preventive measures. Hygienic care of teeth and gums should be carried out in full twice a day. After cleaning, the mouth should be rinsed with special prophylactic agents, and treat your teeth with dental floss immediately after eating.

Timely visits to the dentist are also required, during which they may be detected. pathological changes in the early stages. Early diagnosis guarantees successful treatment without the use of expensive drugs.

After completing a course of antibiotics and other drugs that are potentially dangerous from the point of view of the development of dysbiosis, it is necessary to monitor changes in health status. Usually, along with such medications, products containing beneficial bacteria are prescribed, the use of which prevents their reduction.

To prevent dysbiosis, probiotics should be taken in parallel with antibiotics.

Additional Information! For chronic diseases of the stomach and intestines, it is recommended to adhere to a special diet. Compliance with it will help balance the bacterial composition of the entire tract, including the oral cavity.

Treatment of dysbiosis

A feature of the pathology is difficult diagnosis due to large discrepancies in norms and individual differences in the overall bacterial composition. After contacting the dentist, smears from the mucous membrane are prescribed to analyze the ratio of microorganisms. The procedure is carried out 12 hours after the last meal.

After diagnosis, dysbiosis is treated, which is selected in accordance with associated pathologies and general symptoms. Traditional therapy includes:

• rinsing with disinfectant solutions (Tantum Verde);
• use of medicated toothpastes;
• the use of eubiotic agents, the action of which is aimed at replenishing the deficiency in normal microflora (Bibifor, Acipol, Lactobacterin, Bifidumbacterin);
• additional use of lozenges, lozenges and tablets to eliminate pathogenic microorganisms while simultaneously restoring beneficial microflora;
• inclusion in the diet vitamin supplements to activate the body’s protective properties and improve regeneration;
• taking immunomodulatory drugs to block the development of pathogenic bacteria and increase immunity (Imudon);
• Antibiotics are prescribed in rare cases for certain indications.

Treatment involves taking immunostimulating drugs.

If it is necessary to eliminate the sources of chronic inflammation, surgical intervention is performed. As part of complex therapy, ulcers in the tissues are opened, cysts and other neoplasms are excised. Sometimes you have to resort to removing your tonsils.

When considering the oral cavity, the majority of the oral population is commensal. Such microorganisms do not cause harm, but there is no benefit either. Dysbacteriosis of the oral cavity is observed when the invasion manages to disrupt the internal balance.

The populated environment does not allow the penetration of pathogenic bacteria that cause a number of diseases. Commensals, receiving food from the human body, indirectly perform a useful role: they prevent invaders from entering the occupied territory. Impaired immunity, taking antibiotics or alcohol significantly changes the balance. There are many causes of dysbiosis in the mouth.

Who lives in the oral cavity

The mucous membrane is populated mainly by bacteria. Much less fungi, viruses and protozoa are detected. Let us recall the designation of biological terms:

The listed organisms live peacefully inside the oral cavity until a key event occurs.

What disrupts the balance of oral flora?

Alcohol, cigarettes, antibiotics cause suppression of the vital activity of microorganisms and cells. The principles of using the listed substances in medicine and other areas of life are based on this action. For example, alcohol has a pronounced disinfecting effect, and the ancient Finns considered a smoky sauna a favorable place for nursing patients.

A person constantly exposed to disinfectants, must be prepared for specific consequences. The effect of the sauna is for the most part favorable; no analogy can be drawn with alcohol or excess medications. Once a commensal strain is suppressed, a random population takes its place. In the case of the development of a pathogenic culture, a number of diseases arise, a harbinger or consequence of diseases is oral dysbiosis. When the intestines are neglected, strains begin to appear in the wrong places.

What is dysbiosis

Oral dysbiosis is a state of imbalance. The types of bacteria are unique to each person. It is impossible to generalize a nationality or population of a certain area based on the indicated criteria. The set is strictly individual. For this reason, treating the altered state of the mucosa is extremely difficult.

Half of the people on the planet have in good condition Fungi of the genus Candida are found in the oral cavity. Fungi penetrate here:

• In the process of childbirth.
• When eating certain foods (for example, dairy).
• When breastfeeding a baby.

In many cases, Candida is destroyed by the immune system or replaced by the inhabitants of the nasopharynx. Dysbacteriosis of the oral cavity leads to excessive proliferation of the population, causing natural symptoms of white plaque on the tongue and inner surfaces of the cheeks. With such an extreme manifestation, the condition in question turns into a disease.

Symptoms and stages

Oral dysbiosis successively passes through three stages in the absence of proper care:

1. Compensated. Symptoms are easily suppressed by simple means or are absent.
2. Subcompensated, intermediate stage on the way to an uncontrolled course of the disease.
3. The decompensated form requires mandatory treatment.

Compensated

At this stage, specific manifestations are often absent. Help to identify the disease laboratory research(smear) for the presence of bacterial strains.

Subcompensated

Harbingers of serious consequences are the following manifestations: irritation, redness, swelling, dryness, burning, bad breath, metallic taste. The problem of staging correct diagnosis in the nonspecificity of symptoms. Similar troubles accompany liver and kidney diseases; an unpleasant odor is often caused by ozena. The study of microflora helps to establish the cause.

Decompensated

Accompanied by severe inflammation, swelling, bleeding gums, herpes, and specific formations in the oral cavity. With candidiasis, the tongue becomes covered with a white coating, stomatitis and gingivitis develop. An experienced therapist or dentist will determine the cause based on the existing signs. It is believed that caries is a consequence of neglect of pathology. You should not delay treatment of oral dysbiosis for a long time.

Control and prevention measures

Oral problems are difficult to solve and are often caused by an unhealthy lifestyle that is difficult to give up.

Vitamins and microelements

Vitamin C and others are responsible for gum health. Scientists have shown that humans need flavonoids. Discovered in the 30s of the 20th century, vitamins have again aroused interest. Many flavonoids are found in black currant, peels of citrus fruits (for example, lemons). Joint reception The two mentioned vitamins relieve symptoms of bleeding and tumors.

It has been established that the pyramid builders were given onions as food. The moderate iodine content in onion scales increased the tone of the immune system. Iodine is absolutely necessary for awakening protective forces body. If you eat 30 g of fresh onions daily, you will be able to prevent the proliferation of a large number of harmful strains. The content of complex saccharides in the juicy pulp of the vegetable promotes the development normal microflora intestines, eliminating the very cause of troubles in the oral cavity. Garlic and black pepper are beneficial in moderate doses.

The importance and doses of other microelements are not so widely known. Easier to choose balanced diet from your favorite foods that contain the required elements of a healthy metabolism.

Outpatient methods

Certain recommendations are given by therapists, gastroenterologists, dentists, and infectious disease specialists. The outcome is decided by the result of the analysis, which reveals the abundance of pathogenic strains. Treatment consists of a set of measures (in addition to taking vitamins):

1. Local antiseptics, antifungal drugs.
2. Strains of beneficial microorganisms (eubiotics and probiotics).
3. Drugs that increase the functioning of the immune system.

Not all of the measures listed are effective. Studies have shown the lack of benefit of certain probiotics for the state of intestinal microflora. However, athletes claim that taking bifidobacteria eases the course of respiratory diseases and throat diseases.

Attention! Medicines are used as prescribed by a doctor.

What to do?

Toothpastes, rinses and other measures do not protect against dysbacteriosis of the oral mucosa. Otherwise, the disease would have been eradicated long ago. An effective remedy is to take vitamin complexes and products that restore intestinal microflora (a method of eliminating the main cause of problems with the oral cavity). It is important to eat a balanced diet.

In the 60s of the 20th century it was proven that the general Physical Culture has a beneficial effect on the systems of the human body. Dr. Kenneth Cooper showed the need to walk 10 km daily. Following this rule every day ensures that you stay in shape, from English to be in fit. Today the phenomenon is called fitness, and the United States, developing sports clubs, has earned billions of dollars from the sale of fitness lessons.

In the West, it is considered proven that a free gym membership for employees is a guarantee of increased productivity. In the CIS countries, there is no such concern for workers, with few exceptions. Perhaps the reason has been voiced that Russian doctors consider dysbiosis a disease, with which their Western colleagues do not agree.

Why does oral dysbiosis occur, why is it dangerous and how to treat it?

Dysbacteriosis of the oral cavity is characterized by changes normal composition microflora in this area. During a dysbiotic failure, harmful organisms begin to attack not only the mucous membranes, but also the bone component.

As a result, the dentition loses its strength, and in the absence of treatment, active tissue destruction begins, affecting all structures of the oral cavity.

Dysbacteriosis is an imbalance between conventional and pathogenic microflora, when harmful bacteria begin to predominate in quantitative or qualitative composition, provoking a number of complications.

The growth of pathogenic microflora can be influenced by both external and internal factors. In dysbiosis, active reproduction of microorganisms of opportunistic flora leads to a decrease in functionality and quantitative composition bifidobacteria. In this case, representatives of pathogenic flora can produce without changes.

Composition of microflora in the mouth

The most common inhabitants of the oral cavity are bacteria. There are more than 500 strains. In addition, the mucous membranes are inhabited by protozoa, fungi and viruses. The number and composition of microflora organisms is individual for each person. All inhabitants of the oral cavity can be divided into 2 groups:

1. Obligate or permanent environment. These bacteria are constantly present in the human mouth. The most common are lactobacilli, streptococci, staphylococci, prevotella, and bacteroides.
2. Facultative or non-permanent microflora. Its penetration occurs when eating food, migration of organisms from the nasopharynx, intestines, and skin. Pseudomonas are typical representatives of this group. coli, Klebsiella.

Causes of imbalance

A number of factors, both external and internal, can lead to the development of oral dysbiosis:

1. Gastrointestinal diseases. If there is a malfunction of the digestive organs, they slow down metabolic processes in the body, absorption is impaired useful substances. When the internal reserve is depleted, an imbalance of the intestinal bacterial environment occurs, which contributes to the occurrence of dysbiosis in other departments.
2. Mouthwashes for cleaning the mouth. Most often, these products include antiseptics and alcohol. These components contribute to overdrying of the mucous membranes, which disrupts their structure.
3. Having bad habits. Smoking and intake alcoholic drinks affect the functioning salivary glands. As a result of prolonged drying out or excessive moisture in the oral cavity, the composition of the microflora changes.
4. Decreased immunity. When the body's resistance decreases, it becomes vulnerable to pathogenic microflora.
5. Presence of chronic diseases. If you do not treat existing ailments, the focus of the inflammatory process will gradually affect neighboring organs. Especially if it is located in the oral cavity, for example, caries, stomatitis.
6. Poor nutrition. A lack of vitamins in the diet leads to vitamin deficiency.
7. Taking some medicines. Antibiotics and antiseptics mainly have a negative effect on the composition of microflora.

Features of the clinical picture

The appearance of certain symptoms depends on the degree of development of dysbiosis in the mouth. There are 4 stages of the disease:

1. Latent phase. A dysbiotic shift is characterized by a slight change in the amount of one strain of pathogenic microorganisms. There are no symptoms.
2. The subcompensated stage is characterized by a decrease in lactobacilli. The signs of the disease are blurry.
3. Pathogenicity of monocultures. Lactobacilli are diagnosed in minimal quantities; the oral cavity is inhabited by a facultative pathogenic environment. Signs of dysbiosis are clearly visible.
4. Decompensated form of the disease. At this stage, in addition to severe symptoms, the growth of yeast-like fungi occurs.

The very first sign of the disease is the appearance of bad breath. Then an uncharacteristic taste and burning sensation occurs. These symptoms are supplemented by dysfunction of the salivary glands.

In an advanced state with dysbacteriosis of the oral mucosa, the following symptoms are observed:

• inflammation of the mucous membranes and gums;
• the presence of plaque on the surface of the tongue and teeth;
• bleeding gums;
• the appearance of ulcers and blisters, with simultaneous increase body temperature;
• swelling, hyperemia and soreness of the tongue;
• dryness of the skin of the face, in particular the area around the lips. Characteristic is the appearance of sticking in the corners of the mouth and peeling of nearby surfaces.

Diagnostic criteria

Making a diagnosis of dysbacteriosis is often difficult, this is explained by the absence of obvious manifestations at the initial stage of the disease and individual differences in the composition of the microflora of the oral cavity of each person. However, if the presence of dysbiosis is suspected, the dentist sends a smear from the surface of the mucous membranes or an analysis of the patient’s saliva for microbiological examination.

The material is collected on an empty stomach. There should be no food particles on the surface of the enamel, otherwise the test result will be unreliable.

In addition, the patient needs to donate blood and urine. Additional examinations are prescribed according to test indications. Sometimes several specialists are involved in the further course of the disease. This could be a therapist, gastroenterologist, immunologist, nutritionist, infectious disease specialist.

Therapy methods

Depending on the examination indicators and the nature of the pathogen, treatment of oral dysbiosis may include:

1. Sanitation of the oral cavity. In this case, it is necessary to remove tartar, fill all diseased teeth, and treat the gums and mucous membranes.
2. Taking antiseptics to eliminate pathogenic microorganisms.
3. Use of immunostimulants. Such drugs help strengthen the body's defenses.
4. Prescription of probiotics. They restore the balance of beneficial bacteria.
5. Taking vitamin complexes is indicated for vitamin deficiency and for general strengthening of the body. Correct selection the corresponding components promote cell regeneration and strengthen bone tissue.
6. Antifungal agents (for candidiasis) and antibiotics (indicated only for severe dysbiosis) are prescribed extremely rarely.

In addition to taking appropriate medications to improve the effectiveness of therapy during the treatment period, it is recommended to follow the following rules:

• give up bad habits: smoking and drinking alcohol;
• refrain from oral sex;
• review nutrition, paying special attention to products of plant origin;
• After each meal, you need to clean your mouth of food debris.

The duration of treatment depends on the stage of the disease, the presence of foci of inflammation and existing complications. On average, this period is 2-4 weeks.

Possible consequences

In the absence of timely adequate therapy The patient begins the process of destruction of bone tissue, caries, pulpitis, and cysts appear. Further pathological changes affect the oral mucosa in the form of stomatitis and gingivitis.

The gums, losing their protective functions, begin to bleed and become inflamed, which is due to the influence of periodontitis and periodontal disease. When a fungal carrier penetrates, candidiasis occurs.

All these pathological changes lead to early loss of dentition. In addition to inflammatory processes in the oral cavity, the infection can spread to other parts of the body: the nasopharynx and gastrointestinal tract, causing various diseases internal organs.

Preventive measures

To avoid oral dysbiosis and its complications, it is not enough to simply clean the oral cavity twice a day. The issue must be approached comprehensively:

• you need to properly plan your diet, avoiding prohibited foods that destroy the protective membrane of the mucous membranes;
• It is worth treating diseases of internal organs in a timely manner; any inflammatory process in the body affects immune system humans, which leads to a decrease in resistance to pathogenic microflora;
• it is necessary to periodically take vitamin complexes;
• It is recommended to stop drinking alcohol and smoking.

The appearance of dysbacteriosis in the oral cavity negatively affects the condition of the mucous membranes and bone tissue of the dentition. Without proper treatment, you can quickly lose your beautiful and snow-white smile.

Hello. I have such a problem, it all started a year ago; there was a bitter taste in my mouth and my tongue was stinging. Now there is a coating in the throat on the tongue, the papillae of the tongue are inflamed, they sting, but the duration is about 3 hours. Then everything is just thick. all tests showed excellent except Citrobacter spp abundant growth in the mouth. The therapist prescribed treatment, but my palms began to turn brown from the medications. Now I haven’t taken anything for a month so that my liver can recover. see a doctor in 2 weeks. and I’m already afraid that this E. coli could cause such problems in my mouth. I was already on a diet and treated my mouth with a lot of things, but everything helped for a couple of days and then again. There are no problems with the stomach. nothing to worry about. but only this E. coli.

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Symptoms and treatment of oral dysbiosis: how to get rid of bacteria on the mucous membrane and eliminate unpleasant odor?

The mucous membrane of the oral cavity contains a large amount of microflora, which every person carries individual character: There are both opportunistic and completely harmless microbes. When this delicate balance is disturbed, oral dysbiosis forms in the body, which can be complicated by other infectious diseases.

What is dysbiosis in the oral cavity?

Dysbacteriosis is a chronic pathological condition that occurs as a result of an imbalance between the number of beneficial and harmful microorganisms, in which harmful ones predominate. Dysbacteriosis in the oral cavity, the treatment and diagnosis of which is not particularly difficult, currently occurs in every third person.

Preschool children, the elderly and people with weakened immune systems are most susceptible to the effects of the bacterium: cancer patients, patients with HIV and primary immunodeficiency. In healthy adults, symptoms of dysbiosis are rare.

Causes

Oral dysbiosis is a multifactorial disease that develops due to the influence of a whole group of completely different factors. Each of them separately from each other may not cause negative consequences, but when interacting together, the disease is guaranteed to occur.

The main factors causing the disease:

• long-term use of antibiotics in the treatment of chronic diseases;
• primary or secondary immunodeficiency;
• intestinal infection, heavy metal poisoning;
• inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal tract;
• diet low in animal protein and vitamins;
• allergic diseases of various origins: urticaria, dermatoses and dermatitis, Quincke's edema;
• taking hormonal contraceptives or steroid drugs;
• taking anti-inflammatory substances for more than two weeks;
• excessive intake of nicotine into the body: active and passive smoking;
• alcohol abuse.

Diagnostics

To accurately diagnose oral dysbiosis in a patient, it is necessary to conduct a series of simple bacteriological tests. You also need to analyze the symptoms that indicate dysbiosis.

Laboratory methods for diagnosing dysbiosis:

1. Bacteriological analysis and culture of biomaterial - saliva or scrapings from the gums - on nutrient media. This method allows you to accurately determine the level of infection of the oral cavity by pathogenic pathogens.
2. The urease test is based on the ratio of the amount of urease and lysozyme: if this number increases by more than one, one can accurately judge the presence of dysbiosis in the body.
3. Gram staining and microscopy of an oral smear. During this method, a quantitative count of gram-positive and gram-negative microbes is made, and based on the data obtained, a conclusion is made about the presence of a bacterial imbalance.
4. The express method is based on determining the amount of a specific bacterium in the emitted air and then comparing this figure with an oral smear. If the ratio is more than one, then the diagnosis is reliable.

Stages of disease development and symptoms

Any pathological process occurring in the body is characterized by a certain stage. Dysbacteriosis of the oral cavity has a fairly slow and long course, which makes it possible to clearly distinguish between all stages and their characteristic clinical picture.

There are three stages in the course of the disease:

1. Compensation stage. The pathological process is just beginning to develop, and a slight increase in the concentration of pathogenic agents is observed. The body successfully copes with the threat on its own. If you have good immunity, the disease recedes at this stage, and the only manifestation is bad breath.
2. Subcompensation stage. Defense Mechanisms begin to fail, the number of harmful microorganisms increases. Clinically, this stage is manifested by a burning sensation in the mouth, dry mucous membranes, coating on the tongue, and bad breath is also observed. In the photographs of patients, you can see a pale gray color of the skin.
3. Stage of decompensation. Accompanied by complete exhaustion compensatory mechanisms and a decline in the immune system. Pathogenic microorganisms make up the majority of the oral microflora. The symptoms are clearly expressed: ulcerations appear in the oral cavity, the gums bleed, the tonsils and soft palate become inflamed, the process of absorption and assimilation of nutrients is disrupted, and a putrid odor appears. As the process progresses, it can spread to the throat.

How to treat?

Drugs for oral dysbiosis

Currently, two groups of drugs are widely used: probiotics and prebiotics. Both groups are successfully used to treat various stages of dysbiosis.

• Probiotics contain a large number of beneficial bacteria and prevent the colonization of mucous membranes by harmful microorganisms. Lactobacterin, Biobakton and Acylact are some of the most famous representatives of the group. Long-term treatment ranges from several weeks to several months.
• Prebiotics are aimed at correcting pH and helping to create optimal conditions for the reproduction of normal microflora. Hilak Forte, Duphalac and Normaze are used in a course for two to three weeks.

Folk remedies

Long before the advent of the pharmacological industry, people resorted to the services of traditional medicine. Many methods that help cure oral dysbiosis are still relevant today.

The most effective folk methods:

1. Homemade curdled milk. A few pieces of dried black bread are added to a liter of boiled milk. The resulting mixture is infused in a dry and warm place for 24 hours, after which it is completely ready for use. Dysbacteriosis disappears within one week.
2. Strawberries. Fresh berries stimulate salivation, thus promoting the production of beneficial microorganisms and creating a favorable environment for their reproduction. A glass of fresh berries before meals will restore the imbalance.
3. Potentilla decoction. This plant has enormous sedative and anti-inflammatory properties, which determines its use for dysbiosis. A tablespoon of cinquefoil is poured into two glasses of water and boiled for thirty minutes. Use twice a day.

Preventive measures

Preventive measures against dysbiosis are divided into three main areas:

1. increasing the overall resistance of the body;
2. regular consultation with a specialist about chronic diseases;
3. stabilization of the microbial flora of the oral cavity.

The body's resistance to infections can be increased through regular physical activity, hardening techniques and yoga exercises. Giving up bad habits will also have a beneficial effect on a person’s overall health.

When taking antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and hormonal drugs You should strictly adhere to the timing of use according to the instructions for the medicine and/or the doctor’s prescription. It is also recommended to simultaneously take a course of probiotics and lactobacilli, which promote the regeneration of microflora.

A simple diet will help restore and maintain the normal balance of the microflora of the mucous membranes: it is recommended to give up fast food, fatty, salty and fried foods, and exclude packaged juices and carbonated waters. It is necessary to include more fresh vegetables and fruits in the diet, and increase the consumption of fresh water.

My son had dysbacteriosis, and we couldn’t find anything better than traditional medicine! They constantly drank milk and yogurt, and were cured in five days. I believe that all the pills kill the liver even more!

Why just take the pills? We always buy Duphalac at the pharmacy. He helps both my daughter and my husband and me. He even helped a dog who almost died after eating chicken bone. Still, folk remedies are a last resort when it is not possible to visit a doctor.

Dysbacteriosis of the mouth

A fairly common disease is oral dysbiosis. This disease affects many people. As you know, many different bacteria, both beneficial and harmful, live in the oral cavity. The main indicator of their vital activity is the condition of the mucous membranes.

As a result of disruption of the correct microflora of the oral cavity, the formation of certain symptoms occurs, which form the concept of dysbiosis in the mouth. Normal oral microflora is an individual concept for everyone. Normally, every person has various microorganisms in their oral cavity, which may include: fungi of the genus Candida, streptococci, lactobacilli, and staphylococci.

Dysbacteriosis of the oral cavity does not occur on its own; it often manifests itself as a consequence of developed dysbiosis of the intestinal tract. It also occurs in the presence of chronic diseases of the digestive organs. A common cause of intestinal dysbiosis is prolonged and uncontrolled use of antibiotics.

With proper functioning of the intestines, its microflora favors the absorption of vitamins A, E, D, and also produces B vitamins. With developed dysbiosis, there is a lack of these vitamins, which is reflected in the oral cavity. The cause of the formation of dysbacteriosis can also be the use of various mouthwashes, lozenges, local antiseptics, and toothpastes.

Factors for the development of dysbacteriosis:

The presence of allergic dermatosis;

Disturbed or wrong diet nutrition;

Chronic diseases of the gastrointestinal tract;

Inflammation or infection in the intestines.

Signs of oral dysbiosis:

Development of candidiasis (white coating on the tongue and inside of the cheeks);

Recurrent herpes infection that affects the lips and mouth;

Relapses of aphthous stomatitis;

Cracks in the corners of the mouth;

Inflammation of the pharynx and oral cavity.

Stages of development of oral dysbiosis

At the first stage of development of dysbacteriosis, there is an increase in the number of one or more species pathogenic organisms in the mouth. This is called a dysbiotic shift, and there are no manifestations.

At the next stage, the number of lactobacilli decreases and barely appear noticeable manifestations.

At stage 3 instead necessary for the body lactobacilli, a large number of pathogenic microorganisms appear.

During stage 4, yeast-like fungi actively reproduce.

In the last two stages of the development of the disease, ulcers, inflammation and excessive keratinization of the oral epithelium may occur.

Oral dysbiosis symptoms and treatment

The degree of development of the disease provokes the appearance of certain symptoms. Dysbacteriosis can be of several types: subcompensated, compensated, decompensated.

With a dysbiotic shift (compensated dysbacteriosis), there are no symptoms and the disease can only be detected using laboratory methods. When diagnosing, the number of opportunistic organisms is determined, while the normal flora of the mouth is not affected.

Symptoms of oral dysbiosis in the form of a burning sensation in the mouth, the appearance of halitosis or a metallic taste indicate subcompensated dysbiosis. Studies reveal a reduced level of lactobacilli, an increased volume of pathogenic microflora and the presence of pathogenic microorganisms.

The appearance of seizures, infections in the mouth, inflammation of the tongue, and gums indicates decompensated dysbacteriosis.

As a result of all of the above, the patient develops periodontal disease, stomatitis, and periodontitis. By neglecting these diseases, you can lose several teeth. It is also possible to develop infectious lesion nasopharynx. In such situations, the normal flora disappears, and in its place the opportunistic flora increases.

Treatment of dysbiosis is necessary only in the most extreme situations. In other cases, it is necessary to carry out general diagnostics body, detect the presence of intestinal diseases and treat them.

If you have been diagnosed with oral dysbacteriosis, then you need to be examined by a therapist, gastroenterologist, infectious disease specialist and undergo urine and blood tests.

Often the cause of dysbiosis is improper care for the oral cavity, large and irrational use of antiseptics and antibiotics, passion for sweets.

If the symptoms of oral dysbiosis are confirmed by the diagnosis, treatment is then mainly used in the form of sanitation and taking medications to normalize the microflora in the mouth. Also used as therapy:

Vitamins – which increase tissue regeneration;

Eubiotics - used to increase the number of beneficial bacteria in the oral cavity, use Acelact as baths (after that use Bifidumbacterin);

Local antiseptics will help reduce the level of pathogenic microflora;

Immunomodulators – prevent the growth of pathogenic organisms and increase local immunity;

Antimicrobial and antifungal agents, antibiotics - are used for severe inflammation.

With effective therapy, it is necessary to first reduce the severity of the disease (pain and burning sensation will decrease), then the level of beneficial microflora must be normalized.

In order to completely cure dysbiosis, it is necessary to eliminate the cause of its occurrence. Dysbacteriosis in the mouth requires mandatory treatment, otherwise the condition will become stronger and have additional consequences.

Dysbacteriosis in the mouth: how and with what to treat the mucous membrane?

If you want your oral cavity to always be in excellent condition, use Super 5 Probiotic. Its formula is designed to maintain and form the correct microflora of the oral cavity.

This drug is designed to help people different ages supported the oral cavity healthy condition. It comes in the form of lozenges and has a pleasant fruity taste.

Each tablet contains about 2 billion beneficial bacteria, which contribute to the rapid restoration of the proper microflora of the mouth.

These tablets do not contain yeast or fructooligosaccharides.

Preventive measures for ARVI;

Prevention of periodontal disease, caries, strengthening of gums;

With thrush in the oral cavity;

To normalize microflora in the mouth.

Children from 4 to 12 years old: dissolve 1 tablet after meals, 1 time per day.

Over 12 years: 1 tablet after meals, morning and evening.

Pathogenic flora in the mouth causes tartar, halitosis, caries, plaque on teeth, and inflammation of the gums. The probiotic strains contained in Super 5 Probiotic will help you get rid of all these unpleasant manifestations; the drug belongs to the category of probiotics for the mouth.

Dysbacteriosis of the oral cavity after taking antibiotics

The use of broad-spectrum antibiotics negatively affects the intestinal microflora. This happens because it destroys all microorganisms, both bad and good. As a result, an environment that promotes the proliferation of pathogenic organisms develops in the intestine.

As you know, from the above information, intestinal problems can also cause the development of dysbiosis in the mouth.

Therefore, after completing a course of antibiotic treatment, it is necessary to restore the correct intestinal microflora. It will be effective to use antibiotics together with probiotics, for example probiotics from Flora m&d, which will prevent pathogenic flora from multiplying.

For effective preventive measures, probiotics must be used along with antibiotics.

However, one of the most unpleasant is. This is due to the fact that microbial pathology is visible to surrounding people, and can also repel them from similar patients.

It is worth understanding that each person has a strictly individual composition of the microflora of the oral cavity, however, there are a number of signs that are a signal that dysbiosis in the mouth has taken a dangerous form.

Dysbacteriosis of the oral cavity is divided into several stages. Each degree may differ slightly from the reference variants, however, even the slight appearance of signs can symbolize the beginning of the pathological process.

First degree

The first degree of dysbacteriosis is a shift in the biotic constant, which is microscopically manifested by a strict increase in the activity of only one type of opportunistic organism. Dysbacteriosis of the oral cavity does not manifest itself at this stage, which significantly complicates the early diagnosis of the pathology and the initiation of adequate treatment.

Second degree

The second stage is characterized by the beginning of the development of pathogenic bacteria due to a general decrease in the patient’s immune status. Intensive reproduction of pathogenic microorganisms leads to inhibition of activity and a general decrease in the number of lactobacilli. The second stage of oral dysbiosis, symptoms are general character, it is impossible to identify any patterns.

Third degree

The third degree is characterized general increase the number of pathogenic bacteria, and opportunistic bacteria are almost completely destroyed. At this stage, dysbiosis of the oral mucosa may begin, which then progresses to the last, fourth stage. It is accompanied by the active proliferation of yeast-like fungi. At this stage, dysbiosis in the mouth is of a general nature and is manifested by inflammatory reactions, ulcerative processes, horny degeneration of the epithelial membranes, etc.

Oral dysbiosis - symptoms

Dysbacteriosis of the oral mucosa is a signal that there are other sources of pathology within the body, therefore it is necessary to carry out comprehensive diagnostic procedures for the whole organism. Sometimes patients try to limit themselves to a visit to the dentist, but this approach to the problem is fundamentally wrong.

Symptoms on initial stages development of pathology:

• Burning sensation in the mouth;
• Manifestation of unpleasant taste sensations;
• The appearance of bad breath;

At first, these complaints are subjective, so inexperienced medical specialists may not pay attention to them, which will lead to the development of pathology. Later, dysbacteriosis of the oral cavity can be determined visually.

At the third stage, signs of catarrhal stomatitis appear, which are manifested by edema of the mucous membranes, whitish plaque, and increased salivation. Further, small-focal ulcerative processes may appear, which are accompanied by a short-term increase in temperature.

Oral dysbiosis, symptoms and treatment may be accompanied by gingivitis varying degrees(gum inflammation) and periodontitis. At chronic course Without effective treatment, the infection can spread downward, causing inflammation in the tonsils and pharynx.

Therapy of oral dysbiosis

Dysbacteriosis of the oral cavity and its treatment are specific in nature late stages, at moments when there is extremely little normal microflora left. On early stages it is important to find the pathological source that led to the development of this pathology. Remember that carrying out only symptomatic and local treatment is ineffective and unacceptable - it is a sign of illiteracy of the attending physician.

Most often, the source of oral pathology is in the gastrointestinal tract, so it’s worth starting with examining this particular area of ​​your body. Often, oral dysbiosis manifests itself in immunodeficiency states and chronic infectious processes. When this diagnosis is made, it is prescribed mandatory consultations gastroenterologist, therapist, and sometimes an infectious disease specialist.

To determine how to treat oral dysbiosis , a general blood and urine test is prescribed, as well as additional methods diagnostics All of them are aimed at determining the cause of the disease. Often the cause can be identified during a routine history taking. At risk of oral dysbiosis are people who do not follow the rules of personal hygiene, uncontrollably consume foods with high amounts of sugars, irrationally carry out antibiotic therapy and excessively use local antiseptics.

Dysbacteriosis of the oral cavity, its treatment is carried out by sanitation of the oral cavity and the use of drugs that inhibit the activity of microflora:

Types of drugs

• Local antiseptics– suppress the reproduction and spread of pathogenic bacteria; the product is used by rinsing the mouth several times during the day;
• Use of antibiotics and antimycotics– agents that inhibit and destroy pathogenic bacteria and fungi, which are the cause of unpleasant symptoms;
• Eubiotic agents– contain living microorganisms that are part of the normal microflora;
• Vitamin-mineral complex– help accelerate tissue regeneration and activate all metabolic processes in the body;
• Immunomodulator drugs– contribute to the activation of local immune reactions, which inhibits the growth of pathogenic bacteria;

As you can see, dysbiosis in the mouth, its treatment is complex and operates in a multi-stage manner.

Unfortunately, suppression and destruction of pathogenic microflora in the mouth will not lead to a complete cure - the disease will become chronic, since the source of destruction of normal flora will remain in the body.

As you can see, oral dysbiosis is a complex pathology that requires professional medical care. Many careless dentists try to help patients cure the chronic form of such dysbiosis on their own, without destroying the cause of the disease.

Such patients are forced long time waste your own financial resources aimlessly due to the illiteracy of the dentist. Do not follow the lead of such “specialists”, as you can cause significant harm to your body.

We are aware of the importance of intestinal microflora. If anyone hasn’t watched it, I recommend my educational lecture "Intestinal microflora", or here: But we know much less about the importance of oral microflora. Today I will talk about the non-dental influences of oral bacteria, how oral microflora affects headaches, cancer, bad breath and even the health of the heart and blood vessels. I’ll also tell you what else, in addition to brushing your teeth, can help our oral microflora and how normalization of nutrition contributes to the self-cleaning of the oral cavity, I will also talk about probiotics for the mouth).

Also pay attention to the online training course, it will help you learn how to make the right nutrition decisions on your own!

Dysbioses– these are microecological disorders that are expressed in disturbances in the composition and functions of normal microflora. The state of human health is largely determined by its microflora. That is why modern dentists pay so much attention to the problem of dysbiosis and dysbacteriosis of the oral cavity.

More than 300 species of microbes are found in the human mouth and throat. The microflora of the oral cavity is divided into obligate and facultative (transient). Obligate flora includes streptococci, saprophytic Neisseria, non-pathogenic staphylococci, leptotrichia, veillonella, bacteroides, corynebacteria, lactobacilli, fusiform bacteria, yeast-like fungi of the genus Candida, actinomycetes, mycoplasmas, protozoa. Among transient microorganisms, the most common are enterobacteria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, spore-forming bacteria, and microorganisms of the genus Campylobacter.

The microflora of the human pharynx predominantly consists of gram-negative and gram-positive cocci, specifically fixed to the fibropectin coating of epithelial cells. In the stomach and small intestine, the composition of the microflora largely corresponds to the bacteria of the oral cavity, and their concentration does not exceed 105 colony-forming units (CFU) / ml of intestinal contents.

One of important functions normal microflora - its joint participation with the host organism in ensuring colonization resistance of the macroorganism. In the case of a pronounced decrease in colonization resistance, an increase in the number and range of potentially pathogenic microorganisms occurs, their translocation through the intestinal wall or other organs and cavities of the macroorganism, which may be accompanied by the occurrence of endogenous infection or superinfection of various localizations.

Spectrum of clinical syndromes and pathological conditions, the pathogenesis of which is associated with changes in the amount of microflora inhabiting the host’s mucous membranes, has expanded significantly today. Currently, a large number of chemical compounds are known that can potentially cause microecological disorders with changes in mucosal motility, impaired mucin formation and the development of dysbiosis.

However, the term “dysbiosis” is absent in existing international classifications of diseases. I.N. Blokhina, V.G. Dorofeychuk, N.A. Konyukhova argue that dysbacteriosis is a bacteriological concept that characterizes a change in the ratio of representatives of normal microflora, a decrease in the number or disappearance of some types of microorganisms due to an increase in the number of others and the appearance of microbes that are usually found in small quantities or are not detected at all.

There is also another concept - “dysbiosis”, and, according to Hatnel, Bendig (1975), Knoke and Bernhardt (1985), Z.N. Kondrasheva et al. (1996), this term is more appropriate to use in the clinic, since the microbiocenosis, both normally and especially in pathology, is represented not only by bacteria, but also by viruses, fungi, bacteroids, and spore forms of microorganisms. In addition, the concept of “dysbiosis” most adequately reflects the pathophysiological essence of disorders of the ecology of the oral cavity.

Currently, it is proposed to distinguish 4 degrees of dysbiosis:

(1 ) dysbiotic shift: the amount of one type of opportunistic microorganism is slightly changed while maintaining the normal species composition of the oral microflora; this form is considered latent or compensated, since there are no pronounced clinical signs of the disease;

(2 ) dysbacteriosis of the 1st–2nd degree, or subcompensated form: against the background of a slight decrease in the titer of lactobacilli, 2–3 pathogenic species are identified;

(3 ) dysbacteriosis of the 3rd degree (subcompensated) – detection of a pathogenic monoculture with sharp decline the number or complete absence of representatives of normal microflora;

(4 ) dysbacteriosis of the 4th degree (decompensated) – the presence of associations of pathogenic bacterial species with yeast-like fungi.

There is also a division of oral dysbiosis into 3 degrees, proposed by prof. T.L. Redinova, L.A. Ivanova, O.V. Martyusheva, L.A. Cherednikova, A.B. Cherednikova:

I degree - characterized by an increase or decrease in the number of lactobacilli and corynebacteria with a decrease in the number of other rod-shaped forms (bacteroides, fusobacteria, leptotrichia), coccal flora (streptococci, non-pathogenic staphylococci, veillonella, neisseria) and fungi, but with a normal titer of opportunistic microorganisms (enterobacteriaceae), streptococcus pyogenes and St. aureus;

II degree - there are significant fluctuations in the level of sowing of non-pathogenic staphylococci, corynebacteria, bacteroides, fusobacteria and leptotrichia, both downward and upward, with a sharp decrease in the titer of lactobacilli, veillonella, neisseria and streptococci, an increase in St. aureus and enterobacteria and normal numbers of Candida spp.;

III degree - reduced titer of lactobacilli, streptococci, Veillonella, Neisseria; there are sharp fluctuations in the composition of bacteroids and corynebacteria; significantly increased the number of St. aureus, non-pathogenic staphylococci, enterobacteria, fusobacteria, leptotrichia and Candida spp.

Dysbiosis of the oral cavity often causes the development of not only endogenous, but also exogenous infectious processes, so their treatment is an urgent problem in modern dentistry. The arsenal of therapeutic measures for the treatment of oral dysbiosis necessarily includes the use of complete (therapeutic, surgical and orthopedic) sanitation, although the use of medicinal drugs is an important component of complex treatment. It has been established that the dysbiotic state of the mouth is characterized not only by changes in the mucous membrane itself, but also by a more severe course inflammatory diseases periodontal disease and even dental caries.

Traditionally, most authors note clinical manifestations of dysbiosis on the dorsal surface of the tongue, expressed in the formation of significant “lining” due to plaque and hyperkeratosis of the filiform papillae of the dorsal surface of the tongue. This is why patients with dysbiosis should use a tongue scraper to clean their tongue. It has been established that in patients with dysbiotic changes, the hygienic condition of the oral cavity deteriorates significantly, in most cases they suffer from bad breath (halitosis).

According to the results of a study conducted by T.L. Redinova, L.A. Ivanova, O.V. Martyusheva, L.A. Cherednikova, A.B. Cherednikova (2009), the dysbiotic state of the oral cavity (see - degrees of dysbiosis) has a well-defined picture. With I degree of oral dysbiosis, there is an average intensity of dental caries according to the KPU index (K - caries, P - filling, U - extracted teeth) And light heaviness periodontal tissue diseases according to the KPI index. In the second degree of dysbiosis, the intensity of caries is characterized as high, and the severity of periodontal tissue diseases is defined as average. With the third degree of dysbiosis, the intensity of caries is assessed as very high, but with moderate severity of inflammatory periodontal diseases. However, the CPI index at this degree of dysbiosis increases 1.2 times compared to its value in patients with degree II of dysbiosis.

Treatment dysbiotic changes require an integrated approach with the involvement of gastroenterologists. An important place in the treatment of oral dysbiosis is occupied by drugs of bacterial origin, which correct microbiocenoses, increasing nonspecific resistance body, forming immune responses of antagonistic normal flora, regulating metabolic processes, performing antidote and antioxidant effects. In the treatment of oral dysbiosis, both antibiotics and immunomodulators are widely used, and the introduction of complex therapy immunomodulatory agents has reduced the need for use antibacterial drugs 3 times. Effective treatment of oral dysbiosis implies the need to influence both the microflora and local immune factors. Therefore, today most authors recommend including not only immunocorrectors in the complex therapy of oral dysbiosis general action, but also an immunostimulating drug of bacterial origin for topical use in dentistry Imudon, prepared from a mixture of lysates of strains of the most common bacteria and fungi of the oral cavity: Lactobacillus acidophilus, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Corynebacterium pseudodiphtheriticura, Candida albicans, etc. Imudon activates phagocytosis, promotes effective education antibodies, optimizes the functioning of the immune system, increases the production of lysozyme, affects the increase in the number of immunocompetent cells, increases the secretion of class A immunoglobulins in saliva. When treating dysbiosis, Imudon is prescribed 6 tablets per day for 20 days. The tablets should be kept in the mouth without chewing until they are completely dissolved. The frequency of course therapy per year is 2 - 3 times. The effectiveness of Imudon depends on the severity of the disease, the presence of concomitant diseases, duration of the disease and age. Best results obtained from patients with a dysbiotic shift in the microflora of the oral cavity, while dysbiosis of the 3rd - 4th degree of severity requires serious complex treatment and repeated courses of Imudon.

Recommendations Central Research Institute of Dentistry of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation on the complex correction of dysbiotic changes in diseases of the oral mucosa (Rabinovich O.F., Rabinovich I.M., Banchenko G.V., Ivanova E.V., Razzhivina N.V., Furman O.I., Vainer V.I., Epeldimova E.L.):

Based on the fact that in 97.1% of the examined patients, dysbiotic changes occurred against the background of a somatic disease, therapy should begin with the treatment of the underlying disease. Treatment of the underlying disease is carried out by an appropriate specialist. Considering that vitamins A and E have a beneficial effect on the oral mucosa, they should also be part of complex therapy. Treatment also includes biological preparations consisting of live bacteria of normal microflora of the gastrointestinal tract: colibacterin, lactobacterin, bificol, hilak-forte and others. The type of biological product, dose and regimen of its use should be agreed upon with a gastroenterologist in each case individually. Locally, in the form of oral baths followed by oral administration, the biological preparations acylact and bifiliz are prescribed. The results of clinical observations indicate the undoubted feasibility of using microbial biological products such as acylact and bifiliz in the complex therapy of patients with diseases of the oral mucosa, which provides a clinical and bacteriological effect. Local application of eubiotics helps restore the normal microflora of the biotope both due to selective decontamination, and due to the activation of its own symbiotic microflora. The drug "Imudon" should be included in the complex therapy of dysbiosis for diseases of the oral mucosa, which affects the immune system, increasing the content of Ig A and lysozyme in mixed saliva. Required condition During treatment, patients must comply with hygiene rules; sanitation of the oral cavity (treatment of caries, its complications and periodontal tissue diseases). Based on our own research, treatment regimens for dysbiosis were proposed according to the identified stages of diseases of the mucous membrane.

Dysbiotic shift: examination by a gastroenterologist; sanitation of the oral cavity; antiseptic rinses: “President” or “Tantum Verde” solution for 3-4 days, 2-3 times a day; eubiotic locally: acylact - oral baths 2 times a day, 5 doses for 3 weeks and bifiliz 5 doses 2 times a day 20 minutes before meals or kefir Bifidum-bacterin (produced by the Gabrichevsky Institute).

Diabacteriosis stage I-II: examination by a gastroenterologist; sanitation of the oral cavity; antiseptic rinses with President or Tantum Verde solution for 14 days; vitamin therapy (vitamins A or E); antimicrobial or antifungal drugs, depending on the dominance of the microflora after determining sensitivity; phage therapy depending on sensitivity; topical eubiotics: acylact in combination with bifiliz, as well as general eubiotics: hilak-forte, lactobacterin, bactisubtil, biosporin, etc.; course of local immunocorrection: imudon 8 tablets per day for -20 days.

Diebakteriosis III and IV degrees: examination by a gastroenterologist; sanitation of the oral cavity; antiseptic rinses: “President” or “Tantum Verde” solution; vitamin therapy; antimicrobial or antimicrobials depending on the dominance of the microflora after determining sensitivity, as well as trichopolum 250 mg 3 times a day for 10-14 days; phage therapy depending on sensitivity; eubiotics of general and local action; general immunocorrector: licopid 1 mg once a day for 14 days, as well as a local immunomodulator - imudon 8 tablets per day for 20-25 days.

Besides specific treatment dysbiosis, complex therapy for diseases of the mucous membrane should include drugs with pathogenetic and symptomatic action aimed at treating the underlying disease.