Guidelines for the provision of first aid. Technique for applying a hemostatic tourniquet

1.1. First aid is a set of measures aimed at restoring or preserving the life and health of the victim. It should be provided by someone who is next to the victim (mutual assistance), or the victim himself (self-help) before the arrival of a medical worker.

1.2. Responsibility for organizing first aid training first aid V health organization is assigned to the head and/or responsible officials.

1.3. In order for the first pre-medical aid to be effective, the health-improving organization must have:

First aid kits with a set of necessary medicines and medical supplies to provide first aid;

Posters depicting the methods of providing first aid to victims of accidents and carrying out artificial respiration and external cardiac massage.

1.4. The person providing assistance should know the main signs of a violation of the vital functions of the human body, as well as be able to free the victim from the action of dangerous and harmful factors, assess the condition of the victim, determine the sequence of first aid methods used, and, if necessary, use improvised means when providing assistance and transporting the victim.

1.5. The sequence of actions when providing first aid to the victim:

Elimination of the impact on the body of the victim of dangerous and harmful factors (release him from the action electric current, extinguishing burning clothes, extracting from water, etc.);

Assessment of the condition of the victim;

Determining the nature of the injury that poses the greatest threat to the life of the victim, and the sequence of actions to save him;

Implementation of the necessary measures to save the victim in order of urgency (restoration of airway patency; performing artificial respiration, external heart massage; stopping bleeding; immobilization of the fracture site; applying a bandage, etc.);

Maintaining the basic vital functions of the casualty until arrival medical personnel;

Call an ambulance medical care or a doctor, or making arrangements to transport the casualty to the nearest medical organization.

1.6. If it is impossible to call medical personnel to the scene, it is necessary to ensure the transportation of the victim to the nearest medical organization. It is possible to transport the victim only with steady breathing and pulse.

1.7. In the event that the condition of the victim does not allow him to be transported, it is necessary to support his basic vital functions before the arrival of the health worker.

Signs to determine the state of health of the victim

2.1. Signs by which you can quickly determine the state of health of the victim are as follows:

Consciousness: clear, absent, impaired (the victim is inhibited or agitated);

The color of the skin and visible mucous membranes (lips, eyes) : pink, bluish, pale.

Respiration: normal, absent, disturbed (irregular, shallow, wheezing);

Pulse on the carotid arteries: well defined (correct or irregular rhythm), poorly defined, absent;

Pupils: dilated, constricted.

Complex of resuscitation measures

If the victim has no consciousness, breathing, pulse, the skin is cyanotic, and the pupils are dilated, you should immediately begin to restore the vital functions of the body by performing artificial respiration and external heart massage. It is required to note the time of respiratory arrest and blood circulation in the victim, the time of the start of artificial respiration and external heart massage, as well as the duration of resuscitation and report this information to the arriving medical personnel.

3.1. Artificial respiration.

The "mouth-to-mouth" or "mouth-to-nose" method is based on the use of air exhaled by the caregiver, which is forced into the victim's airways and is physiologically suitable for the victim to breathe. Air can be blown through gauze, a handkerchief, etc. This method of artificial respiration makes it easy to control the flow of air into the lungs of the victim by expanding the chest after blowing and then subsiding as a result of passive exhalation.

To carry out artificial respiration, the victim should be laid on his back, unfasten clothing that restricts breathing and ensure the patency of the upper respiratory tract, which, in the supine position in an unconscious state, is closed by a sunken tongue. In addition, there may be foreign contents in the oral cavity (vomit, sand, silt, grass, etc.), which must be removed with the index finger wrapped in a scarf (cloth) or bandage, turning the victim's head to one side.

After that, the assisting person is located on the side of the victim’s head, slips one hand under his neck, and with the palm of the other hand presses on his forehead, tilting his head as much as possible. In this case, the root of the tongue rises and frees the entrance to the larynx, and the victim's mouth opens. The caregiver leans towards the victim's face, takes a deep breath open mouth, then completely tightly covers the open mouth of the victim with his lips and makes an energetic exhalation, blowing air into his mouth with some effort; at the same time, he covers the nose of the victim with his cheek or fingers of the hand located on the forehead. In this case, it is imperative to observe the chest of the victim, which should rise. As soon as the chest has risen, the air injection is stopped, the assisting person raises his head, and the victim passively exhales. In order for the exhalation to be deeper, you can gently press the hand on the chest to help the air out of the lungs of the victim.

In addition to the expansion of the chest, a good indicator of the effectiveness of artificial respiration can be the pinking of the skin and mucous membranes, as well as the exit of the victim from an unconscious state and the appearance of independent breathing.

When performing artificial respiration, the assisting person must ensure that the blown air enters the lungs, and not into the victim's stomach. When air enters the stomach, as evidenced by bloating "under the spoon", gently press the palm of your hand on the stomach between the sternum and navel. This may cause vomiting, so it is necessary to turn the head and shoulders of the victim to the side (preferably to the left) to clear his mouth and throat.

If the jaws of the victim are tightly clenched and it is not possible to open the mouth, artificial respiration should be carried out according to the "mouth to nose" method.

Young children are blown into the mouth and nose at the same time. How less baby, the less air he needs to inhale and the more often he should be blown in comparison with an adult (up to 15-18 times per minute).

When the first weak breaths appear in the victim, an artificial breath should be timed to the moment he begins to breathe independently.

Cease artificial respiration after the victim recovers sufficiently deep and rhythmic spontaneous breathing.

It is impossible to refuse to help the victim and consider him dead in the absence of such signs of life as breathing or pulse. Only a medical professional has the right to make a conclusion about the death of the victim.

3.2. External cardiac massage.

If assistance is provided by one person, he is located on the side of the victim and, bending over, makes two quick energetic blows (according to the “mouth-to-mouth” or “mouth-to-nose” method), then unbends, remaining on the same side of the victim, palm puts one hand on the lower half of the sternum (stepping back two fingers higher from its lower edge), and raises the fingers. He puts the palm of the second hand on top of the first across or along and presses, helping by tilting his body. When pressing, the arms should be straightened in elbow joints.

Pressing should be done in quick bursts so as to displace the sternum by 4-5 cm, the duration of pressing is not more than 0.5 s, the interval between individual pressures is not more than 0.5 s.

In pauses, the hands are not removed from the sternum (if two people provide assistance), the fingers remain raised, the arms are fully extended at the elbow joints.

Experience shows that most of the time is spent on artificial respiration. You can not delay the blowing: as soon as the chest of the victim has expanded, it must be stopped.

With the correct performance of external heart massage, each pressure on the sternum causes a pulse to appear in the arteries.

If two people are involved in resuscitation, then the pulse on the carotid artery is controlled by the one who conducts artificial respiration. The appearance of a pulse during a massage break indicates the restoration of the activity of the heart (the presence of blood circulation). At the same time, heart massage should be immediately stopped, but artificial respiration should be continued until stable independent breathing appears. In the absence of a pulse, it is necessary to continue to massage the heart.

artificial respiration and outdoor massage the heart must be carried out until the restoration of stable spontaneous breathing and heart activity in the victim or until it is handed over to medical personnel.

A prolonged absence of a pulse with the appearance of other signs of revival of the body (spontaneous breathing, constriction of the pupils, attempts by the victim to move his arms and legs, etc.) is a sign of cardiac fibrillation. In these cases, it is necessary to continue to give artificial respiration and heart massage to the victim before transferring him to medical personnel.

4. First aid for various types of damage to the child's body

4.1. Wound .

When providing first aid in case of injury, the following rules must be strictly observed.

It is forbidden:

Wash the wound with water or any medicinal substance, cover it with powder and lubricate with ointments, as this prevents wound healing, causes suppuration and contributes to the entry of dirt into it from the surface of the skin;

It is impossible to remove sand, earth, etc. from the wound, since it is impossible to remove everything that pollutes the wound;

Remove blood clots, clothing, etc. from the wound, as this may cause heavy bleeding;

Cover wounds with duct tape or cobwebs to prevent tetanus infection.

Need to:

Helper wash hands or smear fingers with iodine;

Carefully remove dirt from the skin around the wound, the cleaned area of the skin should be smeared with iodine;

Open the dressing bag in the first aid kit in accordance with the instructions printed on its wrapper.

When applying a dressing, do not touch with your hands that part of it that should be applied directly to the wound.

If for some reason there was no dressing bag, a clean handkerchief, cloth, etc. can be used for dressing). Do not apply cotton wool directly to the wound. On the place of the tissue that is applied directly to the wound, drip iodine to get a spot larger than the wound, and then put the tissue on the wound;

Contact a medical organization as soon as possible, especially if the wound is contaminated with earth.

4.2. Bleeding .

4.2.1. internal bleeding.

Internal bleeding is recognized by the appearance of the victim (he turns pale; sticky sweat appears on the skin; breathing is frequent, intermittent, the pulse is frequent, of weak filling).

Need to:

Lay down the victim or give him a semi-sitting position;

Provide complete peace;

Apply "cold" to the intended site of bleeding;

Call a doctor or healthcare professional immediately.

It is forbidden:

Give the victim to drink if there is a suspicion of damage to the abdominal organs.

4.2.2. External bleeding.

Need to:

a) with mild bleeding:

Lubricate the skin around the wound with iodine;

Apply a dressing, cotton wool to the wound and bandage it tightly;

Without removing the applied dressing, apply additional layers of gauze, cotton wool on top of it and bandage it tightly if bleeding continues;

b) with severe bleeding:

Depending on the site of injury, for a quick stop, press the arteries to the underlying bone above the wound in the blood flow in the most effective places (temporal artery; occipital artery; carotid artery; subclavian artery; axillary artery; brachial artery; radial artery; ulnar artery; femoral artery; femoral artery in the middle of the thigh; popliteal artery; dorsal artery of the foot; posterior tibial artery);

In case of severe bleeding from a wounded limb, bend it in the joint above the wound site, if there is no fracture of this limb. Put a lump of cotton wool, gauze, etc. into the hole formed during bending, bend the joint to failure and fix the bend of the joint with a belt, scarf and other materials;

In case of severe bleeding from a wounded limb, apply a tourniquet above the wound (closer to the body), wrapping the limb at the site of the tourniquet with a soft pad (gauze, scarf, etc.). Previously, the bleeding vessel should be pressed with fingers to the underlying bone. The tourniquet is applied correctly, if the pulsation of the vessel below the place of its application is not determined, the limb turns pale. The tourniquet can be applied by stretching (elastic special tourniquet) and twisting (tie, twisted scarf, towel);

The victim with a tourniquet applied as soon as possible to deliver to medical institution.

It is forbidden:

Tighten the tourniquet too tightly, as you can damage the muscles, pinch the nerve fibers and cause paralysis of the limb;

Apply a tourniquet in warm weather for more than 2 hours, and in cold weather - for more than 1 hour, since there is a danger of tissue necrosis. If there is a need to leave the tourniquet longer, then you need to remove it for 10-15 minutes, after pressing the vessel with your finger above the bleeding site, and then apply it again to new areas of the skin.

4.3. Electric shock.

Need to:

As soon as possible, release the victim from the action of electric current;

Take measures to separate the victim from current-carrying parts, if there is no possibility of a quick shutdown of the electrical installation. To do this, you can: use any dry, non-conductive object (stick, board, rope, etc.); pull the victim away from current-carrying parts by his personal clothing, if it is dry and lags behind the body; cut the wire with an ax with a dry wooden handle; use an object that conducts electric current, wrapping it in the place of contact with the hands of the rescuer with dry cloth, felt, etc.;

Remove the victim from the danger zone at a distance of at least 8 m from the current-carrying part (wire);

In accordance with the condition of the victim, provide first aid, including resuscitation (artificial respiration and chest compressions). Regardless of the subjective well-being of the victim, deliver him to a medical facility.

It is forbidden:

Forget about personal safety measures when assisting a victim of electric current. With extreme caution, you need to move in the area where the current-carrying part (wire, etc.) lies on the ground. It is necessary to move in the zone of spreading of the earth fault current using protective equipment for isolation from the ground (dielectric protective equipment, dry boards, etc.) or without the use of protective equipment, moving the feet on the ground and not tearing them one from the other.

4.4. Fractures, dislocations, bruises, sprains .

4.4.1. For fractures,:

Provide the victim with immobilization (creation of rest) of the broken bone;

With open fractures, stop bleeding, apply sterile dressing;

Apply a tire (standard or made from improvised material - plywood, boards, sticks, etc.). If there are no objects with which to immobilize the fracture site, it is bandaged to a healthy part of the body (an injured arm to the chest, an injured leg to a healthy one, etc.);

At closed fracture leave at the splint thin layer clothes. Remove the remaining layers of clothing or shoes without aggravating the position of the victim (for example, cut);

Apply cold to the fracture site to reduce pain;

Deliver the victim to a medical institution, creating a calm position of the damaged body part during transportation and transfer to medical personnel.

It is forbidden:

Remove clothes and shoes from the victim in a natural way, if this leads to additional physical impact (squeezing, pressing) on the fracture site.

4.4.2. When dislocated, you need:

Ensure complete immobility of the damaged part with a tire (standard or made from improvised material);

Deliver the victim to a medical facility with immobilization.

It is forbidden:

Try to correct the dislocation yourself. This should only be done by a medical professional.

4.4.3. For injuries, you need:

Create peace for a bruised place;

Apply "cold" to the site of injury;

Apply a tight bandage.

It is forbidden:

Lubricate the bruised area with iodine, rub and apply a warm compress.

4.4.4. When stretching ligaments, you need:

Bandage the injured limb tightly and provide it with peace;

Apply "cold" to the injury site;

Create conditions for blood circulation (raise the injured leg, hang the injured arm on a scarf to the neck).

It is forbidden:

Carry out procedures that can lead to heating of the injured area.

4.4.5. With a skull fracture(signs: bleeding from the ears and mouth, unconsciousness) and concussion (signs: headache, nausea, vomiting, loss of consciousness) need to:

Eliminate the harmful effects of the situation (frost, heat, being on the carriageway, etc.);

Move the victim in compliance with the rules of safe transportation to a comfortable place;

Lay the victim on his back, in case of vomiting, turn his head to one side;

Fix the head on both sides with rollers from clothes;

In the event of suffocation due to the retraction of the tongue, extend lower jaw forward and support her in that position;

If there is a wound, apply a tight sterile bandage;

Put "cold";

Ensure complete rest until the doctor arrives;

Provide qualified medical assistance as soon as possible (call medical workers, provide appropriate transportation).

It is forbidden:

Give the victim any medication on their own;

Talk to the victim;

Allow the victim to get up and move around.

4.4.6. In case of spinal injury(signs: sharp pain in the spine, inability to bend the back and turn) need to:

Carefully, without lifting the victim, slip a wide board and other object similar in function under his back or turn the victim face down and strictly ensure that his torso does not bend in any position (to avoid damage to the spinal cord);

Eliminate any load on the muscles of the spine;

Provide complete peace.

It is forbidden:

Turn the victim on his side, plant, put on his feet;

Lay on a soft, elastic bedding.

4.5. For burns you need:

For burns of the 1st degree (redness and soreness of the skin), cut the clothes and shoes at the burnt place and carefully remove them, moisten the burnt place with alcohol, weak solution potassium permanganate and other cooling and disinfecting lotions, then contact a medical institution;

For burns of the II, III and IV degrees (blisters, necrosis of the skin and deep-lying tissues), apply a dry sterile bandage, wrap the affected area of the skin in a clean cloth, sheet, etc., apply for medical assistance. If the burnt pieces of clothing are stuck to the burned skin, apply a sterile bandage over them;

If the victim shows signs of shock, immediately give him 20 drops of valerian tincture or another similar remedy to drink;

In case of eye burns, make cold lotions from a solution of boric acid (half a teaspoon of acid in a glass of water);

In case of a chemical burn, wash the affected area with water, treat it with neutralizing solutions: in case of an acid burn, a solution of baking soda (1 teaspoon per glass of water); for alkali burns - a solution of boric acid (1 teaspoon per glass of water) or a solution acetic acid (table vinegar half diluted with water).

It is forbidden:

Touch the burned areas of the skin with your hands or lubricate them with ointments, fats, and other means;

Open bubbles;

Remove substances, materials, dirt, mastic, clothing, etc. adhering to the burned area.

4.6. For heat and sunstroke:

Quickly move the victim to a cool place;

Lay on your back, placing a bundle under your head (you can use clothes);

Unfasten or remove clothing that restricts breathing;

Moisten the head and chest with cold water;

Apply cold lotions to the surface of the skin, where many vessels are concentrated (forehead, parietal region, etc.);

If the person is conscious, give cold tea, cold salted water to drink;

If breathing is disturbed and there is no pulse, perform artificial respiration and external heart massage;

Provide peace;

summon ambulance or deliver the victim to a medical facility (depending on the state of health).

It is forbidden:

4.7. At food poisoning need to:

Give the victim to drink at least 3-4 glasses of water and a pink solution of potassium permanganate, followed by vomiting;

Repeat gastric lavage several times;

Give the victim activated charcoal;

Drink warm tea, put to bed, cover warmer (until the arrival of medical personnel);

In case of violation of breathing and blood circulation, start artificial respiration and external heart massage.

It is forbidden:

Leave the victim unattended until the ambulance arrives and takes him to a medical organization.

4.8. For frostbite, you need:

In case of slight freezing, immediately rub and heat the chilled area to eliminate vasospasm (excluding the possibility of damage to the skin, its injury);

In case of loss of sensitivity, whitening of the skin, do not allow rapid warming of supercooled areas of the body when the victim is in the room, use heat-insulating dressings (cotton-gauze, woolen, etc.) on the affected integuments;

Ensure the immobility of supercooled arms, legs, body body (for this you can resort to splinting);

Leave the heat-insulating bandage until a feeling of heat appears and the sensitivity of the supercooled skin is restored, then give hot sweet tea to drink;

In case of general hypothermia, the victim should be urgently delivered to the nearest medical institution without removing heat-insulating dressings and means (in particular, you should not remove icy shoes, you can only wrap your feet with a padded jacket, etc.).

It is forbidden:

Tear or pierce the formed blisters, as this threatens to fester.

4.9. When hit by foreign bodies in organs and tissues need to contact a healthcare professional or healthcare organization.

You can remove a foreign body yourself only if there is sufficient confidence that this can be done easily, completely and without serious consequences.

4.10. When drowning a person, you need:

Act thoughtfully, calmly and carefully;

The person providing assistance must not only swim and dive well himself, but also know the methods of transporting the victim, be able to free himself from his seizures;

Urgently call an ambulance or a doctor;

If possible, quickly clean the mouth and throat (open the mouth, remove the trapped sand, carefully pull out the tongue and fix it to the chin with a bandage or scarf, the ends of which are tied at the back of the head);

Remove water from the respiratory tract (put the victim on his knee with his stomach, head and legs hang down; beat on the back);

If, after removing the water, the victim is unconscious, there is no pulse on the carotid arteries, does not breathe, start artificial respiration and external heart massage. spend up to full recovery breathing or stop when obvious signs of death appear, which the doctor must ascertain;

When restoring breathing and consciousness, wrap, warm, drink hot strong coffee, tea (give an adult 1-2 tablespoons of vodka);

Ensure complete rest until the doctor arrives.

It is forbidden:

Until the doctor arrives, leave the victim alone (without attention) even with a clear visible improvement in well-being.

4.11. When bitten.

4.11.1. For snake bites and poisonous insects,:

Suck the poison out of the wound as soon as possible (this procedure is not dangerous for the caregiver);

Restrict the victim's mobility to slow the spread of the poison;

Provide plenty of fluids;

Deliver the victim to a medical organization. Transport only in the supine position.

It is forbidden:

Apply a tourniquet to the bitten limb;

Cauterize the bite site;

Make cuts for better discharge poison;

Give the victim alcohol.

4.11.2. For animal bites:

Lubricate the skin around the bite (scratch) with iodine;

Apply a sterile bandage;

Send the victim to a medical organization for vaccination against rabies.

4.11.3. When bitten or stung by insects (bees, wasps, etc.), you need to:

Remove sting;

Put "cold" in place of the edema;

Give the victim a large amount of drink;

In case of allergic reactions to insect venom, give the victim 1-2 tablets of diphenhydramine and 20-25 drops of cordiamine, cover the victim with warm heating pads and urgently deliver to a medical organization;

In case of respiratory failure and cardiac arrest, perform artificial respiration and external heart massage.

It is forbidden:

The victim should take alcohol, as it promotes vascular permeability, the poison lingers in the cells, swelling increases.

providing first aid to the injured

and action in emergency situations.

To prepare teams for

To the open final of the game "Zarnitsa"

Northwest Russia

(stage: health training)

theoretical part

Compiled by:

^ N.F. Chernukhin, Lecturer of Surgery, State Educational Institution SPU Medical School of Railway Transport

^ N.A. Lepin, Head of the Sector of City Mass Events and Competition Programs

I.A. Ponomarev, teacher-organizer of the City. TsGPV GOU St. Petersburg "Baltic Coast".

^ S.E. Klyuykov, teacher-organizer of the City. TsGPV GOU St. Petersburg "Baltic Coast".

V.S. Fedorov, doctor-pediatrist, teacher-organizer of the city.

Computer layout: ^ S.E. Klyuykov

Under the general editorship M.V. Ulicheva- Director of the City Center for State Public Health Educational Institution of St. Petersburg "Baltic Coast".

Reviewer: E.P. Makhov, candidate medical sciences, Associate Professor, Department of Disaster Medicine, MAPE.

Fourth edition revised.

Circulation 500 copies.

First aid- this is prompt assistance to the victim in case of injury or a sudden attack of the disease, which is provided until more qualified medical care is possible.

^ Essence of first aid.

It consists in stopping further exposure to traumatic factors, carrying out the simplest measures to prevent the dangerous consequences of bleeding and shock injuries, as well as ensuring the speedy transportation of the victim to a medical institution.

^ First aid sequence.

When providing first aid for multiple injuries, one should be guided by the following principles: first of all, one should deal with those injuries, the consequences of which directly threaten the life of the victim. These include mainly arterial bleeding, suffocation, open fractures, severe impairment of consciousness. Only after the threat to life has been eliminated, it is possible to proceed with the treatment of other wounds, fractures and less significant injuries. The same principle must be observed in the presence of several victims.

Basic principles.

Correctness and expediency
Rapidity
Thoughtfulness, determination and calmness

Treatment of the injured.

When providing first aid, it is very important to be able to handle the wounded. The victim must be properly lifted, and if necessary, moved to another place. Raise the wounded person carefully, supporting from below. This often requires the participation of two or three people. If the victim is conscious, then he should hug the person assisting him by the neck.

It is necessary to be able to properly remove clothes from the victim. In case of damage to the upper limb, clothes are first removed from good hand. Then the sleeve is pulled off the damaged arm, while supporting the entire arm from below. Likewise removed from lower extremities trousers. If it is difficult to remove clothing from the victim, then it is torn at the seams. For burns where clothing sticks or even burns to the skin, the cloth should be trimmed around the burn; under no circumstances should it be removed. The bandage is applied over the burnt areas.

The treatment of the victim is a very important factor in the first aid complex. Improper handling of the wounded reduces the effect of its action!

^ Important notes.

The aider must be able not only to provide first aid correctly, but also to mentally support the victim, instill in him hope and confidence in a successful outcome, even in an obviously fatal case.

At the same time, relatives should also be reassured, supporting their faith in saving the life of a wounded loved one.

A soothing word, a look, support for the belief that the wounded can be saved are among the most important points mental impact of first aid. In fact, such an attitude is also first aid, which has a calming effect on the wounded, maintaining in him confidence in a successful outcome and a sense of trust in the first aid provider and in the very act of first aid. The calmed victim then accepts with confidence the measures taken by the doctors in the medical institution.

^ Wounds and injuries.

The human body is affected by various harmful factors damaging and injuring him. Their action is often sudden, rapid. Violent injury to the body external influences resulting in health impairment is called trauma. Sudden health problems caused by trauma are called wounds.

^ Types of injuries.

Environmental factors are involved in the occurrence of injuries.

Depending on their type, injuries differ:

1. Industrial, industrial - in factories, factories,

2. Agricultural - in the fields, in stockyards,

3. Household - at home, in yards,

4. Transport - conditional vehicles,

5. Sports - in gyms, on sports grounds,

6. Children's - all injuries of children under 14 years of age.

7. Military - wartime and peacetime injuries caused by combat means.

Depending on the type of activity of the victim, injuries are divided into non-professional and professional.

Types of wounds.

Injuries arise in a different way, according to which they are divided into:

1. Mechanical - due to the action of a blunt or sharp object or tool.

2. Physical - due to the action of cold and heat.

3. Chemical - due to the action of alkalis and acids.

4. Biological - due to bacteria and their toxic secretions.

5. Mental - resulting from irritation nervous system And mental activity feeling constant fear, threats.

Depending on the severity of the wounds are divided into: light, moderate and severe.

Wound.

Wound is a violation of the integrity of the skin, mucous membrane or organs of the body. Characteristic signs: bleeding, pain, tissue damage or loss.

Wounds are superficial (shallow, when only one skin is damaged) and deep (when subcutaneous tissues, muscles, bones are damaged). Depending on the size of the wound are divided into small, medium and extensive.

According to the method of occurrence, wounds differ:

1. Cut - applied with a thin sliding motion sharp object; the length of the wound prevails over the depth;

2. Chopped - applied by a descending object with a sharp edge; in their appearance they resemble incised wounds, but differ in greater depth;

3. Stab - applied with a narrow, sharp object with a small transverse size;

4. Bruised - when struck with a blunt object; the edges of the wound are uneven, hematoma;

5. Torn - occur as a result of a rupture of the skin during its tension; the edges of such wounds are uneven, the bleeding is weak, there is significant pain;

6. Bitten - in appearance they resemble bruised or lacerated wounds; often, along with the saliva of rabid animals, they get an infection;

7. Firearms - applied with firearms: through (2 holes, the bullet passed right through), blind (1 hole, the bullet inside), tangent (the bullet passed casually).

8. Scalped - extensive wounds of the scalp with almost complete or complete separation of the skin.

9. Crushed - when crushing and tissue rupture occurs

In order to assess the severity of the injury and provide assistance, the wound area must be freed from clothing. When limbs are injured, clothes are first removed from a healthy, and then from an injured limb, in order to minimize subsequent trauma and pain.

Bleeding

Bleeding.

Bleeding- this is the outflow of blood from the vessels, as a result of injury or disease. The blood has an important protective property- clotting; due to the ability of the blood to clot, there is a spontaneous stop of any small bleeding. With insufficient coagulability, manifested by a disproportionately long, delayed coagulation, bleeding occurs. Individuals with this condition may lose significant amounts of blood when they bleed from small vessels, small wounds, and even death may occur.

^ Types of bleeding.

Bleeding, in which blood flows out of a wound or natural openings of the body to the outside, is commonly called outdoor bleeding. Bleeding in which blood accumulates in body cavities is called internal bleeding. Among external bleeding, bleeding from wounds is most often observed, namely:

1. capillary - occurs with superficial wounds; blood flows from the wound drop by drop;

2. venous - occurs with deeper wounds, such as cut, stab; with this type of bleeding, there is an abundant outflow of blood of a dark red (cherry) color;

3. arterial - occurs with deep chopped, stab wounds; arterial blood bright red spurts from damaged arteries, in which it is under great pressure;

4. mixed bleeding - occurs when veins and arteries bleed simultaneously in the wound; most often such bleeding is observed with deeper wounds.

^ consequences of bleeding.

With bleeding main danger associated with the occurrence of acute insufficient blood supply to tissues, blood loss, which, causing insufficient supply of oxygen to organs, cause a violation of their activity; first of all, it concerns the brain, heart and lungs.

^ Contusion.

Damage to soft tissues without breaking the integrity of the skin.

Sprain.

Sprains, along with wounds, are among the most common injuries. Sprains are obtained by awkwardly stepping, stumbling or slipping. Most often, the ankle and knee joints. In the joint, there is a tear of the ligaments and rupture of the vessels. The area of the joint swells, a bruise shows through the blue skin. The wounded place is painful when palpated and especially when moving; nevertheless, the victim, despite the sprain in the joint, can move.

Dislocation.

Dislocations are less common than sprains, but, on the other hand, they are more severe and painful injuries. Dislocations occur with a fall, impact, or excessive movement; in this case, the bones in the joint are displaced relative to each other, ligaments and joint bag may be damaged or broken. Dislocations are easily identified by changes in the appearance of the joint and by curvature. The victim can move the dislocated limb a little, but with great tension, and each movement is extremely painful. The joint is swollen.

Fracture.

A fracture is a break in the integrity of the bones. Bone, although it is the hardest of all tissues of the body, nevertheless, its strength also has certain limits. Fractures are most often caused by a blow, push, fall, or when an object is thrown into the bone. In this way, fractures of the lower extremities and skull usually occur. With an indirect impact, observed when falling, stumbling, falling on the street during icy conditions, fractures of the forearm and lower leg occur. When falling from a significant height, fractures of the skull and spine occur. As a result of compression, fractures of the skull, chest and pelvis occur.

Closed fracture - this is a violation of the integrity of the bones without damage to the skin. An open fracture is a violation of the integrity of the bones with damage to the skin and other soft tissues. A final diagnosis of a fracture can only be made in a hospital, after an x-ray.

^ Relative signs of a fracture (may appear with other damage):

In the case of dry or syncopal drowning, resuscitation should be started immediately.

If a person managed to be pulled out of the water very quickly and he did not have time to lose consciousness, then you still need to call an ambulance, since even in this case there is a risk of complications.

Attention! Every victim must be shown to a doctor, even if good health after resuscitation! There is a risk of pulmonary edema and other serious consequences (for example, repeated cardiac arrest). Only in one week will it be possible to say with certainty that his life is out of danger!

The proverb “The salvation of the drowning is the work of the drowning themselves” is not without meaning. In a critical situation, the most important thing is not to get confused. When you get into the water, you need to soberly assess the situation, calm down and swim to the shore. If after a while a strong tiredness appears - relax, lie on your back and, breathing calmly, relax. When you get into a whirlpool, you need to dive and try to swim to the side at a depth (the speed of the current at depth is always less). If you can see that a big wave is coming at you, it is highly advisable to dive in order to avoid being hit.

Suffocation.

Choking occurs when there is an obstruction to the penetration of air into the lungs. It can be caused by a foreign body, convulsive spasms of the vocal cords with closure of the glottis in the larynx, or damage to the upper respiratory tract.

A foreign body that has entered the respiratory tract irritates them, causes a cough, which is protective. However, if a foreign body is not removed from the larynx when coughing, then convulsions of the vocal cords may occur, and with large foreign bodies, even a complete blockage of the larynx occurs, which leads to strangulation of a person. Suffocation, due to lack of oxygen, is an immediate danger to the life of the victim. Due to the existing obstacle, the air at the entrance cannot get into the lungs and further into the blood, and therefore the body does not have enough oxygen. However, the cause of suffocation is not always an obstruction in the airways. Asphyxiation can also occur when the chest is squeezed by the ruins of a house, when the earth collapses, in car accidents, when the traumatic effect directly affects the main respiratory organ - the lungs. Another cause of suffocation may be cardiac weakness, when the heart is unable to sufficient disperse blood throughout the body. Asphyxiation can also occur as a result of a violation of the activity of the brain and the medulla oblongata, where the control centers of respiration and blood circulation are located. Asphyxiation of this kind occurs with poisoning, as well as with hemorrhage in the brain.

Often, suffocation is also associated with another dangerous painful condition, namely, with loss of consciousness, in which the suffocation of the victim may be due to the retraction of the tongue or the inhalation of vomit into the lungs.

Poisoning.

Poisoning occurs when poisonous substances are ingested or when poisonous gases are inhaled.

Poison is a harmful toxic substance that has a detrimental effect on the activity of the body, disrupting its metabolism. The action of the poison manifests itself in the form of poisoning, which can lead to lethal outcome.

Prevention of poisoning lies in the proper storage, handling, application and use of various substances.

A toxic substance can enter the human body in four ways: through the digestive tract, respiratory tract, skin, and as a result of injection. Known poisoning gases, chemicals, food, drugs and drugs.

The task of first aid is to prevent further exposure to the poison, to accelerate its removal from the body, to neutralize the remains of the poison and to support the activity of damaged organs.

^ Gas poisoning.

Carbon monoxide occurs with incomplete combustion of coal; this compound is found in lighting gas and in car exhaust gases. Carbon monoxide poisoning occurs in cases of premature closing of the stove damper when heating the room with coal, in case of poisoning with lighting gas, as well as in closed garages with the car engine running.

The gas enters the body by inhalation and quickly penetrates into the red blood cells, thereby preventing the flow of oxygen into them. Carbon monoxide poisoning is manifested by headaches, weakness, dizziness, tinnitus, nausea and vomiting, loss of consciousness and, finally, death.

^ Carbon dioxide. The danger of poisoning with this gas arises during combustion, fermentation in wine cellars, in wells. Poisoning carbon dioxide manifested by palpitations, tinnitus, a feeling of pressure on the chest.

^ Chemical poisoning.

Acids and alkalis. The corrosive action of these caustic poisons, which are sometimes inadvertently ingested, manifests itself in the tissues of the oral cavity, esophagus and stomach. Acids and alkalis, corroding the mucous membrane of these organs, can cause them to perforate. With such poisoning, swallowing is extremely painful, the voice of the victim becomes hoarse, there is a sharp and painful cough, vomiting, in the area behind the sternum, the victim experiences burning pain. Shock may come later.

Petrol absorbed into the body through the skin; its vapors also have a harmful effect when inhaled. Gasoline interferes with the formation of red blood cells. Gasoline poisoning is manifested by headaches, dizziness, weakness, nausea, vomiting, bloody stool, convulsions, weakening of breathing, and the smell of gasoline is felt from the mouth.

Solvents. When ingested, these substances have a harmful effect on the kidneys and liver, as well as on the respiratory center. First, they cause a feeling of intoxication, then dizziness, vomiting, later - loss of consciousness, respiratory arrest.

Mercury. Upon contact with mercury, poisoning occurs, manifested in damage to the liver, kidneys and intestines. The victim experiences burning pain in the stomach, vomiting, intense bloody diarrhea are observed, urine output decreases.

^ Alcohol and nicotine poisoning.

Excessive smoking and drinking alcohol leads to poisoning of the body. In these cases we are talking about the widespread method of irritation and inhibition of the nervous system and the whole organism, called drug addiction in the special literature. The use of alcoholic beverages has an allegedly exciting effect on a person; smoking, on the other hand, has a calming effect.

Alcohol acts in the form of ethyl alcohol contained in factory-made alcoholic beverages, as well as in the form methyl alcohol(denatured alcohol).

The lethal dose of ethyl alcohol is 7-8 g per 1 kg of human weight. However, poisoning ethyl alcohol cause lower doses. Alcohol, acting on the vessels, expands them, due to which there is a feeling of warmth; in addition, it causes a violation of the gastric mucosa. Alcohol has a major effect on the brain. A person who is in a severe stage of intoxication falls asleep; sleep passes into an unconscious state, and as a result of paralysis of the centers of respiration and blood circulation, death may even occur.

Methyl alcohol as an alcoholic drink is consumed most often by people who have access to it at work. 10 ml of methyl alcohol may be lethal dose. 10 - 12 hours after its use, headaches, dizziness, pain in the abdomen, in the eyes and vomiting occur. Vision is impaired and blindness ensues. Then there is loss of consciousness and death.

Nicotine is a poison contained in tobacco leaves and affects the nerves of the viscera and the brain. The lethal single dose is 1/20 gram. Smoking significant amount cigarettes cause poisoning not only for beginners, but also for heavy smokers; this poisoning is manifested by weakness, salivation, nausea, vomiting, urge to go down, the pupils are constricted, the pulse is slow.

^ Drug poisoning

Almost half of all cases of poisoning in children are poisoning as a result of ingestion of various types of drugs. Less commonly, there are cases of drug poisoning in suicides, and most often young girls.

^ Painkillers and anti-febrile drugs. To these powerful medicines primarily include butadion, promedol, lemoran, alnagon, etc. The action of these drugs causes inhibition of the central nervous system and increased heat transfer by dilated skin vessels. Taking large doses of these drugs causes significant sweating, drowsiness and deep sleep, which can turn into unconsciousness.

^ Sleep aids. The use of large doses of hexobarbital, dimerin, cyclobarbital, etc. causes a deep inhibition of brain activity, sleep from which the victim no longer wakes up, and finally, paralysis of the respiratory center and the circulatory center. Death occurs as a result of cardiac arrest and paralysis respiratory muscles. The first signs of poisoning are a feeling of fatigue, weakness and drowsiness. In the severe stage of poisoning, wheezing, abnormal breathing, and blue discoloration are observed.

^ Intoxicants . Morphine and opium - which are very the right medicines used by drug addicts. Prescribing these drugs is strictly controlled by law, but morphine addicts still get them from smugglers, steal them, and use them surreptitiously. Morphine and opium suppress pain, cause a feeling of good mood and pleasant visions. Poisoning with these substances is manifested by dizziness, deep sleep, even loss of consciousness; while breathing is wrong, the pupils of the eyes are constricted.

^ Food poisoning.

Mushrooms. In everyday life, mushroom poisoning is most often observed. Even edible mushrooms can become harmful when rewarmed.

The harmful effect of poisonous mushrooms, depending on their type, is different. The most powerful toxic effect among them has a pale grebe. Poisoning with this fungus manifests itself after half an hour, at the latest after 4 hours, namely in the form of weakness, nausea, vomiting, stomach pain and diarrhea. The green and pale grebe has a harmful effect on the liver and kidneys. Symptoms of poisoning occur 6-12 hours after consumption. First, there are pains in the abdomen, diarrhea, then yellowness, weakness, a feeling of complete exhaustion, a decrease in the amount of urine separated, convulsions and a decrease in body temperature appear. The defeat of the nervous system occurs when poisoning with fly agaric red or panther (tiger). Within half an hour after eating them, headaches, tinnitus, flushes of heat in the face, excitement, verbosity, profuse salivation and lacrimation, confusion, hallucinations, delirium and, finally, loss of consciousness appear. In case of poisoning with false mushrooms, after half an hour there are signs of an acute intestinal disorder.

Plants. Acute poisoning plants are very common. Most often this happens in the warm season among tourists who eat unfamiliar plants as food as seasonings, and children who go on vacation to summer camps and to cottages.

In Russia there are the following poisonous plants: wild rosemary, common barberry, henbane, belladonna, wolf's bast, crow's eye, common dope, castor bean, cherry laurel, etc. Plant poisons severely damage the mucous membranes of the digestive tract. Symptoms of poisoning appear after 1-2 hours, in the form of nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, which severely dehydrate the body and cause general weakness. When poisoned with henbane, dizziness and hallucinations appear.

Botulism. In old canned meat, in mayonnaise, in spoiled smoked meats and in meat, meat poison occurs - botulinum toxin. Signs of poisoning appear 12-30 hours after eating poisoned foods, namely in the form of vomiting, diarrhea, headaches, double vision, impaired swallowing, paralysis of the limbs. Death occurs due to weakening of cardiac activity and paralysis of the respiratory center.

^ Wounds inflicted by animals

Insect bites. The piercing organs of insects are supplied with poisonous substances, causing edema at the site of the bite, and later, under the influence of bacteria, and infection.

^ Snake bites. One of the most dangerous poisonous snakes is a common viper, whose bites are not so rare in summer. At the site of the bite, most often in the ankle area, two small bloody dots are visible. These are the teeth marks of a viper. The viper has a venom pouch above its two front teeth; when bitten, this poison penetrates the wound. From the bite site, the poison further spreads throughout the body, affecting the cardiovascular system.

^ Animal bites. Animal bite wounds are always considered infected. With the bites of wild, stray and even domestic animals, infection with the rabies virus can never be ruled out, so the victim must be taken to the hospital.

^ Signs of life

Determining the heartbeat by hand or by ear on the left, in the region of the heart, is the first clear sign that the victim is still alive.

^ Pulse is determined on the neck, where the largest - carotid - artery passes, or on the inside of the forearm.

Breath is established by the movements of the chest, by moistening the mirror attached to the nose of the victim, or by the movement of cotton wool brought to the nasal openings.

In harsh lighting eye with a flashlight, constriction of the pupils is observed; A similar reaction can also be seen if open eye shield the victim with your hand, and then quickly move your hand to the side. However, with a deep loss of consciousness, there is no reaction to light.

The signs of life are unmistakable proof that immediate relief can still bring success.

^ Signs of death

When the heart stops working and breathing stops, death occurs. The body lacks oxygen; lack of oxygen causes the death of brain cells. In this regard, when reviving, the main attention should be focused on the activity of the heart and lungs.

Death consists of two phases: clinical and biological death. During clinical death lasting 5-7 minutes, the person no longer breathes, the heart stops beating, but there are still no irreversible phenomena in the tissues. During this period, while there has not yet been severe damage to the brain, heart and lungs, the body can be revived. After 8 - 10 minutes, biological death occurs.

When establishing whether the victim is still alive or already dead, they proceed from the manifestations of clinical and biological death, from the so-called doubtful and obvious signs of death.

^ Doubtful signs of death . The victim does not breathe, the heartbeat is not determined, there is no reaction to a needle prick, the reaction of the pupils to strong light is negative. As long as there is no complete certainty in the death of the victim, we are obliged to provide assistance to him in full.

^ Clear signs of death . One of the first eye signs is clouding of the cornea and its drying. When squeezing the eye from the sides with the fingers, the pupil narrows and resembles cat eye. Cooling of the body occurs gradually; Cadaverous bluish spots appear due to the flow of blood into the lower parts of the body. Rigor mortis begins 2 to 4 hours after death.

^ Cardiopulmonary resuscitation

CPR consists of two main procedures: measures to restore breathing - artificial respiration, and to restore cardiac activity - heart massage.

^ Artificial respiration

There are two ways: mouth to mouth and mouth to nose. With the mouth-to-mouth method, it is necessary to free the mouth and nose of the victim from all contents. Then the head of the victim is thrown back so that an obtuse angle forms between the chin and the neck. Then they take a deep breath, pinch the victim's nose, tightly wrap their lips around the victim's lips and exhale into the mouth. After that, you need to remove your fingers from the nose. The interval between breaths should be 4-5 seconds.

The ratio of breaths with indirect heart massage is 2: 30. It is advisable to use the so-called barriers to protect both the rescuer and the rescued: from a handkerchief to special films and masks that are usually found in a first-aid kit.

It is important to prevent bloating of the stomach, which is possible with excessive tilting of the neck. An indicator of effectiveness is the raising and lowering of the chest.

In young children, artificial respiration can be performed by inhaling air into the mouth and nose at the same time.

^ Indirect cardiac massage

Circulation can be restored by pressing on the chest. In this case, the heart is squeezed between the sternum and the spine, and blood is pushed out of the heart into the vessels. Rhythmic pressing imitates heart contractions and restores blood flow. This massage is called indirect because the rescuer acts on the heart through the chest.

The victim is laid on his back, always on a hard surface. If he is lying on the bed, he should be placed on the floor. The clothes on the patient's chest are unbuttoned, freeing the chest. The rescuer stands (in full height or on his knees) to the side of the victim. He places one palm on the lower half of the patient's sternum so that the fingers are perpendicular to it. Place the other hand on top. Raised fingers do not touch the body. The straight arms of the rescuer are located perpendicular to the chest of the victim. Massage is performed with quick pushes, the weight of the whole body, without bending the arms at the elbows. In this case, the patient's sternum should bend by 4-5 cm.

CPR sequence (1 rescuer):

1. Lay the casualty face up on a hard surface.

3. Take 2 breaths for the patient according to the mouth-to-mouth or mouth-to-nose method.

4. Check the pulse on the carotid artery. If not, continue resuscitation.

5. Begin chest compressions: Give 30 chest compressions in a row at a rate of approximately 100 compressions per minute.

6. 2 more breaths of artificial respiration. Do 4 such cycles (30 presses and 2 breaths each).

7. After that, check the pulse on the carotid artery again. If not, resuscitation continues. Repeat 5 cycles of 30 presses and 2 breaths. Continue CPR until a doctor arrives or signs of biological death appear.

CPR sequence (2 rescuers):

1. Lay the victim on their back on a hard surface.

3. Stand on the side of the patient: the first rescuer is at the head (he breathes for the patient), the second is opposite the chest (he massages the heart).

4. The first rescuer gives 2 rescue breaths.

5. The second rescuer checks the pulse on the carotid artery. If not, resuscitation continues.

6. The second rescuer presses the chest five times in a row at a speed of approximately 100 compressions per minute, massaging the patient's heart.

7. After that, the first rescuer takes 1 breath to the victim.

8. So in turn, the rescuers spend 10 cycles - each cycle includes 5 clicks and 1 breath.

9. Then check the pulse on the carotid artery. If it is not there, resuscitation is continued: repeat 10 cycles of 5 clicks and 1 breath.

^ Transportation of victims.

For more severe injuries and sudden illnesses immediate delivery of the victim to a medical facility is required. In such cases, it refers to the transport of the wounded, which should be quick, safe and gentle; when transporting the wounded, it is impossible to cause great pain by concussions or an uncomfortable position, since these factors contribute to the onset of shock. In case of severe injuries, the victim must be accompanied by an accompanying person. The transport of the casualty depends on the circumstances in which the injury or injury occurred, the number of persons available to provide first aid, and the means of transport available.

If necessary, the delivery of the wounded is carried out by one person. In this case, the wounded person can be carried in the following ways: 1. support the wounded man, 2. carry the wounded man in his arms, 3. carry the wounded man on his shoulders, on his back, 4. drag the wounded man on a raincoat, on a sheet or on branches. It is best to use standard means of transportation for carrying the wounded - a stretcher, or at least improvised means of transport - skis, a chair mounted on poles, a ladder, a board, a coat into which poles are threaded.

Transportation of the wounded by vehicles is the fastest and most comfortable view transportation; however, the wounded person should be laid in the correct, comfortable position corresponding to the type of injury. Transporting the wounded down the mountain or up should always be head up.

^ Basic concepts and terms.

ANTISEPTICS - methods of combating microbes in the wound.

ARTERIES are blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood from the heart to other organs.

ASEPTICA - a method of preventing the penetration of microbes into a wound, tissue or body cavity, for example. during operations.

VEINS - blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood from all organs back to the heart.

DISTRUCTION - persistent violation anatomical structure displaced joint articular surfaces in relation to each other and disruption of its function.

HEMATOMA - a type of bruising, a limited accumulation of blood with closed and open injuries organs and tissues with vascular damage.

PRESSURE BANDAGE - A bandage tightly pressed to the wound to stop bleeding.

DISINFECTION - a set of measures for the destruction of pathogens of human and animal infectious diseases in the external environment by mechanical, physical, chemical and biological methods.

AIRWAY - the airway from the nose and mouth to the lungs.

VITAL FUNCTIONS - three main characteristics that indicate the state of the victim - the presence of consciousness, breathing and pulse.

^ HEAD TIP- a way to ensure the patency of the respiratory tract in an unconscious adult or child.

IMMOBILIZATION - the use of splints or other material to immobilize the injured part of the body.

INFECTION - pathogenic microorganisms, viruses and bacteria, when they enter the human body, an infectious disease can occur.

ARTIFICIAL LUNG VENTILATION - a way to support breathing in a victim who does not have spontaneous breathing.

Capillaries - the smallest blood vessels connecting veins and arteries, through which oxygen and other nutrients enter the cells of the body from the blood, and excrete waste products.

LIMB - to upper limbs the arm (shoulder, forearm and hand) belongs to the lower ones - the leg (thigh, lower leg, foot).

BONE - dense, hard tissue that forms the skeleton.

CRAFT BANDAGE - a bandage applied with a piece of triangular-shaped fabric and used, for example, to hold an injured arm at chest level.

CREPITATION - in relation to fractures, the sensation of "crunching" when moving at the fracture site when pressed with fingers.

BURN - an injury resulting from exposure to tissue high temperature, chemical, electric charge or radiation.

Edema - excessive accumulation of fluid in organs, extracellular tissue spaces of the body.

FIRST AID - immediate help provided to the victim before the arrival of the ambulance.

FRACTURE - violation of the integrity of the bone.

INJURED - someone who needs medical attention due to an injury or a sudden onset of a serious illness.

PULSE - pulsation, which is felt on the arteries located close to the skin, with each heartbeat.

STRETCH - closed damage to soft tissues without violating their anatomical integrity.

Ligaments - a ribbon bundle of fibers that holds the bones of the skeleton together, and at the same time provides joint mobility along with muscles.

CARDIO-PULMONARY REANIMATION - resuscitation measures carried out by the victim in the absence of breathing and pulse, combining artificial ventilation lungs with chest compressions.

SYMPTOM - a subjective indicator of injury or disease; feelings of the victim.

The carotid artery is a large blood vessel that supplies blood to the head and neck.

STERILIZATION - the complete destruction of microorganisms, various substances and objects, such as surgical instruments, dressings and objects medical purpose.

JOINT - the junction of two or more bones.

TENDON - a bundle of fibers that connects a muscle to a bone.

INJURY - damage to the body as a result of an external force, such as a blow, a fall.

SHOCKING - a condition in which the respiratory tract of the victim is partially or completely closed by a foreign body that has got there.

DROWNING - death by suffocation as a result of being under water.

BRUSH - damage to soft tissues without breaking the surface layer of the skin.

RISK FACTORS are conditions or lifestyles that increase the likelihood of developing a disease or injury.

TIRE - a device for fixing a damaged part of the body.

SHOCK - a life-threatening condition that occurs in connection with the body's reaction to trauma, burns, surgery (traumatic, burn, surgical shock).

A POISON is any substance that, when it comes into contact with the skin, mucous membranes, or inside the body, causes poisoning, disease, or death.

List of used literature:

Atlas of first aid. Jan Jonas, 3rd edition Publishing House of Oweta Martin, 1978
Popular medical encyclopedia. Published by the Soviet Encyclopedia 1992.
"Fundamentals of Life Safety" textbook for educational institutions 5-11 grades. Authors Smirnov A.T., Frolov M.P., Litvinov E.N. Petrov S.V., etc. M.: AST-LTD Publishing House, 1997.
"Fundamentals of medical knowledge of students", a textbook for secondary educational institutions, Gogolev M.I. and others - M. education 1991
"Fundamentals of First Aid", Minsk, 1995
Emergencies. Encyclopedia of schoolchildren. Authors S.K. Shoigu, G.N. Kirillov et al., Moscow 2004
Petrov S. V . « general surgery: A textbook for universities. - 2nd ed. - 2004
Ed. B.R. Gelfand, A.I. Saltanova Intensive Care: A National Guide. - GEOTAR-Media, 2009
First Aid Courses. CPR training. Red Cross Program. http://www.allsafety.ru/first_aid/index.htm

Benefit structure:

1. General concepts

3. Signs to determine the state of health of the victim

4.1. Artificial respiration.

4.2. External cardiac massage.

5.1. Wound.

5.2. Bleeding.

5.2.1. Internal bleeding.

5.2.2. External bleeding.

5.3. Electric shock.

5.4.1. fractures

5.4.2. dislocations

5.4.3. bruises

5.4.4. Sprain

5.4.5. skull fracture

5.4.6. Spinal injury

5.6. Heat or sunstroke

5.7. Food poisoning, mushroom and plant poisoning

5.8. Frostbite

5.9. Foreign bodies in organs and tissues

5.10. drowning man

5.11. Bites.

5.11.1. Bites from snakes and poisonous insects

5.11.2. Animal bites

5.11.3. Insect bites or stings (bees, wasps, etc.)

1. General concepts

First aid is a set of measures aimed at restoring or preserving the life and health of the victim. It should be provided by someone who is next to the victim, or the victim himself until the arrival of a medical worker. In order for first aid to be effective, it is necessary to have a first aid kit with minimum set necessary medicines and medical supplies for the provision of first aid, a memo on rendering assistance. The person providing assistance should know the main signs of a violation of the vital functions of the human body, as well as be able to free the victim from the action of dangerous and harmful factors, assess the condition of the victim, determine the sequence of first aid methods used, and, if necessary, use improvised means when providing assistance and transporting the victim.

2. The sequence of actions when providing first aid to the victim

Elimination of the impact on the body of the victim of dangerous and harmful factors (release him from the action of electric current, extinguishing burning clothes, removing him from water, etc.);

Assessment of the condition of the victim;

Determining the nature of the injury that poses the greatest threat to the life of the victim, and the sequence of actions to save him;

Maintaining the basic vital functions of the victim until the arrival of medical personnel;

Calling an ambulance or doctor, or making arrangements to transport the victim to the nearest medical facility.

If it is impossible to call medical personnel to the scene, it is necessary to ensure the transportation of the victim to the nearest medical facility. It is possible to transport the victim only with steady breathing and pulse.

In the case when the condition of the victim does not allow him to be transported, it is necessary to maintain his basic vital functions until the arrival of a medical worker.

3. Signs to determine the state of health of the victim

Signs by which you can quickly determine the state of health of the victim are as follows: - consciousness:clear, absent, disturbed (the victim is inhibited or agitated) The absence of consciousness in the victim is determined visually. To finally verify this, you should contact the victim with a question about how you feel;

- the color of the skin and visible mucous membranes (lips, eyes):pink, bluish, pale.

- breathing:normal, absent, disturbed (wrong, superficial, wheezing). The color of the skin and the presence of breathing are also assessed visually. One should not waste precious time on applying a mirror and shiny metal objects to the mouth and nose;

- pulse on the carotid arteries:well defined (rhythm correct or incorrect), poorly defined, absent . To determine the pulse on the carotid artery, fingers are placed on the trachea of the victim and, moving them slightly to the side, feel the neck from the side;

- pupils:expanded, narrowed. Pupil width at closed eyes defined as follows: pads index fingers put on upper eyelids both eyes and, slightly pressing them to the eyeball, lift up. At the same time, the palpebral fissure opens and a rounded iris is visible on a white background, and in the center of it there are rounded black pupils, the state of which (narrowed or dilated) is assessed by the area of the iris that they occupy.

With certain skills, self-control, the person providing assistance in a minute must assess the condition of the victim and decide in what volume and order he should be assisted.

4. Complex of resuscitation measures

4.1. Artificial respiration.

Artificial respiration is carried out in cases where the victim does not breathe or breathes very badly (rarely, convulsively, as if with a sob), and also if his breathing constantly worsens, regardless of what caused it: electric shock, poisoning, drowning, etc. d. The most effective method of artificial respiration is the "mouth-to-mouth" or "mouth-to-nose" method, since this ensures that a sufficient volume of air enters the victim's lungs. The "mouth-to-mouth" or "mouth-to-nose" method is based on the use of air exhaled by the caregiver, which is forced into the victim's airways and is physiologically suitable for the victim to breathe. Air can be blown through gauze, a handkerchief, etc. This method of artificial respiration makes it easy to control the flow of air into the lungs of the victim by expanding the chest after blowing and then subsiding as a result of passive exhalation. To carry out artificial respiration, the victim should be laid on his back, unfasten clothing that restricts breathing and ensure the patency of the upper respiratory tract, which, in the supine position in an unconscious state, is closed by a sunken tongue. In addition, there may be foreign contents in the oral cavity (vomit, sand, silt, grass, etc.), which must be removed with the index finger wrapped in a scarf (cloth) or bandage, turning the victim's head to one side. After that, the assisting person is located on the side of the victim’s head, slips one hand under his neck, and with the palm of the other hand presses on his forehead, tilting his head as much as possible. In this case, the root of the tongue rises and frees the entrance to the larynx, and the victim's mouth opens. The person assisting leans towards the victim's face, takes a deep breath with his mouth open, then fully covers the victim's open mouth with his lips and exhales vigorously, blowing air into his mouth with some effort; at the same time, he covers the nose of the victim with his cheek or fingers of the hand located on the forehead. In this case, it is imperative to observe the chest of the victim, which should rise. As soon as the chest has risen, the air injection is stopped, the assisting person raises his head, and the victim passively exhales. In order for the exhalation to be deeper, you can gently press the hand on the chest to help the air out of the lungs of the victim.

If the victim has a well-determined pulse and only artificial respiration is necessary, then the interval between artificial breaths should be 5 s, which corresponds to a respiratory rate of 12 times per minute. In addition to the expansion of the chest, a good indicator of the effectiveness of artificial respiration can be the pinking of the skin and mucous membranes, as well as the exit of the victim from an unconscious state and the appearance of independent breathing.

If the jaws of the victim are tightly clenched and it is not possible to open the mouth, artificial respiration should be carried out according to the "mouth to nose" method.

Young children are blown into the mouth and nose at the same time. The smaller the child, the less air he needs to inhale and the more often it should be blown in comparison with an adult (up to 15-18 times per minute).

When the first weak breaths appear in the victim, an artificial breath should be timed to the moment he begins to breathe independently.

Cease artificial respiration after the victim recovers sufficiently deep and rhythmic spontaneous breathing.

It is impossible to refuse to help the victim and consider him dead in the absence of such signs of life as breathing or pulse.

4.2. External cardiac massage.

An indication for an external heart massage is cardiac arrest, which is characterized by a combination of the following symptoms: pallor or cyanosis of the skin, loss of consciousness, no pulse in the carotid arteries, cessation of breathing or convulsive, incorrect breaths. In case of cardiac arrest, without wasting a second, the victim must be laid on a flat, rigid base: a bench, floor, in extreme cases, put a board under his back. If assistance is provided by one person, he is located on the side of the victim and, bending over, makes two quick energetic blows (according to the “mouth-to-mouth” or “mouth-to-nose” method), then unbends, remaining on the same side of the victim, palm puts one hand on the lower half of the sternum (stepping back two fingers higher from its lower edge), and raises the fingers. He puts the palm of the second hand on top of the first across or along and presses, helping by tilting his body. When pressing, the arms should be straightened at the elbow joints. Pressing should be done in quick bursts so as to displace the sternum by 4-5 cm, the duration of pressing is not more than 0.5 s, the interval between individual pressures is not more than 0.5 s.

In pauses, the hands are not removed from the sternum (if two people provide assistance), the fingers remain raised, the arms are fully extended at the elbow joints.

If the revival is performed by one person, then for every two deep blows (breaths), he makes 15 pressures on the sternum, then again makes two blows and again repeats 15 pressures, etc. At least 60 pressures and 12 blows must be done per minute, t i.e. perform 72 manipulations, so the pace of resuscitation should be high. Experience shows that most of the time is spent on artificial respiration. You can not delay the blowing: as soon as the chest of the victim has expanded, it must be stopped.

With the correct performance of external heart massage, each pressure on the sternum causes a pulse to appear in the arteries.

The caregivers should periodically monitor the correctness and effectiveness of external cardiac massage by the appearance of a pulse on the carotid or femoral arteries. When carrying out resuscitation by one person, he should interrupt the heart massage for 2-3 seconds every 2 minutes to determine the pulse on the carotid artery. If two people are involved in resuscitation, then the pulse on the carotid artery is controlled by the one who conducts artificial respiration. The appearance of a pulse during a massage break indicates the restoration of the activity of the heart (the presence of blood circulation). At the same time, heart massage should be immediately stopped, but artificial respiration should be continued until stable independent breathing appears. In the absence of a pulse, it is necessary to continue to massage the heart.

Artificial respiration and external cardiac massage should be carried out until the patient is restored to stable spontaneous breathing and heart activity or until he is transferred to medical personnel.

5. First aid for various types of damage to the human body

5.1. Wound.

When providing first aid in case of injury, the following rules must be strictly observed.

You can not: wash the wound with water or any medicinal substance, cover it with powder and lubricate with ointments, as this prevents the wound from healing, causes suppuration and contributes to the entry of dirt into it from the surface of the skin; remove sand, earth, etc. from the wound, since it is impossible to remove everything that contaminates the wound; remove blood clots, clothing remnants, etc. from the wound, as this can cause severe bleeding; wrap wounds with dirty cloths to avoid infection with tetanus.

It is necessary to: wash hands thoroughly or lubricate fingers with iodine, or disinfect with alcohol liquids; carefully remove dirt from the skin around the wound, the cleaned area of \u200b\u200bthe skin should be smeared with iodine; if there is a first-aid kit, open the dressing bag in the first-aid kit in accordance with the instructions printed on its wrapper. When applying a dressing, do not touch with your hands that part of it that should be applied directly to the wound. If for some reason there was no dressing bag, a clean handkerchief, cloth, etc. can be used for dressing). Do not apply cotton wool directly to the wound. On the place of the tissue that is applied directly to the wound, drip iodine to get a spot larger than the wound, and then put the tissue on the wound;

5.2. Bleeding.

5.2.1. Internal bleeding.

Internal bleeding is recognized by the appearance of the victim (he turns pale; sticky sweat appears on the skin; breathing is frequent, intermittent, the pulse is frequent, of weak filling).

It is necessary: - to lay the victim or give him a semi-sitting position; ensure complete peace; apply "cold" to the intended site of bleeding; urgently find an opportunity to bring medical assistance.

You can not: - give the victim to drink if there is a suspicion of damage to the abdominal organs.

5.2.2. External bleeding.
Necessary:
a) with mild bleeding - lubricate the skin around the wound with iodine; - apply dressing material, cotton wool and tightly bandage on the wound; - without removing the applied dressing material, apply additional layers of gauze, cotton wool on top of it and bandage it tightly if bleeding continues;
b) in case of severe bleeding - depending on the site of injury, to quickly stop, press the arteries to the underlying bone above the wound along the blood flow in the most effective places (temporal artery; occipital artery; carotid artery; subclavian artery; axillary artery; brachial artery; radial artery; ulnar artery; femoral artery; femoral artery in the middle of the thigh; popliteal artery; dorsal artery of the foot; posterior tibial artery); in case of severe bleeding from a wounded limb, bend it in the joint above the wound site, if there is no fracture of this limb. Put a lump of cotton wool, gauze, etc. into the hole formed during bending, bend the joint to failure and fix the bend of the joint with a belt, scarf, and other materials;

Take the injured person with a tourniquet to a medical facility as soon as possible.

It is forbidden:

- excessively tighten the tourniquet, as you can damage the muscles, pinch the nerve fibers and cause paralysis of the limb;
- apply a tourniquet in warm weather for more than 2 hours, and in cold weather - for more than 1 hour, since there is a danger of tissue necrosis. If there is a need to leave the tourniquet longer, then you need to remove it for 10-15 minutes, after pressing the vessel with your finger above the bleeding site, and then apply it again to new areas of the skin.

5.3. Electric shock.

It is necessary: as soon as possible to release the victim from the action of electric current;

Remove the victim from the danger zone at a distance of at least 8 m from the current-carrying part (wire);

We must not forget about personal safety measures when assisting a victim of electric current. With extreme caution, you need to move in the area where the current-carrying part (wire, etc.) lies on the ground. It is necessary to move in the zone of spreading of the earth fault current using protective equipment for isolation from the ground (dielectric protective equipment, dry boards, etc.) or without the use of protective equipment, moving the feet on the ground and not tearing them one from the other.

5.4. Fractures, dislocations, bruises, sprains.

5.4.1. For fractures:

Provide the victim with immobilization of a broken bone;

With open fractures, stop bleeding, apply a sterile bandage;

With a closed fracture, leave a thin layer of clothing at the splint site. Remove the remaining layers of clothing or shoes without aggravating the position of the victim (for example, cut);

Apply cold to the fracture site to reduce pain;

Deliver the victim to a medical institution, creating a calm position of the injured part of the body during transportation.

You can not: - remove clothes and shoes from the victim in a natural way, if this leads to additional physical impact (squeezing, pressing) on the fracture site.

5.4.2. When dislocating, you need:

Ensure complete immobility of the damaged part with a tire (standard or made from improvised material);

Deliver the victim to a medical facility with immobilization.

You can not: - try to set the dislocation yourself. This should only be done by a medical professional.

5.4.3. For injuries, you need:

Create peace for a bruised place;

Apply "cold" to the site of injury;

Apply a tight bandage.

Lubricate the bruised area with iodine, rub and apply a warm compress.

5.4.4. When stretching ligaments, you need to:

Bandage the injured limb tightly and provide it with peace;

Apply "cold" to the injury site;

Create conditions for blood circulation (raise the injured leg, hang the injured arm on a scarf to the neck).

Carry out procedures that can lead to heating of the injured area.

5.4.5. In case of a skull fracture (signs: bleeding from the ears and mouth, unconsciousness) and concussion (signs: headache, nausea, vomiting, loss of consciousness) it is necessary:

Eliminate the harmful effects of the situation (frost, heat, being on the carriageway, etc.);

Move the victim in compliance with the rules of safe transportation to a comfortable place;

Lay the victim on his back, in case of vomiting, turn his head to one side;

Fix the head on both sides with rollers from clothes;

When suffocation occurs due to tongue retraction, push the lower jaw forward and maintain it in this position;

If there is a wound, apply a tight sterile bandage;

Put "cold";

Ensure complete rest until the doctor arrives;

Provide qualified medical assistance as soon as possible (call medical workers, provide appropriate transportation).

Give the victim any medication on their own;

Talk to the victim;

Allow the victim to get up and move around.

5.4.6. In case of damage to the spine (signs: sharp pain in the spine, inability to bend your back and turn around), you must:

Eliminate any load on the muscles of the spine;

Provide complete peace.

Turn the victim on his side, plant, put on his feet;

Lay on a soft, elastic bedding.

5.5. For burns:

For burns 1st degree (redness and soreness of the skin) cut clothes and shoes on the burnt place and carefully remove, moisten the burnt place with alcohol, a weak solution of potassium permanganate, and other cooling and disinfecting lotions;

For burns 2nd, 3rd and 4th degree (blistering, necrosis of the skin and deep tissues) apply a dry sterile dressing, wrap the affected skin area in a clean cloth, sheet, etc., seek medical help. If the burnt pieces of clothing are stuck to the burned skin, apply a sterile bandage over them;

If the victim shows signs of shock, immediately give him 20 drops of valerian tincture or another similar remedy to drink;

In case of eye burns, make cold lotions from a solution of boric acid (half a teaspoon of acid in a glass of water);

- with a chemical burn wash the affected area with water, treat it with neutralizing solutions: in case of an acid burn - a solution of baking soda (1 teaspoon per glass of water); for alkali burns - a solution of boric acid (1 teaspoon per glass of water) or a solution of acetic acid (table vinegar, half diluted with water).

Touch the burned areas of the skin with your hands or lubricate them with ointments, fats, and other means;

Open bubbles;
- remove substances, materials, dirt, mastic, clothing, etc. adhering to the burned area if they do not easily come off.

5.6. For heat stroke or sunstroke:

As soon as possible, move the victim to a cool place or provide shading (shelter from direct rays);

Lay on your back, placing a bundle under your head (you can use clothes);

Unfasten or remove clothing that restricts breathing;

Moisten the head and chest with cold water;

Apply cold lotions to the surface of the skin, where many vessels are concentrated (forehead, parietal region, etc.);

If the person is conscious, give cold tea, cold salted water to drink;

If breathing is disturbed and there is no pulse, perform artificial respiration and external heart massage;

Provide peace;

5.7. In case of food poisoning, poisoning with mushrooms and plants, it is necessary:

Give the victim to drink at least 3-4 glasses of water and a pink solution of potassium permanganate (the solution should not be oversaturated! May cause burns), followed by induction of vomiting;

Repeat gastric lavage as much as possible large quantity once;

Give the victim activated charcoal;

Drink warm tea, put to rest;

In case of violation of breathing and blood circulation, start artificial respiration and external heart massage.

It is forbidden:
- leave the victim unattended.

5.8. For frostbite:

In case of slight freezing, immediately rub and heat the chilled area to eliminate vasospasm (excluding the possibility of damage to the skin, its injury);

Ensure the immobility of supercooled arms, legs, body body (for this you can resort to splinting);

Leave the heat-insulating bandage until a feeling of heat appears and the sensitivity of the supercooled skin is restored, then give hot sweet tea to drink;

It is forbidden:
- tear or pierce the formed blisters, as this threatens with suppuration.

5.9. If foreign bodies get into organs and tissues, you should contact a medical professional or a medical institution as soon as possible. You can remove a foreign body yourself only if there is sufficient confidence that this can be done easily, completely and without serious consequences. For example, when a knife is removed from a wound, severe bleeding may open, which cannot be so strong when the knife "blocks the flow" of blood. In the event of such an injury, it is necessary to provide the victim with peace and take the measures listed in the section on bleeding. (Apply cold, if possible, apply a tourniquet).

If we are talking about foreign objects stuck, for example, in the throat, then take out such an object, as mentioned above, only if you are sure that you will not cause more harm.

5.10. When drowning a person, you must:

Act thoughtfully, calmly and carefully;

The person providing assistance must not only swim and dive well himself, but also know the methods of transporting the victim, be able to free himself from his grips (a drowning person, being in a state of shock, without realizing his actions, will pull the rescuer to the bottom and try to automatically climb out onto him, thereby can destroy both himself and the one who saves);

Urgently call an ambulance or try to find medical help;

Remove water from the respiratory tract (put the victim on his knee with his stomach, head and legs hang down; beat on the back);

If, after removing the water, the victim is unconscious, there is no pulse on the carotid arteries, does not breathe, start artificial respiration and external heart massage. Carry out until complete recovery of breathing or stop when there are obvious signs of death, which must be ascertained by a doctor (if any);

When restoring breathing and consciousness, wrap, warm, drink hot strong coffee, tea (give an adult 1-2 tablespoons of vodka);

Ensure complete rest until the doctor arrives.

It is forbidden:

- leave the victim alone (without attention) even with a clear visible improvement in well-being.

5.11. When bitten.

5.11.1. When bitten by snakes and poisonous insects, you need to:
- suck the poison out of the wound as soon as possible (for the caregiver, this procedure is not dangerous if there are no wounds in the mouth and teeth with holes);

Restrict the victim's mobility to slow the spread of the poison;

Provide plenty of fluids;

Deliver the victim to a medical facility. Transport only in the supine position.

It is forbidden:

Apply a tourniquet to the bitten limb;

Cauterize the bite site;

Make incisions for better discharge of poison;

Give the victim alcohol.
5.11.2. For animal bites:
- wash the wound with soapy water (alkali kills the rabies virus); It is believed that it is not necessary to immediately stop the bleeding - the flowing blood from the inside should wash out the saliva. After a few minutes, the bleeding must be stopped!

Lubricate the skin around the bite (scratch) with iodine;

Apply a sterile bandage;

Send the victim to a medical institution for vaccination against rabies.

5.11.3. When bitten or stung by insects (bees, wasps, etc.), you must:

Remove sting;

Put "cold" in place of the edema;

Give the victim a large amount of drink;

In case of allergic reactions to insect venom, give the victim 1-2 tablets of diphenhydramine (or any available antihistamine) and 20-25 drops of cordiamine, and urgently deliver to a medical institution;

In case of respiratory failure and cardiac arrest, perform artificial respiration and external heart massage.

You can not: take alcohol, as it promotes vascular permeability, the poison lingers in the cells, swelling increases.

providing first aid to the injured

and action in emergency situations.

To prepare teams for

To the open final of the game "Zarnitsa"

Northwest Russia

(stage: health training)

theoretical part

Compiled by:

Circulation 500 copies.

First aid- this is prompt assistance to the victim in case of injury or a sudden attack of the disease, which is provided until more qualified medical care is possible.

Essence of first aid.

First aid sequence.

Basic principles.

1. Correctness and expediency

2. Speed

3. Thoughtfulness, determination and calmness

Treatment of the injured.

It is necessary to be able to properly remove clothes from the victim. In case of damage to the upper limb, clothing is first removed from a healthy arm. Then the sleeve is pulled off the damaged arm, while supporting the entire arm from below. Similarly removed from the lower extremities trousers. If it is difficult to remove clothing from the victim, then it is torn at the seams. For burns where clothing sticks or even burns to the skin, the cloth should be trimmed around the burn; under no circumstances should it be removed. The bandage is applied over the burnt areas.

The treatment of the victim is a very important factor in the first aid complex. Improper handling of the wounded reduces the effect of its action!

Important notes.

The aider must be able not only to provide first aid correctly, but also to mentally support the victim, instill in him hope and confidence in a successful outcome, even in an obviously fatal case.

At the same time, relatives should also be reassured, supporting their faith in saving the life of a wounded loved one.

A soothing word, a glance, a support of confidence that the wounded can be saved, are among the most important moments of the mental impact of first aid. In fact, such an attitude is also first aid, which has a calming effect on the wounded, maintaining in him confidence in a successful outcome and a sense of trust in the first aid provider and in the very act of first aid. The calmed victim then accepts with confidence the measures taken by the doctors in the medical institution.

Wounds and injuries.

The human body is affected by various harmful factors that damage and injure it. Their action is often sudden, rapid. Violent damage to the body, due to external influences, as a result of which health is impaired, is called trauma. Sudden health problems caused by trauma are called wounds.

Types of injuries.

Environmental factors are involved in the occurrence of injuries.

Depending on their type, injuries differ:

1. Industrial, industrial - in factories, factories,

2. Agricultural - in the fields, in stockyards,

3. Household - at home, in yards,

4. Transport - due to vehicles,

5. Sports - in gyms, on sports grounds,

6. Children's - all injuries of children under 14 years of age.

7. Military - wartime and peacetime injuries caused by combat means.

6. Bitten - in appearance they resemble bruised or lacerated wounds; often, along with the saliva of rabid animals, they get an infection;

7. Firearms - applied with firearms: through (2 holes, the bullet passed right through), blind (1 hole, the bullet inside), tangent (the bullet passed casually).

8. Scalped - extensive wounds of the scalp with almost complete or complete separation of the skin.

9. Crushed - when crushing and tissue rupture occurs

Bleeding

Bleeding.

Bleeding- this is the outflow of blood from the vessels, as a result of injury or disease. Blood has an important protective property - clotting; due to the ability of the blood to clot, there is a spontaneous stop of any small bleeding. With insufficient coagulability, manifested by a disproportionately long, delayed coagulation, bleeding occurs. Persons suffering from this disease can lose a significant amount of blood when bleeding from small vessels, small wounds, and even death can occur.

Types of bleeding.

1. capillary - occurs with superficial wounds; blood flows from the wound drop by drop;

2. venous - occurs with deeper wounds, such as cut, stab; with this type of bleeding, there is an abundant outflow of dark red blood ( cherry) colors;

3. arterial - occurs with deep chopped, stab wounds; bright red arterial blood spurts from damaged arteries, in which it is under great pressure;

4. mixed bleeding - occurs when veins and arteries bleed simultaneously in the wound; most often such bleeding is observed with deeper wounds.

consequences of bleeding.

With bleeding, the main danger is associated with the occurrence of acute insufficient blood supply to tissues, blood loss, which, causing an insufficient supply of oxygen to organs, cause a violation of their activity; first of all, it concerns the brain, heart and lungs.

Injury.

Damage to soft tissues without breaking the integrity of the skin.

Sprain.

Sprains, along with wounds, are among the most common injuries. Sprains are obtained by awkwardly stepping, stumbling or slipping. Most often, the ankle and knee joints are affected. In the joint, there is a tear of the ligaments and rupture of the vessels. The area of the joint swells, a bruise shows through the blue skin. The wounded place is painful when palpated and especially when moving; nevertheless, the victim, despite the sprain in the joint, can move.

Dislocation.

Dislocations are less common than sprains, but on the other hand, they are more severe and painful injuries. Dislocations occur with a fall, impact, or excessive movement; in this case, the bones in the joint are displaced relative to each other, the ligaments and the articular bag can be damaged, torn. Dislocations are easily identified by changes in the appearance of the joint and by curvature. The victim can move the dislocated limb a little, but with great tension, and each movement is extremely painful. The joint is swollen.

Fracture.

Closed fracture - This is a violation of the integrity of the bones without damaging the skin. An open fracture is a violation of the integrity of the bones with damage to the skin and other soft tissues. A final diagnosis of a fracture can only be made in a hospital, after an x-ray.

Relative signs of a fracture(may appear with other damage):

1. Pain - increases at the fracture site while simulating a load on the bone axis. For example, when tapping on the heel, the pain in case of a fracture of the lower leg will increase sharply.

2. Edema - occurs in the area of damage, as a rule, not immediately. 3. Hematoma - appears in the fracture area (often not immediately). Pulsating hematoma indicates ongoing heavy bleeding.

4. Violation of the function of the injured limb - implies the impossibility of loading the damaged part of the body and a significant limitation of mobility.

Absolute signs of a fracture(characteristic only for fractures):

1. Unnatural position of the limb.

2. Pathological mobility (not always determined with incomplete fractures) - the limb is mobile in the place where there is no joint.

3. Crepitus (a kind of crunch) - felt under the arm at the fracture site, sometimes heard by the ear.

4. Bone fragments - with an open fracture, they can be seen in the wound.

First aid for fractures (procedure):

1. Assess the severity of the victim's condition and the location of the injury.

2. In the presence of bleeding - stop it, exclude other life-threatening factors.

3. Determine whether it is possible to move the victim before the arrival of a doctor. It is not recommended to transfer or move the patient with spinal injuries and multiple fractures.

4. In case of an isolated injury, immobilize (immobilize) the damaged area, apply a splint. Any object that will prevent movement in the injured limb (capturing the joints above and below the fracture site) can serve as a splint.

5. In the absence of contraindications to the movement of the victim, they are transported to medical institution.

If the doctor's access is difficult or impossible, they provide, if possible, complete immobilization of the damaged areas, after which a stretcher with a solid base is used, to which the victim is securely fixed.

In case of fractures of large bones, if first aid is not provided in a timely manner, the victim may experience shock.

A life-threatening condition that occurs in connection with the reaction of the body to trauma, burns, surgery (traumatic, burn, surgical shock). Signs and symptoms: pale, cold and moist skin; weakness, restlessness, dry mouth, thirst; slightly rapid pulse; rapid breathing; confusion; unconscious state.

Concussion.

A concussion can occur as a result of blows, bruises and sudden movements: accelerations or decelerations, for example, when falling from a height onto your feet. The main symptoms of a concussion are momentary loss consciousness (which may or may not be present), nausea; the patient immediately after the injury cannot remember the events that preceded it. After regaining consciousness, there are often complaints about headache, dizziness, nausea, weakness, tinnitus, flushing of the face, sweating. Sleep disturbances may occur.

Fainting.

Fainting is an attack of short-term loss of consciousness due to a temporary violation of cerebral blood flow.

The causes of fainting can be different, for example, a long stay in a stuffy room, with blood diseases (lack of oxygen supply), with a quick rise from a horizontal position (violations nervous regulation vessels), in severe diseases of the cardiovascular system

Loss of consciousness during fainting, as a rule, is preceded by a state of lightheadedness, nausea, blurred vision or flashing "flies" before the eyes, ringing in the ears. There is weakness, sometimes yawning, sometimes legs give way and a feeling of impending loss of consciousness approaches. Patients turn pale, covered with sweat. After that, the patient loses consciousness. The skin is ash-gray, the pulse can be extremely rare or, on the contrary, frequent, but thready, barely palpable. The pupils are dilated and there is a decrease in their reaction to light. The duration of fainting is from a few seconds to several minutes - usually 1-2 s. Sometimes loss of consciousness occurs without previous symptoms.

At the time of fainting, it is necessary to ensure maximum blood flow to the brain: the patient should be laid on his back with his legs raised; or sit down with your head down between your knees. If the patient is lying, then the head is laid on one side to prevent retraction of the tongue. After that, you need to call a doctor.

Burns.

Tissue damage caused local action heat, chemicals, radiation energy, electric current or charges. The severity of the condition depends on the area of the burn and its depth. Although burns mainly affect the skin and subcutaneous tissue However, their effect is reflected throughout the body.

The severity of burns.

1 degree- redness and swelling of the skin;

2 degree- the formation of bubbles filled clear liquid(blood plasma);

3 degree- blisters filled with dark liquid, tissue necrosis (necrosis);

4 degree- burn eschar of brown or black color, charring of the skin, muscles, bones.

With extensive burns, shock occurs. In the burnt places are formed poisonous products disintegration of tissues, which, penetrating into the blood, are carried throughout the body. Bacteria enter the burned areas, the wounds begin to fester. Blood loses plasma, thickens and ceases to adequately perform its main function - supplying the body with oxygen. With second-degree burns that capture more than half of the body surface, there is serious danger for the life of the patient.

Chemical burns.

Appear in contact with the skin and mucous membranes of acids ( nitric, sulfuric, hydrochloric, acetic) and alkalis (caustic potash and sodium, quicklime), phosphorus and salts of heavy metals (silver nitrate, zinc chloride, copper sulphate, etc.). The action of acids and alkalis depends on their concentration. The mechanism of action of chemicals lies mainly in their effect on cellular proteins. Influenced acids dry, sharply limited scabs of yellow-brown and even black color appear on the skin; alkalis cause the formation of grayish smearing scabs, sharply unlimited. When highly concentrated acids and alkalis enter the stomach, perforation of the gastric wall occurs.

First aid for burns. Important role plays rendering self-and mutual aid. Its main goal is to stop the effect of the damaging factor on the victim. So, for example, when thermal burn it is necessary to eliminate the contact of the victim with the source of the burn and cool the affected surface (for example, under cool running water; actual no later than 2 hours after receiving the burn), in case of electrical injury, interrupt contact with the current source, in case of chemical burns, wash off or neutralize the active substance, etc. . P.

At this stage, oil ointments and other fat-containing products should not be used. It is a very common misconception that the burn must be smeared with something greasy - for example, sour cream or vegetable oil. Such an action is unacceptable, such an action will only aggravate the severity of the lesion, and the staff in the hospital will have to remove the oil film, causing additional suffering to the patient. It is not recommended to independently remove fragments of burnt clothing from the victim - this can lead to detachment of large areas of skin, bleeding, and subsequently infection of the wound. Should not be carried out primary processing wounds on their own. Without anesthesia, this process will cause additional suffering to the patient and may lead to shock. Also, when treating a wound, bleeding will inevitably occur and the risk of infection will increase if the treatment is carried out in the field.

Frostbite.

frostbite- tissue damage due to local exposure to low temperature. Frost plays the main role in this, but it significantly contributes wet air and wind. Cold, acting on the vessels, causes their constriction; as a result of this, insufficient blood supply to a certain part of the body occurs, manifested by blanching of the skin. Some people are more at risk of frostbite, for example: people who spend a long time in the cold; Small children; aged people; people with health problems; people who have had conditions of hypothermia (hypothermia) in the past; people with heart disease or conditions that cause poor circulation. The most frequently exposed to frostbite: fingers and toes, ears, nose, cheeks. With untimely first aid, tissue death may occur.

Frostbite severity.

1 degree- blanching and redness of the skin, up to loss of sensitivity;

2 degree- formation of bubbles;

3 degree- necrosis (necrosis) of frostbitten parts of the body.

General cooling of the body.

General defeat of the body by cold. First, there is a feeling of fatigue, drowsiness, lethargy, indifference to the environment, confusion of speech, impaired coordination of movements, and with a further drop in body temperature - a complete loss of consciousness. First aid - the earliest possible warming of the victim, if possible, place him in a warm room, hot sweet drink, call a doctor.

Sunstroke - heat stroke - overheating.

Sunstroke occurs when exposed to the human body sun rays; heat stroke is observed in people standing or walking in close rows, as well as when working in crowded and poorly ventilated rooms, in a stuffy, hot environment.

The essence of these types of lesions lies in the inability of the circulatory system and the whole body to adapt to high temperatures. The body has the ability to maintain body temperature around 36.7 ºС. Excessive heat is removed by the body mainly through sweating. If the body is not able to remove excess heat by sweating, then when the ambient temperature exceeds 35 ° C, heat stroke occurs. If they act on an uncovered head for a long time Sun rays, then sunstroke may occur, which is manifested primarily by headache and a rush of blood to the head, tinnitus, weakness, nausea, dizziness and thirst. These symptoms alert the person, alert him to imminent danger, make him seek shelter in the shade, drink cold drinks and put cold compresses on his head.

If the exposure to sunlight on a person does not stop, and he does not seek help, then the symptoms of sunstroke increase; fatigue is seen shallow breathing, accelerated, weak pulse. The victim of sunstroke is sensitive to light, he complains of darkening of the eyes, pain in the abdomen; then the diarrhea starts. In very severe cases, convulsions, vomiting, anxiety, and often loss of consciousness occur. The skin is hot and reddened, the pupils are dilated. Body temperature rises to 40 ° C and above. Symptoms develop faster in heat stroke than in sunstroke; often without any pronounced preliminary symptoms, the victim loses consciousness.

To avoid overheating, you must: drink plenty of fluids (during hot weather), dress appropriately for the weather and work performed, ventilate the room, give the body a rest, wear in sunny weather headdress, be in the sun in the early morning or evening hours, play sports, lead healthy lifestyle life.

First aid: at the first sign heat stroke a doctor should be called. Before his arrival, provide cooling of the body.

If the victim feels nausea, weakness - he should take horizontal position lying on your back in a cool place. Apply cold compresses on the forehead and under the back of the head, you can use a cooling (hypothermic) package.

Provide fresh air supply.

Electric shock and lightning damage.

Electric current is an assistant to a person, but it can also have a harmful effect. In case of electric shock, electrical injuries occur, one quarter of which ends in the death of the victim. There are also injuries caused by natural electric current - lightning.

Electric current causes changes in the nervous system, namely its irritation or paralysis. When exposed to electric current, convulsive muscle spasms occur. It is customary to say that the electric current of a person "holds". The victim is not able to let go of the subject - a source of electricity. There is a convulsive spasm of the diaphragm - the main respiratory muscle in the body - and the heart. This causes immediate cessation of breathing and cardiac activity. The action of an electric current on the brain causes loss of consciousness.

Electric current, in contact with the human body, also has a thermal effect, and third-degree burns occur at the point of contact.

Direct current is less dangerous than alternating current. Alternating current, even already under a voltage of 220 volts, can cause very severe damage to the body. The effect of electric current on a person is enhanced by wet shoes and wet hands, characterized by increased electrical conductivity.

When struck by lightning, a tree-like pattern appears on the body of the victim of blue color. It is customary to say that lightning has left its image. In fact, when lightning strikes, paralysis of the subcutaneous vessels occurs.

Drowning.

Bathing in strangers reservoirs , diving in unfamiliar places, skiing on thin ice is associated with a special kind of danger - drowning, which, especially in summer, causes a high mortality rate. Drowning occurs for various reasons. Often people drown, neglecting elementary precautions (do not swim behind the buoys, do not swim while intoxicated, do not swim in questionable reservoirs, do not swim in a storm). When drowning, the fear factor plays a big role. So, often those who cannot swim, who accidentally find themselves in the water at great depths, begin to row their arms and legs chaotically, shouting “Save me, I'm drowning!”. Thus, they release air from the lungs and inevitably sink into the water.

Drowning is the blocking of the airways by water, silt or some other liquid. Death from drowning due to a lack of oxygen in the body occurs within 2-3 minutes, and provided that the victim had a healthy heart. However, there are cases of instant cardiac arrest; this usually occurs under the influence of a sudden action of cold during a rapid jump into the water, or when a small amount of water enters the upper respiratory tract, and the heart first of all reacts to these factors.

When drowning, a large amount of water also plays a role, penetrating from the lungs into the blood and significantly disturbing the chemical balance of the body.

When drowning, two phases of death are distinguished: clinical (reversible - a transitional state between life and death) and biological (irreversible state to life). Drowned, even when quickly removed from the water, in appearance resembles a dead one. However, he should be considered apparently dead, in a near-death phase, and therefore immediate resuscitation measures should be taken.

Types of drowning.

true blue(blue asphyxia-water enters the lungs

Symptoms - swollen veins, skin- especially the ears, fingertips and lips are purple-blue

White dry(white asphyxia - water did not get into the lungs)

Symptoms - the skin is very pale, breathing has stopped

Rescue of the drowning.

It is advisable to swim up to a drowning person from behind. After that, it is necessary to turn it over on its back so that its face is on the surface of the water and quickly transport it to the shore. It should be remembered that a drowning person has developed the so-called "self-preservation instinct" and he can cling to his rescuer and pull him to the bottom. If this happens, then in no case should you panic. You need to take a deep breath and dive into the depths. The drowning man will lose his footing and open his arms.

First aid is to remove the victim from the water. Then it is necessary to determine the pulse and the type of drowning. Blue drowning is characterized by a bluish appearance of the face and skin.

With blue drowning, it is necessary to remove water from the victim's respiratory tract. To do this, he is placed on a bent knee and patted on the back. Then, in the absence of a pulse, immediately begin chest compressions and artificial respiration.

In the case of dry or syncopal drowning, resuscitation should be started immediately.

Attention! Each victim must be shown to the doctor, even in case of excellent health after resuscitation! There is a risk of pulmonary edema and other serious consequences (for example, repeated cardiac arrest). Only in one week will it be possible to say with certainty that his life is out of danger!

The proverb “The salvation of the drowning is the work of the drowning themselves” is not without meaning. In a critical situation, the most important thing is not to get confused. When you get into the water, you need to soberly assess the situation, calm down and swim to the shore. If after a while a strong tiredness appears - relax, lie on your back and, breathing calmly, relax. When hit in whirlpool it is necessary to dive and try to swim to the side at depth (the speed of the current at depth is always less). If you can see that a big wave is coming at you, it is highly advisable to dive in order to avoid being hit.

Suffocation.

A foreign body that has entered the respiratory tract irritates them, causes a cough, which is protective. However, if a foreign body is not removed from the larynx when coughing, then convulsions of the vocal cords may occur, and with large foreign bodies, even a complete blockage of the larynx occurs, which leads to strangulation of a person. Suffocation, due to lack of oxygen, is an immediate danger to the life of the victim. Due to the existing obstacle, the air at the entrance cannot get into the lungs and further into the blood, and therefore the body does not have enough oxygen. However, the cause of suffocation is not always an obstruction in the airways. Suffocation can also occur when the chest is squeezed by the ruins of a house, when the earth collapses, when car accidents when the traumatic effect directly affects the main respiratory organ - the lungs. Another cause of suffocation can be cardiac weakness, when the heart is unable to sufficiently pump blood through the body. Asphyxiation can also occur as a result of a violation of the activity of the brain and the medulla oblongata, where the control centers of respiration and blood circulation are located. Asphyxiation of this kind occurs with poisoning, as well as with hemorrhage in the brain.

Poisoning.

Poisoning occurs when poisonous substances are ingested or when poisonous gases are inhaled.

Prevention of poisoning lies in the proper storage, handling, application and use of various substances.

A toxic substance can enter the human body in four ways: through the digestive tract, respiratory tract, skin, and as a result injections. Known poisoning gases, chemicals, food, drugs and drugs.

The task of first aid is to prevent further exposure to the poison, to accelerate its removal from the body, to neutralize the remains of the poison and to support the activity of damaged organs.

Gas poisoning.

Carbon dioxide. The danger of poisoning by this gas occurs when burning, fermentation in wine cellars, in wells. Carbon dioxide poisoning is manifested by palpitations, tinnitus, a feeling of pressure on the chest.

Chemical poisoning.

Petrol absorbed into the body through the skin; its vapors also have a harmful effect when inhaled. Gasoline interferes with the formation of red blood cells. Gasoline poisoning is manifested by headaches, dizziness, weakness, nausea, vomiting, bloody stools, convulsions, weakened breathing, and the smell of gasoline is felt from the mouth.

Alcohol and nicotine poisoning.

Excessive smoking and drinking alcohol leads to poisoning of the body. In these cases, we are talking about a common method of irritation and inhibition of the nervous system and the whole organism, called drug addiction in the special literature. The use of alcoholic beverages has an allegedly exciting effect on a person; smoking, on the other hand, has a calming effect.

Alcohol acts in the form of ethyl alcohol contained in factory-made alcoholic beverages, as well as in the form of methyl alcohol (denatured alcohol).

The lethal dose of ethyl alcohol is 7-8 g per 1 kg of human weight. However, ethyl alcohol poisoning is caused by lower doses. Alcohol, acting on the vessels, expands them, due to which there is a feeling of warmth; in addition, it causes a violation of the gastric mucosa. Alcohol has a major effect on the brain. A person who is in a severe stage of intoxication falls asleep; sleep passes into an unconscious state, and as a result of paralysis of the centers of respiration and blood circulation, death may even occur.

Methyl alcohol as an alcoholic drink is consumed most often by people who have access to it at work. 10 ml of methyl alcohol can be a lethal dose. Hours after its use, headaches, dizziness, pain in the abdomen, in the eyes and vomiting occur. Vision is impaired and blindness ensues. Then there is loss of consciousness and death.

Nicotine is a poison contained in tobacco leaves and affects the nerves of the viscera and the brain. The lethal single dose is 1/20 gram. Smoking a significant amount of cigarettes causes poisoning not only for beginners, but also for heavy smokers; this poisoning is manifested by weakness, salivation, nausea, vomiting, urge to go down, the pupils are constricted, the pulse is slow.

Drug poisoning

Painkillers and anti-febrile drugs. These potent drugs primarily include butadione, promedol, lemoran, alnagon, etc. The action of these drugs causes inhibition of the central nervous system and increased heat transfer by dilated skin vessels. Taking large doses of these drugs causes significant sweating, drowsiness and deep sleep, which can turn into unconsciousness.

Sleep aids. The use of large doses of hexobarbital, dimerin, cyclobarbital, etc. causes a deep inhibition of brain activity, sleep from which the victim no longer wakes up, and finally, paralysis of the respiratory center and the circulatory center. Death occurs as a result of cardiac arrest and paralysis of the respiratory muscles. The first signs of poisoning are a feeling of fatigue, weakness and drowsiness. In the severe stage of poisoning, wheezing, abnormal breathing, and blue discoloration are observed.

Intoxicants. Morphine and opium, which are very necessary drugs in medicine, are used by drug addicts. Prescribing these drugs is strictly controlled by law, but morphine addicts still get them from smugglers, steal them, and use them surreptitiously. Morphine and opium suppress pain, cause a feeling of good mood and pleasant visions. Poisoning with these substances is manifested by dizziness, deep sleep, even loss of consciousness; while breathing is wrong, the pupils of the eyes are constricted.

Food poisoning.

Mushrooms. In everyday life, mushroom poisoning is most often observed. Even edible mushrooms can become harmful when rewarmed.

Plants. Acute plant poisoning is very common. Most often this happens in the warm season among tourists who eat unfamiliar plants as food as seasonings, and children who go on vacation to summer camps and dachas.

In Russia there are the following poisonous plants: wild rosemary, common barberry, henbane, belladonna, wolf's bast, crow's eye, common dope, castor bean, cherry laurel, etc.. Plant poisons severely damage the mucous membranes of the digestive tract. Symptoms of poisoning appear after 1-2 hours, in the form of nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, which severely dehydrate the body and cause general weakness. When poisoned with henbane, dizziness and hallucinations appear.

Botulism. In old canned meat, in mayonnaise, in spoiled smoked meats and in meat, meat poison appears - botulinum toxin. Signs of poisoning appear 12-30 hours after eating poisoned foods, namely in the form of vomiting, diarrhea, headaches, double vision, impaired swallowing, paralysis of the limbs. Death occurs due to weakening of cardiac activity and paralysis of the respiratory center.

Wounds inflicted by animals

Insect bites. The stabbing organs of insects are supplied with toxic substances that cause swelling at the site of the bite, and later, under the influence of bacteria, and infection.

snake bites. One of the most dangerous poisonous snakes is the common viper, whose bites are not so rare in summer. At the site of the bite, most often in the ankle area, two small bloody dots are visible. These are the teeth marks of a viper. The viper has a venom pouch above its two front teeth; when bitten, this poison penetrates the wound. From the bite site, the poison further spreads throughout the body, affecting the cardiovascular system.

Animal bites. Animal bite wounds are always considered infected. With the bites of wild, stray and even domestic animals, infection can never be ruled out. virus rabies so the victim must be taken to the hospital.

Signs of life

Determining the heartbeat by hand or by ear on the left, in the region of the heart, is the first clear sign that the victim is still alive.

Pulse is determined on the neck, where the largest - carotid - artery passes, or on the inside of the forearm.

Breath is established by the movements of the chest, by moistening the mirror attached to the nose of the victim, or by the movement of cotton wool brought to the nasal openings.

In harsh lighting eye with a flashlight, constriction of the pupils is observed; a similar reaction can also be seen if the open eye of the victim is covered with a hand, and then the hand is quickly taken to the side. However, with a deep loss of consciousness, there is no reaction to light.

The signs of life are unmistakable proof that immediate relief can still bring success.

Signs of death

Death consists of two phases: clinical and biological death. During clinical death, which lasts 5-7 minutes, the person no longer breathes, the heart stops beating, but there are still no irreversible phenomena in the tissues. During this period, while there has not yet been severe damage to the brain, heart and lungs, the body can be revived. After a few minutes, biological death occurs.

When establishing whether the victim is still alive or already dead, they proceed from the manifestations of clinical and biological death, from the so-called doubtful and obvious signs of death.

Doubtful signs of death. The victim does not breathe, the heartbeat is not determined, there is no reaction to a needle prick, the reaction of the pupils to strong light is negative. As long as there is no complete certainty in the death of the victim, we are obliged to provide assistance to him in full.

Clear signs of death. One of the first eye signs is clouding of the cornea and its drying. When squeezing the eye from the sides with the fingers, the pupil narrows and resembles a cat's eye. Cooling of the body occurs gradually; Cadaverous bluish spots appear due to the flow of blood into the lower parts of the body. Rigor mortis begins 2 to 4 hours after death.

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation

CPR consists of two main procedures: measures to restore breathing - artificial respiration, and to restore cardiac activity - heart massage.

Artificial respiration

There are two ways: mouth-to-mouth and mouth-to-nose. With the mouth-to-mouth method, it is necessary to free the mouth and nose of the victim from all contents. Then the head of the victim is thrown back so that an obtuse angle forms between the chin and the neck. Then they take a deep breath, pinch the victim's nose, tightly wrap their lips around the victim's lips and exhale into the mouth. After that, you need to remove your fingers from the nose. The interval between breaths should be 4-5 seconds.

It is important to prevent bloating of the stomach, which is possible with excessive tilting of the neck. An indicator of effectiveness is the raising and lowering of the chest.

In young children, artificial respiration can be performed by inhaling air into the mouth and nose at the same time.

Indirect cardiac massage

CPR sequence (1 rescuer):

1. Lay the casualty face up on a hard surface.

3. Give the patient 2 breaths using the mouth-to-mouth or mouth-to-nose method.

4. Check the pulse on the carotid artery. If not, continue resuscitation.

5. Begin chest compressions: Give 30 chest compressions in a row at a rate of approximately 100 compressions per minute.

6. 2 more breaths of artificial respiration. Do 4 such cycles (30 presses and 2 breaths each).

CPR sequence (2 rescuers):

1. Lay the victim on their back on a hard surface.

3. Stand on the side of the patient: the first rescuer is at the head (he breathes for the patient), the second is opposite the chest (he massages the heart).

4. The first rescuer gives 2 rescue breaths.

5. The second rescuer checks the pulse on the carotid artery. If not, resuscitation continues.

6. The second rescuer presses the chest five times in a row at a speed of approximately 100 compressions per minute, massaging the patient's heart.

7. After that, the first rescuer takes 1 breath to the victim.

8. So in turn, the rescuers spend 10 cycles - each cycle includes 5 clicks and 1 breath.

9. Then check the pulse on the carotid artery. If it is not there, resuscitation is continued: repeat 10 cycles of 5 clicks and 1 breath.

Transportation of victims.

For more severe injuries and sudden illnesses, immediate delivery of the victim to a medical facility is required. In such cases, it refers to the transport of the wounded, which should be quick, safe and gentle; when transporting the wounded, it is impossible to cause great pain by concussions or an uncomfortable position, since these factors contribute to the onset of shock. In case of severe injuries, the victim must be accompanied by an accompanying person. The transport of the casualty depends on the circumstances in which the injury or injury occurred, the number of persons available to provide first aid, and the means of transport available.

Transportation of the wounded by vehicles is the fastest and most convenient type of transportation; however, the wounded person should be laid in the correct, comfortable position, corresponding to the type of injury. Transporting the wounded down the mountain or up should always be head up.

Basic concepts and terms.

ANTISEPTICS - methods of combating microbes in the wound.

ARTERIES are blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood from the heart to other organs.

ASEPTICA - a method of preventing the penetration of microbes into a wound, tissue or body cavity, for example. during operations.

VEINS - blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood from all organs back to the heart.

DISTRUCTION - a persistent violation of the anatomical structure of the joint with a displacement of the articular surfaces in relation to each other and a violation of its function.

HEMATOMA - a type of bruising, a limited accumulation of blood in closed and open injuries of organs and tissues with damage to blood vessels.

PRESSURE BANDAGE - A bandage tightly pressed to the wound to stop bleeding.

DISINFECTION - a set of measures for the destruction of pathogens of human and animal infectious diseases in the external environment by mechanical, physical, chemical and biological methods.

AIRWAY - the airway from the nose and mouth to the lungs.

VITAL FUNCTIONS - three main characteristics that indicate the state of the victim - the presence of consciousness, breathing and pulse.

Tilting the head is a way to ensure the patency of the respiratory tract in an unconscious adult or child.

IMMOBILIZATION - The use of splints or other material to immobilize an injured body part.

INFECTION - pathogenic microorganisms, viruses and bacteria, when they enter the human body, an infectious disease can occur.

ARTIFICIAL LUNG VENTILATION - a way to support breathing in a victim who does not have spontaneous breathing.

Capillaries - the smallest blood vessels connecting veins and arteries, through which oxygen and other nutrients enter the cells of the body from the blood, and excrete waste products.

LIMB - the upper limbs include the arm (shoulder, forearm and hand), the lower - the leg (thigh, lower leg, foot).

BONE - dense, hard tissue that forms the skeleton.

CRAFT BANDAGE - a bandage applied with a piece of triangular-shaped fabric and used, for example, to hold an injured arm at chest level.

CREPITATION - in relation to fractures, the sensation of "crunching" when moving at the fracture site when pressed with fingers.

BURN - an injury resulting from exposure to tissue of high temperature, a chemical, an electric charge or radiation.

Edema - excessive accumulation of fluid in organs, extracellular tissue spaces of the body.

FIRST AID - immediate assistance provided to the victim before the arrival of an ambulance.

FRACTURE - violation of the integrity of the bone.

INJURED - someone who needs medical attention due to an injury or a sudden onset of a serious illness.

PULSE - pulsation, which is felt on the arteries located close to the skin, with each heartbeat.

STRETCH - closed damage to soft tissues without violating their anatomical integrity.

Ligaments - a ribbon bundle of fibers that holds the bones of the skeleton together, and at the same time provides joint mobility along with muscles.

CARDIO-PULMONARY REANIMATION - resuscitation measures carried out to the victim in the absence of breathing and pulse, combining artificial ventilation lungs with chest compressions.

SYMPTOM - a subjective indicator of injury or disease; feelings of the victim.

The carotid artery is a large blood vessel that supplies blood to the head and neck.

STERILIZATION - the complete destruction of microorganisms, various substances and objects, such as surgical instruments, dressings and medical supplies.

JOINT - the junction of two or more bones.

TENDON - a bundle of fibers that connects a muscle to a bone.

INJURY - damage to the body as a result of an external force, such as a blow, a fall.

SHOCKING - a condition in which the respiratory tract of the victim is partially or completely closed by a foreign body that has got there.

DROWNING - death by suffocation as a result of being under water.

BRUSH - damage to soft tissues without breaking the surface layer of the skin.

RISK FACTORS are conditions or lifestyles that increase the likelihood of developing a disease or injury.

TIRE - a device for fixing a damaged part of the body.

SHOCK - a life-threatening condition that occurs in connection with the body's reaction to trauma, burns, surgery (traumatic, burn, surgical shock).

A POISON is any substance that, when it comes into contact with the skin, mucous membranes, or inside the body, causes poisoning, disease, or death.

List of used literature:

Atlas of first aid. Jan Jonas, 3rd edition Publishing House of Oweta Martin, 1978. Popular medical encyclopedia. Published by the Soviet Encyclopedia 1992. "Fundamentals life safety» textbook for educational institutions of 5-11 grades. Authors, Litvinov S.V., et al. M.: AST-LTD Publishing House, 1997. "Fundamentals of medical knowledge of students", a textbook for secondary schools, etc. - M. Education 1991 "Fundamentals of first aid", Minsk, 1995. Emergencies. Encyclopedia of schoolchildren. Authors, et al., Moscow 2004 Petrov S. V . "General Surgery: A Textbook for High Schools". - 2nd ed. - 2004 Ed. , Intensive Care: A National Guide. - GEOTAR-Media, 2009 First Aid Courses. CPR training. Red Cross Program. http://www. /first_aid/index. htm