The most common diseases of children under one year old. Hypothyroidism is a disease of young children

With the birth of a child, parents have new problems and experiences associated with the slightest anxiety of the baby or with any, even mild, illness of the baby. What diseases are most common among children in the first year of life? Unfortunately, there are not so few of them, and some of them develop already in the first days of a baby’s life. Let's talk about the most common diseases in children under 1 year of age.

Unhealed umbilical wound and omphalitis

If the skin around the umbilical wound turns red or purulent discharge appears from it, then the child should be urgently shown to a doctor.

An umbilical wound is formed in a baby around the 3-5th day of life at the site of the fallen umbilical cord. Until the umbilical wound is completely healed (by 10-14 days of life), it is necessary to bathe the baby in boiled water with the addition of potassium permanganate until it turns slightly pink. After bathing, the wound is treated with cleanly washed hands and a clean diaper:

• use a cotton swab dipped in 3% hydrogen peroxide solution to remove discharge from the wound;
• Use a new stick to remove any remaining hydrogen peroxide;
• lubricate the wound with 2% alcohol solution of brilliant green.

Baby's underwear (vests, diapers, rompers), ironed on both sides after washing, must be changed several times a day, without covering the wound with a diaper.

If the umbilical wound becomes wet, blood or pus comes out of it, or the skin around the wound becomes red, you should notify your pediatrician or visiting nurse. In this case, we can talk about omphalitis - bacterial (caused by streptococci or staphylococci) inflammation of the bottom of the umbilical fossa. A weeping navel and omphalitis develop when the rules of hygienic treatment of the umbilical wound are violated.

At the same time, it may suffer general state crumbs:

• the child shows anxiety, cries or, conversely, becomes lethargic;
• poor breastfeeding;
• loses weight;
• The temperature may rise.

Treatment consists of treating the navel up to 4 times a day. In more severe cases, the doctor prescribes antibiotics.

Umbilical hernia

An umbilical hernia is the exit of internal organs (most often intestinal loops) through the large umbilical ring - a weak spot on the anterior abdominal wall of a baby. It is diagnosed quite often in the infant period of life. A hernial protrusion, visible to the naked eye, is formed when the baby strains or screams due to increased intra-abdominal pressure.

When found umbilical hernia the child must be shown to a surgeon. After repairing the hernia, the doctor will apply a plaster for 10 days. Such treatment sessions are used several times. In addition, physical therapy and massage are prescribed (they must be carried out by a specialist).

When the baby can hold his head, he should be placed on a hard surface on his tummy. This will help not only to move the organs back into place, but also to normalize stool, which will eliminate the need to strain.

If the hernia does not disappear by the age of one, the child will need surgery as planned. Usually the operation is performed from the age of 3, and sometimes earlier if the hernia occurs frequently. This is done to avoid strangulation of the hernia.

Jaundice of newborns

Jaundice of newborns can be physiological and pathological.

Most cases of icteric staining of the skin and mucous membranes in a newborn are a manifestation of physiological processes in his body during the adaptation period after birth.

Jaundice appears on days 2-3 of life and is due to the fact that the liver has not yet formed a sufficient number of enzymes to neutralize toxic bilirubin, which is formed during the massive destruction of hemoglobin in the baby after birth.

Normally, bilirubin, neutralized in the liver cells, is released after a series of transformations from the body in feces and urine. In an infant, the liver does not have time to neutralize all bilirubin; its level in the blood rises and quickly turns the skin and mucous membranes a bright yellow color. Such physiological jaundice does not pose a threat to the baby. It develops in 60% of full-term and about 90% of premature babies and goes away spontaneously in 2-3 weeks.

In some newborns, physiological jaundice persists for more than 3 weeks. This may be due to the transition physiological jaundice in breastfeeding jaundice. Mother's milk contains a substance that inhibits or blocks the formation of liver enzymes. The reason for this phenomenon is not clear, but such jaundice is also not dangerous for the baby.

But still, if the jaundice has not disappeared within 3 weeks, it is necessary to conduct research to determine the causes of such jaundice, which may pose a danger to the baby.

This jaundice may be:

• , that is, developed during the ongoing massive destruction of red blood cells, for example, due to a Rh conflict (mismatch) between the blood of the child and the mother;
• hepatic – when the function of liver cells is impaired, for example, with congenital hepatitis;
• – caused by obstruction of the bile ducts in a baby (requires surgical treatment).

Any of the above pathological jaundice requires monitoring bilirubin levels and possibly treatment. If the bilirubin level is slightly higher than normal, but does not rise any further, then the child continues to be monitored. If its level exceeds normal by 10 times and continues to grow, this situation is fraught toxic effects on brain cells and requires urgent treatment.

The treatment used is a safe method, phototherapy: the child is placed (protecting the eyes with special glasses) under a bright lamp for several hours or days. In extremely severe cases, a replacement blood transfusion is used.

Skin problems

The skin of newborns is very vulnerable and permeable to infections. This is due to the characteristics of the baby’s skin:

• she is gentle and easily vulnerable;
• blood vessels are located superficially;
• When overheated, moisture evaporates intensely.

Therefore, your baby’s skin requires special care, otherwise serious problems may arise.

1. Diaper rash

Diaper rash is an inflammation of areas of the skin caused by prolonged exposure to moisture or friction. Most often they occur in the inguinal, axillary, intergluteal, cervical folds or behind the ears.

Depending on the manifestations, there are 3 degrees of diaper rash:

• I Art. – slight redness, the integrity of the skin is not compromised;
• II Art. – bright redness, microcracks, erosion;
• III Art. – severe redness, cracks, erosions, pustules on the skin, weeping, ulcers.

Diaper rash causes a burning sensation, pain, and itching. The child is restless and capricious.

Diaper rash may be caused by high humidity. skin, natural lubrication is removed. This contributes to disruption protective barrier skin and microbial penetration. The risk group includes children with excess body weight.

Contribute to the occurrence of diaper rash:

• violation of the rules of caring for the baby, skin irritation under the influence of urine, hiccups;
• poor drying of the skin after bathing or washing;
• overheating due to excessive wrapping or high ambient temperature;
• friction with synthetic clothing;
• skin reaction to the diaper material.

Bepanten cream is the leader in the market for diaper rash remedies

It is unacceptable to leave diaper rash unattended; it can cover a large surface and become infected. The temperature in the room where the child is located should not be higher than 21 0 C. We should not forget about air baths.

At stage I Diaper rash usually does not require treatment, it is enough to scrupulously follow the rules of skin care, change diapers in a timely manner (at least every 3 hours), carry out air baths, and treat folds with a special protective cream. If you have not been able to get rid of diaper rash within a day, you should consult a pediatrician; perhaps the doctor will recommend the use of ointments (Bepanten, Drapolen).

At II Art. In addition to these measures, “talkers” are used (they are prepared in a pharmacy according to a doctor’s prescription). The doctor may also prescribe the use of ointments (methyluracil, tannin) on the affected area. If pustules are present, they are treated with aqueous solutions of brilliant green or methylene blue.

You need to bathe your child in a weak pink solution of potassium permanganate (first, about 5 crystals of it are dissolved in a jar of water, and then be sure to filter through 4 layers of gauze to prevent skin burns from the undissolved crystal). If you are not allergic to herbs, you can use sitz baths, adding a decoction of oak bark to the water for 5-7 minutes.

III Art. Diaper rash is difficult to treat; we must try to prevent the disease from becoming so severe. When it gets wet, it is not recommended to use ointments and oils: by covering the diaper rash with a film, parents prevent it from healing. It is also undesirable to use starch to treat folds: firstly, its lumps injure the skin, and secondly, it is nutrient medium for the growth of bacteria. You should consult a dermatologist and follow treatment recommendations

2. Heat rash

Miliaria is a disease that affects the baby's skin in areas with increased sweating. Miliaria usually occurs when the baby is overheated or under a thick layer of fat-based cream.

Miliaria appears as a pink, pinpoint rash. Some elements of the rash may have an apex white. It usually appears in natural skin folds and folds, on the back and buttocks (under diapers). As a rule, none unpleasant sensations For a child, prickly heat is not accompanied.

Most cases of prickly heat go away without treatment if you strictly follow the rules of caring for your baby’s skin and hygiene procedures. You can lubricate the affected area with Bepanten cream.

To prevent the recurrence of prickly heat, the following preventive measures are necessary:

• The child’s underwear and bedding should be made from natural fabrics;
• maintain a comfortable temperature in the room for the child (20-21 0 C);
• dress your baby for walks in accordance with weather conditions, do not wrap up;
• use water-based cream;
• for bathing, use (if there is no allergy) infusions of chamomile, nettle, oak bark or light pink permanganate solution potassium

3. Diaper dermatitis

Diaper dermatitis- inflammation of the skin, which occurs more often in girls artificial feeding, in allergy-prone children receiving treatment with antibacterial drugs.

Possible causes of diaper dermatitis:

• rare changes of onesies or diapers;
• improper use of baby creams and powders;
• low-quality cosmetics and detergents.

The disease is manifested by the appearance of redness and swelling, peeling or a group of small blisters in a clearly limited area of ​​skin (in contact with rompers or diapers). These phenomena are accompanied by burning and itching.

If treatment is not carried out, cracks, erosions, and pustules will appear. Then the surface layer of skin is torn off, and ulcers form. A bacterial (streptococcal, staphylococcal) or fungal infection may be associated.

Treatment is carried out as prescribed by the doctor. In addition to strict adherence to hygiene rules, ointments and creams are used (Desitin, Bepanten, Panthenol, etc.). They are applied in a thin layer when changing a diaper and washing.

4. Pemphigus of newborns

Pemphigus of newborns is called purulent contagious disease skin, most often caused by. Occurs in the first weeks of life. Infection occurs from persons caring for a child with a pustular infection on their hands.

A sign of the disease is the appearance on the baby’s skin of fairly large blisters with yellowish color cloudy liquid. They can open on their own, leaving an eroded surface. The leaking liquid contributes to infection of neighboring areas of the skin. The baby's general condition suffers and the temperature rises.

Complications of the disease can be abscesses and a septic condition. Treatment is carried out only as prescribed by a doctor. In addition to high-quality skin care, antibiotics are used (taking into account the sensitivity of the pathogen), erosions are treated with a 2% solution of silver nitrate, and rash elements are treated with aniline dyes.

Hormonal crisis

A hormonal crisis (the second name of which is a sexual crisis) develops in full-term infants of any sex as a result of exposure to maternal hormones that reach the child through the placenta during childbirth or through milk during breastfeeding.

The manifestations of this crisis are:

• mastopathy (engorgement mammary glands);
• white discharge similar to colostrum from the mammary glands;
• vulvovaginitis in girls: discharge from the genital tract is bloody or mucous, gray-white in color, swelling of the labia;
• pronounced pigmentation in boys around the scrotum and nipples;
• milia are small yellow-white dots on the face (in the area of ​​the bridge of the nose, chin, forehead, wings of the nose).

These changes appear on the 3-4th day of life and gradually decrease over the course of a month. Usually no treatment is required. It is forbidden to squeeze out discharge from the mammary glands or massage them, as this can provoke the development of mastitis, the treatment of which requires surgical intervention.

In case of severe engorgement of the glands, a compress of camphor oil may be prescribed. Girls should be washed frequently (from front to back), and then treat the external genitalia by moistening a napkin with a weak solution of potassium permanganate. In case heavy bleeding You should consult a doctor for a correct diagnosis.

Thrush

A sign of thrush is the appearance of white spots on the baby’s tongue and cheek mucosa, resembling pieces of curdled milk. This is one of the forms of candidiasis infection, it is caused by yeast-like fungi.

Plaques are not washed off between feedings, but can be removed with a spatula in mild cases of the disease. With moderate severity, spots appear on the roof of the mouth and on the lips and are not completely removed.

Severe thrush is characterized by the spread of plaque tightly fused with the oral mucosa to the gums, the back wall of the pharynx, and the soft sky. Similar cheesy deposits can also appear on the mucous membrane of the genital organs and in the area of ​​skin folds.

The rash is sharply painful. The baby is capricious, sleeps poorly, takes less time at the breast, and may even refuse to breastfeed altogether.

Both internal and external factors play a role in the occurrence of thrush.

Internal factors include:

• prematurity;
• developmental anomalies;
• artificial feeding (especially in the early stages);
• regurgitation and vomiting;
• malnutrition;
• anemia;
• metabolic and endocrine disorders;
• acute and chronic infections.

External factors:

• microtrauma of the mucous membrane (mechanical or chemical);
• treatment with antibiotics (causes dysbacteriosis);
• course of hormone therapy, cytostatics (significant reduction protective forces organism);
• vulvovaginal candidiasis in the mother during pregnancy;
• candidiasis or carriage of fungi in persons caring for a child;
• poor quality processing of pacifiers, toys, etc.

It is important to eliminate the factors leading to the child’s illness. At initial manifestations local treatment is carried out - treatment of the oral mucosa with a sterile cotton swab moistened with a light pink solution of potassium permanganate or 2% solution baking soda(1 tsp per 200 ml of warm boiled water), or 1% hydrogen peroxide solution.

After such wiping, you need to lubricate the mucous membranes every 3 hours for 5 days with 1-2% aqueous solution of methylene blue or 0.25% solution of silver nitrate, or Lugol's solution diluted with warm boiled water in a ratio of 1:3.

To treat thrush, drugs containing Nystatin and Levorin are used. A suspension of these drugs can be easily prepared at home by mixing a tablet (250 mg) crushed into powder with 5 ml of distilled or boiled water. Treatment with the suspension is alternated with a 5% solution of baking soda and carried out after 6 hours.

Can be used for widespread lesions, 1% solution of Canestin or Clotrimazole. It is not advisable to carry out the treatment after feeding, so as not to cause vomiting. Manipulations should be carried out without harsh pressure.

During the entire treatment period, a nursing mother needs to treat her nipples before feeding with 2% soda solution. Bottles, pacifiers, and toys should be boiled. The duration of the treatment course is determined by the doctor (usually it lasts at least 2 weeks).

At the discretion of the doctor, it can also be used internal reception antifungal drugs. Appointed single dose medications are mixed with a small amount of water or milk. A severe form of candidiasis is treated in a hospital.

Rickets

Rickets is still a common disease in infants. It develops when there is a lack of vitamin D in the baby’s body, which regulates phosphorus-calcium metabolism.

The child receives calciferol or vitamin D from food. It is also synthesized in the skin when exposed to ultraviolet rays. Therefore, rickets often develops in children in winter period when there is little sun.

In addition to a deficiency of vitamin D, phosphorus and calcium, with rickets there is a lack of vitamins A, B and C, trace elements of iron, magnesium, copper, etc. Because of this, children with rickets are whiny, capricious, have poor sleep, and often suffer from colds.

The first signs of rickets can appear even at the age of one month, and if left untreated, they will increase in number.

Signs of rickets in infants are:

• increased sweating, especially on the palms and head;
• baldness on the back of the head;
• indigestion;
• pronounced smell of urine;
• decreased muscle tone (flat stomach, loose joints);
• softening of the bones, resulting in soft edges of the fontanelles, flattening of the back of the head, formation of frontal bumps, deformation of the chest;
• curvature of the limbs (X- or O-shaped legs);
• thickenings on the metacarpal bones of the fingers and on the ribs;
• late teething;
• enlarged liver and spleen;
• anemia, frequent intestinal and respiratory infections;
• in the absence of treatment, a narrowing of the pelvis, curvature of the spine with the formation of a hump, is possible.

Vitamin D3 for the prevention of rickets

The development of rickets can be easily prevented with the help of a preventive course of vitamin D, so you should not neglect it. Considering the development of irreparable changes due to rickets, its slightest manifestations cannot be ignored.

A timely started and completed course of treatment allows you to stop the process and prevent the development of severe consequences. Currently, severe manifestations of the disease are observed only in children from disadvantaged families.

Treatment of rickets involves a variety of measures:

• mandatory long walks for the child in the fresh air;
• a diet that allows you to provide the child with vitamins and microelements; if the child is breastfed, the mother’s diet should be carefully reviewed;
• therapeutic exercises, swimming and massage;
• pharmaceutical preparations (vitamin D, vitamin-mineral complexes, etc.).

Digestive tract problems

Intestinal colic

A fairly common disease in infants is severe pain in the baby’s intestines, which may be accompanied by bloating. The child twists his legs, draws them in, and cries loudly. The cause of colic may not be proper nutrition mother during natural feeding or swallowing air during feeding.

To prevent the occurrence of colic and gas accumulation in the intestines, it is necessary:

• bring the mother’s diet into line with the recommendations of specialists, exclude foods that cause increased gas formation;
• after feeding, the baby should be held upright until he burps air;
• give the child dill water, fennel decoction or Espumisan;
• put the baby on his stomach more often;
• If the child is restless, apply a warm diaper to the belly and lightly massage the belly (clockwise).

By 3-4 months, as the organs mature digestive tract, colic usually goes away.

Constipation

Not every daily absence of stool in a child is constipation: mother's milk is almost completely absorbed. The main thing is the child’s well-being and behavior, as well as the consistency of the stool.

We can talk about constipation if the baby is restless, cries, tries to push, but cannot empty the intestines. With constipation, the baby's stool is hard, pea-shaped or plug-shaped.

The cause of constipation in a baby is most often the non-compliance with the diet by the nursing mother or the nature of the baby’s diet (early introduced complementary foods or incorrectly selected milk formula). The mother's passion for protein foods, flour products, and coffee can contribute to constipation in a child. The amount of liquid the baby consumes also matters.

But sometimes constipation is associated with diseases:

• dolichosigma (congenital elongation of the large intestine);
• Hirschsprung's disease (disturbance of intestinal innervation, leading to spasm of its parts);
• Lactase (enzyme) deficiency causes alternating constipation and diarrhea.

Parents should contact their pediatrician to find out the possible cause of their baby's constipation and get the necessary recommendations (and in some cases, conduct an examination).

In the absence of this pathology, the simplest measures can help a child with constipation:

• when breastfeeding, reverse serious attention on the mother’s diet, increasing her consumption of fiber-rich vegetables and fruits;
• Give your baby a decoction of dried fruits and raisins as a drink;
• massage the child’s abdomen daily (directing massage movements clockwise);
• The choice of formula and complementary foods should be agreed with the pediatrician.

If these measures do not give effect, you can use:

• glycerin suppositories;
• irritation of the rectum with the tip of the gas tube;
• Lactulose preparations can be used as prescribed by a doctor.

An enema should only be used as a last resort.

Attention! Under no circumstances should pieces of soap be inserted into the rectum, as this can cause a burn from the mucous alkali contained in it!

Diarrhea

A child up to one year old can have a bowel movement after each feeding. But if his general condition does not suffer, he is calm, eats well and gains weight normally, then this is not a pathology. The main importance is not the frequency of stool, but its consistency, color and the presence of mucus or blood.

The liquid consistency of stool is dangerous for infants because the loss of fluid can lead to dehydration.

The causes of loose stools are of great importance. They can be different:

• errors in the nutrition of the nursing mother or the baby itself;
• intolerance to certain products, including cow's (and even mother's) milk and gluten from cereals in the absence of the lactase enzyme;
• acute surgical pathology(, appendicitis), when diarrhea is accompanied sharp pain in the abdomen and fever;
• acute intestinal infection bacterial or viral nature: there is stool, the baby’s general condition suffers, the temperature rises, abdominal pain bothers him, vomiting may occur;
• dysbiosis (imbalance of microflora in the intestine).

If you have diarrhea (especially if it starts suddenly), you should immediately contact your pediatrician. If the stool is watery, profuse, and accompanied by vomiting, then you need to call “ Ambulance", since dehydration develops very quickly in young children. Before the ambulance or doctor arrives, you should provide the child with drinking plenty of fluids. Treatment should be carried out only under the supervision of a pediatrician (or infectious disease specialist) and as prescribed.

Regurgitation

Regurgitation in a child may be caused by swallowing air during feeding.

Quite often, infants experience regurgitation, which causes concern among parents. After feeding, part of the stomach contents is “thrown out” through the mouth. Depending on the causes of occurrence, physiological and pathological (organic) regurgitation are distinguished.

Physiological ones are often associated with underdevelopment of the digestive system:

• relatively short or narrowed esophagus;
• funnel-shaped esophagus;
• underdeveloped sphincter (sphincter) of the entrance to the stomach, causing gastroesophageal reflux (GER);
• highly sensitive gastric mucosa, reacting to any irritant, etc.

Physiological regurgitation is especially common in premature babies; it disappears by about 8-9 months. If the baby’s condition is not disturbed, and regurgitation is infrequent and not abundant, then there is no need to worry too much - such regurgitation can be regarded as physiological.

The exception is GER, which can lead to profuse and frequent regurgitation. aspiration pneumonia(pneumonia when vomit enters the lungs) and even asphyxia ( fatal outcome from suffocation).

Physiological also includes functional regurgitation when the child is not properly fed or cared for:

• regular overeating (more often in children receiving artificial feeding);
• swallowing air with milk due to improper attachment to the breast;
• increased gas formation in the baby (when straining, food is squeezed out of the stomach);
• laying on the tummy or swaddling too tightly after feeding.

With physiological regurgitation, the following measures can help:

• do not overfeed the baby;
• During feeding, it is advisable to keep the baby in a semi-upright position;
• before feeding, you can place the baby on his stomach on a hard surface to allow gases to pass naturally;
• when artificially feeding, use a special anti-colic bottle or pacifier to prevent air from being swallowed;
• with excessive regurgitation and absence organic lesions you can use anti-reflux mixtures: the natural substances in their composition swell in the stomach and prevent food from leaving;
• When breastfeeding, mothers should avoid eating foods that cause increased gas formation;
• After feeding, you need to hold the baby in an upright position for some time (until the gases pass).

Organic causes of regurgitation:

• pyloric stenosis (developmental anomaly, narrowing of the inlet of the stomach) - manifests itself already from 4-5 weeks of life, frequent regurgitation, leading to weight loss;
• defeat nervous system during fetal development or childbirth;
• hereditary disorders of food absorption or metabolism (phenylketonuria, galactosemia);
• infections (bacterial and viral);
• pathologies of internal organs (damage, kidneys).

Pathological regurgitation is characterized by a large volume of vomit. They require urgent medical care, and sometimes surgical treatment.

Conjunctivitis

It is called inflammation of the mucous membrane covering the front surface of the eyes and the inner surface of the eyelid. Most often, it is caused by microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi), but it can also be a manifestation. Infectious conjunctivitis is a contagious (infectious) disease.

The manifestation of the disease is redness of the mucous membrane, itching, and discharge of pus from the conjunctival sac. After sleep, the eyelashes stuck together with purulent discharge do not allow the child to open his eyes. Due to burning and itching, the baby constantly rubs his eyes.

If you notice signs of the disease, you should contact an ophthalmologist, who will select treatment depending on the nature of the inflammation (eye drops, ointment). To make the child feel better, it is necessary to wash the eyes with decoctions and infusions of herbs with anti-inflammatory, disinfectant and healing effects (calendula, chamomile).

Washing can also be carried out with a solution of furatsilin or weak tea leaves. For rinsing, sterile cotton swabs are used, and there are separate ones for each eye. Rubbing should be done from the outer corner of the eye to the inner. The procedure is carried out not only after sleep, but also before each instillation of medicine into the eyes. Drops should also be instilled at the outer corner of the eye, first pulling the lower eyelid down.

ARVI

A group of diseases that can be caused by various viruses(over 200 of them are known), transmitted by airborne droplets and having similar manifestations, are the most common childhood diseases at any age. The infant period is no exception.

The most common manifestations of ARVI are caused by rhinoviruses, parainfluenza viruses, adenoviruses, rhinosyncytial virus (RSV), etc. Clinical manifestations of respiratory viral infections are runny nose, cough, fever, symptoms of general intoxication (restlessness or lethargy, loss of appetite, sleep disturbance, etc.) , purulent discharge from the eyes due to adenoviral infection.

You should call a doctor at home to start correct treatment and prevent the development of complications. The child should be provided with plenty of fluids in small, frequent portions (up to 6 months, give warm boiled water, and from the second half of the year - a decoction of raisins, rose hips, chamomile infusion, cranberry juice, dried fruit compote).

Large portions of liquid and forcefully eaten food can cause vomiting. During illness, you should ensure that the room is frequently ventilated, refraining from walking at high temperatures.

When the temperature rises, there is no need to wrap the baby up; you can wipe his body with vinegar or vodka diluted with water in a ratio of 1:3 and place a heating pad with ice near his head. The temperature should not be lowered below 38 0 C. If it is higher, then you need to give an antipyretic drug in an age-appropriate dosage. If there is vomiting, medication is used in the form of rectal suppositories.

But the use of antipyretics for each child is determined individually. Some children easily tolerate fever up to 38.5 0. If the baby is prone to seizures, reduce the temperature that has risen above 37.7 0. If, during treatment, the high temperature persists for more than 3 days, a repeat examination by the pediatrician is necessary to rule out a complication.

Despite the high temperature, the baby may have cold legs and arms. This is due to vasospasm. In such cases, you can put warm socks on your feet or use vasodilators as prescribed by your pediatrician.

On the background high fever The child may experience seizures. At the same time, the baby’s body stretches, limbs tremble or twitch, and eyes roll back. Parents need to immediately undress the child, give an antipyretic, wipe the body and call an ambulance.

You should clean your child's nose more often to ensure free nasal breathing. To do this, you can use cotton swabs or suck out the discharge from the nasal passages with a small bulb. Use vasoconstrictor drops only as prescribed by a doctor. Cough remedies should also be selected only by a pediatrician.

The pediatrician can prescribe antiviral drugs on the first day of illness. Antibiotics have no effect on viruses. They apply in case of joining bacterial infection and the development of complications.

Hip dysplasia

With the help of massage and orthopedic devices, this problem can be eliminated.

This diagnosis is established in the case of intrauterine underdevelopment of the hip joint, as a result of which the femoral head has increased mobility inside the joint, and the development of connective tissue is disrupted. Pathology can be unilateral or bilateral.

If femur can come out of the joint and return, then they talk about subluxation of the femoral head. At complete dislocation the head is completely out of the joint. Subluxation and dislocation are more severe pathologies.

Dysplasia hip joints occurs more often with breech presentation of the fetus. It is important to diagnose the disease as early as possible, so examinations by an orthopedist should be carried out at 1-3-6-12 months. If a deviation from the norm is suspected, the doctor prescribes an ultrasound or X-ray examination (after 6 months).

Clinical symptoms of hip dysplasia are:

• asymmetry of the femoral and gluteal skin folds;
• additional folds on one leg;
• unequal length of legs;
• restlessness or crying of the child when trying to spread the legs, bent at the hip joints at a right angle;
• clicking sounds when spreading the legs.

At the slightest suspicion of pathology, urgent consultation is necessary pediatric orthopedist, since only early treatment can give effect and a chance to do without surgery. Due to the fact that the joint continues to form after the baby is born, it is possible complete cure when certain conditions are created.

Depending on the severity of the disease, the following may be prescribed:

• massage;
• physiotherapy;
• Pavlik stirrups;
• Freika tire.

With the help of orthopedic devices, the child’s legs are constantly spread and bent, which creates conditions for the correct formation of joints. Initially, the baby must wear these spacers 24 hours a day. The doctor determines the duration of their use individually (from several months to a year).

Parents should not remove them prematurely on their own or put the child on his feet without the consent of the doctor, as this can nullify the results achieved.

Torticollis

Torticollis is understood as an incorrect (deviated to one side) position of the head. The manifestations of this developmental defect depend on the age of the child.

Signs of torticollis in the first year of life:

• in the first 2 months: when the baby is laid on his stomach, there is an increase in the tone of the muscles of the back and neck and asymmetry of the skin folds on the legs;
• at 3-5 months there is a slowdown in growth and a decrease in response to sound stimuli;
• at 6-7 months. there is squint and the child stands on his toes, and on the entire foot; teeth erupt late;
• from 7 to 12 months. the asymmetry of the folds on the buttocks and hips, the asymmetry of the shoulders, the curvature of the spine are clearly visible; the child is developmentally delayed (starts to walk later).

The reasons for the development of torticollis can be different:

• damage to the neck muscles caused by incorrect position of the fetus;
• vertebral malformations;
• intrauterine muscle inflammation with scarring and shortening;
• developmental abnormalities of the nervous and muscular systems;
• umbilical cord entwined around the neck;
• muscle injury (tear) or cervical vertebrae during childbirth.

When torticollis is detected, it is necessary to show the baby not only to a pediatrician, but also to an orthopedist and neurologist in order to determine the cause of the pathology and receive the correct treatment. Treatment should not be delayed to prevent deformation of the face and spine. Treatment for torticollis depends on the cause and severity.

Can be used to treat:

• massage and physical therapy;
• physiotherapy (magnetic therapy, electrophoresis, etc.);
• position treatment ( correct position in the crib and on the arms to stretch the affected muscle);
• exercises in the bath or in the pool;
• application of a special collar (Shants collar).

There are also surgical treatment methods.

Summary for parents

In the first year of life, children are especially vulnerable, because many organs and systems have not yet fully matured. the immune system cannot provide protection for the baby’s body. Eat whole line diseases that can occur in infants.

The task of parents is to have an idea about the baby’s possible diseases, to be able to prevent many of them, to recognize them at an early stage and to promptly seek help from a doctor. Many developmental disorders are best corrected during this period.

The birth of a child is not only joy, but also worries, worries and concerns about his health. Unfortunately, in early childhood (up to 1 year), children may experience the most various diseases, some of them progress from the first days after the birth of the baby.

Omphalitis and

The umbilical wound is formed in a newborn by the 3-5th day of his life and is located at the site of the fallen umbilical cord remnant. Pediatricians warn parents that until the umbilical wound is completely healed, the baby should be bathed only in boiled water with the addition of potassium permanganate (“potassium permanganate”) until it turns pale pink. This period corresponds to two weeks. After the child has been bathed, it is necessary to carry out a number of manipulations, but only with clean, washed hands:

• moisten a cotton swab in a 3% solution of hydrogen peroxide and use it to remove the remaining secretions directly from the wound;
• take a new stick and remove the remaining hydrogen peroxide;
• lubricate umbilical wound solution of brilliant green (2% brilliant green).

Important! Baby vests, rompers and diapers need to be ironed on both sides after each wash, infants' underwear is changed several times a day, and care must be taken to ensure that the umbilical wound is not covered with a diaper.

If the umbilical wound begins to get wet, blood and/or pus appear, the skin around the navel becomes red, then the visiting nurse or pediatrician should be notified. Most likely, we will talk about inflammation of the umbilical wound bacterial origin, caused by or . With this pathological condition, the overall well-being of the baby will change:

• the baby shows anxiety and constantly cries, or, conversely, becomes noticeably lethargic;
• the baby sucks poorly;
• weight loss occurs;
• in some cases, body temperature rises.

Treatment of omphalitis consists of treating the umbilical wound four times, and in severe cases, the pediatrician may prescribe treatment.

Note:If hygiene care If the umbilical wound is taken care of by the parents in strict accordance with the rules, then there will be no omphalitis. This inflammatory process is always a consequence of insufficient care.

This is the name for the exit of internal organs through the large umbilical ring - this is the weakest point in the anterior abdominal wall of a newborn. This pathology is diagnosed in infancy quite often, parents can see it themselves: when the baby cries or strains, a hernial protrusion appears, which is a consequence of increased intra-abdominal pressure.

As soon as an umbilical hernia is detected, the child must be shown to a surgeon - the doctor will repair the hernia for the child and apply a special plaster for 10 days. Such treatment sessions can be used several times in a row; additionally, physical therapy and massage are prescribed - procedures that should only be performed by a specialist.

If the baby already knows how to hold his head, then he should be placed on his tummy on a hard surface. Such simple “measures” will help not only to move organs back into place, but also to normalize stools and eliminate constipation.

In some cases, a child’s hernia does not disappear even by the age of one, and in this case the child will be indicated for surgery. Usually, surgical interventions for an umbilical hernia, it is carried out only from the age of three, but if the hernia occurs too often, then experts recommend carrying out such radical treatment earlier.

Most often, icteric coloration of the skin and mucous membranes in newborns is physiological manifestation adaptation period after birth. Jaundice appears, as a rule, 2-3 days after the birth of the baby and this occurs due to the lack of a sufficient amount of enzymes that neutralize it. Normally, bilirubin, neutralized in the liver cells, is released after a series of transformations from the body in feces or urine. But in a newborn, the liver does not have time to neutralize all the bilirubin; its level in the blood rapidly increases, which leads to a rapid discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes yellow.

Such jaundice in newborns is a physiological process and does not pose any danger to the life of the child. Jaundice develops in 60% of full-term infants and in 90%, disappears spontaneously in a maximum of three weeks.

There are cases when physiological jaundice persists for longer than three weeks in a row, which may be due to the transition of physiological jaundice to breastfeeding jaundice. The point is that in breast milk mater and contains a substance that can inhibit or block the formation of liver enzymes - this phenomenon has not yet been fully studied, but it does occur.

As a rule, jaundice of natural feeding does not pose a threat to the health and life of the child, but still carry out full examination the baby follows. In some cases, the cause of such prolonged jaundice may be:

• massive destruction of red blood cells - hemolytic jaundice;
• dysfunction of liver cells – hepatic jaundice;
• obstruction of the bile ducts – obstructive jaundice.

The named pathologies require constant monitoring. If this indicator does not exceed normal limits, or the increase is insignificant, then doctors simply monitor the newborn. But in case of a sharp increase in the level of bilirubin in the blood, it may be necessary to surgical treatment, since such a development of pathology is fraught with serious consequences for the brain.

Skin problems

The baby's skin is very delicate and easily vulnerable, the blood vessels are located superficially, and even when the baby is slightly overheated, moisture begins to evaporate from the skin. These three factors cause skin problems in children under one year of age.

Diaper rash

This is what they call inflammation individual areas skin when there has been prolonged exposure to moisture or friction. Most often, diaper rash occurs in the armpits, neck, inguinal, intergluteal folds or behind the ears.

Depending on how diaper rash occurs, doctors distinguish three degrees of its severity:

• first degree– slight redness, the integrity of the skin is not compromised;
• second degree– redness becomes bright, microcracks and erosions appear;
• third degree– intense redness, cracks, erosions and pustules appear on the skin.

Diaper rash causes pain, burning and itching, which leads to restlessness and whims of the baby. The causes of the skin problems under consideration can be both increased skin moisture and excess weight of the baby. Provoking factors can also be identified:

• inadequate drying of the skin after bathing or washing the baby;
• violation of child care rules, skin irritation under the influence of urine and feces;
• skin friction with synthetic clothing;
• child overheating;
• the baby's skin on the material from which the diapers are made.

Under no circumstances should diaper rash be ignored! Such pathological skin lesions can quickly spread and become associated with infection. Therefore, parents should in the room where the baby is - it should not be higher than 21 degrees; the baby should be given air baths regularly.

For the first degree of diaper rash no specific treatment is required, you just need to carefully follow the rules of skin care, change diapers on time (at least every 3 hours), carry out air baths and treat folds with a protective cream. If you cannot get rid of diaper rash within 24 hours, you need to consult a pediatrician - a specialist, having assessed the condition of the baby’s skin, may prescribe the use of medications (for example, Drapolen or Bepanten ointments).

Second degree diaper rash involves the use of special “talkers” - a product that is prepared in pharmacies. The pediatrician may prescribe treatment using tannin or methyluracil ointment on the affected area. If pustules appear, the skin is treated with green paint or methylene blue.

In case of second degree diaper rash, you need to bathe your baby in a weak pink solution of potassium permanganate, and if the baby is not allergic to medicinal herbs, then he can be given baths with a decoction of oak bark (the duration is a maximum of 7 minutes).

Third degree diaper rash It is quite difficult to treat, so parents must make every effort to prevent such a development of pathology. If the skin is already wet, then you cannot use any oil ointments for medicinal purposes - a film will form that will prevent the wounds from healing. The best option The solution to the problem of third degree diaper rash will be to seek qualified medical care.

Prickly heat

This is the name of the disease, which is characterized by the appearance of a pink, pinpoint rash on the baby’s skin. Typically, such damage occurs in those places where the baby produces the most sweat - natural skin folds and folds, buttocks. Miliaria is usually not accompanied by any unpleasant symptoms, and the newborn’s behavior remains unchanged.

Most often, prickly heat disappears without any specific treatment - it is enough to follow the rules for caring for the baby’s skin, you can lubricate the affected area with Bepanten cream.

To prevent the occurrence of prickly heat, the following preventive measures are used:

• all child’s underwear should be made from natural fabrics;
• for walks you need to dress your baby strictly according to the weather;
• in the room where the baby spends most of his time, the air temperature should be constant;
• use decoctions or oak bark for bathing, but only if the baby does not have allergies;
• Use only water-based cream for treating baby skin.

The disease is manifested by redness of the skin, swelling, peeling and the appearance of small blisters. Diaper dermatitis is accompanied by itching and burning, which makes the child restless and capricious, and disrupts his sleep.

If treatment for the disease in question is not carried out, then cracks, pustules and erosions appear on the affected areas of the skin. Next, the surface layer of skin is torn away, ulcers can form, and often an infection – fungal or bacterial – is associated with diaper dermatitis.

It is carried out only as prescribed by a pediatrician or dermatologist.

Pemphigus of newborns

This is a purulent contagious skin disease that is caused by Staphylococcus aureus. The disease occurs in the first weeks of life; an infant can become infected from caregivers with a pustular infection on their hands.

A sign of the disease will be the appearance on the baby’s skin of large blisters with a cloudy yellowish liquid. They often open on their own, leaving behind an eroded surface. The liquid that flows from the burst blisters contributes to infection of neighboring areas of the skin.

Complications in newborns may include abscesses and septic conditions. Treatment of the disease in question is carried out only as prescribed by a pediatrician. Antibacterial drugs must be used in therapy, regardless of the child’s age.

Hormonal crisis

Hormonal crisis develops in healthy, full-term infants and this condition is associated with the entry of mother’s hormones into the child’s body through the placenta or during breastfeeding. Symptoms of this condition will be:

Such changes appear on the 3-4th day of the baby’s life and gradually decrease in intensity over 30 days; no treatment is required. The only thing parents need to remember: it is strictly forbidden to squeeze out discharge from the mammary glands or massage them, as this can lead to the progression of mastitis, which requires surgical treatment.

Thrush

A sign of thrush is that white spots appear on the tongue and mucous membranes of the baby’s cheeks, which resemble pieces of curdled milk. Such deposits are not washed off between feedings, but are removed with a spatula if the disease is mild. With moderate severity of thrush, spots appear on the palate and lips and it is no longer possible to remove them completely.

Severe thrush is characterized by the rapid spread of dense plaque on the gums, the back wall of the pharynx, and the soft palate. The areas affected by the fungal infection are painful, the baby cries a lot, his sleep is disturbed, he either sucks poorly at the breast or refuses it altogether.

Factors that can trigger the appearance of thrush include:

At the initial manifestations of the disease, the oral cavity should be treated with a sterile cotton swab, which is moistened with weak solution"potassium permanganate" or 2% soda solution. After wiping, the mucous membranes are lubricated with a methylene blue solution every three hours for 5 days.

Treatment of thrush in newborns is carried out using drugs that contain Nystatin or Levorin. During the entire treatment period, the mother should wipe her nipples with a baking soda solution and boil toys/pacifiers/bottles before each feeding. Severe forms of thrush can only be treated in a hospital.

Despite modern medical capabilities, rickets is still one of the most common diseases in infants. This disease develops due to a deficiency in the body, which is “responsible” for phosphorus-calcium metabolism. The child receives this vitamin through food, and it is also synthesized in the skin under the influence of sunlight. Therefore, according to statistics, the frequency of diagnosing rickets in children born in winter is much more common than in those born in warm weather.

With rickets, there is not only a lack of vitamin D and calcium, but also a lack of iron, copper,. Due to the lack of all these microelements, children with rickets become excessively whiny, capricious, their sleep is disturbed, and they often get colds.

The first symptoms of the disease in question may appear as early as one month of age in the baby, and if treatment is not carried out, the child’s condition will worsen. Symptoms of rickets in infancy include:

If there is no treatment for rickets or it is carried out incorrectly, then the pathology progresses, which is manifested by narrowing of the pelvis, curvature of the spine, flat feet and the formation of a hump.

The development of rickets is very easy to prevent - it is enough to give children vitamin D, and treatment of the disease in question, started on time and carried out correctly, gives positive results. Currently, advanced forms of rickets are diagnosed only in children who live in dysfunctional families.

Treatment of rickets is complex and involves the use of various procedures:

• prolonged exposure to fresh air;
• correction of the child’s diet, which will provide the growing body with all the necessary vitamins and microelements;
• therapeutic exercises, massage and swimming lessons;
• drug therapy - probiotics, vitamin D, vitamin-mineral complexes.

Digestive tract problems

Severe pain in the baby's intestines, which is accompanied by bloating, is a fairly common problem for infants. At the same time, the child actively twists his legs, draws them in, and cries loudly. The cause of intestinal colic may be improper (if the baby is breastfed) or the child swallowing air during feeding.

It is quite possible to prevent the occurrence of colic and accumulation of gases in the intestines; for this you need:

By the age of 3-4 months, intestinal colic in a child goes away due to the maturation of the digestive tract.

Many parents believe that if a child does not have bowel movements throughout the day, then this is constipation. But this is not entirely true! The fact is that mother’s milk, for example, can be completely absorbed by the body, so you need to judge whether a baby has constipation by how he feels and the consistency of his stool.

We can talk about constipation if the baby behaves restlessly, cries, constantly strains, but his intestines do not empty. When a child is constipated, their stools are dark in color and have a firm consistency, and may even be hard, like peas or cork.

The cause of constipation in infancy is most often the non-compliance or incorrect diet of a bottle-fed baby. The mother's passion for protein foods, coffee, and flour products can also contribute to the development of constipation in infancy. But not everything is so “rosy” - in some cases, constipation in infancy is associated with the development of pathologies:

• Hirschsprung's disease - a disorder of intestinal innervation;
• dolichosigma - congenital elongation of the large intestine;

Parents should not try to cope with constipation in a baby on their own; it would be wise to seek help from a pediatrician - a specialist will not only make a diagnosis, find out the cause of such intestinal dysfunction, but also give recommendations on how to solve the problem.

If parents are sure that the child does not have any pathology, then one of the following remedies will help cope with constipation:

• glycerin suppositories;
• irritation of the rectum with the tip of the gas tube;
• lactulose preparations, which must be prescribed by a doctor.

Note:an ancient way to relieve constipation, which involves inserting a bar of soap into anus, must not be used under any circumstances! The alkali contained in this product can cause a burn to the intestinal mucosa.

Diarrhea in infants

A child under one year of age can have a bowel movement after each feeding. But if with this regimen the baby’s general condition remains within normal limits, he is calm and eats well, then parents should not worry. Of primary importance with such frequent bowel movements are the color, consistency of the stool and the presence of blood or mucus in it. It is worth remembering that it is dangerous because too much fluid will be removed from the baby’s body.

Loose stools can be caused by:

• improper nutrition of the nursing mother or the baby itself;
• acute intestinal pathology– for example, or ;
• intolerance to certain foods;
• dysbacteriosis;
• acute intestinal infection.

If your baby has diarrhea, you should immediately seek qualified medical help.. It is especially important to follow this rule if diarrhea begins for no apparent reason, and bowel movements occur too often. Before the specialist arrives, the baby needs to ensure sufficient fluid intake in the body.

This phenomenon occurs in almost every child, which can be physiological or pathological. Physiological regurgitation is associated with underdevelopment of the digestive system:

• the esophagus is narrowed or relatively short;
• the sphincter of the entrance to the stomach is underdeveloped;
• the gastric mucosa is highly sensitive and reacts to any irritant, including breast milk;
• The shape of the esophagus is funnel-shaped.

Physiological regurgitation is especially common in premature babies; it disappears only by the age of nine months. If the baby's condition is not affected, there is nothing to worry about. Physiological regurgitation can also occur if the baby is not fed correctly or the rules of caring for him are violated:

The following measures will help get rid of physiological regurgitation:

• keep the baby in a semi-upright position during feeding;
• when artificial feeding, use a special nipple that prevents the swallowing of air;
• do not overfeed the baby;
• After feeding, hold the baby in an upright position for some time until air burps.

Organic causes of the condition in question:

• pyloric stenosis - narrowing of the inlet of the stomach, which refers to developmental anomalies;
• damage to the nervous system during intrauterine development;
• phenylketonuria, galactosemia – disorders of food absorption of a hereditary nature;
• viral and bacterial infections;
• pathological lesions of the kidneys and pancreas.

This is the name for inflammation of the mucous membrane of the front surface of the eye and the inner surface of the eyelid. The cause of the development of this disease is bacteria, viruses and fungi, and only in extreme cases in rare cases conjunctivitis may be an allergic reaction.

The disease in question manifests itself as redness of the mucous membrane of the eye, itching and discharge of pus from the conjunctival sac. After sleep, the baby's eyelashes become stuck together with the released pus, which prevents him from opening his eyes.

Treatment of conjunctivitis in children should be carried out only under the supervision of an ophthalmologist, because it is a specialist who will be able to select effective medications. Parents can only ease the baby’s well-being by washing the eyes with decoctions of chamomile or calendula, but this can only be done after consulting a doctor.

Acute respiratory viral infections are a group of diseases caused by various viruses transmitted by airborne droplets. In general, ARVI is considered the most common disease in childhood, and infants are no exception.

Clinical manifestations of acute respiratory viral infections are cough, runny nose, difficulty breathing, frequent sneezing, and increased body temperature of the infant. The child may become lethargic and sleep a lot, and lose his appetite.

As soon as the first signs of ARVI appear in the baby, you need to call a pediatrician at home - this will allow you to start effective treatment. The child needs to be provided with plenty of fluids: up to the age of six months, the baby can be given warm boiled water, and older children can be given a decoction of raisins, cranberry, chamomile infusion or. If a child has consumed too much liquid or has been force-fed, this will provoke an attack of vomiting - there is no need to worry, but the dosage of food and liquid consumed must be adjusted.

Note:against the background of a high body temperature, the baby may begin to develop - the baby’s body stretches, the limbs tremble or twitch, the eyes roll back. In this case, parents should immediately undress the baby, give him an antipyretic and call an ambulance.

This diagnosis is made in the case of underdevelopment of the hip joint during intrauterine development - the femoral head has increased mobility inside the joint, the development of connective tissue is disrupted. Most often, hip dysplasia occurs in children with. It is very important to diagnose pathology early, therefore, as part of the examination of the baby, examinations by an orthopedist are carried out at 1-3-6-12 months. If the doctor suspects a deviation from the norm, he will prescribe an X-ray examination or ultrasound for the baby, but not earlier than the child reaches six months of age.

Symptoms of hip dysplasia include:

• additional folds on one leg;
• asymmetry of folds on the hips and buttocks;
• baby crying or fussing when trying to separate his legs;
• clicks when spreading the legs, bent at the knee joints;
• unequal length of legs.

Depending on how severe the disease in question is, the infant may be prescribed:

• physiotherapy;
• Pavlik stirrups;
• massage;
• Freika tire.

With the help of special orthopedic devices, the child’s legs are constantly spread apart and bent position– this creates optimal conditions for the proper formation of joints. At first, the baby must wear such spacers around the clock, then the wearing mode becomes softer. Parents should under no circumstances remove devices before the due date, as this can nullify all previously achieved results.

Torticollis is incorrect position head, in which it is deflected to one side. The appearance of the defect depends on the development of the baby.

Signs of the pathology in question in the first year of a baby’s life:

• in the first two months of life - when the baby is laid on his stomach, increased tone of the muscles of the back and neck is visible, asymmetry of folds will be noted on the legs;
• at 3-5 months – the child’s growth slows down and the reaction to any sound stimulus decreases;
• at 6-7 months – strabismus is noted, the child stands on his toes, teeth erupt late;
• at 7-12 months – the asymmetry of the folds on the hips and buttocks, the asymmetry of the shoulders, the curvature of the spine is clearly visible, the baby begins to walk late and is quite behind in physical development from their peers.

The reasons for the development of torticollis include the following:

If torticollis is determined, you will need to consult an orthopedist and a neurologist - specialists will be able to determine the true cause of the disease and prescribe the correct treatment. Parents should not delay visiting doctors and starting treatment, as advanced torticollis can lead to deformation of the vertebrae and face.

To treat the disease in question, the following can be used:

• physiotherapy – electrophoresis, magnetic therapy;
• applying a special collar;
• physical therapy and massage;
• treatment by position;
• specially selected exercises in the pool or in the bath.

There is also surgical treatment for torticollis, but if therapy was started in a timely manner, it will not be needed.

When a child gets sick, you think it would be better if you got sick yourself. When rushing to help your children, do not self-medicate. Some diseases have the ability to “disguise” themselves as completely different diseases, and here you cannot do without the help of a specialist.

What are childhood diseases?

One of the main places is occupied by the most common childhood diseases. Immediately after birth, the baby’s gastrointestinal tract begins to work in a “new mode,” and the first problems begin with the well-known crying from “gas in the tummy.” Pediatricians recommend placing the baby on his stomach more often, dry heat, dill drops, and feeding by the hour. By three months, the pain usually goes away and is safely forgotten.

If at the beginning of life we ​​teach children a routine, then over time, often, everything changes. Irregular nutrition, an abundance of poor quality foods, stuffed with all sorts of “E”, are reflected in the child’s gastrointestinal tract by developing gastritis.

Reflux

When a child complains of abdominal pain, suffers from belching unpleasant smell, you can suspect reflux - inflammation in the esophagus. The reason is the throwing of stomach contents back into the esophagus, the entry of bile into the stomach.

Constipation and diarrhea

Constipation and intestinal disorders associated with poor diet and stress. There is even such a concept - “ nervous stomach" They can also be a consequence of an infectious disease. The main thing is to find the cause and prescribe appropriate treatment. If the cause is an infection, antimicrobial medications will be required.

Autoimmune diseases occur due to a malfunction in the child's immune system. The body “fights” with itself. You need advice and help from an immunologist.

Obesity in children

Truly the disease of the century can be called childhood obesity. Unfortunately, side effect computerization has become widespread, children spend more time in front of a monitor screen than on the street. The lack of outdoor games, the abundance of fatty and unhealthy foods, consisting of many preservatives, is a provoking factor. It's fraught diabetes mellitus, liver diseases, ischemic heart disease and even early heart attack and stroke.

Digestive organs such as the stomach, thick and small intestine, and duodenum have a number of interrelated diseases - gastroenteritis, enterocolitis, duodenitis, peptic ulcer.

The listed diseases have common symptoms and causes.

Infectious diseases in children

Quite varied and contagious. With the spread of vaccination, the risk of contracting some diseases has been reduced to almost zero. But despite this, it is necessary to know about these diseases.

Viral mumps (mumps), scarlet fever, polio, diphtheria. Quite an impressive list. The source of disease is a virus transmitted from a sick person. All diseases have a certain incubation period - the time the disease develops in the body. Infectious diseases are not at all harmless; they are dangerous due to complications. Treatment is carried out strictly under the supervision of a doctor! Vaccinations are given against all these diseases, and they should not be neglected.

Flu

If a person gets sick with the diseases described above once, then the infection haunts us throughout our lives. Strengthen your child’s immunity, strengthen his body, enroll him in a sports section, and take your child to the sea once a year. Dysentery is a disease of dirty hands. Do not allow children to eat unwashed vegetables and fruits, teach them the rules of personal hygiene, and do not buy food from suspicious goods.

Diseases of the urinary system

Children, like adults, are susceptible. It is not uncommon for parents to bring their child with complaints of pain in the kidneys, pain when urinating, bloody issues. As a rule, these are symptoms of diseases such as urethritis and others. Timely treatment will help avoid complications, such as stones in the urinary system.

Respiratory diseases in children

Pneumonia is bacterial with signs of acute respiratory infections. Timely treatment is the key Get well soon. Do not start, always seek medical help.

Occurs due to the spread of a cold to the bronchi. It can occur in a mild form, or maybe in a severe form, with high temperature. Accompanied by a strong dry cough with or without sputum, depending on the degree of the disease. Modern medications cope well with this disease. Traditional medicine also has effective recipes in its arsenal.

Dental diseases

Dental diseases of children are diseases of the oral mucosa. Low resistance to infections, various injuries, viruses, are the cause of the development of seizures. Oral diseases can be easily treated by rinsing with traditional medicine and using medications at home.

ENT diseases in a child

ENT diseases in children can occur from the first days of life. Inflammatory diseases can occur as complications of infection. Often, which are expressed and delayed due to the developing... It is very important to promptly treat diseases of the ears, nose and throat, as there is a danger of developing inflammatory process brain tissue, which can be life-threatening. Such diseases include inflammation and others.

We have reviewed a list of the most common childhood diseases that can arise from the first year of life and bring worries to parents.

And finally. In order for children to get sick less, you need to start taking care of this from the first day of life - do not neglect breastfeeding. Only with mother's milk does the child receive all the necessary vitamins, strong immunity, and disease resistance.

Temper your child, let him run barefoot, don’t wrap him up too warmly, and don’t rush to give antibiotics for any illness. Children is our future. May they be healthy and beautiful!

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He was barely born and already sick! Nothing unsettles us more than our baby’s first illness. Meanwhile, this is a completely natural thing!

From this article you will learn what diseases there are in children in the first year of life, how to recognize and treat diseases of young children.

Diseases of children in the first year of life

Your child must be exposed to many pathogens in his environment and build his as-yet untapped immune system. Each is successful previous illness makes the baby stronger. However, a sick child certainly needs medical care and your attention.

First diseases infant

In the first weeks, the newborn usually has to deal with only minor difficulties in adjusting to life “outside”, which, however, quickly pass. Meanwhile, he is not immune from contact with infections that cause diseases.

And at one fine moment it will happen - food, so desired before, is pushed away or even regurgitated, or the baby cries without apparent reason, or he has a fever and the thermometer shows above 39 °C. Health problems, especially unexpected for parents if this is their first child, quickly cause mild panic.

Feeding is generally one of the “most, most” important maternal tasks, and then suddenly the child rejects food, and this is like a blow straight to your heart. However, sooner or later, any child must encounter many pathogens in his environment. This is a completely normal thing and not a cause for upset. Nature has provided the baby with many mechanisms to protect against diseases. And the more often he is with yours good care- overcomes them, the better you learn to deal with your baby’s diseases.

Painful conditions in infants

In the first weeks of life, many infants experience problems typical of this age: jaundice, navel and skin problems, drooling and restless behavior. Along with these deviations, there are also ailments associated with maturation and hormones. For example, not testicular descent or breast swelling. However, this is generally not a cause for concern - many of these ailments usually go away on their own.

Viral infections in children of the first year of life

The most common reason for more serious violations The health of infants and young children in the first year of life is undoubtedly caused by viral infections. In the womb of the mother, the child is mainly protected from them. Against some childhood diseases, the mother gives the baby “loan” protective substances that pass through the placenta to the child and protect him from diseases for about 6-9 months (this applies to measles, mumps, rubella), if the mother had these diseases or received vaccinations against them .

But against many hundreds of viruses that usually cause harmless ongoing diseases, a child of the first year of life does not have immunity from the very beginning from birth: he must be ill with them in order for protective substances (antibodies) to form in him. Yet his immune system is well prepared to fight this infection.

Diseases of young children

Meningitis is a disease of young children

Cause: Bacterial or viral origin. Meningitis may have fatal outcome. Incubation period usually ranges from 10 to 14 days. Fortunately, bacterial meningitis, which is the most dangerous form of the disease, is very rarely seen in preschool children who have been properly vaccinated.

Signs and symptoms: Bacterial meningitis can begin as a cold, flu, or otitis media, but the child’s condition deteriorates very quickly and he becomes very lethargic; temperature rises to 38.9-40 °C; neck and protrusion of the fontanelle occurs. With viral meningitis, the child has the same symptoms, but does not look as sick

What can be done:

Contact your doctor immediately. He must do spinal tap to determine whether your child has bacterial or viral meningitis. The sooner the disease occurs and its treatment begins, the better the result will be.

If your child has bacterial meningitis, the doctor will treat him with intravenous antibiotics for 7 days.

Disease viral meningitis Treated in the same way as the flu.

Mumps is a disease of young children

Cause: It is spread by a virus with an incubation period of 7 to 10 days.

Signs and symptoms: Initially, the symptoms of this disease in young children are similar to flu symptoms and stomach illness; then after two or three days the glands under the earlobes swell and begin to ache. The baby looks like a hamster with stuffed cheek pouches, and it may be painful for him to open his mouth. He may also have a slight fever. Mumps usually lasts 7-10 days and is contagious until the swollen glands go away.

What can be done:

Give it to the child more liquid and soft food.

Apply cold compresses to your cheeks.

Give to your child to relieve the condition and relieve pain.

Call your doctor immediately if your child becomes sleepy, constantly vomiting, shows signs of dehydration, or has a neck problem.

Signs and symptoms: The child wakes up at night and does not find a place for himself; him severe itching around the anus (in girls - and in the vagina); the presence of thread-like worms, about 0.6 mm long, crawling out of the rectum and laying eggs around the anus and vagina.

What can be done:

Use a flashlight at night to determine if worms are crawling out of your baby's anus (they are more visible under electric light), and/or place sticky tape around your baby's anus to get some eggs and take them to the doctor for testing.

Keep your child's nails short to avoid scratching.

Cause: Caused by bacteria when a wound becomes deeply infected. The incubation period ranges from 3 to 21 days.

Signs and symptoms: diseases of children in the first year of life: muscle spasms, especially in the jaw muscles; convulsions.

What can be done:

Contact your doctor immediately. Your child will need to be treated with antibiotics.

Infection genitourinary tract in young children

Cause: Determination can be difficult. The doctor may order an ultrasound or x-ray and other tests to make sure your kidneys are working properly and to determine what the real cause of the infection is.

Signs and symptoms: Fever, pain and frequent urination, vomiting, abdominal pain. In young children there is constant elevated temperature without obvious reasons may be the only symptom of a genitourinary tract infection.

What can be done:

Contact your doctor for a diagnosis and antibiotic treatment.

Hypothyroidism is a disease of young children

Cause: Develops due to insufficient functioning thyroid gland, is caused by insufficient production of the hormone of this gland - thyroxine. The disease hypothyroidism in children can be congenital or acquired.

Congenital hypothyroidism occurs in young children due to intrauterine development of the thyroid gland; the disorder may occur due to a defect in the germ layers, inflammation of the gland, treatment of the mother during pregnancy with certain medicines(thyreostatic drugs).

Acquired hypothyroidism can develop at any age due to infection of the thyroid gland, removal of the thyroid gland, etc.

Signs and symptoms: clinical manifestations of this disease in young children: bradycardia, constipation, mucous edema, retardation of the child in physical and mental development. A child with congenital hypothyroidism has dry skin, puffiness of the face, thickening of the lips, narrowing of the palpebral fissures, enlargement of the tongue (in other cases, the tongue does not even fit in the oral cavity), impaired swallowing, and an enlarged abdomen; child suffering from congenital hypothyroidism, lethargic, reacts poorly to what is happening around him, starts sitting, walking, and talking late.

What can be done:

Hypothyroidism in young children is treated with thyroid medications; this is the so-called replacement therapy.

Three-day fever in children

This harmless viral infection affects children between 9 and 15 months of age. It makes a strong impression on parents experiencing this for the first time, because the baby’s temperature can be very high (up to 40.2 °C).

Cause: The causative agent of three-day fever is a certain virus. It is not very contagious upon contact, and only a small proportion of children of the same age from the immediate environment also become ill. Pregnant mothers-to-be should consult their antenatal care provider if they have had exposure to 3-day fever, as the newborn baby may develop (but treatable) anemia from the disease.

Signs and symptoms: This disease of children in the first year of life proceeds in accordance with its name. It is typical that high temperature almost does not disturb good condition baby. Many children continue to play, eat and drink as usual. Only in rare cases, when the temperature rises, vomiting or diarrhea or even febrile convulsions (spasms) are observed. With a sharp decrease in fever after 72 hours, a skin rash then appears, which is limited only to the torso, and there is no rash on the face and limbs. The rash appears as soft pink spots that do not merge with each other and disappear completely again after about a day.

What can be done:

Since children usually do not feel sick, treatment for this disease is only necessary if the child suffers from a high fever ( severe lethargy, sweating, restless behavior). Then measures to reduce the temperature are indicated: a 125 mg paracetomol suppository or a compress on the calves.

Tetanus is a disease of young children

Tetanus is an acute, often fatal disease caused by a toxin produced by the tetanus pathogen. Tetanus in children of the first year of life is characterized by increased muscle tone throughout the body and convulsions.

Cause: Tetanus bacillus lives in the surface layers of the soil, where it comes from. intestines of domestic and wild animals, as well as humans.

Infection of a newborn occurs when a pathogen enters the umbilical wound due to poor care.

Signs and symptoms: Neonatal tetanus is severe form illness that usually develops within the first 10 days after birth. Early signs of tetanus include difficulty sucking, irritability and increased tearfulness, combined with a grimace, accompanied by special clenching of the facial muscles and lower jaw. As muscle tension increases, arching of the spine, bending of the arms, clenching of the hand into a fist, extension of the legs and plantar flexion of the foot appear. At the slightest irritation, convulsions occur.

What can be done:

The basis of treatment for tetanus in children of the first year of life is the administration antitetanus serum or the introduction of anti-tetanus human immunoglobulin, narcotic drugs to reduce seizures, transferring the baby to mechanical breathing.

The mortality rate for tetanus is very high. The main cause of death is suffocation due to paralysis respiratory center.

Due to universal immunization against tetanus (the tetanus component of the vaccine is presented in the DTP), the incidence of the disease has decreased significantly.

Stenosis of the lacrimal ducts in newborns

Cause: It often happens that when a baby wakes up, his eyes are glued together. We are talking here about the disruption of the flow of tears on the sore side. If this has not been the case since birth, then such a defect in children of the first year of life can arise as a result of infection in the nasopharyngeal cavity. The nasal lacrimal canal, which runs from the inner corner of the eye (where you can see a small drain hole) to the nose, is narrowed or inflamed at its junction. Tears cannot drain properly, and where stagnation occurs in the body, purulent inflammation quickly begins.

Signs and symptoms: Yellowish pus mixed with tear fluid accumulates in the inner corner of the eye. Both eyes may be affected. After opening the eyes and wiping away the accumulated pus, in older infants tears flow down the cheeks on the unhealthy side. When the child then wakes up from sleep, the situation is even worse.

What can be done:

The eyes should be rinsed with a sterile sodium chloride solution (from a pharmacy).

Attention: You should always move the cotton wool from the outer corner of the eye to the inner corner (towards the nose).

Antibiotic eye drops (they must be prescribed by a doctor!) can quickly eliminate purulent inflammation, but since the narrowed area remains there, after stopping the drops the inflammation very often resumes.

You can massage the inner corner of your eye with the tip of your little finger using gentle up and down motions and small rolling movements. At the same time, the patency of the nasal lacrimal canal will improve again. Often the unpleasant symptom gradually goes away when young children reach 6-8 weeks of age.

Bad hair The child has

Causes of baldness in children:

General baldness (alopecia) can be congenital or occur in children with malnutrition, anemia, chronic intoxication, hypovitaminosis, poisoning (for example, arsenic), some infectious (scarlet fever, typhus) and non-infectious diseases (SLE, SSD), hypothyroidism.

Focal baldness occurs due to syphilis, poisoning with thallium-containing products, fungal hair infection, etc. Baldness of the back of the head in children in the first six months of life is observed with rickets, perinatal encephalopathy.

Causes of excess hair growth:

Excess growth hair loss in young children can be total or regional. Hypertrichosis (excessive hair growth of the trunk and limbs) can be genetically determined or associated with certain chronic diseases (tuberculosis, JRA, ulcerative colitis, etc.). Excessive hair growth in girls with facial hair growth (hirsutism) occurs with Cushing's disease and syndrome, long-term treatment glucocorticoids, hyperandrogenemia.

Hair problems in children:

Sparse, hard, brittle hair on the head of children in the first year of life - diagnostic important symptom hypothyroidism. Dull hair color, dryness and split ends can be a manifestation of dystrophy, deficiency of vitamins, iron and other microelements, and metabolic disorders.

Scalp hair fungus:

Fungal infection hair infection (in particular, fungi of the genus Microsporum) is characterized by the appearance on the skin of the scalp of rounded reddish lesions, delimited from healthy skin. The hair above them breaks very close to the root, as a result of which, as if cut off areas are formed.

Pediculosis in children:

The best protection against diseases in children of the first year of life is their prevention. It is ensured by periodic examinations and vaccinations. With regular conversations with your child's doctor, you can ask questions and clear up any confusion, and besides, talking about your child is a pleasure in itself.

You can tell that from his satisfied mother. This says something more important: you, as a mother, will feel that the child is missing something much earlier than the most experienced pediatrician. A healthy baby is usually friendly, rosy-cheeked, has a generally predictable sleep-wake schedule, drinks milk quickly during feedings, and gains weight fairly well. However, if this is your first child, you will probably be a little fearful, and some of your child's behavior may frighten or worry you.

Preventive examinations of the child

Nine preventive screenings provide the perfect opportunity to talk about your observations and concerns. On the other hand, with a preventive examination (PO), you will learn what to pay special attention to in the period before the next PO.

Before examining children in the first year of life, you should be well prepared, and it is best to have questions written down in advance. If you know in advance what exactly the pediatrician will examine, you will be able to inform him of your additional observations. This way, you and your pediatrician will be like one team during the program. The more effectively you work together, the better it will be for the child. This also applies to vaccinations. The immunity of a child of the first year of life will not weaken from them, but will be strengthened. It’s better not to expose your child’s health to unnecessary and sometimes dangerous stress - get your baby vaccinated!

Diagnostic examination of children under one year old

Prevention is better than cure - this especially applies to sucklings and small children. Chronic diseases recognized too late can last a lifetime. Regular participation in state-provided preventive examinations will give your baby good chance on healthy childhood.

The schedule for early diagnostic examination of children in the first year of life is designed in such a way that it covers for observation all critical stages at which they are best identified or diagnosed chronic disorders. So, six early diagnostic examinations in the first year of life, they are intended primarily to identify congenital pathologies of individual systems and organs, for example, the heart, kidneys, nervous system and hips. Later, the sense organs, hearing and vision and, of course, the entire general course of development are specifically checked.

Many children deviate in terms of developmental indicators (dates) from normal norms. They don't crawl, start walking later than others, or don't speak a word at two years old. All this may still be within the normal range, and usually it is. However, although rare, developmental delays may conceal pathologies or incipient diseases that can be treated and thereby prevent more serious consequences. Last but not least, during these examination periods, proper nutrition and, of course, all the questions that you have outlined for conversation with the pediatrician are discussed.

Important! Each early diagnosis system is only as good as the completeness of the examinations it ensures. So take every chance. For you, it will be safer to spend 15-30 minutes and find out that everything is in order, or that you will only need to wear orthopedic (expanding) panties for a short time, or temporarily carry out therapeutic exercises, after which the development of your the child will go further without violations.

Parents always buy their children the best: luxury cradles, toys and various necessary things for babies. We take care of our children by surrounding them with beautiful furniture and accessories. And this is really important, because even a correctly selected cradle will bring your child healthy sleep.

Although sometimes, no matter how hard we try, little ones can get sick. Naturally, when a child gets sick it is extremely stressful for parents. Ailments and diseases of newborns are caused by strong excitement and panic among parents. After all, the baby cannot say what hurts him and, as a rule, it can be very difficult to determine without a specialist. In this article we will look at the most common newborn diseases and we'll tell you about the treatment of children under one year old.
1.Skin irritations
A newborn's skin is very sensitive. To avoid irritation and infections, you should keep your baby's skin clean, well moisturized and without squeezing. tight clothes. Despite careful care, the child may develop skin diseases that will require the help of a doctor.

Gluteal erythema
This is a fairly common skin irritation on the buttocks in infants, which occurs under the influence of urine, feces and bacterial flora. If despite everything Taken measures(exclusion from the diet of foods that cause allergic reaction, use of hydrophilic diapers), areas of skin with weeping irritation become more numerous, consult a doctor.

Infant eczema
This disease rarely occurs before three months and usually appears on the face (except the nose and chin), behind the ears, sometimes on folds and joints, on the thumbs and around the nipples. The skin becomes covered with red spots, small dry cracks form, and the baby suffers from itching. Consultation with a pediatrician is required.

Acne in infants
Small white dots on a red background appear quite often on the face and chest from the fourth week and can last for several weeks. The only means of prevention is daily skin care for your baby.

2.Rachitis- a disease of young children, expressed in impaired bone formation. The cause of rickets is most often a deficiency of vitamin D in the body.

Causes of the disease: flaw sunlight and exposure to fresh air, lack of vitamin D in the food the child receives, prematurity, lack of motor activity in the child, intestinal dysbiosis.
The disease clearly manifests itself at the age of 3-4 months. The child develops anxiety, irritability, whims, poor sleep, children often startle, especially when falling asleep. Sweating of the skin increases, primarily during sleep and when feeding; the face and the fleecy part of the head sweat the most. The child constantly rubs his head on the pillow, as a result of which the back of his head becomes bald.

Effective prevention of rickets are walks, moderate tanning, massage and gymnastics. starting from 2 one week old, the child is prescribed vitamin D.

3. Abdominal pain
Children in the first year of life often have tummy problems - colic, this is explained by the fact that the newborn’s intestines are located perpendicular to the body. During the first few months, intestinal reversal can cause pain and discomfort in the baby. In such cases, a clockwise tummy massage, as well as maternal warmth, can help. Place your newborn tummy on your stomach. Or place your warm hand on your baby's belly.

Children often worry accumulation of gases in the intestines or irregular bowel movements. Good for gas formation medical supplies: dill water, plantex, subsimplex, babycalm, babynos. Be sure to consult your pediatrician before taking it. Very good remedy from constipation and gas formation, there is a gas outlet tube. Gas outlet tube much easier and more convenient to use than an enema.

4. Intussusception (volvulus)
It most often occurs at the age of 2-6 months, the peak incidence occurs at the age when the child receives successively or sometimes simultaneously a lot of new food, which is the main cause of this acute pathology. This is why it is not recommended to rush with complementary feeding.

With this disease, one intestine is embedded in another, the intestinal vessels are pinched, and blood circulation is disrupted. In such cases, the child suddenly begins to scream, periodically calming down.

A few minutes later the scream is repeated again. But after the second or third bout of crying, it becomes clear that the child is really not feeling well. A variety of symptoms may appear: vomiting, weakness, pallor or redness of the skin. Blood appears in the stool within the first 12 hours. The appearance of blood in the stool is late sign, you need to show your child to the doctor much earlier!

5. Hernias
Hernia- protrusion of the contents of internal organs (cavities) through the wall (most often we are talking about the anterior abdominal wall).
For inguinal hernia Usually there is swelling in the groin area. An uncomplicated hernia usually does not cause pain. Often the hernia protrudes due to prolonged crying. For any unprovoked anxiety in the child, you need to carefully examine groin areas to detect a hernial protrusion. Inguinal hernia is dangerous and can become a real threat to the child’s life. Under no circumstances should you try to repair a hernia yourself. You should see a surgeon as soon as possible.
Umbilical hernia and hernia of the white line of the abdomen occur quite often. In most cases, hernias that appear in children under 6 months of age disappear spontaneously by the age of one year. This is due to strengthening the muscles of the upper abdominal wall, transition of the child to a vertical position.

If you are not sure what exactly is bothering your baby, be sure to contact your pediatrician.