St. John's wort - useful properties and uses. Healing properties of St. John's wort

St. John's wort grass - may also be called St. John's wort perforated, pierced, punctured, and so on. This is a very famous plant in our country with bright yellow flowers and a specific tart, but quite pleasant smell. Plant herbaceous, perennial, St. John's wort family. The height of the plant can be from thirty to one hundred centimeters. Stems are branched, dihedral with opposite leaves. St. John's wort leaves are sessile, 0.3-1.5 cm wide and 0.7-3 cm long, obtuse, oval, with numerous dotted glands.

Flowers with five sepals and five petals, the inflorescence of the plant is broadly paniculate, almost corymbose. The fruit looks like an oblong-ovoid capsule 5.0 mm wide and 6.0 mm long. The seeds of the plant are small, less than 1 mm, cylindrical, Brown. St. John's wort blooms and ripens from May to August. Usually this plant grows everywhere, except for the cold Far North. St. John's wort is considered almost the most important medicinal herb, which is part of many herbal preparations. It has long been said that the healing properties of St. John's wort cure 99 diseases.

This herb got its name for a reason. The fact is that St. John's wort is slightly toxic to humans, but it can cause poisoning in animals. Sensitive to grass cattle, horses and sheep.

John's wort

For medicinal purposes almost the entire plant is used. When harvesting, the stem is cut closer to the fork. The lower bases of the stem are not subject to harvesting. When harvesting, it is necessary to use cutting tools, otherwise you can pull out St. John's wort with a rhizome, which will lead to a decrease in the number of plants and a decrease in the quality of the raw materials obtained.

The grass obtained after collection is loosely placed in bags and immediately delivered to the place where drying will be carried out. You can dry under sheds, in attics, in rooms with good ventilation and dryers at temperatures up to +40˚C. Raw materials for drying are scattered in a layer with a thickness of 5 to 7 cm and periodically mixed. The raw material is considered dried when the stems of the plant become brittle. Hypericum perforatum dries quickly, losing its bright color and storm. A weak aromatic smell comes from the finished raw material, the taste is bitter, slightly astringent.

In the herb St. John's wort is about 0.1% -0.4% of hypericin, which belongs to dianthraquinone compounds, 12% tannins, 0.2% essential oil, saponins, flavonoids, 17% resinous substances, carotene and vitamin C.

IN traditional medicine St. John's wort is used as an astringent, tonic and anti-inflammatory agent for coughing, hemoptysis.

Preparations, which include St. John's wort, are used to treat peptic ulcer, gout, rheumatism, nervous diseases, also as a diuretic and anthelmintic. The herb is also used to treat psychoses, diseases intestinal tract (chronic gastritis, diarrhea, etc.), diseases of the gallbladder and liver.

Strong infusion of St. John's wort is used in dentistry. They strengthen the gums, eliminate bad smell from the oral cavity and used as an anti-inflammatory agent.

Research has established that the extract of this herb at intravenous administration perfectly stimulates cardiac activity, increases the amplitude of heart contractions, raises arterial blood pressure and constricts blood vessels.

St. John's wort is one of the few plants that provide raw materials for the manufacture of effective plant antibiotics. Set high antibacterial activity acetone, alcohol, ether and other extracts from this plant.

Imanin- an antibiotic prepared from St. John's wort, has a detrimental effect on more than 40 different types microorganisms, including pathogens of tuberculosis, dysentery and whooping cough.

Novoimanin- an antibacterial drug from St. John's wort, has an effect on gram-positive microbes, on staphylococci, which are resistant to penicillin.

Sold in pharmacies oil extract and tincture of St. John's wort, in their medicinal properties they are similar to the plant itself.

Not only professional doctors, but also healers and healers recommend using St. John's wort in the form of decoctions, infusions and ointments for treatment a large number diseases.

John's wort in gynecology. For treatment inflammatory processes in the uterus and uterine appendages with impaired menstrual cycle use infusion of St. John's wort. Preparing the infusion is very simple, for this you need 2 tbsp. finely chopped grass pour 1 tbsp. hot boiled water, leave for forty minutes, then cool and strain. Take 3 times a day thirty minutes before eating. TO urs of treatment is six to eight weeks.

St. John's wort ointment helps with inflammation of the vaginal mucosa and cervix, as well as with erosion of the cervix. You can prepare an ointment by grinding 500 grams of fresh plant flowers with leaves and pouring one liter of sunflower oil. Infuse this mixture in a dark place for three weeks. After that, the resulting ointment must be filtered. The ointment is applied with cotton swabs. The course of treatment is from 10 to 12 days.

St. John's wort for face and hair. IN winter period, in autumn and spring, you need to actively use St. John's wort in facial skin care, since this herb has no equal in cosmetics. But in the summer it is worth suspending the use of St. John's wort, because it increases sensitivity skin to direct sunbeams. St. John's wort lotion is useful to wipe the face, especially if the skin is oily. For cooking, you need 2 tbsp. dry milled grass pour 1 tbsp. boiling water and put on a slow fire for ten minutes. After that, cool and strain. The lotion is ready.

St. John's wort for hair is used as a tincture. 2 tablespoons herbs should be poured 500g. vodka and insist one week in a cool, dark place. Before use, the tincture must be diluted boiled water, then rub it into the roots of the hair. This tincture will strengthen your hair if you use it twice a week.

Tinctures and decoctions from St. John's wort used to treat cardiovascular diseases, gastrointestinal diseases, liver and kidney diseases, hysteria, insomnia, neuralgia, epilepsy and paralysis.

To prepare a decoction you need 1 tbsp. chopped St. John's wort pour 1 tbsp. water and boil for 12-15 minutes, after cooling the broth, strain. The resulting decoction should be drunk in one day in several doses. In order to get a tincture from this plant, you need 1 tbsp. St. John's wort pour 200 g of boiling water and leave for thirty minutes. Taken 1/4 cup 3-4 times a day before meals. Children with diathesis, rashes, abscesses, skin tuberculosis are washed with a decoction of St. John's wort. The roots of this plant help with bone tuberculosis and dysentery.

St. John's wort for men also has great importance, taking a decoction, you can return the lost male power. A male decoction is prepared according to the following recipe: 10 grams of grass is poured with a glass of boiling water, infused and taken 60 grams 30 minutes before eating.

For outdoor use you can make St. John's wort oil, which helps with severe bruises back and chest, they heal ulcers, wounds, abscesses and other purulent inflammation. For burns, St. John's wort oil is radical remedy. To prepare the oil, pour 20 g of freshly picked flowers into 200 g of linseed or sunflower oil, leave for two weeks, shake occasionally. The oil should be blood red.

Contraindications to the use of St. John's wort

John's wort during pregnancy is contraindicated. Do not take it with hypertension, as it increases blood pressure. Since St. John's wort contains a small amount of toxins, it should not be taken. long time, as there may be unpleasant pain in the liver, bitter taste in the mouth.

Also, when taken for more than three weeks, St. John's wort can cause temporary impotence, but a few weeks after the end of the reception, St. John's wort will be removed from the body and everything will be restored. It is also necessary to take into account that St. John's wort increases the sensitivity of the skin to ultraviolet radiation, therefore, when using a decoction and tincture, you should refrain from sunbathing.

Despite all the contraindications and precautions, with proper and skillful use, this plant is very useful and effective.

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St. John's wort - HerbaHyperici

St. John's wort (common) - Hypericum perforatum L.

St. John's wort spotted (tetrahedral) - Hypericum maculatum Crantz (H. quadrangulum L.)

St. John's wort family - Hypericaceae

Other names:

- hare blood

- krovets

- sick

- ordinary duravets

Botanical characteristic. perennial herbaceous plant long used in folk medicine. The stems are branched, with two ribs, 30-60 cm high. The leaves and branches are arranged oppositely. The leaves are oblong-oval in shape, obtuse, entire, smooth, with translucent scattered over the leaf blade, and black dotted receptacles along the edges. They appear to be pierced with a needle - hence the name "perforated". The flowers are free-petal, regular, with a five-leaf falling calyx, five-petal corolla; petals are bright yellow, oblong-oval, with black-brown dots (on the underside). Stamens 50-60, fused at the base into three bundles. The inflorescence is a corymbose panicle. The fruit is a three-celled, multi-seeded boll that opens with three flaps. Blooms from June to August, fruits ripen in September. Possible impurities are presented in the table.

Spreading. Almost the entire European part of the country, the Caucasus, mountains Central Asia And Western Siberia. Behind the Yenisei, it is replaced by other species.

Habitat. It usually occurs in strips, patches (rarely forms large thickets) in dry meadows, forest clearings, overgrown clearings, in sparse birch forests, on dry mountain slopes, roadsides, on fallows. Young forest plantings, overgrown clearings and fallows are convenient for harvesting.

Features various kinds Hypericum

plant name	Diagnostic signs
plant name			inflorescences
St. John's wort - Hypericum perforatum L. (approved for harvesting)	Naked, 30-80 cm high, with two ribs	Oval, solitary-elliptical, 1-3 cm long, glabrous	Almost corymbose	Petals golden yellow, sepals entire, finely pointed
St. John's wort - N. maculatum Grantz. (H. quadrangulum L.) (authorized for harvesting independently)	Naked, 30-70 cm high, tetrahedral	Elliptical or oval, 0.5-3.5 cm long, glabrous	racemose	Petals golden yellow, sepals entire, obtuse
St. John's wort graceful - N. elegans Steph.	Naked, 20-80 cm high with two ribs	Lanceolate, 1.5-2.5 cm long, glabrous	broad panicle	The petals are light yellow, the sepals are finely serrated along the edge with black glands.
St. John's wort - N. montanum L.	Slightly pubescent, 30-60 cm high, cylindrical	Hairless, ovate-oblong, 1.5-5 cm long	Sparse, short, oval brush	The petals are pale yellow, the sepals are black-glandular-toothed along the edge.
St. John's wort stiff-haired (hairy) - N. hirsutum L.	Hairy, 50-100 cm high, cylindrical	Hairy, elliptical, 1.5-5 cm long	Long sparse brush	Petals are golden yellow, sepals are black-glandular-toothed along the edge.

blank, primary processing and drying. The grass is harvested in the flowering phase before the appearance of immature fruits, cutting off the leafy tops up to 25-30 cm long with knives or sickles, without rough bases of the stems. To renew the thickets, some plants are left untouched for seeding. It is unacceptable to pull out a plant with roots.

St. John's wort grass is dried in attics, under sheds with good ventilation, spreading it out in a layer of 5-7 cm and periodically mixing. In dryers with artificial heating at a temperature of 40-60°C.

Standardization. The quality of raw materials is regulated by GF XI.

Security measures. Periodicity of procurement is 2 years.

External signs. According to GF XI, the stems are oppositely branched, cylindrical, with two longitudinal ribs, glabrous, 23-30 cm long, leafy, with flowers, buds and partly unripe fruits. Leaves sessile, opposite, 0.7-3.5 cm long, up to 1.4 cm wide, glabrous, oblong, whole-cut, with a blunt apex, numerous translucent receptacles in the form of light dots; dark (pigmented) receptacles are also noticeable. Stems and leaves are dull green. The flowers are golden yellow, collected in a corymbose panicle. The fruit is a trihedral multi-seeded capsule. Seeds are small, cylindrical, dark brown. The smell of raw materials is weak, fragrant. The taste is bitter, slightly astringent. Allowed weight loss after drying is not more than 13%, extractives extracted with 40% alcohol, not less than 25%.

Microscopy. At microscopic examination herbs treat the leaf preparation from the surface. Diagnostic value have a tortuous epidermis with bead-like thickenings and receptacles of two types: pigmented oval, containing a reddish-violet pigment and located mainly along the edge of the sheet, and colorless located throughout the leaf blade along the veins. Often they are longitudinally elongated. St. John's wort is rare or absent. Stomata are anomocytic type (3-4-parostomatal cells).

quality reactions. Beyond research external signs and microscopy, a qualitative reaction for flavonoids with a 2% alcohol solution of aluminum chloride is carried out: a greenish-yellow color develops.

Numerical indicators.Whole raw material. The content of the sum of flavonoids in terms of rutin is not less than 1.5%; humidity not more than 13%; total ash no more than 8%; ash, insoluble in 10% hydrochloric acid solution, not more than 1%; stems (including those separated during analysis) no more than 50%; organic and mineral impurities not more than 1% each. Quantitative determination of the amount of flavonoids is carried out by spectrophotometric method in the presence of aluminum chloride.

crushed raw materials. The amount of flavonoids in terms of rutin is not less than 1.5%; humidity not more than 13%; total ash no more than 8%; ash, insoluble in 10% hydrochloric acid solution, not more than 1%; stems no more than 50%; the content of particles that do not pass through a sieve with holes with a diameter of 7 mm, not more than 10%; particles passing through a sieve with holes with a diameter of 0.310 mm, not more than 10%; organic impurities not more than 1%; mineral impurity no more than 1%.

quality reactions. When added to water decoction herbs (1:10) of a solution of iron ammonium alum, a greenish-black color (tannins) is formed.

Chemical composition. St. John's wort contains a variety of biologically active compounds. The main active ingredients of St. John's wort are photoactive condensed anthracene derivatives (up to 0.4% hypericin, pseudohypericin, protopseudohypericin, etc.). Flavone compounds were also found: hyperoside glycoside (0.7% in grass, 1.1% in flowers), rutin, quercitrin, isoquercitrin and quercetin. The grass contains essential oil containing terpenes, sesquiterpenes, esters isovaleric acid. Tannins (up to 10%), resins (up to 10%), anthocyanins, saponins, carotene (up to 55 mg%), nicotinic and ascorbic acids, vitamin P, ceryl alcohol, choline, traces of alkaloids were also found.

St. John's wort juice contains 1.5 times more active ingredients than tincture.

Storage. In a dry, dark room, packed in bags, bales, bales, boxes. Shelf life 3 years.

pharmacological properties. St. John's wort has versatile pharmacological properties. Basic pharmacological effect Hypericum - its antispasmodic effect associated with the presence of flavonoids in the plant. This action is manifested on the smooth muscle elements of the stomach, intestines, biliary tract, blood vessels.

Hypericum preparations have astringent, anti-inflammatory and antiseptic properties, have a stimulating effect on regenerative processes.

Due to the content of the photosensitizing substance hypericin in the grass, St. John's wort increases the sensitivity of the skin to the action of light and ultraviolet rays, which is especially pronounced in albino animals. When eating hay with large impurities of St. John's wort, animals develop itching, swelling, cracks, ulcers, abscesses on the ears, eyelids, lips. Dark rooms are necessary for the treatment of these animals.

Substances extracted from St. John's wort (a mixture of higher alcohols, carotene, tocopherols) in the experiment have an anti-inflammatory effect.

Medicines. St. John's wort, briquettes, infusions, St. John's wort (oil extract), "Novoimanin" preparation. Included in fees.

Application. A variety of biologically active substances in St. John's wort determines the versatile use of its preparations.

St. John's wort preparations are used as an antispasmodic, astringent, disinfectant and anti-inflammatory agent. Medicinal properties St. John's wort are combined with a mild bitter-astringent and pleasant balsamic smell. The presence of vitamins complements the therapeutic effect.

Water infusions and decoctions of St. John's wort are prescribed for gastritis, for acute and chronic enteritis and colitis of non-bacterial origin, and as aid with bacterial bowel diseases, with biliary dyskinesia, cholecystitis, cholelithiasis, hepatitis, flatulence. St. John's wort in combination with other medicinal plants is used during convalescence.

At inflammatory diseases kidney, Bladder, at urolithiasis, as well as with a decrease in the filtration capacity of the kidneys, fluid and electrolyte retention in the body, decoctions and infusions of St. John's wort are used as a diuretic.

St. John's wort is used for x-ray examination large intestine. To do this, a barium contrast mixture is prepared on a decoction of herbs (15 g per 100 ml of water). At the same time, the viscosity of the barium suspension decreases, which makes it possible to obtain a clearer image of the mucosal relief. Barium suspension on the decoction of St. John's wort moves through the intestines more easily, which reduces the time of the study.

In otolaryngological practice, herbal antimicrobial preparations are currently widely used. In the experiment, more than high sensitivity microbial flora to herbal tinctures than to a number of synthetic antibiotics.

Hypericum tincture (1:5 in 40% alcohol) is used for chronic purulent otitis media in the form of drops or injected into ear canal turundas moistened with tincture.

For rinsing with chronic tonsillitis, sore throat, gingivitis, stomatitis, 30-40 drops of tincture per glass of water are used.

St. John's wort preparations, which have photosensitizing properties, are used to eliminate depigmentation in vitiligo.

From the herb of St. John's wort, which comes to pharmacies in packs of 50 and 100 g, an infusion of St. John's wort is prepared at home in the following way: 3 tablespoons of chopped herbs pour 250 ml of boiling water, insist 2 hours and take 1/3 cup 3 times a day.

A decoction of St. John's wort is prepared from 10 g of dry grass (1.5 tablespoons) and 200 ml of water, heated in a water bath for 30 minutes, insisted for 10 minutes, filtered. The volume of the resulting broth is adjusted with boiled water to 200 ml. Take 1 tablespoon 4-5 times a day.

Briquettes are produced from St. John's wort grass - rectangular shape size 120 x 65 x 10 cm, weight 75 g, divided into slices of 7.5 g. The decoction is prepared from one slice and 200 ml of water.

Tincture of St. John's wort (Tinctura Hyperici) 1:5 in 40% alcohol. Used as an astringent and anti-inflammatory dental practice. Inside designate 40-50 drops 3-4 times a day. For rinsing - 30-40 drops per 1/2 cup of water.

Novoimanin (Novoimaninum) - antibacterial drug obtained from Hypericum perforatum. Resinous reddish-yellow mass with the smell of honey. Produced in bottles of orange glass 1% alcohol solution of 10 ml. Store in a place protected from light. It acts on gram-positive microbes, including penicillin-resistant staphylococci, diphtheria and whooping cough pathogens.

With abscesses, phlegmon, mastitis, hydradenitis, felons, boils, paraproctitis, Novoimanin is used after surgical opening of the abscess. For washing, irrigation wound surface and wetting dressings, tampons use a 0.1% solution of Novoimanin. The solution is prepared ex tempore by diluting with distilled water or 10% glucose solution.

At acute rhinitis, pharyngitis, laryngitis, sinusitis, chronic tonsillitis, chronic and acute otitis media use novoimanin in solution (0.01-0.1%) for irrigation, wetting tampons, washing cavities, inhalations, electro- and phonophoresis, as well as in the form of drops in the nose and ear.

In dentistry, Novoimanin is used by electrophoresis in complex treatment periodontal disease, as well as in the form of applications for ulcerative stomatitis.

Novoimanin (0.1% solution) is used externally for inflammatory skin diseases and subcutaneous tissue, long-term non-healing wounds, ulcers. In the treatment of burns, a 0.1% solution obtained by diluting a 1% alcohol solution with a 0.25% anestezin solution is used.

St. John's wort and preparations from it contribute to the restoration of tissues without leaving disfiguring scars.

Novoimanin is also prescribed for bronchitis, lung abscesses, pneumonia, purulent pleurisy, pyopneumothorax, abscessing pneumonia in the form of inhalations of a 0.1% solution.

Infusion.
Brew 1 tablespoon of St. John's wort with a glass of boiling water and leave for about 2 hours, then filter. Drink 3 r. 1/3 cup daily before meals. Infusion at nervous fatigue.
Pour 1 tablespoon of St. John's wort herb with a glass of boiling water and leave for 5 minutes, then strain. Take 1/2 liter daily with meals. Tincture for stomatitis and gingivitis.
Pour 5 parts of vodka with 1 part of St. John's wort and leave to infuse for a week, then filter. Use 3 r. 40-50 drops per day.
To rinse the mouth and throat, dilute 30-40 drops of tincture in 125 ml of water.
Decoction for colds and headaches.
Pour a glass of boiling water over 1 tablespoon of St. John's wort herb and boil for 15 minutes over low heat, then cool and filter. Drink 3 r. 0.25 cup per day. St. John's wort oil for external use (pressure sores, burns, ulcers, diseases of the oral cavity).
Pour 3 tablespoons of St. John's wort with a glass of sunflower oil and leave for 2 weeks, shaking occasionally, filter. A decoction for diseases of the kidneys and bladder.
Pour a tablespoon of St. John's wort herb with a quarter of a liter of boiling water and boil over low heat for about 15 minutes, then cool, drain through gauze. Drink 3 r. 1/2 cup per day. A decoction for diseases of the digestive system.
A glass of boiled hot water pour 1.5 tablespoons of St. John's wort, heat for 30 minutes in a boiling water bath. Cool for 10 minutes, filter, squeeze out raw materials. Bring the volume of the broth to the volume of a glass. Drink 3 r. 1/3 cup per day 30 minutes before meals. Decoction at gynecological diseases for douching.
Pour 2-3 tablespoons of St. John's wort herb with 2 liters of water and boil for about 20 minutes, then the broth should be cooled and filtered. Decoction for depression.
Pour a glass of boiling water over a tablespoon of St. John's wort herb and boil over low heat for 10 - 15 minutes, and then strain. Drink 3 r. 1/4 cup per day. St. John's wort ointment.
Chopped St. John's wort is mixed with vegetable oil, add turpentine. Rubbed into painful places (with radiculitis, arthritis, sciatica).
Briquettes of St. John's wort (Herba Hyperici) - used to make decoctions for rinsing the mouth and consumed inside with diarrhea and colitis. St. John's wort herb briquettes: rectangular, 120x65x10 cm in size, weighing 75 g, divided into slices of 7.5 g. The decoction is prepared at the rate of one slice per 200 ml of water. St. John's wort grass is also produced in packs of 100 g. Stored in a cool, dry place.
Novoimanin (Novoimaninum) - polyphenolic complex drug. Transparent resinous reddish-yellow mass with the smell of honey. Available as a 1% solution for 95% ethyl alcohol. For external use, inhalation, as well as in otorhinolaryngology, a 0.1% solution of the drug is used, which is obtained by diluting a 1% alcohol solution with 0.25% anesthesin solution or 10% glucose solution, or isotonic sodium chloride solution or distilled water. Solutions obtained by diluting a 1% alcohol solution of Novoimanin are suitable for use during the day. The shelf life of the drug is 3 years, 1% alcohol solution is 2 years.
Novoimanin is used externally for infected wounds ah, felons, paronychia, phlegmon, abscesses, carbuncles, boils, hydradenitis, diseases of the ear, throat and nose, trophic ulcers and burns II and III degree. The drug increases the regenerative properties of tissues, accelerates the process of wound healing. With postoperative infiltrates, lymphodenitis, adenophlegmon, some forms of osteomyelitis, purulent lesions pleura and lungs, postoperative wounds apply Novoimanin using electrophoresis. Aerosol inhalations of Novoimanin are used for bronchitis, pneumothorax, lung abscesses, purulent pleurisy, tonsillitis, acute respiratory diseases and exacerbations chronic tonsillitis, including in children.
The use of Novoimanin solution is contraindicated in rapidly developing granulations, as it can lead to bleeding.
Giflarin (Hyflarini) is a preparation from the herb of St. John's wort, St. John's wort tetrahedral or St. John's wort herb meal after receiving new-Imanin. It has anti-inflammatory, hypoazotemic, capillary-strengthening and antioxidant effects. It is used in the treatment of acute and chronic nephronephritis, nephrosis, all stages of chronic renal failure with symptoms of hyperazotemia and impaired diuresis.
Deprim (Deprim) - extract of St. John's wort, contains biologically active substances hypericin and hyperforin. The drug improves mood and reduces the feeling of fear and tension, normalizes sleep and appetite, increases motor and mental activity, performance.
John's wort tincture (Tinctura Hyperici) - used in dental practice as an anti-inflammatory and astringent. Prepared in a ratio of 1:5 for 40% alcohol. Inside designate 40-50 drops 3-4 times a day. For rinsing - 30-40 drops per 1/2 cup of water. Shelf life 4 years.
Imanin (Imaninum) is a plant antibiotic isolated in Kyiv under the guidance of Academician V. G. Drobotko from St. John's wort, which is detrimental to more than 40 types of microbes. It is used in the treatment of abscesses, phlegmon, infected wounds, II and III degree burns, ulcers and sinusitis.
St. John's wort - green grass is poured with fresh olive or sunflower oil, boil for 30 min, cool. Assign externally in the treatment of wounds and burns.
A decoction of St. John's wort (Decoctum herbae Hyperici): 10 g (1 1/2 tablespoons) of raw materials are placed in an enamel bowl, pour 200 ml of hot boiled water, cover with a lid and heat in boiling water (in a water bath) for 30 minutes, cool for 10 minutes at room temperature, filter, the remaining raw material is squeezed out. The volume of the resulting broth is adjusted with boiled water to 200 ml. The prepared broth is stored in a cool place for no more than 2 days. Take 1/3 cup 3 times a day 30 minutes before meals. Used for external use, for douching and washing wounds.

Pharmacotherapeutic group.
Astringent, antiseptic, anti-inflammatory, antidepressant.

plant description

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Rice. 8.25. St. John's wort - Hypericum perforatum L.

Hypericum herb– herba hyperici
(Z. Ordinary) - hypericum perforatum l.
St. John's wort(z. Tetrahedral) - hypericum maculatum crantz (= h. Quadrangulum l.)
Sem. St. John's wort– hypericaceae
Other names: hare blood, krovets, ailment, duravets ordinary.

St. John's wort perforated

perennial herbaceous plant with a thin branched rhizome and a highly branched taproot (Fig. 8.25).
stems in the upper part branched, cylindrical with two longitudinal ribs, 30-60 (100) cm high. Leaves and branches are located oppositely.
Leaves oblong-ovate or elliptical in shape, sessile, entire, with numerous translucent light and black dotted receptacles scattered over the leaf blade. They appear to be holes pierced by a needle - hence the name "perforated".
Inflorescence- corymbose thyrsus.
flowers correct, with a five-leaved non-falling calyx and a free five-petaled corolla; sepals linear-lanceolate, pointed, petals bright yellow, oblong-elliptical.
Cup and whisk also have light and dark receptacles.
stamens numerous, fused at the base into three bundles.
Pestle with an upper three-celled ovary and three columns.
Fetus- a three-nested multi-seeded box, opening with three flaps (Fig. 8.26, A).
blooms in June - August, the fruits ripen in September.

St. John's wort

Differs in a tetrahedral stem with four longitudinal sharp ribs.
sepals oblong-elliptical with a blunt apex (Fig. 8.26, B).

Composition of St. John's wort

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The chemical composition of St. John's wort

John's wort contains various biologically active compounds. The main active ingredients are

photoactive condensed derivatives of anthracene (up to 0.4%) -
- hypericin,
- pseudohypericin,
- protopseudohypericin and others.

Found also

flavonoids -
- hyperoside (in grass - 0.7%, in flowers - 1.1%),
- routine,
- quercitrin,
- isoquercitrin and
- quercetin.

The grass contains

essential oil, which includes esters of isovaleric acid.

Found also

tannins (10-12%),
resins (up to 10%),
catechins,
leukoanthocyanidins,
carotenoids (up to 55 mg%),
nicotinic acid and
ascorbic.

Pharmacological properties of St. John's wort

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St. John's wort has versatile pharmacological properties.

The main pharmacological effect of St. John's wort —

antispasmodic effect associated with the presence of flavonoids in the plant.

This action is manifested on the smooth muscle elements of the stomach, intestines, biliary tract, blood vessels.

Hypericum preparations have

astringents,
anti-inflammatory and
antiseptic properties,
have a stimulating effect on regenerative processes.

IN last yearscareful study of St. John's wort revealed his

pronounced antidepressant effect.

This action is due to the presence in its composition of hypericin and other components that act on the structures and functions of the brain.

St. John's wort

increases the adaptation of the psycho-emotional sphere under stress.

Due to the photosensitizing effect hypericin, St. John's wort increases the sensitivity of the skin to the action of light and ultraviolet rays, which is especially pronounced in albino animals.

When eating hay with large impurities of St. John's wort, animals show signs of poisoning.

Biologically active substances St. John's wort (a mixture of higher alcohols, carotenoids, tocopherols)

have an anti-inflammatory effect.

The use of St. John's wort

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A variety of biologically active substances in St. John's wort determines the versatile use of its preparations.

Infusion and tincture of St. John's wort used as

antispasmodic,
binder,
disinfectant and
anti-inflammatory agent.

Water infusions of St. John's wort are prescribed

with gastritis,
in acute and chronic enteritis and colitis,
with dyskinesia of the biliary tract,
cholecystitis,
gallstone disease,
hepatitis,
flatulence.

John's wort tincture is used for rinsing

chronic tonsillitis,
angina,
gingivitis,
stomatitis.

St. John's wort preparations are prescribed

with mild depression and medium degree severity, including in a state of anxiety, fear, insomnia;
with asthenic syndrome.

With prolonged use St. John's wort may occur

dyspepsia,
photosensitivity (during treatment, ultraviolet radiation should be avoided).

Spreading

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Spreading

- Eurasian. Widely distributed in the European part of the country (except for the northern regions), in Western and Eastern Siberia, in the Caucasus, the mountains of Central Asia. Behind the Yenisei, it is replaced by other species.

St. John's wort has the same range, but is more common in the northern regions and in the Non-Black Earth region.

habitat

In upland meadows, forest glades, in sparse forests, among shrubs, in forest belts, among crops. They are usually found in separate strips, patches, rarely form large thickets. Young forest plantings, overgrown clearings and fallows are convenient for harvesting.

Procurement and storage of raw materials

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blank. The grass is harvested in the flowering phase (July - August) before the appearance of immature fruits, cutting off the leafy tops up to 25-30 cm long with knives or sickles, without coarse stem bases.

Security measures. To renew populations, some plants are left for seeding. It is unacceptable to pull out plants with roots. You can not use the same thickets every year, the frequency of harvesting is 2 years.

Drying. St. John's wort grass is dried in attics, under sheds with good ventilation, spreading the raw material in a layer of 5-7 cm and periodically mixing. In dryers with artificial heating at a temperature of 40-60 °C. The end of drying is determined by the degree of fragility of the stems. In the dried state, they do not bend, but break.

Standardization. GF XI, no. 2, art. 52.

Storage. In a dry, dark room, packed in bags, bales, bales, boxes. Shelf life 3 years.

External signs of raw materials

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External signs

Whole Raw Material

Upper parts stems with leaves, flowers, buds and unripe fruits.
stems hollow, cylindrical, up to 30 cm long, with two (for St. John's wort) or four (for St. John's wort) longitudinal ribs.
Leaves opposite, sessile, elliptical or oblong-ovate, entire, glabrous, up to 3.5 cm long, up to 1.4 cm wide. Hypericum perforatum has leaves with numerous translucent receptacles in the form of light dots.
flowers numerous, about 1-1.5 cm in diameter, collected in a corymbose-paniculate inflorescence.
Cup joint-leaved, deeply five-parted, sepals lanceolate, finely pointed (in St. John's wort) or oblong-elliptical with a blunt apex (in St. John's wort).
Corolla separate-petaled, 2-3 times longer than the calyx, five petals.
stamens numerous, fused at the base with threads in three bundles.
Fetus- a three-celled multi-seeded box.

Rice. 8.26. Hypericum types:
A - St. John's wort perforated; B - St. John's wort spotted;
B - elegant St. John's wort; G - St. John's wort hard-haired:
1 - the top of the flower-bearing shoot; 2 - sepal; 3 – stem fragment.

Color stems - from greenish yellow to grayish green, sometimes pinkish purple; leaves - from grayish green to dark green; petals - bright yellow or yellow, with black dots, clearly visible under a magnifying glass; fruits are greenish-brown.
Smell weak, idiosyncratic. Taste bitter, slightly astringent.

Crushed raw materials

Pieces stems, leaves (greyish green), flowers (yellow) various shapes and unripe fruits passing through a 7 mm sieve.
Smell weak, idiosyncratic. Taste bitter, slightly astringent.

impurities

Possible impurities are presented in the table and in figure 8.26.

Distinctive features of various types of St. John's wort
plant name	Diagnostic signs
plant name	stems	leaves	inflorescence	flowers
St. John's wort - Hypericum perforatum L.	Naked, 30-80 cm high, cylindrical with two ribs	Oblong-ovate or elliptical, 1-3 cm long, glabrous, with numerous translucent dark and light receptacles	Strongly branched, almost corymbose	Sepals entire, finely pointed, with sparse black dots; petals are golden yellow, with black and light glands
St. John's wort -Hypericum maculatum Crantz (H. quadrangulum L.)	Naked, 30-70 cm high, tetrahedral	Ovate or elliptical, 0.5-3.5 cm long, glabrous, with scattered transparent dots	paniculate	Sepals entire, obtuse; petals are golden yellow, with black glands on the edge
St. John's wort graceful -Hypericum elegans Steph.	Naked, 20-80 cm high, cylindrical with two ribs	Ovate-lanceolate, heart-shaped at the base, 1.5-2.5 cm long, glabrous, with black dots along the edge	Wide, almost pyramidal panicle	The sepals are finely dentate along the edge, with black glands at the top of the teeth; petals are light yellow, with black glands on the edge
St. John's wort - Hypericummontanum L.	Slightly pubescent, 30-60 cm high, cylindrical	Oblong-ovate, glabrous, 1.5-5 cm long	Sparse, short, oval panicle	The sepals are black-iron-toothed along the margin; pale yellow petals
St. John's wort -Hypericum hirsutum L.	Densely pubescent, 50-100 cm high, cylindrical	Ovate or elliptical, short-petiolate, 1.5-5 cm long, densely pubescent, without receptacles	Long loose panicle	The sepals are black-iron-toothed along the margin; golden yellow petals

Qualitative reactions

When added to a 50% alcohol extract from St. John's wort, a 2% alcohol solution of aluminum chloride develops a greenish-yellow color (flavonoids). (in St. John's wort) are found throughout the leaf blade, along the veins they are longitudinally elongated, in St. John's wort they are rare or absent (Fig. 8.27).

Rice. 8.27. Microscopy of a leaf of St. John's wort perforatum:
A - epidermis of the lower side of the leaf;
B - epidermis of the upper side of the leaf;
B - part of the sheet under a magnifying glass;
1 - receptacle along the vein; 2 - receptacle with pigmented contents; 3 - container with colorless contents; 4 - bead-like thickening of the cell walls.

Numerical indicators of raw materials

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Whole Raw Material

The amount of flavonoids in terms of rutin (spectrophotometric method) is not less than 1.5%; humidity not more than 13%; total ash no more than 8%; ash, insoluble in 10% hydrochloric acid solution, not more than 1%; stems (including those separated during analysis) no more than 50%; organic impurities not more than 1%; mineral impurity no more than 1%.

Crushed raw materials

The amount of flavonoids in terms of rutin is not less than 1.5%; humidity not more than 13%; total ash no more than 8%; ash, insoluble in 10% hydrochloric acid solution, not more than 1%; stems no more than 50%; particles that do not pass through a sieve with holes with a diameter of 7 mm, not more than 10%; particles passing through a sieve with holes with a diameter of 0.31 mm, not more than 10%; organic impurities not more than 1%; mineral impurity no more than 1%.

Medicines based on

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St. John's wort grass, crushed raw materials. Astringent, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic.
As part of the fees (antidiabetic fees "Arfazetin", "Mirfazin"; diuretic fees "Brusniver", "Brusniver-T"; choleretic, hepatoprotective collection "Hepafit").
St. John's wort tincture (tincture (1:5) in 40% ethanol). Astringent, anti-inflammatory agent.
Novoimanin, alcohol solution 1% for external use (total preparation from St. John's wort herb). Antibacterial agent.
Deprim tablets (hypericin standardized extract). General tonic, adaptogenic agent.
Doppelherz Nervotonik, oral solution ( liquid extract). Antidepressant.
Gelarium Hypericum Dragee (Hypericin standardized extract). Antidepressant.
Negrustin, capsules; oral solution (extract). Antidepressant, anxiolytic agent.
Yarsin 300, dragee (extract). Antidepressant.
St. John's wort extract is part of a number of complex preparations ("Sibektan", "Novo-Passit", "Faringal", "Prostanorm", etc.), restorative balms and elixirs.

Hypericum perforatum L.
Taxon: family St. John's wort (Hypericaceae) order Malpighiales (Malpighiales).
Folk names: St. John's wort, Ivanovo grass, bloodwort, valiant blood, red herb, hare's blood, St. John's wort, St. John's wort, yellow St.
English: Common St. John`s wort

Description:
Hypericum perforatum is a perennial herbaceous medicinal plant up to 1 m high. The rhizome is thin, branched, giving several stems annually. The stem is straight, dense, cylindrical, with two longitudinal prominent ribs. The leaves are opposite, sessile, smooth, entire, oblong-oval, with numerous translucent light dots and rare black glands containing a coloring matter. Inside the translucent dots are droplets of resinous substances that strongly refract light and therefore the leaves appear perforated. The flowers are golden yellow with black-brown dots on the underside of the petals, collected in a corymbose panicle. The fruit is a three-celled, ovoid, multi-seeded pod that opens with three wings. Seeds are small (about 1 mm), oblong, brown, fine-meshed.
St. John's wort blooms from June to August from the 2-3rd year of life, the fruits ripen from July. When mowing St. John's wort in years with a wet second half of summer in August - September, its growth and secondary flowering are observed.
The yield of the plant in natural thickets is subject to large fluctuations - in dry years it almost does not bloom. Propagated by seeds (mainly) and root offspring.
Along with St. John's wort, in some parts of its range there are other species of the same genus, the use of which is not yet allowed in medicine. A number of external signs make it possible to distinguish between these species. St. John's wort (N. maculatum Crantz) is distinguished by a tetrahedral stem and the absence of glandular cilia along the edge of the sepals. St. John's wort (N. hirsutum L.) has densely pubescent leaves and cylindrical non-furrowed densely pubescent stems. St. John's wort (H. elegans Steph.) has spotted stems due to dotted glands, and the inflorescence is a pyramidal panicle. St. John's wort rough (H. scabrum L.) has rough stems covered with small glandular warts.

Spreading:
Distributed almost throughout the CIS, with the exception of the northern and northeastern regions. It grows on fresh sandy and loamy soils in pine and mixed forests, clearings, clearings, fallow lands, along roads. Rarely forms large thickets (usually on fallows), more often grows in narrow strips along the edges of the forest.

From the history:
St. John's wort - a unique medicinal plant used by the ancient Romans. Bandages from the leaves of perforated St. John's wort were recommended by Avicenna in the treatment of ulcers, wounds and burns. Traditional medicine in Rus' did not just call this miraculous plant - a remedy for 99 diseases, and there was practically no collection that would not include St. John's wort as the main or auxiliary medicine.
In the old days, St. John's wort was considered magical plant. IN countryside, stuffing mattresses for children, they necessarily added to the straw Bogorodsk grass(thyme), so that the child has sweet dreams, and St. John's wort, so that the smell of this plant protects the child from fear in a dream. And adult boys and girls guessed on the stems of St. John's wort. They twist it in their hands and see what juice will appear: if it is red, it means they love it, if it is colorless, they don’t like it. The old people believed that St. John's wort drives away evil spirits, diseases and protects a person from the attack of wild animals. The Germans called it "chamber" because they believed that St. John's wort drives out devils and brownies.

Collection and preparation:
St. John's wort herb (Herba Hyperici) is used as a medicinal raw material, that is, the tops of the stems with flowers, leaves, buds and partially unripe fruits. St. John's wort is harvested in the flowering phase of the plant, before the appearance of immature fruits. When harvesting with knives or sickles, leafy tops are cut off up to 25-30 cm long; without rough stem bases. Uprooting of plants with roots is not allowed, as this leads to the destruction of thickets and a decrease in the quality of raw materials. When harvesting, it is necessary to leave part of the plants intact for seeding. The raw material is immediately sent for drying, because it is easily warmed up, and then darkens when dried.
St. John's wort grass is dried in attics, under sheds or in rooms with good ventilation, spreading it out thin layer(5-7 cm) and periodically turning over. It is best to dry in dryers with artificial heating at a heating temperature of the dehydrated material not higher than 40 °C. In good weather, the raw material dries in 4-5 days, and in dryers in 1-2 days. The end of drying is determined by the degree of fragility of the stems (in the dried state, they do not bend, but break). Shelf life of raw materials is 3 years. Properly dried raw materials have a balsamic smell and a bitter-astringent taste.

Chemical composition:
St. John's wort grass contains up to 13% tannins (maximum - at the beginning of the flowering phase), hyperin, hypericin, hyperoside (up to 0.7% in grass, up to 1.1% in flowers), azulene, essential oil (0.1-1.25 %), which includes a-pinene, myrcene, cineole, geraniol; resinous substances (17%), anthocyanins (up to 6%), saponins, vitamins P and PP, ascorbic acid, carotene, choline, a nicotinic acid. Essential oil (up to 0.47%), carotenoids, resinous substances (17%) were found in the flowers of the plant; in the roots - carbohydrates, saponins, alkaloids, coumarins, flavonoids. St. John's wort juice contains 1.6 times more active ingredients than tincture.
The above-ground part contains: ash - 4.21%; macronutrients (mg / g): K - 16.80, Ca - 7.30, Mn - 2.20, Fe - 0.11; trace elements (CBN): Mg - 0.25, Cu - 0.34, Zn - 0.71, Co -0.21, Mo - 5.60, Cr - 0.01, Al - 0.02, Se - 5 .00, Ni - 0.18, Sr - 0.18, Cd - 7.20, Pb - 0.08. B - 40.40 mcg / g. Ba, V, Li, Ag, Au, I, Br were not detected. Concentrates Mo, Se, Cd. May accumulate Mg.

Pharmacological properties:
St. John's wort has versatile pharmacological properties. The most active compounds are flavonoids, which have an antispasmodic effect on smooth muscles. bile ducts intestines, blood vessels and ureters. Flavonoids increase the outflow of bile, prevent stagnation of bile in gallbladder and thus prevent the formation of stones, facilitate bile secretion in duodenum. In addition, flavonoids stop spasms of the colon and small intestines, restore normal peristalsis, thereby improving the digestive capacity of the gastrointestinal tract.
St. John's wort not only relieves spasm of blood vessels, especially capillaries, but also has a capillary-strengthening effect. Medications John's wort improve venous circulation and blood supply to some internal organs, and also increase diuresis as a result of a decrease in the tension of the walls of the ureters and a direct increase in filtration in the renal glomeruli.
The tannins of the plant have a mild and anti-inflammatory effect.
St. John's wort is able to stimulate tissue repair.

Application:
Infusion and decoction of St. John's wort is used for liver diseases, with gastrointestinal diseases(diarrhea, gastritis and peptic ulcer 12 duodenal ulcer and stomach), urinary incontinence in children, cystitis, rheumatism, gallbladder disease and hemorrhoids.
St. John's wort drugs are used for hepatitis, biliary dyskinesia, with, with gastritis with reduced secretion.
The plant improves venous circulation, relieves spasms and strengthens the walls of blood vessels. Therefore, it is advised to improve vision and blood circulation in the fundus, as well as for the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis.
Infusions of St. John's wort are used for rinsing the mouth, preventing and treating stomatitis and gingivitis. Infusion in the form of compresses is used for infected and bleeding wounds.
St. John's wort infusion is used to wipe the skin of the face and as lotions in cosmetology for acne and oily seborrhea.
When treating with St. John's wort, do not forget that it stimulates the production of male sex hormones androgens. Their excess increases the greasiness of the skin, promotes the growth of hair on the face, trunk and limbs, the occurrence of sexual excitability. Because of this, St. John's wort should be taken in combination with plants containing estrogens: licorice roots, peppermint, red clover, medicinal sage, common hops.

Medications:
Infusion.
With a glass of boiling water, brew 1 tbsp. a spoonful of St. John's wort and leave for about 2 hours, then filter. Drink 3 r. 1/3 cup a day before meals.
Infusion for nervous fatigue.
Pour 1 teaspoon of St. John's wort herb with a glass of boiling water and leave for 5 minutes, then strain. Take 1/2 liter daily with meals.
Tincture for stomatitis and gingivitis.
Pour 5 parts of vodka with 1 part of St. John's wort and leave to infuse for a week, then filter. Use 3 r. 40-50 drops per day.
To rinse the mouth and throat, dilute 30-40 drops of tincture in 125 ml of water.
A decoction for headaches.
Pour a glass of boiling water over 1 tbsp. a spoonful of herb St. John's wort and boil for 15 minutes over low heat, then cool and filter. Drink 3 r. per day for 0.25 cups.
St. John's wort oil for external use(pressure sores, burns, ulcers, diseases of the oral cavity).
A glass of sunflower oil pour 3 tbsp. tablespoons of St. John's wort and leave for 2 weeks, shaking occasionally, filter.
A decoction for diseases of the kidneys and bladder.
Pour a tablespoon of St. John's wort herb with a quarter of a liter of boiling water and boil over low heat for about 15 minutes, then cool, drain through gauze. Drink 3 r. 1/2 cup per day.
A decoction for diseases of the digestive system.
A glass of boiled hot water pour 1.5 tbsp. spoons of St. John's wort, heat for 30 minutes in a boiling water bath. Cool for 10 minutes, filter, squeeze out raw materials. Bring the volume of the broth to the volume of a glass. Drink 3 r. 1/3 cup per day 30 minutes before meals.
Decoction for gynecological diseases for douching.
Pour 2 liters of water 2-3 tbsp. spoons of herb St. John's wort and boil for about 20 minutes, then the broth must be cooled and filtered.
Decoction at .
Pour a glass of boiling water over a tablespoon of St. John's wort herb and boil over low heat for 10 - 15 minutes, and then strain. Drink 3 r. 1/4 cup per day.
St. John's wort ointment.
The crushed St. John's wort is mixed with vegetable oil, turpentine is added. Rubbed into painful places (with radiculitis, arthritis, sciatica).

Pharmaceutical drug:
St. John's wort herb briquettes(Herba Hyperici) - used to make decoctions for rinsing the mouth and consumed inside with diarrhea and colitis. St. John's wort herb briquettes: rectangular, 120x65x10 cm in size, weighing 75 g, divided into slices of 7.5 g. The decoction is prepared at the rate of one slice per 200 ml of water. St. John's wort grass is also produced in packs of 100 g. Stored in a cool, dry place.
Novoimanin(Novoimaninum) is a polyphenol complex preparation. Transparent resinous reddish-yellow mass with the smell of honey. Available as a 1% solution in 95% ethanol. For external use, inhalation, as well as in otorhinolaryngology, a 0.1% solution of the drug is used, which is obtained by diluting a 1% alcohol solution with 0.25% anesthesin solution or 10% glucose solution, or isotonic sodium chloride solution or distilled water. Solutions obtained by diluting a 1% alcohol solution of Novoimanin are suitable for use during the day. The shelf life of the drug is 3 years, 1% alcohol solution is 2 years.
Novoimanin is used externally for infected wounds, felons, paronychia, phlegmon, abscesses, carbuncles, boils, hydradenitis, diseases of the ear, throat and nose, trophic ulcers and burns II and III degree. The drug increases the regenerative properties of tissues, accelerates the process of wound healing. With postoperative infiltrates, lymphadenitis, adenophlegmons, some forms of osteomyelitis, purulent lesions of the pleura and lungs, postoperative wounds, Novoimanin is used by electrophoresis. Aerosol inhalations of Novoimanin are used for bronchitis, pneumothorax, lung abscesses, purulent pleurisy, tonsillitis, acute respiratory diseases and exacerbations of chronic tonsillitis, including in children.
The use of Novoimanin solution is contraindicated in rapidly developing granulations, as it can lead to bleeding.
Hyflarin (Hyflarini)- a preparation from the herb of St. John's wort, St. John's wort tetrahedral or St. John's wort herb meal after receiving new-Imanin. It has anti-inflammatory, hypoazotemic, capillary-strengthening and antioxidant effects. It is used in the treatment of acute and chronic nephronephritis, nephrosis, all stages of chronic renal failure with symptoms of hyperazotemia and impaired diuresis.
Deprim (Deprim)- St. John's wort extract, contains biologically active substances hypericin and hyperforin. The drug improves mood and reduces the feeling of fear and tension, normalizes sleep and appetite, increases motor and mental activity, performance.
Hypericum tincture(Tinctura Hyperici) - used in dental practice as an anti-inflammatory and astringent. Prepared in a ratio of 1:5 for 40% alcohol. Inside designate 40-50 drops 3-4 times a day. For rinsing - 30-40 drops per 1/2 cup of water. Shelf life 4 years.
Imanin (Imaninum)- a plant antibiotic isolated in Kyiv under the guidance of Academician V. G. Drobotko from St. John's wort, which is detrimental to more than 40 types of microbes. It is used in the treatment of abscesses, phlegmon, infected wounds, II and III degree burns, ulcers and sinusitis.
St. John's wort oil- green grass is poured with fresh olive or sunflower oil, boiled for 30 minutes, cooled. Assign externally in the treatment of wounds and burns.
St. John's wort decoction(Decoctum herbae Hyperici): 10 g (1 1/2 tablespoons) of raw materials are placed in an enamel bowl, pour 200 ml of hot boiled water, close the lid and heat in boiling water (in a water bath) for 30 minutes, cool for 10 minutes at room temperature, filter, the remaining raw material is squeezed out. The volume of the resulting broth is adjusted with boiled water to 200 ml. The prepared broth is stored in a cool place for no more than 2 days. Take 1/3 cup 3 times a day 30 minutes before meals. Used for external use, for douching and washing wounds.

Contraindications:
St. John's wort should not be consumed during pregnancy, elevated temperature, long use for hypertension. Long-term use lowers sexual potency, causes urticaria.
St. John's wort increases the skin's sensitivity to ultraviolet light.
St. John's wort can cause discomfort in the liver area and a feeling of bitterness in the mouth,