The hardest organ in the body. Incredible facts about the human body
it complex organ with many functions; The mass of this organ reaches 2.7 kg; It is the heaviest organ of the human body; It is called the mirror of health and disease; This organ gradually dies off and is constantly reborn; This organ, together with the nervous system, develops from one external germ layer; This organ forms racial formations - nails and hair.
The structure and functions of the skin Layer of the skin Structural features Functions Epidermis Skin proper - dermis Hypodermis- subcutaneous tissue Upper layer- horny Lower layer - germline, formed epithelial tissue. Educated connective tissue Are - hair follicles, sweat, sebaceous glands, blood vessels, receptors. Made up of fat cells connective fibers. Protective: does not pass liquids, gases, solid particles, microorganisms. Protective, Sensitive, Respiratory, Thermoregulatory, Excretory. Protective: softens blows and pushes. Thermoregulatory, Reserve.
General conclusions lesson 1 Skin is the outer covering of the human body, which performs various functions: protective, excretory, sensitive, thermoregulatory; 2. Skin consists of 2 layers: epidermis and dermis; 3. The hypodermis determines the mobile attachment of the skin to the underlying tissues, which protects the skin from damage; 4. In addition to the glands, the skin has horny formations - nails and hair.
7 Choose the correct judgments: 7 Set the correspondence: Answer the questions: I - m 2 II - 5 2. epidermis III - 1 3. elasticity IV - 3 4. vitamin D V - 6 5. ultra-violet rays. VI–5 VII–1
Cinquain The first line sets the topic in one word (usually a noun). The first line specifies the topic in one word (usually a noun). In the second line, a description of the topic is given in two or three words (these can be not only adjectives, since in Russian various parts of speech act as definitions). In the second line, a description of the topic is given in two or three words (these can be not only adjectives, since in Russian various parts of speech act as definitions). The third line gives a dynamic description of the topic (as a rule, this line is saturated with verbs). The third line gives a dynamic description of the topic (as a rule, this line is saturated with verbs). The fourth line should express the author's attitude to the topic. The fourth line should express the author's attitude to the topic. In the fifth line, the author gives in one word a synonym (possibly contextual) of the original word, which significantly expands the idea of the topic or subject of the syncwine. In the fifth line, the author gives in one word a synonym (possibly contextual) of the original word, which significantly expands the idea of the topic or subject of the syncwine.
Teacher - Teacher - Cruel and rude, Cruel and rude, Ready to humiliate, yell. Ready to humiliate, yell. I'm cold. Closed lips. I'm cold. Closed lips. Run? Run? Oil Oil Poisonous, oily. Poisonous, oily. Spread - does not allow breathing. Spread - does not allow breathing. Disaster at sea - life perishes... Disaster at sea - life perishes... SOS!!! SOS!!!
We do not remember the internal organs until they bother us, although thanks to them we eat, breathe and walk.
Let's get to know unusual facts which might surprise you.
human intestine
Most big organ- this is small intestine. It is four times longer than the average adult.
The normal human intestine contains about 1 kg of bacteria.
In the intestines of the Japanese are unique microbes that help much better recycle seaweed used in the preparation of sushi than people of other nationalities.
human heart
The human heart creates enough pressure to spurt the blood over a distance. 9 m No wonder you feel your heartbeat well. This blood pump transports blood throughout the body quickly and efficiently thanks to the strong contractions of the heart.
The heart starts beating from the fourth week after conception, and will not stop until the death of a person.
A newborn baby has one cup of blood circulating. The circulatory system in an adult can hold more than 4.5 liters of blood, which the heart pumps into all tissues in one minute. 75 times.
Although the heart weighs an average of 300 g, it pumps 2,000 liters of blood through the blood vessels every day.
The heart has its own electrical impulses, which means it works. even outside the body with an adequate supply of oxygen.
On the this moment 5% of your blood is in your heart, 20% goes to your brain and central nervous system, 22% goes to the kidneys.
Stomach acidity
The acidity of the stomach is so strong that it can dissolve the razor. However, you should not take this information too seriously and deliberately swallow a razor or other metal objects.
Hydrochloric acid, which is contained in the stomach, not only dissolves your dinner well, but is also able to dissolve many types of metals.
Blood vessels
It is estimated that in the human body, blood vessels stretch for 96,000 km. For a visual representation, you can compare this distance with the distance around the globe, which is 40,000 km. That is, it is possible to decompose all the blood vessels of one person in length around the Earth more than twice.
human blood
Blood cells are constantly dying and being replaced by new ones. Leukocytes (white blood cells) live from several hours to several weeks, and erythrocytes (red blood cells) live from 90 to 125 days.
circulates throughout the body in blood vessels only half blood. The other half is in spare "blood depots". These "depots" include the liver, spleen and skin. Subcutaneous vessels contain 10%, spleen 16% and liver up to 20% of the total amount of blood.
About 46% of blood is contained in "blood depots". If there is a need to replenish the blood, then it is thrown out of the "depot" into the blood vessels in order to continue the normal activity of the whole organism. This happens, for example, when muscle work or blood loss. After the replenishment takes place, some of the blood is refilled in the skin, spleen and liver.
It was recently discovered that predisposition to various diseases depends on the blood group. Doctors confirmed the research of geneticists.
People with first blood type predisposed to gastrointestinal diseases.
People from second blood group may suffer rheumatic diseases, allergies, bronchial asthma, diabetes, heart disease.
People with third blood type is more likely to suffer from pneumonia. They are prone to developing infections. Women often have purulent mastitis, sepsis after childbirth, joint diseases and osteochondrosis.
People with fourth blood group suffer from colds, flu and other infections.
Not only predispositions associated with blood group are inherited, but also the diseases themselves. It can be intestinal infections, sore throats, pharyngitis or chronic tonsillitis.
Japanese researchers found that the first blood type affects even on character person.
Gastric protection
You get a new "tablecloth" for your stomach every three to four days. These mucus-like cells form on the walls of the stomach and soon dissolve due to strong digestive acids. People who have an ulcer know how painful it can be without such a lining in the stomach.
Lung area
The area of human lungs is tennis court.
In order for the blood to be saturated with oxygen, the lungs are made up of thousands of tiny branches of the bronchi. They, in turn, are filled microscopic capillaries containing oxygen and carbon dioxide.
Large lung area facilitates metabolism and you always get required amount oxygen.
Women's heart
A woman's heart beats faster than a man's. The reason for this is simply that the mass female body, as a rule, less than the mass of the male.
However, that's not all. Men's and women's hearts can actually work quite differently especially when injured heart attack and other diseases. The treatment that is suitable for a man's heart does not always help a woman's.
The walls of the female heart in the left chamber dominated in characteristics with the same male walls in elasticity and thinness. The more elastic the walls in the heart chamber, the lower the likelihood of hypertension.
Another feature of the female heart is Great chance stressful and mental illness than in men.
In medical science, the reasons for the occurrence of diagnostic features cardiac diseases in women. For example, it is not known why electrocardiographic examination is less reliable in women than in men.
Physicians have long been accustomed to believing that cardiovascular diseases mostly seen in men. However, in recent times statistics indicate that women suffer similar diseases in a more severe form. Fatal outcome in such cases in women 55%, and in men 45%.
Liver functions
Scientists count over 500 various functions liver. We are accustomed to remember the liver only after alcohol intoxication. But the liver is one of the hardest working and largest organs.
Here is a list of just a few of the major functions of the liver: bile production, breakdown of red blood cells, plasma protein synthesis, and detoxification.
Blood passes through the liver on average 1 500-2 000 l per day .
Also, the liver is temperature balance in the human body, which keeps the temperature within 37 ° C.
At intrauterine child at 8-10 weeks the liver has weight half the whole fetus.
Occur regularly in the liver thousands of chemical reactions. It is called a filter or a chemical plant, since the liver cleanses our body of toxins and toxins, and also produces substances necessary for life. From 18 to 20 hours the liver most actively removes harmful substances.
Without the liver, we would get very severe poisoning even from milk or water.
It is difficult to meet a person who healthy liver already by the age of 35-40 due to stress, ecology, malnutrition, various drugs.
If a person expresses negativity, then the liver suffers. If we carry this negativity in ourselves, then its cells suffer even more. Therefore, many doctors assure that you need to have self-control, not to keep evil in yourself, learn to forgive and control your emotions.
Facts about the aorta
The aorta is about the same diameter garden hose. Considering that adult heart almost the size of a fist, the size of the aorta is quite impressive.
In fact, the arteries must be large enough, because it is the main supplier of oxygenated blood to the rest of the organs.
Human lungs
Our left lung is smaller than our right. This nature has created in order to have a place to fit the heart. Both lungs are similar in shape to each other.
Passes through your lungs every day 10 000 l air.
The average adult makes per day 23,000 inhales and exhales.
If you abuse alcohol, then the proteins that protect the function of lung tissues will be destroyed. This process is called the "alcohol lung".
A person living in a city for 60 years needs to cope with 0.1 g of metals, 200 g of harmful chemical substances and 16 g of dust.
95% of people who died of lung cancer smoked 40-20 cigarettes a day.
Substances that have anticancer activity are called isothiocyanates. By eating vegetables containing isothiocyanates (broccoli, Chinese cabbage) at least once a week, you reduce the risk of lung cancer by more than 30%.
The number of people suffering from bronchopulmonary diseases, doubles every decade. Urban residents have a higher risk of contracting such diseases than rural residents.
human vitality
If a person takes away most of the internal organs, then he will survive. The human body may seem fragile, but it will live even if the stomach, spleen, 75% of the liver, 80% of the intestines, one kidney, one lung and genitals are removed.
Interesting fact! 25-year-old worker Phineas Gage was on earthworks in the US and had an accident. When the stick of dynamite exploded, a heavy metal rod 109 cm long and 3 cm in diameter flew out. It stuck into Phineas's cheek, knocking out a tooth, and then went out through the skull and brain.
Surprisingly, Gage did not die instantly. Then he lost a tooth and an eye. Soon he fully recovered keeping their mental capacity, speechless and complete control over the body.
Facts about the adrenal glands
Adrenal glands (paired endocrine glands) change in size throughout our lives. The adrenal glands, located above the kidneys, are responsible for production of stress hormones(cortisol and adrenaline). In the seventh month of the fetus, these glands are about the same size as the kidneys.
At birth, the adrenal glands become smaller and will continue to do so for all life. When a person reaches old age, the glands are so small that they can hardly be seen.
Both adrenal glands are made up of medulla and cortical layer.
They regulate the concentration of several substances in the blood and metabolic processes.
Adrenaline, which is secreted by the adrenal glands, signals the danger to the human body. This causes faster breathing, increased blood flow and a faster heartbeat. Adrenaline is released into the blood in order to prepare for danger or run away from it.
The human body is an incredibly complex and intricate system that still baffles doctors and researchers, despite the fact that it has been studied for more than one hundred years. Therefore, it is quite natural that the parts of the body and the usual functions of the body can surprise us. From sneezing to fingernails growing, here are 100 of the strangest and most interesting facts about human body.
Brain
The brain is the most complex and least understood human organ. There's a lot we don't know about him, but here are a few facts about him nonetheless.
1. nerve impulses moving at a speed of 270 km/h.
2. The brain requires the same amount of energy to work as a 10-watt light bulb.
3. Cage human brain can store five times more information than any encyclopedia.
4. The brain uses 20% of all oxygen that enters the circulatory system.
5. At night, the brain is much more active than during the day.
6. Scientists say that the higher the IQ level, the more often people dream.
7. Neurons continue to grow throughout a person's life.
8. Information passes through different neurons at different speeds.
9. The brain itself does not feel pain.
10. The brain is 80% water.
Hair and nails
In fact, these are not living organs, but remember how women are shaking over their nails and hair, how much money they spend on caring for them! On occasion, you can tell your lady a couple of such facts, she will surely appreciate it.
11. Facial hair grows faster than anywhere else.
12. Every day a person loses an average of 60 to 100 hairs.
13. Diameter female hair half that of men.
14. A human hair can support a weight of 100g.
15. The nail on the middle finger grows faster than the others.
16. There is as much hair on a square centimeter of a human body as on a square centimeter of a chimpanzee's body.
17. Blondes have more hair.
18. Fingernails grow about 4 times faster than toenails.
19. Average duration The life of a human hair is 3-7 years.
20. You need to be at least half bald for it to become noticeable.
21. human hair practically indestructible.
Internal organs
We do not remember the internal organs until they bother us, but it is thanks to them that we can eat, breathe, walk and all that. Remember this the next time your stomach rumbles.
22. The largest internal organ is the small intestine.
23. human heart creates pressure that is enough to spurt blood seven and a half meters forward.
24. Stomach acid can dissolve razor blades.
25. The length of all blood vessels human body - about 96,000 km.
26. The stomach is completely renewed every 3-4 days.
27. The surface area of human lungs is equal to the area of a tennis court.
28. A woman's heart beats faster than a man's.
29. Scientists say that the liver has more than 500 functions.
30. The aorta has a diameter almost equal to that of a garden hose.
31. The left lung is smaller than the right - so that there is room for the heart.
32. You can remove most of the internal organs and live on.
33. The adrenal glands change size throughout human life.
Organism's functions
We don't really like to talk about them, but we have to deal with them daily. Here are some facts about not the most pleasant things that concern our body.
34. The speed of a sneeze is 160 km/h.
35. The speed of coughing can even reach 900 km/h.
36. Women blink twice as often as men.
37. Full bladder up to the size of a softball.
38. Approximately 75% of human life products consist of water.
39. There are approximately 500,000 people on their feet sweat glands, they can produce up to a liter of sweat per day!
40. In a lifetime, a person produces so much saliva that it can fill a couple of pools.
41. On average, a person releases gases 14 times a day.
42. Earwax is essential for ear health.
Sex and procreation
Sex is largely taboo, but a very important part of human life and relationships. Procreation is no less important. You may not have known a few things about them.
43. Every single day in the world there are 120 million sexual acts.
44. The largest human cell is the egg, and the smallest is the sperm.
45. During the first trimester of pregnancy, women most often dream of frogs, worms and plants.
46. Teeth begin to grow six months before birth.
47. Almost all babies are born with blue eyes.
48. Children are strong as bulls.
49. One in 2,000 babies is born with a tooth.
50. The fetus acquires fingerprints at the age of three months.
51. Each person for half an hour of his life was a single cell.
52. For most men, an erection occurs every hour or every hour and a half during sleep: after all, at night the brain is much more active.
The senses
We perceive the world through our senses. Here Interesting Facts about them.
53. After a hearty meal, we hear worse.
54. Only one third of all people have one hundred percent vision.
55. If saliva cannot dissolve something, you will not taste it.
56. From birth, the sense of smell is better developed in women than in men.
57. The nose remembers 50,000 different scents.
58. Pupils dilate even due to small interference.
59. All people have their own unique smell.
Aging and death
We age throughout life - that's how it works.
60. The mass of ash of a cremated person can reach 4 kg.
61. By the age of sixty, most people have lost about half of their taste buds.
62. The eyes are the same size throughout life, but the nose and ears grow throughout life.
63. At 60, 60% of men and 40% of women will snore.
64. The head of a child is a quarter of his height, and by the age of 25, the length of the head is only an eighth of the entire length of the body.
Diseases and injuries
We all get sick and injured. And that's pretty interesting too!
65. Most heart attacks occur on Mondays.
66. People can go much longer without food than without sleep.
67. When you burn in the sun, it damages the blood vessels.
68. 90% of diseases are caused by stress.
69. human head remains conscious for 15-20 seconds after being chopped off.
Muscles and bones
Muscles and bones are the frame of our body, thanks to them we move and even just lie down.
70. You use 17 muscles to smile and 43 to frown. If you don't want to strain your face, smile. One who walks often and for a long time acid mine knows how hard it is.
71. Children are born with 300 bones, while adults have only 206.
72. In the morning we are a centimeter higher than in the evening.
73. The strongest muscle in the human body is the tongue.
74. The heaviest bone in the human body is the jaw bone.
75. To take a step, you use 200 muscles.
76. Tooth - sole organ incapable of regeneration.
77. Muscles decrease twice as slowly as they pump up.
78. Some bones are stronger than steel.
79. The feet contain a quarter of all the bones of the human body.
At the cellular level
There are some things you can't see with the naked eye.
80. There are 16,000 bacteria per square centimeter of the body.
81. Every 27 days you literally change your skin.
82. Every minute 3,000,000 cells die in the human body.
83. People lose about 600,000 skin particles every hour.
84. Every day, the adult human body produces 300 billion new cells.
85. All tongue prints are unique.
86. There is enough iron in the body to make a 6 cm nail out of it.
87. The most common blood type in the world is the first.
88. The lips are red because there are many capillaries under the skin.
Miscellaneous
A couple more interesting facts
89. The colder the room where you sleep, the more likely you are to have a nightmare.
90. Tears and mucus contain the enzyme lysozyme, which destroys the cell walls of many bacteria.
91. In half an hour the body releases as much energy as it takes to boil one and a half liters of water.
92. Ears exude more earwax when you are afraid.
93. You can't tickle yourself.
94. The distance between arms outstretched to the sides - this is your height.
95. Man is the only animal that cries because of emotions.
96. Right-handers live an average of nine years longer than left-handers.
97. Women burn fat more slowly than men - about 50 calories a day.
98. The fossa between the nose and the lip is called the nasal groove.
Skin is the largest organ of our body. It provides us with protection, allows us to feel the world and is the first to report diseases. This is the "face" of our body, but we do not know much about it.
largest organ
Skin is the largest organ human body. Its average surface area is from 1.5 to 2 square meters. On the different areas Body skin has different thickness and sensitivity. The thickest skin is on the feet and palms, the thinnest is on the eyelids. At the same time, the sensitivity of the skin is not directly dependent on the thickness. So, on the fingers and palms, the skin, although quite thick, can feel pressure from 20 milligrams, which corresponds to the average weight of a fly.
Skin weighs a lot
The skin is not only the largest human organ, but also the heaviest. On average, our skin makes up 16% of our total body weight. So the excuse "I have a heavy bone" can be safely changed to the phrase "I have a heavy skin."
Skin that renews
Human skin is constantly renewing itself. This process is called regeneration. It happens like this: new skin cells are formed in the germinal layer of the epidermis, for about 28-30 days they move to the surface and lose their cell nucleus. On the surface, with the help of the keratin contained in them, they form the stratum corneum of the skin, which gradually exfoliates when washed or in contact with clothing. Thus, the skin that we consider our own is constantly updated. After a month, the composition of a person's skin changes completely. In newborns, the regeneration process, like many other processes (for example, metabolism), proceeds faster. "Change of skin" in infants takes three days - 72 hours.
Goose pimples
When we're cold, scared, or when we're listening good music, then on the body, as you know, so-called goosebumps may appear.
This is a rudimentary reaction of the body, inherited by us as a "bonus" from our distant ancestors.
Once upon a time, she helped them warm up and made them more convincing in the eyes of the enemy. When needed, tiny muscles throughout the body tense up and “raise the hair on end.” With thick fur, this betrays the skin with good thermal insulation. For modern man this skill is useless.
The story of the golden boy
Many people know the story of the "golden boy". In 1496, in the castle of the Duke of Milan, Lodovik Moreau, a festival took place, at which, as a symbol of the coming Golden Age, the naked son of a baker, painted with gold paint, appeared before the audience. Everything would be fine, but the performance had to be stopped due to the illness of the duke's wife. The boy was simply forgotten. He sat in the castle all night. In the morning Leonardo da Vinci found him, but the baker's son could not be cured, on the fourth day he died. This story is sometimes told with the following conclusion: the boy died from the fact that his skin could not "breathe", so he died. However, today it is already known that "skin breathing" is not dominant in saturating the body with oxygen, and the boy died due to a violation of the thermoregulation of the body, due to hypothermia, since the paint expanded the capillaries and they could not keep warm. Conclusion: do not get too carried away with body painting.
Skin is an indicator of health
If the eyes are the mirror of the soul, then the skin is the mirror of our body. Changes in the skin often indicate the presence serious violations and diseases.
According to the doctor medical sciences Brooke Jackson, director of dermatological health center in Chicago, hyperpigmentation of the skin in the folds of the neck, especially in older people, may indicate diabetes, and too dry or moisturized skin (if this has not been observed before) - o possible violation thyroid functions.
Not to mention the usual rash, which is the first symptom of many dangerous diseases.
wrinkled fingers
Everyone who has ever taken a bath or just been in the water for quite a long time, paid attention to how the skin on the fingers and toes wrinkled. This phenomenon is directly related to the permeability of our skin, which provides its outer layer. Its cells are in contact with each other and on outer surface have a layer of fat. If we stay in water for a long time, then the extracellular layer of fat becomes thinner, water gains access to skin cells and swells. This process is not critical for health.
Dust and albinos
It is a well-known fact that 2/3 of indoor dust consists of dead horny skin cells. Every minute our body sheds up to 30,000 dead skin cells.
For life, each person loses at least one hundred kilograms of "old skin".
Millions of tons of dead horny cells of our epidermis escape into the atmosphere. It is also interesting that White skin a person appeared not so long ago, about 20-50 thousand years ago. This happened due to the loss of part of the melanin pigment by people who migrated to the North. But until now, the percentage of people with white skin, devoid of melanin (albinism) is extremely low. Only one in 110,000 people is an albino.
Skin is a great worker
When they talk about human organs, they remember the heart, liver, but for some reason they forget about the skin. But human skin is the heaviest (weight 2-3 kg) human organ. The skin is a great worker, performing several functions at once. It protects the body from harmful influence environment- pathogens, harmful ultraviolet radiation and harmful chemical compounds. The skin is responsible for thermoregulation of the body. It removes harmful substances from the body along with sweat, produces vitamin D, which is necessary for life.
Skin layers
The thickest skin is on the feet (3-4 mm), the thinnest is on the scrotum (0.4 mm). By the way, the skin is also the largest organ in terms of area, the total area of the skin of an adult can reach 2 square meters.
The skin is made up of three layers. The uppermost is the epidermis. In the lower layers of the epidermis, melanin is produced - the pigment that determines skin color. There are also constantly dividing cells, which are gradually pushed to the surface of the epidermis and exfoliate due to friction of the skin against clothing and other objects.
Picture skin
The dermis, pushing its papillae into the epidermis and lifting it, creates an individual pattern of the skin - this is the natural passport of a person. This property is used by criminologists, studying the fingerprints of criminals.
The lowest layer of the skin is fatty, it serves as a shock absorber that protects the internal organs from shocks and shocks. It is thickest in places that are constantly under pressure - the buttocks and the soles of the feet. Subcutaneous fat is also a reserve nutrients.
Nerve endings in the skin
Skin is the most ancient mechanism sensitivity. Exactly nerve endings on the skin of the first living beings evolved into the modern nervous system. There are 2 million receptors on the skin of a modern person, of which 1.5 million are pain receptors, the rest of the receptors respond to pressure, heat, cold, and just touch.
The least pain receptors on the cheeks - this is the most insensitive area of \u200b\u200bthe skin. Most receptors are on the skin of the tongue and fingertips.
