Imperative mood. Normative forms of the imperative mood Verbs of the imperative mood have the form
Verbs change according to moods. The mood of the verb indicates how the action named by the verb relates to reality, that is, whether it actually happens, or only supposedly. Consider three verb forms:
asked, would ask, ask
First form - asked denotes an actual action already committed by someone. Second form - would ask denotes a supposedly possible action that could have happened but did not. Third form - ask denotes a supposedly possible action that has not yet taken place. These differences in the meanings of verbs divide them into three declensions: indicative, subjunctive (conditional) and imperative.
Indicative
Indicative mood of the verb denotes an action that actually happened, is happening or will happen, for example:
puppy gnawed toy
puppy gnaws toy
puppy will gnaw toy
Consequently, verbs in the indicative mood change with tenses, that is, they can take the form of the present, past and future tenses:
ran- past tense
I run- present tense
I will run- future time
In the past tense in the singular, verbs change by gender, for example:
he ran- masculine
she ran- feminine
it ran- neuter gender
In the indicative mood, verbs change in person and number, for example:
we run- 1st person plural number
you run- 2nd person one. number
she is running- 3rd person is one. number
Conditional (subjunctive) mood
Conditional (subjunctive) mood denotes actions that can occur under a certain condition, that is, possible actions, for example:
I would read if the book is interesting.
If it's sunny, we'd go to the beach.
Conditional verbs can denote actions that are desired, that is, actions that want to happen, without any conditions:
I would drink tea.
We would sunbathe.
The conditional mood is formed from the past tense form by adding a particle would (b). As in the past tense, verbs in the conditional mood change by number, and in the singular also by gender.
Particle would (b) written separately from the verb. It can stand after the verb, before it, and can also be separated from the verb by other words, for example:
I would drink tea.
We would sunbathe .
I would with pleasure went down to the cinema.
With two or more conditional verbs, there can be one particle would, for example:
We would rest and had fun .
Imperative mood
Imperative verb denotes the actions to which the speaker encourages his listener or interlocutor. Imperative verbs can mean:
- orders:
sit down, get up, go
- tips:
go down better in movies. Better contact to the doctor.
- permission:
sit down, go
- wishes:
Let's go to the park? let's eat on ice cream?
Verbs in the imperative mood do not change in tenses, but change in numbers. To form the plural form, the ending is added to the singular form -those, for example:
sit down - sit down those
write write those
play - play those
To indicate politeness when referring to one person, plural verbs are used, compare:
pass - pass those
To soften a request or order, a particle is added to the form of the imperative mood -ka:
swear - swear - ka, pass - pass - ka
To express a sharp order, the indefinite form of the verb is used, for example:
Hands not touch! Sit silently!
The singular form of the 2nd person of the imperative is formed from the stem of present tense imperfective verbs or from the stem of future simple perfect tense verbs:
- If the stem ends in a vowel, then add th:
cop Yu(present time) - cop th (command. inc.)
digging Yu(bud. pr. time) - digging th (command. inc.)
- If the stem ends in a consonant and the stress in the 1st person singular falls on the ending, then -and:
watchman y(present time) - watchman and (command. inc.)
watchman y(bud. pr. time) - watchman and (command. inc.)
- If the stem ends in a consonant and the stress in the 1st person singular falls on the stem, then a soft sign is added -b:
dir at(present time) - dir b (command. inc.)
cut at(bud. pr. time) - sparse b (command. inc.)
- If the stem ends in two consonants and the stress in the 1st person singular falls on the stem, then instead of a soft sign -b added -and:
remember Yu(present time) - remember and (command. inc.)
remember Yu(bud. pr. time) - memory and (command. inc.)
Particles are used to form the 3rd person shape let, let, yes together with 3rd person present or future simple tense verbs, for example:
Let him play. Let him read.
Particle Yes expresses an appeal or a solemn wish, sentences with this particle are usually exclamatory:
let's go already! May it be eradicated evil!
To form the form of the 1st person plural, the form of the indicative mood of the 1st person with a special intonation (call to action) is used, for example:
Let's go to the beach!
The 1st person plural indicates that the speaker is inviting someone else to do the action with them. The ending can be added to this form -those or words come on, come on:
Let's go those to the beach!
Let's let's go to the beach!
let's let's go to the beach!
Imperative verbs do not have the 1st person singular form.
Reflexive verbs in the imperative mood have at the end -sya or -ss, for example:
boast, wash up
If the imperative mood ends in a consonant, except th, then a soft sign is written at the end of the verb - b, for example:
hide b, dir b, rise b
The soft sign is preserved before -sya (-sya) and -those:
hide b sya, dir b those get up b those
Note: from verb lie down imperative form - lie down, lie down, lie down, lie down. This verb is an exception and does not have a soft sign at the end in the imperative mood.
Verbs change according to moods. In Russian, there are forms of three moods of verbs: indicative, imperative and conditional (subjunctive).
Each of them has its own grammatical and semantic features and correlates the action expressed by the verb with reality in different ways. The mood forms are opposed to each other on the basis of reality (indicative mood) and unreality (imperative and conditional moods) of the denoting action. Verbs in the explanatory mood denote that an action that takes place in reality is carried out in the present, past or future tense, therefore the indicative mood is realized in the forms of three tenses: I do (present tense), did (past tense), I will do (future tense). Verbs in the explanatory mood the categories of person and number are characteristic, and in the forms of the past tense, gender and number. The indicative mood does not have a special formant, it is expressed using the personal endings of verbs.
Imperative verbs indicate a call to action, an order or a request. They denote actions that can occur after the corresponding utterance. In an imperative mood verbs do not have a tense category, but change in numbers and persons.
Most often, the forms of the 2nd person, singular and plural, are used, which express the motivation for action of the interlocutor (interlocutors).
Forms of the imperative mood are formed from the foundations of the present or future tense and are expressed using suffixes (endings) and formative particles.
In particular, the 2nd person singular imperative form is formed from the basis of the present or simple future tense with the help of the suffix -and- or no suffix(in this case, the stem of the verb in the imperative mood is the same as the stem of the present / simple future tense): take, look, show, read, do (stem of the present tense – dela (y-y), bring it, drop it.
The 2nd person plural form of the imperative is formed from the 2nd person singular form by adding the postfix -te: lead - lead, lie down - lie down.
Forms of the 3rd person singular and plural of the imperative mood are analytical (they consist of several words). These shapes are formed by attaching particles let, let, yes to the forms of the 3rd person singular or plural of the present or simple future tense of the indicative mood: let them hear, let them say, long live, let it be, etc.
Forms of the 3rd person of the imperative mood express wishes, they can refer not only to persons, but also to inanimate objects: let the gardens bloom.
Form 1 of the person of the imperative mood expresses an impulse to joint action, in which the speaker himself is a participant. Form 1 of the imperative person is formed with the addition of particles let's, let's to the infinitive of imperfective verbs (come on, let's + sing, play, read) or to the form of the 1st person of the future tense of the indicative mood of perfective verbs: let's sit down, let's leave, let's tell.
In a special way, forms of the imperative mood are formed from the following verbs: eat - eat, go - (by) - go, give - give, lie down - lie down.
Imperative mood can express a wide variety of shades of motivation for action, from a categorical order to a soft request or advice. In this case, intonation is very important.
To forms of the imperative mood particle can be attached -ka, softening the command and giving a touch of simplicity: come on.
Verbs that denote states and actions that take place without a doer or independent of the will of the protagonist are not used in imperative mood forms: impersonal verbs (fever, dusk), verbs of perception (see, feel), state verbs (chill, feel unwell), modal verbs (want, can).
Verbs in the conditional (subjunctive) mood denote the desired, possible actions under any conditions.
Conditional mood forms are formed by combining past tense forms with a particle would (b), which can stand before the verb, after it, or can be torn off from it by other members of the sentence: If I could leave, I would live in London.
In the conditional mood verbs have no tense and no person, the forms of conditional verbs change by number and gender: would say, would say, would say.
In speech, one mood is often used in the meaning of another.
The form of the imperative mood can be used in the meaning of the conditional (the meaning of the unfulfilled condition): If I had come a little earlier, nothing would have happened. If I had more time...
A verb in the form of a conditional mood can be used in the imperative sense: Would you go home.
The form of the indicative mood can have the meaning of the imperative mood: Everyone is listening to me! Bring the book tomorrow!
The form of the conditional mood can have the meaning of the imperative: Would you talk to her.
The main task of all communicative qualities of speech is to ensure the effectiveness of speech.
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The imperative mood is used only in a positive sense, and only in later, classical Sanskrit does it begin to express prohibition, combined with the particle ma(gr. μή - so as not, yes not ...). The same positive use of the imperative mood is found in the language of the oldest parts of the Avesta, while in Greek its negative use is already quite common. The imperative mood primarily denoted not only an order, but also a desire, a request. Thus, the appeal to the gods in the Rig Veda is constantly expressed in the forms of the imperative mood: “harness your horses, come and sit on the sacrificial bed, drink the sacrificial drink, hear our prayer, give us treasures, help in the battle,” etc. Usually the imperative mood expresses the expectation of an immediate onset, action, but sometimes it also means an action that should occur only after the end of another.
Morphological features
In Indo-European languages
To express the desire that the action would come only after a certain moment, in the future, a special form of the imperative mood was used with the suffix -tōd, lat. -tō, other Greek -τω , which some scholars consider a form of the deferred case (lat. Ablativus) from the pronominal stem to-(this one) and interpret: "from this moment counting."
The Indo-European proto-language had only three forms of the present imperative:
- with suffix -dhi(Skt. -dhi and -hi, other Greek -θι , cf. Sanskrit. crudhi, ihy, Greek κλῦθι, ἴθι - listen, come);
- pure verb stem with thematic vowel e at the end: great-i.e. *behere , Skt. bhara, gr. φέρε - "bring";
- same stem with above suffix -tod(Sanskrit. bharatad, Greek φερέτω), which was used primarily in all three numbers, not only in the second, but also in the third person (this use is also found in Sanskrit).
From this we can deduce a plausible assumption that the other forms of the imperative mood listed above were once used for all persons and numbers without any change; simply expressing a certain demand, without a definite relation to any person, like the present indefinite mood in the sense of the imperative: "keep quiet!" etc. In addition to these original, ancient forms, in the sense of the imperative mood in the Indo-European parent language, the so-called forms were also used:
- injunctiva like Sanskrit. bharata, bharaiam, Greek φέρετε, φέρετον and others,
- subjunctive mood (Sanskrit. 1 l. pl. action. bharama, avg. bharamahai),
- desirable (old Slav. take, take),
- indicative and even non-conjugated verbal formations.
In Slavic languages
In Slavic, only forms of non-thematic verbs like see, yazhd, give me, vezhd, Russian vish(see) eat(instead of a hedgehog). The remaining Slavic forms of the imperative mood are the forms of the desirable.
Russian language
In Russian, the imperative mood can be formed synthetically (by changing the form or adding the affix "-te") and analytically (with the help of particles "let", "let", "yes", "come on / let's"). Affixes with which synthetic forms are formed ( -i-, null suffix, -te) are interpreted in different ways: as suffixes, endings, particles; some scholars do not decipher the status of these affixes at all.
II person singular
II person plural
The plural form is formed by adding a postfix -those: believe- believe , lie down - lie down , sing - sing , let's - let's .
I person plural
For some verbs, there is a form of the imperative mood of the I person plural, sometimes called the imperative. It is formed from the I person plural form of the indicative mood by adding a postfix -those: let's go, sing along, let's go. This form is used only in addressing many persons or one respectfully (on you).
see also
Literature
- Brugmann. Grundriss der vergl. Grammatik d. indogerman. Sprachen (vol. II, 1315 ff.);
- Delbruck. Vergl. Syntax der indogerm. Sprach. (vol. II, 357 ff.);
- Thurneysen. Der idg. Imperativ (Kuhnes Zeilschr. f. vgl. Sprachforscb., XXVII);
- Pott. Ueber die erste Person des Imperat. (Kuhn-Schlelcher, Beiträ ge zur vgl. Sprachf., vol. I);
- Madvig. De formis imperativi passivi (Kouenr., 1837, Opuscula, II);
- Schmidt. Ueber den late. Empire. (Zeilschr. f. d. Gymnasialwesen, 1855, 422);
- Ch. Turot. De l'imperatif futur latin (Revue de philol., IV);
- Kern. Eine Imperativeform im Got. (Kuhn's Zeitschr. etc, XVI).
Notes
Links
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Synonyms:See what the "Imperative Mood" is in other dictionaries:
Imperative Dictionary of Russian synonyms. imperative n., number of synonyms: 1 imperative (7) ASIS synonym dictionary. V.N. Trishin ... Synonym dictionary
Imperative mood- IMPERATIVE MOOD. See Lean... Dictionary of literary terms
IMPERATIVE, oh, oh; flax, flax. Expressing command. P. gesture. P. tone. Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 ... Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov
Morphological category of conjugated (personal) forms of the verb. Represents an event as to be performed by the addressee: Write! It is expressed by the suffix - and - (rarely without it) and to denote plurality by the postfix - those. Imperative forms ... ... Literary Encyclopedia
- (lat. Modus Imperativus) already in the ancient era of the Indo-European proto-language, it was intended to encourage other people to a certain action. In Vedic Sanskrit P., inclination is used only in a positive sense and only in the later, classical ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron
See imperative mood (in the article verb mood) ... Dictionary of linguistic terms
The use of forms of one mood in the meaning of another
Formation of forms of conditional and imperative mood
Inclination, its forms and meanings
Plan
verb mood
Mood verb expresses the relation of action to reality and has the meaning of reality ( I write, I will write, I wrote) or unreality (irreality) ( would write, write).
An action that really exists (existed or will exist) is expressed by verbs indicative inclinations.
An action that does not really exist, but is only possible or desirable, is expressed by verbs conditional and imperative inclinations.
indicative inclination denotes an action that either happened in the past, is happening in the present, or will happen in the future. Those. the indicative mood coexists with the category of time.
Verbs in the indicative mood have tense forms ( read, read, read), faces ( reading, reading, reading), numbers (reading, reading).
Conditional The (subjunctive) mood is used to express two basic meanings: desirable and conditional, i.e. it denotes an action that did not occur, does not occur, but can occur under certain conditions. This action is unreal and outside the category of time.
You would forest walked, cool to go through the forest– desired value; If I saw a light, then, of course, I would immediately stop- conditional value.
The form conditional mood is formed analytically: the past tense of the verb + particle would (would read, would write). Conditional verbs have gender forms ( would read, would read) and number forms ( would write, would write).
Imperative mood expresses an urge to do something. write, read, let him write, let him read. It can have the meanings of orders, requests, warnings, orders, advice, wishes.
Imperative verbs denote actions that, in accordance with the order (request) of the speaker, may or may not occur. Therefore, the imperative mood is unreal, it stands outside of time.
Forms of the imperative mood are formed from the basis of the crust. (bud.) time in 2 ways:
1) with suffix -and: write - write + and, carry;
2) in a non-suffix way
If stem ends with j: read - read;
If the stem ends in a consonant that is softened: throw - throw, get up - get up. sizzling w, w at the end of the stem they are not softened, although b is written after them in this case: spread, cut, eat.
Plural form hours command. inclination is formed from the form of units. numbers with postfix - those (read, cut). Reflexive verbs have an affix -sya saved ( get dressed, get dressed).
For some verbs, the form will command. inclinations are not formed or not used ( see, hear, want).
Command. inclination can also be formed analytically:
1) particles let, let, yes+ verb form 3 l. units or many numbers present. time: let him read, long live May 1(particle let expresses the command more emphatically, let has the meaning of assumption, permission, advice, wishes).
2) particle come on (come on)+ infinitive of the verb nesov. species or 1 person pl. number of bud. time: let's read let's read(the meaning of a call to action).
