Toxic polyneuritis symptoms. Polyneuritis of infectious origin

Diabetes mellitus, together with alcoholism, is one of the most common causes of neuropathy. A connection has been proven between the degree of increase in blood glucose and the severity of neurological disorders.

However, from 60 to 90 percent of patients suffer from peripheral or autonomic diabetic neuropathy and its symptoms increase as diabetes progresses.

If a diabetic does not receive adequate treatment, diabetic foot develops due to neuropathy of the lower extremities, and the risk of amputation in diabetics increases by almost 50% compared to people without hyperglycemia.

The occurrence of neuropathy in diabetes mellitus - causes and mechanism

The leading factor in neuropathy, as well as other complications of diabetes mellitus, is an increase in glucose levels in the circulating blood and its toxic effect on organs. Diabetic neuropathy develops as a consequence of damage to the nerves themselves, and blood vessels that feed them.

Glucose from the blood can penetrate into the nerve cell without the participation of insulin, but cannot enter the process of glycolysis to produce energy. This activates an alternative pathway of utilization, in which sorbitol is formed.

Sorbitol, accumulating inside the cell, destroys it, and also inhibits vasodilation with its participation. Vascular spasm and decreased oxygen pressure disrupt the nutrition of nerve cells.

Another mechanism of nerve damage in diabetes mellitus is advanced education free radicals. These are defective molecules with high chemical activity that have the ability to destroy enzymes, cell membranes and DNA.

The following mechanisms are also involved in the development of neuropathy in diabetes mellitus:

• The attachment of a glucose molecule to proteins is glycosylation, including nerve sheaths.
• Microangiopathies of nerve vessels.
• Impaired nerve conduction.
• Formation of antibodies against nerve cells.

Polyneuropathy in diabetes mellitus, symptoms and diagnosis

Sugar level

Diabetic polyneuritis most often manifests itself as symmetrical damage to the lower extremities. The most common complaint of patients is sensory disturbance. When large areas are affected nerve fibers the perception of vibration, touch and position is affected.

Thin nerve fibers are responsible for the sensations of pain and temperature. Most cases of neuropathy occur with pathological pain syndrome on the background decreased sensitivity, that is, all types of fibers are affected.

Skin sensitivity disorders depend on the degree of compensation of diabetes, it begins with the toes, and then progresses to the “socks”, “stockings”, and also “gloves” type.

Symptoms of diabetic neuropathy include the following sensations:

1. Paresthesia is a crawling sensation.
2. Unsteady gait.
3. Burning pain in the feet, worse at night.
4. Muscle cramps, muscle twitching.
5. Increased sensitivity to cold.

Disorders may accompany impaired sensitivity motor functions in the form of paralysis or muscle paresis.

Since this complication is common, and the effect of treatment depends on early detection, then to all patients diabetes mellitus It is recommended to undergo examination at least once every six months by a neurologist. Functional tests are performed for diagnosis.

The sensitivity is determined by touching with a cotton swab or a thin brush, the tactile appearance is determined on the sole, touching with a thin nylon thread. A needle wheel is used to study pain perception. Temperature sensitivity can be determined with a special device “Type Therm”.

The state of reflexes, muscle strength and the feeling of vibration are also determined.

If, upon examination of the feet, skin damage or absence of pulse is detected, then a conclusion is made about the lesion. peripheral vessels and nerve fibers with the formation diabetic foot.

Signs of diabetic foot

The most common cause of leg amputation in diabetes mellitus is polyneuropathy syndrome with the formation of diabetic foot. Depending on the predominance various symptoms distinguish between neuropathic, ischemic and mixed form diseases.

Most often, the neuropathic variant of this pathology is detected. Disturbance of innervation vegetative department nervous system leads to changes in sweating, the skin becomes thin and dry, susceptible to damage.

Dilated vessels, overflowing with blood, lead to swelling, which gradually spreads to the entire lower leg. Such edema, unlike cardiac edema, does not go away when bed rest is prescribed.

Eating disorders affect not only the skin, but also the tendons, ligamentous apparatus, causing gait disturbances and deformity metatarsal bones due to load redistribution. A decrease in sensitivity to pain during subsequent exercise leads to the development of a neuropathic ulcerative defect.

A typical location is the pad thumb. The ulcer is round, often becomes infected, complicated by osteomyelitis. Characteristic diagnostic sign– absence of pain.

Diabetic neuropathy in the ischemic form is characterized by the following distinctive features:

• Absence of pulse in the foot.
• The skin is cold with a bluish tint.
• Pain in the foot occurs at rest, worsening at night.
• Intermittent claudication occurs when walking.

At mixed type lesions of the extremities have all symptoms different intensities and combinations.

Autonomic neuropathy

In case of violation autonomic innervation Symptoms of organs depend on the location of the lesion. Most often it is detected on late stages, since it has no distinctive clinical signs. At the same time, the development of neuropathy has an unfavorable prognosis, as it leads to a fivefold increase in mortality.

The most serious are cardiac forms of autonomic neuropathy. It can occur in the form of tachycardia at rest, absence of pain in the heart area, prolongation ECG interval QT, a drop in pressure during a sharp rise.

In this case, patients do not have any complaints other than weakness and dizziness. With such forms of neuropathy, painless forms of heart attacks often occur. Patients may not feel its signs, which leads to the development severe forms heart failure with fatal outcome.

Symptoms of the lesion digestive system associated with impaired motor function:

1. Feeling of fullness in the stomach after eating.
2. Abdominal pain.
3. Nausea and retching.
4. Rapid watery stool after meals, and also at night.
5. Fecal incontinence.

To make a diagnosis, an x-ray or ultrasonography stomach and intestines.

Cystopathy in diabetes mellitus manifests itself in the appearance in the morning of a large volume of urine with a weak stream and subsequent discharge in drops. Urine retention occurs in the bladder in the absence of the urge to urinate. Due to the accumulation of residual urine and the addition of infection, cystitis and pyelonephritis develop.

In approximately 60% of men, diabetes mellitus occurs with a decrease in potency. As the disease progresses and with age, these disorders intensify, which leads to the addition depressive symptoms. At the same time, the psychogenic component aggravates erectile dysfunction.

One of serious complications with autonomic diabetic neuropathy is a decrease in the sensation of falling blood sugar. Patients no longer feel the approach of hypoglycemia, which can be life-threatening, especially if at this time they are driving vehicles or operating machinery at work.

Typically, with diabetes mellitus, the appearance of heart palpitations or sweating, trembling hands, patients begin to feel early manifestations, which allows you to take preventive measures in a timely manner. With neuropathy, patients are at risk of sudden hypoglycemic coma.

At the same time, uncompensated surges in blood glucose increase metabolic disorders.

Treatment of diabetic neuropathy

To treat neuropathy, it is necessary to stabilize blood glucose levels at target indicators. This requires strict adherence to the diet (frequent split meals) and a diet with limited carbohydrates. In this case, it is preferable to exclude simple carbohydrates and limit complex ones to an acceptable level.

In addition, it is necessary to reduce the content fatty foods animal origin and introduce into the diet sufficient quantity dietary fiber from fresh vegetables, bran. It is recommended to get protein from fish and low-fat dairy products.

Drug treatment must be selected in such a way as to prevent sudden changes in blood sugar levels, since both its increase and drop to hypoglycemia are dangerous.

For patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who have failed to stabilize their glucose levels with tablets, a dose of insulin is selected both in the form of monotherapy and for combination treatment.

If it occurs, the symptoms of diabetic neuropathy may disappear within two to three months.

Treatment of peripheral neuropathy is carried out with the following groups of drugs:

• Thioctic acid: Espa-Lipon, Thiogamma, Dialipon or Belithion are prescribed in tablets or injections.
• Preparations of B vitamins: injection forms Milgamma, Neurorubin, Neurobion, Beviplex, Compligam, Trigamma, as well as tablets Nurobex, Neurovitan, Folic acid.
• Painkillers: Diclofenac, Nimesulide, Revmoxicam, Dexalgin.
• Anticonvulsants: Lyrica, Finlepsin, Gabalept.
• Antidepressants: Anafranil, Amitriptyline, Venlafaxine.
• For improvement peripheral circulation: Actovegin.
• Local preparations: ointments with lidocaine or ketoprofen.

Neuropathy in diabetes mellitus (in the absence of contraindications) can be treated using the method hyperbaric oxygen therapy, stimulation with modulated currents, magnetotherapy, electrophoresis.

Prevention of neuropathy in diabetes

The most important method to prevent complications of diabetes is constant monitoring of blood sugar. It is examined on an empty stomach, after a meal (after 2 hours), and before bedtime. In addition, they control blood pressure at least twice a day. Once every three months, an analysis for glycated hemoglobin is performed.

Visits to an endocrinologist should be every three months, a neurologist, surgeon and podologist once every six months.

It is also necessary to completely stop smoking and drinking alcohol, as they cause vasospasm and damage to nerve fibers, which aggravates the manifestations of neuropathy, increasing pain and numbness in the legs.

Recommended which includes hiking, swimming or yoga. Total time Physical education, which can prevent neuropathy in diabetes mellitus, should be at least 150 minutes per week.

To prevent the development of diabetic foot, the following measures are recommended:

1. Daily hygiene and examination of the feet for microtraumas and abrasions.
2. Burns, frostbite and injury to the feet should not be allowed.
3. It is forbidden to walk barefoot, especially outside the home.
4. For shoes, as well as hosiery, you need to choose natural ventilated materials.
5. Comfortable shoes are recommended, with orthopedic insoles if necessary.
6. When performing a pedicure, it is forbidden to cut out calluses.
7. For home wear, choose shoes with closed backs.
8. Every day your feet should be lubricated with a rich cream to protect them from drying out.

To prevent autonomic neuropathy, you need to be examined by a cardiologist, urologist and gastroenterologist.

In the video in this article, Elena Malysheva will continue to cover the topic of diabetic neuropathy.

Polyneuritis is a disease in the form of multiple disorders of nerve endings. It may manifest itself as paresis, decreased sensitivity, or various trophic disorders. Polyneuritis leads to autonomic, motor and sensory nerve disorders. The disease can occur in acute or chronic form.

Types of polyneuritis

There are several types of polyneuritis:

• Alcoholic. This species is characterized by sensitive and movement disorders. The defining symptom is mental disorders. Pronounced ones include memory lapses, which are replaced by inventions or distortion of the events that occurred. Polyneuritis begins. Legs lose mobility and sensitivity.

• Polyneuritis of the kidneys. Development occurs with pyelonephritis and severe glomerulonephritis. In this case, it is violated glomerular filtration. First, swelling appears, then the arms and legs become weak.
• Spicy. Development occurs during or after viral diseases. After eliminating the cause, limbs begin to break, the temperature changes and burning pain. Symptoms increase from several hours to a matter of days.
• Diabetic. Patients with diabetes are susceptible to it. Often, disorders in the limbs begin earlier than the main ones. They can persist for a long time if treatment is successful. The patient has difficulty walking, accurately manipulating his fingers, accompanied by paresis and
• Chronic. It develops gradually if the provoking factor acts continuously. Atrophy and weakness in the muscles of the limbs begins. Speech disorders and brain inflammation appear.
• Toxic polyneuritis. Begins due to alcohol or salts heavy metals. May have acute and subacute form. Severe poisoning is accompanied by vomiting, diarrhea and pain. Then they appear obvious signs polyneuritis, the general condition worsens.
• Vegetative. Appears during intoxication, bad conditions labor or thyrotoxicosis. The disease is characterized by burning pain throughout the body. Tissue trophism worsens, body temperature changes, and excessive or insufficient sweating appears.
• Infectious. It begins due to an infectious agent. Fever appears nerve damage limbs. Moreover, it is developing along an upward path.
• Nutritional. It begins due to a lack of vitamins, especially B. Or its improper absorption. Except pathological signs, there is a disturbance in cardiac activity.

Features of the disease

With polyneuritis, it mainly occurs pathological lesion distant nerve endings in the limbs. This reduces sensitivity and strength in the feet and hands. If the damage to the nerves begins higher up, this is already an advanced form. Treatment depends on the original cause.

Polyneuritis of the extremities affects the nerves, so the disease is associated with the feet and hands. At the beginning of the disease they become cold, and only later the loss of sensitivity begins. Since changes characterized by dystrophic changes occur in the nerves, inflammation is not typical.

Types of polyneuritis

There are several types of polyneuritis:

• Infectious. Cause - upper catarrh respiratory tract. At the same time, the temperature rises and the cells become inflamed.
• Diphtheria. Reason - wrong or untimely treatment. At the same time, the palate is paralyzed, and a nasal voice appears. Eating is difficult.
• Lead. Appears due to sour berry jam, not stored in earthenware. At the same time they are amazed radial nerves, abdominal pain and lead plaque appear on the gums.
• Arsenic. It can be domestic or professional. Signs include stomach pain, vomiting and paralysis of the limbs.
• Diabetic type. Amazes nerve endings limbs or face.
• Professional. Appears in those who work with vibrating tools, or who have labor activity muscles are overstrained. This causes pain in the hands, sweating, and the tips of the fingers turn pale.

Causes of the disease

Polyneuritis is divided into two groups - axonopathy and demyelinating neuropathy. In the first case, the nerve axes are affected. Most often this form occurs due to toxic poisoning. In the second case, the nerves suffer. It can be inherited, there is an autoimmune variety.

Causes of polyneuritis:

A separate variety - alcoholic polyneuritis. Symptoms are found in patients who abuse alcohol. This form of polyneuritis affects areas of the nerves in the kidneys, and they cease to cope with the poison entering the body.

Symptoms

Often people develop a disease such as polyneuritis. Symptoms:

• Goosebumps, numbness and burning sensation in the extremities.
• When viewed from the affected areas, the skin is pale, with a marbled pattern. Feels much colder to the touch than the rest of your body. Due to excess sweating, wet.
• Muscle weakness, manifested by discomfort during simple household operations - fastening buttons, holding in hands small items etc.
• Gastrointestinal diseases often begin, symptoms include vomiting, diarrhea, etc. The cause may be a metabolic disorder.
• The dorsal muscles of the feet weaken (when flexed). As a result, the leg “hangs”; when walking, the patient has to raise his limbs high.
• Impaired sensitivity. Patients do not feel changes in temperature, sharp injections or touches. At the same time it appears strong pain and burning.
• Loss of coordination unsure gait and trembling of the hands.
• Thinning of the skin on the extremities. Swelling and acquisition of a dark purple hue. Changes in nail structure.
• Severe pneumonia with pronounced tachycardia and shortness of breath.

Diagnostics

The doctor conducts a survey and general examination sick. Prescribes tests to help determine toxic substances in organism. Being examined endocrine system and internal organs. Tests are taken to determine the presence of oncology. Electromyography is performed.

Treatment

How to treat polyneuritis? Symptoms may indicate a specific cause of the disease. After its establishment, it is appointed necessary treatment. It depends not only on the cause, but also on the degree of sensory impairment or nerve damage.

If polyneuritis is in initial stage, then applies drug therapy. Medicines prescribed:

• anti-inflammatory;
• painkillers;
• vitamins (thiamine hydrochloride);
• to speed up metabolism;
• to stimulate the movements of the feet and hands.

If the disease is in an acute form, UHF therapy and electrophoresis are prescribed. Often with polyneuritis it is necessary to treat gastrointestinal diseases. The symptoms that appear in this case will allow us to establish accurate diagnosis and appoint special diet. The emphasis should be on foods containing vitamin B.

Doctors prescribe physical therapy, mud baths and massage. During an exacerbation of the disease, rest and bed rest. To replenish vitamin B in the body, it can be prescribed (in ampoules for intramuscular injections, capsules or tablets).

Traditional methods of treatment

Traditional methods can also be used to treat a disease such as polyneuritis. Symptoms may indicate the cause of the disease. It is necessary to consult a doctor, as it is necessary to eliminate the acute signs. AND traditional methods- secondary treatment.

Herbal decoctions that improve metabolism are recommended. As well as special baths or applying compresses to the affected areas. For them, birch branches, wormwood, pine shoots or eucalyptus. Infused in a proportion of 100 g/liter of boiling water. Then the resulting infusion is poured into water or applied to the sore spot as a compress.

Polyneuritis is multiple damage to nerve endings. What about kidney polyneuritis? Disruption of the conduction of nerves that are responsible for connecting the organ with the brain. Sometimes inflammation of the nerve endings of the kidney is called demyelinating-type renal neuropathy. How does this condition arise and can the situation be corrected using traditional medicine?

Damage to neurons is fraught with complications in the functioning of the kidneys.

Features of the pathological process

The process of innervation (the connection of organs with the nervous system, which ensures their functionality and response to stimuli) is based on two ways:

• afferent (from the organ to the brain), in the kidney it is provided by the lower thoracic and spinal nodes;
• efferent (from the central nervous system to the organ), lumbar and thoracic sympathetic nodes.

Herself kidney tissue(parenchyma) does not have nerve endings, but the shell of the organ (capsule) is penetrated by them. Therefore, during inflammatory processes that lead to an increase in the size of the kidney, the capsule stretches, which is picked up by the nerve endings and begins painful sensations. The brain receives a signal about dysfunction. If irritant not eliminated, this may lead to serious violations structures of the myelin sheath (covers nerve cells, a kind of electrical tape), which over time will make it impossible to conduct an electrical impulse along the nerve and will affect the functioning of the organ. What kind of inflammatory processes can provoke such a pathology?

Causes and symptoms

Provoke kidney damage nervous soil» may have physical, chemical or other effects on the nervous system.

Pathologies easily arise in the kidneys if the body is often overcooled. Nervous system also suffers from hypothermia, from a lack of B vitamins. The causes of functional disorders can be of chemical, physiological, mechanical origin, namely:

1. internal diseases of an endocrine, oncological and genetic nature;
2. introduction of viral or bacterial agents, which leads to intoxication;
3. taking increased doses of nephrotoxic drugs (antibiotics, bismuth preparations);
4. toxic effects of poisons, for example, lead, mercury, arsenic, sulfocarbonate, alcohol;
5. injuries or their consequences.

Feature alcoholic neuropathy is damage to the distal portions of the nerves in the kidneys. Constant supply ethyl alcohol gradually poisons the kidneys, they cannot cope because they lose contact with the control center, which nerve pathways gives orders. We can say that alcohol partially blocks the renal nerves and the kidney loses sensitivity to toxins that poison it.

Polyneuritis of the kidneys makes itself felt by swelling, marble “patterns” on the integument, and pain in the lower back.

Polyneuritis often occurs against the background advanced disease kidney Treatment not prescribed on time or the patient ignoring the doctor’s instructions leads to various kinds complications. Chronic pyelonephritis, for example, tends to flare frequently and this depletes the renal parenchyma, blood supply, filtration and transmission nerve impulses from and to the organ. Symptoms accompanying renal polyneuropathy are as follows:

• nagging pain in the lumbar region;
• swelling of the limbs;
• muscle weakness, especially during activities requiring fine motor skills and physical effort;
• numbness of the limbs, impaired sensitivity to temperature;
• hyperhidrosis (increased sweating);
• nausea, vomiting;
• marbled skin pattern.

Since polyneuritis is a consequence of long-term inflammatory process in the kidneys, then the therapy will be complex. For example, if the cause of polyneuritis was chronic pyelonephritis, then can be applied antimicrobials:

Treatment of kidney polyneuritis includes taking medications, depending on the nature of the damaging factor that provoked the disease.

• antibiotics of the fluoroquinolone group (“Ciprofloxacin”, “Norfloxacin”);
• sulfonamides (“Urosulfan”, “Biseptol”);
• nitrofurans (“Furazolidone”, “Furazidin”, tradename"Furagin", "Furamag");
• nitroxoline (“5-NOK”).

Considering that polyneuritis is a lesion of nerve endings, efforts will be aimed at restoring nerve patency. This takes time as symptoms may persist for a long time. B vitamins, drugs that restore the structure of the myelin sheath (Keltican, Nucleo CMF), nootropic drugs, metabolic therapy - all this will improve microcirculation and trophism of the nerves.

Sulfanilamide uroantiseptics are rarely prescribed, as they cause crystalluria, hematuria, and intercestial nephritis.

Anti-inflammatory and diuretic drugs are also prescribed. You can’t do without a diet, table No. 7: reduced protein, salt, increased amount B vitamins. Drink up to 3 liters of liquid per day. The diet should contain vegetables and fruits that will provide a diuretic effect (pumpkin, watermelon, zucchini), berry fruit drinks, juices, compotes, jelly, weak tea, dairy products, White bread, sugar consumption is allowed (50−70 g per day). Preference is given to stewed and boiled dishes; it is better to exclude fried foods. Diet food provides for the refusal of alcoholic beverages, cream cakes and pastries, concentrated broths, sweet carbonated drinks, spicy, smoked and canned foods, and coffee are prohibited.

A beneficial effect will also be provided bakery products made from flour coarse, buckwheat, beef, liver, seafood, eggs, poultry, dried fruits (figs, dates, raisins). Meals - 4-6 times a day. Mineral water with low mineralization will give positive effect, and drug treatment will give positive result much faster.

Alcoholic polyneuritis is observed mainly in people who chronically drink alcohol in all its forms. All kinds of alcohol substitutes are especially harmful: hypocrite, denatured alcohol, etc. The disease most often occurs in middle age and in men more often than in women. IN childhood it is extremely rare.

Pathological anatomy and pathogenesis

Alcoholic polyneuritis can affect almost all nerves; the lesions are mostly parenchymal in nature. Various stages of degeneration are observed, from mild periaxillary neuritis to severe changes with the disappearance of the shell. Primary degenerations are often accompanied by secondary ones - degenerations of distal segments. It is also common degenerative changes muscles, which depend not only on damage to motor nerve fibers, but also on myositis, which appears from the direct effect of alcohol.

Course and prognosis

Alcoholic polyneuritis always occurs acutely or subacutely. Stormy, with high temperature ongoing cases give an unfavorable prognosis. Death sometimes occurs after 10-14 days. If the current is less fast, then the forecast is based on general condition and the intensity of the spread of paralysis in the same way as in participation cranial nerves.

With damage to the legs alone, the prognosis is more favorable than if the arms or torso are also affected.

Chronic forms are very rare. There are recurrent forms, for example, annually at the same time. In most cases, the course is favorable, it occurs or full recovery, or partial with defects. Until all the symptoms of paralysis disappear, a year may pass, and, as an exception, several years.

Symptoms

Most frequent symptoms:

1. numbness of the limbs;
2. soreness in the calves and nerve endings;
3. decreased sensitivity of the feet;
4. tiresome hiccups;
5. insomnia;
6. weakness and fatigue.

Alcoholic polyneuritis is often accompanied by fever, less often delirium tremens. Paresthesia and pain appear - a feeling of itching, loss of sensation in the ends of the legs and arms, lancinating pain in the extremities. Often the pain is insignificant in severity, but sometimes it is very intense, and can also intensify with movement, with pressure on nerves and muscles, and sometimes just from touching the skin.

Soon weakness appears, mainly in the legs, worsening over days or weeks, rarely months, so that the patient cannot walk at all. The patient’s psyche at this time is either normal or disturbed; there are gastrointestinal disorders, tremor. Further on the side of the legs there is loss of weight, which in early periods can not be.

Pressure on muscles and nerves is painful, passive movements are free, but also painful.

Tendon reflexes are either very weak or completely extinguished, but at the beginning of the disease they can be strengthened. Paralysis is usually not complete, not of the entire limb, but only of a certain group of muscles supplied by the diseased nerve; but not all muscles of this group become sick, but only one or several of them. To others hallmark is the presence of either a complete or partial reaction of degeneration, or a decrease in electrical excitability. The upper extremities are often completely unaffected.

In general, the disease can affect either one limb, or both, or all, and affects either the nerves of the same name or opposite ones. Motor weakness is often associated with ataxia, which in some cases occurs at the onset of the disease, but sometimes ataxia occurs independently without movement disorders. Coordination disorder also occurs in the upper limbs.

Sensitivity

As for the sensitive sphere, it is less upset than the motor one. This disorder is localized mainly along the periphery of the limb. Often all types of sensitivity are dulled. Sometimes there are combinations of anesthesia for tactile and hyperesthesia for pain sensitivity. Hyperesthesia is especially common on the sole and can cause difficulty in gait. Like motor disorders, sensitivity disorders are more pronounced on the legs.

Skin reflexes

Skin reflexes are for the most part either reduced or absent, but with symptoms of hyperesthesia in this area they can be increased. Vasomotor, secretory and trophic disorders are common with this disease: swelling, thickening of the joints, the skin turns red and becomes glossy. Bladder and the rectum are usually not affected, which may serve as a distinguishing feature from diseases of the spinal cord.

Mental disorders

Mental disorders accompanying alcoholic polyneuritis relate mainly to confusion and weakening of memory for recent events and the appearance of false memories - “Korsakov’s polyneuritic psychosis.” Of the cranial nerves, nerves are most often involved eye muscles. It should be noted that there is never reflex immobility of the pupils, unlike chronic alcoholism. Diseases optic nerve rare. Central scotoma sometimes occurs.

Treatment methods

The main treatment is:

• medicinal;
• physical therapy (physical therapy);
• phytotherapy;
• special massage of the limbs.

Thanks to these methods, some nerve endings are restored, as well as muscle strength.

The following procedures are also used for treatment:

• acupuncture;
• taking B vitamins;
• muscle and nerve stimulation;
• taking antiviral drugs;
• neurolysis of nerve endings, etc.

Almost every patient has a chance of recovery.

The patient's recovery mainly depends on complete refusal alcohol consumption, in any form. If this condition is met, as well as complex and long-term (3-4 months) therapy, the clinical prognosis is favorable.

Polyneuritis is a disease that is multiple disorders peripheral nerve endings. It manifests itself in the form of paresis, decreased sensitivity, and also in the form of various trophic-type disorders.

Acute or chronic polyneuritis usually develops as a result of exposure to mechanical or toxic factors. Sensitivity disorders lead to changes in the myelin sheath, as well as the interstitium.

Causes of the disease

Polyneuritis occurs due to the influence of such factors:

• poisoning of the body with arsenic, lead, mercury, sulfocarbonate or others dangerous poisons, which the kidneys cannot eliminate;
• improper treatment of the patient with isoniazid, bismuth or other antibiotics to which the kidneys are sensitive;
• viral and bacterial diseases;
• oncological diseases;
• problems with functioning endocrine gland(eg hypercortisolism);
• other diseases internal organs, namely the pancreas, kidneys or liver;
• genetic defects.

Polyneuritis is divided into two main groups:

• axonopathy. With this type, axons—the cylinders of the nerve axis—are affected. Usually occurs during poisoning with toxic substances;
• demyelinating type neuropathy. This disease affects the myelin sheath of the nerve endings of the kidneys and other organs. There is a disease that is inherited and an autoimmune type.

A separate type of the disease is alcoholic polyneuritis - a disease of the nerve trunks. Alcoholic polyneuritis usually affects the distal nerve endings in the kidneys. As a result, the muscles lose strength, paralysis and sensitivity disorders occur. Symptoms of a disease such as alcoholic polyneuritis are usually observed in people who regularly abuse strong drinks. alcoholic drinks. Their kidneys cannot cope with the poisons constantly entering the body.

Symptoms

Demyelinating polyneuropathy is characterized by lesions motor fibers. The patient has a disorder of deep reflexes and impaired sensitivity. Also a symptom is loss of vibration sensations and sensitive type ataxia. Clinical symptoms presented peripheral paresis lower or upper limbs. The patient has:

• discrepancy between the stage of paresis and the degree of muscle atrophy;
• prevailing weakness;
• loss of sensation in the limbs;
• thinning of the skin on the extremities (usually the hands or feet);
• cyanosis on lower limbs, the presence of swelling and peeling;
• fragility of nails.

Chronic polyneuritic syndrome involves the formation of thickenings in the nerves, which leads to rapid sensitivity disorder. To eliminate the factor influencing nerve endings and restore the myelin sheath, it is necessary to competent treatment illness for 6–10 weeks.

Types

The following types of illness are distinguished:

• infectious type. Appears due to catarrh of the upper respiratory tract. A variety like infectious polyneuritis involves an increase in temperature, as well as inflammation of cells;
• diphtheria type. Appears when treatment is started incorrectly or untimely. Soft sky paralyzes, the nasal tone in the voice increases. Eating as a result of illness vagus nerve, usually difficult;
• lead type. It often appears due to the consumption of sour berry jam, which was preserved in clay dishes. The disease affects the radial nerves. The patient complains of abdominal pain, as well as lead plaque in the gum area;
• arsenic type. There are two types: household and professional. Signs of the disease are stomach pain, vomiting and paralysis of the lower extremities;
• diabetic type. Suggests nerve damage to the face, arms, or legs;
• professional type. Occurs in people whose professional activity associated with tools that produce vibration or work involving strong tension muscles. Symptoms include pain in the hand, pale fingertips and sweating.

Treatment

Treatment of polyneuritis, as a rule, differs depending on the cause of its occurrence and the degree of sensitivity disorder. After a thorough diagnosis, the doctor will find out the causes of the disease and prescribe precise treatment to minimize the consequences of the disease.

The doctor can treat different stages of the pathology in different ways, and here a big role is played by how timely the therapy was started. If this vegetative disease is in the initial stage, drug therapy is used. The doctor prescribes the following drugs to the patient:

• anti-inflammatory;
• painkillers;
• accelerating metabolism in tissues;
• stimulating limb movements.

If the patient experiences an exacerbation of the disease and the symptoms of the disease intensify, he is prescribed treatment using physiotherapy (UHF therapy, electrophoresis).

It is also important to take care of proper nutrition. It is especially important for the patient to include foods containing vitamin B1 in his diet. It is found in yeast rye bread and liver. If the patient has a history of diabetes, they should also limit their carbohydrate intake.

Except proper nutrition doctors recommend exercising physical therapy. Also, massage and mud baths will be an excellent addition to the complex of treatment of sensitivity disorders. Folk remedies can only act as an addition to the main course of treatment, and each of them must be agreed upon and approved by the patient’s attending physician. Folk remedies for polyneuritis cannot be taken independently without the knowledge of a doctor, as this can only aggravate the course of the disease.

As preventative measure It is worth observing the working conditions at the enterprise where work with chemicals is carried out.