What is fibroma and why is it dangerous? Uterine fibroid - treatment

Fibroma is a benign tumor of the uterus that forms in connective tissue uterus. Thanks to modern technologies it can be detected not only using ultrasound diagnostics, but also MRI. If necessary, these procedures make it possible to find out the number and location of fibromatous nodes.

Fibroids can grow up to several centimeters, but there have been cases when they can reach enormous sizes. According to statistics, this tumor mainly occurs due to hormonal imbalance.

The causes of fibroids are still unknown. However, there are factors that can influence its manifestation. Most problems with the appearance of a benign tumor are associated with hormonal imbalances, as well as with a predisposition to their formation, such factors include:

• artificial termination of pregnancy;
• genetic predisposition;
• cardiovascular diseases;
• heavy menstruation;
• obesity;
• stress;
• spontaneous termination of pregnancy;
• inflammation of the reproductive organs.

Kinds

There are two classifications by which diseases are divided. The first of them is based on the number of myomatous nodes. Fibroma happens:

• single - has only one node and can reach different sizes;
• multiple - several nodes are formed at once.

The second classification is based on the distribution of nodes in the reproductive organ. Fibroids are divided into:

• Submucosal formations are located closer to the cavity of the reproductive organ. However, they are quite rare; sometimes they can descend into the vulva or into the cervix.
• Intermuscular - located in the muscle layer.
• Subperitoneal - appear with outside uterus;
• Interligamentous ties.
• Cervical - located on the cervix.

Most often, interstitial fibroma occurs - an intermuscular connective tissue tumor localized in the thickness of the uterine wall. This is typical for a small single fibroid.

Complications

In most cases, there is no chance that fibroids will develop into malignant tumor, but there is a possibility of complications. The disease can negatively affect pregnancy or cause spontaneous miscarriage. The patient may face problems conceiving a child, as well as such consequences as:

• increase in fibromatous formations;
• development of bleeding, anemia;
• compression of neighboring organs;

All these complications can further lead to deformation of the reproductive organ.

Symptoms

Usually, in most girls, fibroma is painless, but 15-20% of patients exhibit symptoms:

• failure of menstruation (heavy bleeding, which can lead to anemia);
• pain in the lower abdomen;
• feeling of heaviness;
• pain during sex;
• dysfunction genitourinary system (frequent urge to the toilet);
• problems associated with reproductive system(infertility, miscarriages).

If you experience discomfort in the lower abdomen or heavy bleeding, you should immediately consult a physician who will conduct tests.

Diagnostics

Most often, a tumor is discovered during an examination by a gynecologist. The diagnosis is confirmed using pelvic ultrasound. Thanks to ultrasound diagnostics The attending doctor determines the size, number of formations and location of the fibroids. Additional tests are performed to differentiate this disease.

Treatment

Treatment options depend on the number of fibroids and location. Methods are divided into:

• conservative therapy;
• surgical intervention;
• non-surgical methods.

Conservative

On this moment Only one drug is used to treat fibroids. It blocks the production of progesterone, which causes the tumor to grow. This therapy is recommended for young patients with small fibromatous nodes that do not exceed 2 centimeters. If the size of the uterine fibroid exceeds this limit, then all recommendations for surgery appear.

Surgical

Removal of fibroids is carried out using myomectomy or hysteroresectoscopy. This method is recommended if a girl is going to get pregnant in the near future. Each technique is selected purely individually, so as not to injure the genitals and not cause even greater harm.

These methods for removing fibroids surgically apply if:

• the formation is located outside the uterus;
• the myomatous node is located inside and is easy to cut off.

Surgical removal Uterine fibroids occur only in cases where other methods of therapy have not helped or are not suitable.

Embolization

Embolization is a technique that does not require surgery to get rid of uterine fibroids. This method will allow you to finally get rid of fibroids, and after treatment there are no relapses, unlike surgery. In 95 cases out of 100, no complications are observed. This is the most safe method treatment, but there are also disadvantages. This method is currently the most expensive.

• patients who do not plan to have children in the near future;
• with symptomatic fibroma in a patient who has begun menopause;
• if a woman is going to get pregnant in the near future, but she has multiple fibromatous nodes in different places of the uterus. In such cases, surgery to remove uterine fibroids is not suitable.

Rehabilitation

After removing uterine fibroids, you should follow several rules in order to avoid complications:

• avoid stress, as the seams may come apart;
• after the operation you need to take care, you should alternate work and rest;
• stay away from stressful situations;
• after surgery you need to visit a doctor at least once a year;
• Sexual activity can be had only after 2 months;
• exercise should be returned to gradually over 3 months;
• avoid damage;
• proper nutrition;
• balanced sleep pattern;
• create a daily routine and stick to it.

Uterine fibroid is a mature benign tumor formation, characterized by a connective tissue structure and location in the area of ​​the uterine walls. Uterine fibroids, the symptoms of which are directly related to its increase in size, are diagnosed through a standard gynecological examination, ultrasound, CT and MRI.

general description

Fibroid tumors can form in any organ. Thus, the most common areas for the formation of fibroids are the ovaries, mammary glands, skin and uterus. When considering uterine fibroids in particular, the individual compaction in it or the presence of nodular accumulations is noted. The course of the disease is asymptomatic and gradual.

As for the size of the formation, it can range in diameter from several millimeters to several centimeters. It is noteworthy that uterine fibroids in extremely rare cases are prone to subsequent malignancy.

Classification of uterine fibroids

The classification is determined based on the specific location of the fibroid in the uterus. In particular, the following types of concentration are distinguished:

Uterine fibroids: symptoms

In most cases, women with uterine fibroids do not experience any symptoms caused by this formation, and often they do not require treatment at all. At the same time, every fourth patient experiences fairly pronounced symptoms of fibroids. childbearing age. The location, number, size and type of fibroids determine specific symptoms in each individual case.

The most common symptoms include the following:

• Prolonged and heavy bleeding. They may also be accompanied by pain in combination with blood clots.
• on the background heavy bleeding, requiring urgent medical care(in general, it manifests itself in various variations of intensity, in this case it has a pronounced character, accompanied by symptoms such as dizziness, low blood pressure, severe weakness, fatigue, hand tremors).
• Pressure, pain in the pelvic area. These manifestations arise due to pressure exerted on pelvic area fibroids.
• Pain in the back of the legs. Here, again, pain occurs due to the pressure exerted by fibroids on the pelvic area and, accordingly, the legs.
• Pressure in the bladder area. This symptom provokes the need to urinate more often, urinary retention or incontinence.
• Pressure in the intestinal area. Due to this symptom Constipation and flatulence may occur.
• Pain in the lower back.
• An enlarged abdomen, often mistakenly attributed to pregnancy or weight gain.
• Feeling of fullness, pressure in the lower abdomen.
• Pain during sexual intercourse.

In addition to the listed symptoms, uterine fibroids can also provoke disturbances in reproductive function, leading to infertility or premature birth.

Treatment of uterine fibroids

In some cases, removal of the uterus is required. For women who strive to preserve it, as well as subsequent pregnancy planning, the use of minimally invasive treatment methods, as well as treatment with conservative myomectomy. Drugs that block progesterone receptors and gonadotropin agonists, including other types of drugs, are widely used.

Among the main methods focused on the treatment of uterine fibroids, there are also such procedures as organ-preserving surgery, conservative laparoscopy and laparotomy, myomectomy, hysteroresectoscopy, myomectomy and supravaginal amputation of the uterine organ.

To make a diagnosis, as well as prescribe appropriate treatment, you should be observed by a gynecologist or a gynecologist-endocrinologist.

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Diseases with similar symptoms:

Uterine fibroids are benign neoplasm, occurring in women of childbearing age (most often from 30 to 45 years). At the same time, the muscle fibers of the uterus increase randomly, and a knot is formed, entwined with densely modified vessels. The peculiarity of the tumor is that it is hormone-dependent - its development and growth depends on the level of female body sex hormones.

Paraovarian cyst is a cavity-like tumor-like neoplasm that has one chamber and is formed from the tissues of the ovarian appendage. Most often, the pathology is diagnosed in women aged 20-40 years. Usually the trigger mechanism is hormonal imbalance or artificial termination of pregnancy. However, gynecologists identify many other sources.

- a benign mature tumor that has a connective tissue structure and emanates from the walls of the uterus. Clinical manifestations of uterine fibroids are directly related to its growth and may include menstruation disorders, pain and pressure in the lower abdomen, dysuric disorders, constipation, and lower back pain. Uterine fibroids are diagnosed based on the results of a gynecological examination, ultrasound, ultrasound hysterosalpingoscopy, CT and MRI. Treatment of uterine fibroids can be conservative (drug), surgical (organ-preserving or radical), minimally invasive (endovascular).

Menorrhagia is accompanied by severe pain and abdominal cramps, discharge blood clots. With stalked uterine fibroids, pain often occurs during the intermenstrual period. With uterine fibroids, a woman may feel discomfort or heaviness in the pelvic area caused by the pressure of fibroids on adjacent organs. Often there is pain in the lower back and perineum, caused by compression of the nerves going to the lower extremities.

With uterine fibroids as a result of pressure on bladder the urge to urinate becomes more frequent; when the ureter is compressed, hydronephrosis may develop; pressure on the wall of the rectum is manifested by constipation and pain during bowel movements. A woman with uterine fibroids may experience painful sensations during intimacy.

Uterine fibroids and pregnancy

Small, asymptomatic uterine fibroids usually do not prevent pregnancy. The exception is fibroid tumors, which block the fallopian tubes and block the path of sperm, making fertilization of the egg impossible. The presence of uterine fibroids can adversely affect the course of pregnancy. Large nodes that reduce the free space of the uterine cavity do not allow the embryo to fully develop. Such uterine fibroids can cause late miscarriages or premature birth with the birth of a premature baby.

Large uterine fibroids can cause incorrect position fetus, which not only complicates the course of pregnancy, but also complicates the birth act. In such cases, it is often done C-section. The most severe and dangerous for birth process is the presence of cervical fibroids of the uterus, which creates an obstacle to the passage of the baby’s head and the threat of severe bleeding. Pregnancy management in women with uterine fibroids requires increased attention and consideration of all possible risks.

Diagnosis of uterine fibroids

The initial detection of uterine fibroids usually occurs during a consultation with a gynecologist. With two-handed vaginal examination an enlarged uterus of dense consistency with a bumpy surface is determined. With the help of transvaginal ultrasound of the pelvis, the location of the uterine fibroid, its size, density and relationship to neighboring structures is clarified, and differentiation from ovarian cystoma is made.

X-ray or ultrasound hysterosalpingoscopy can determine the presence of submucosal uterine fibroids in the endometrial cavity. In case of spontaneous bleeding during the intermenstrual period, to exclude uterine cancer, separate diagnostic curettage or endometrial biopsy with histological examination of tissue.

To definitively confirm the diagnosis of uterine fibroid and distinguish it from uterine sarcoma, fibroma and ovarian cystoma, MRI or CT is indicated. Diagnostic laparoscopy is used when it is impossible to distinguish uterine fibroids from ovarian tumors using non-invasive methods. Based on the totality of diagnostic data, tactics regarding uterine fibroids are determined.

Treatment of uterine fibroids

All women with uterine fibroids are subject to observation by a gynecologist or gynecologist-endocrinologist. Small asymptomatic uterine fibroids require monitoring over time. Waiting tactics may be indicated for premenopausal patients. Conservative therapy justified when the size of uterine fibroids is less than 12 weeks of pregnancy; subserous or interstitial location of nodes; absence of menorrhagia and metrorrhagia, pain syndrome; contraindications surgical tactics. Drug therapy for uterine fibroids includes taking NSAIDs, iron supplements, vitamins, and hormonal agents.

The basis of conservative treatment for uterine fibroids is hormone therapy various groups drugs. To suppress the synthesis of ovarian steroids in uterine fibroids, androgen derivatives (gestrinone, danazol) can be used. Androgens are taken in a continuous course for up to 8 months, as a result of which the size of uterine fibroids may decrease. The use of gestagens (dydrogesterone, norethisterone, progesterone) allows normalizing endometrial growth with hyperplastic processes. The effectiveness of gestagens against fibroids is low, so their use may be justified in the case of small fibroid tumors of the uterus with concomitant endometrial hyperplasia. The course of treatment with gestagens lasts up to 8 months.

Good results in the treatment of uterine fibroids are shown by the use of the Mirena intrauterine hormonal system containing the progestin hormone levonorgestrel. Regular release of the hormone into the uterine cavity prevents the growth of fibroids and has contraceptive effect. The use of COCs (ethinyl estradiol + dienogest, ethinyl estradiol + drospirenone) effectively slows down the growth of small fibroid nodes (up to 2 cm). Treatment of uterine fibroids combination drugs is carried out for at least 3 months.

The use of GnRH analogs (goserelin, buserelin) is aimed at achieving hypoestrogenism. As a result of their regular use, blood flow to the uterus and fibroid nodes decreases, which causes a decrease in the size of fibroids. The effectiveness of therapy with GnRH analogues is reversible, since after stopping their use, the nodes reach their original size within 4-6 months. In gynecology, GnRH analogues are often used in the preoperative period to reduce the size of nodes so that they become more easy removal. Side effects from these drugs include hot flashes, pseudomenopause, vaginal dryness, mood instability, and the development of osteoporosis. Surgery uterine fibroids are advisable for submucous growth, pronounced clinical symptoms(bleeding, pain, compression of neighboring organs), large nodular formations, combination of fibroids with endometriosis or ovarian tumors, necrosis of the fibroid node.

Organ-preserving interventions for uterine fibroids include conservative myomectomy using vaginal, laparoscopic or laparotomic access. During the operation, the fibroid node is enucleated while preserving the uterus. If the node is located submucosally, hysteroscopic myomectomy without incisions is used through the channel of a flexible optical hysteroscope. Whenever possible, organ-conserving operations are performed for women planning a subsequent pregnancy. Radical methods of surgery for uterine fibroids include supravaginal amputation of the uterus or complete hysterectomy. Removal of the uterus can be performed through the vagina, laparoscopic or open approach and is indicated for patients who do not plan to have children.

A modern method of treating uterine fibroids is uterine artery embolization. As a result of endovascular occlusion of the vessels feeding the uterine fibroid, the blood supply is blocked and the growth of the tumor node stops. Embolization of uterine fibroids is a minimally invasive and highly effective technique. In some cases, ultrasonic ablation (USA) is used to treat uterine fibroids - “evaporation” of the node with high-frequency ultrasound under MRI guidance.

Complications and prognosis for uterine fibroids

The growth of uterine fibroids can be accompanied by torsion of the pedicle of the node, necrosis of the node (usually submucosal or interstitial), and hemorrhage. Torsion of the fibroid stalk occurs with the clinical picture of an “acute abdomen”. With necrosis, pain, fever, softening and soreness of the node appear. The probability of malignant degeneration of uterine fibroids is extremely insignificant and does not exceed 1%. With severe bleeding, uterine fibroids cause the development of anemia.

Complications associated with surgical treatment uterine fibroids include postoperative infections, bleeding, adhesions in the pelvis, and the formation of intrauterine synechiae. Pregnancy after conservative myomectomy occurs in 40-60% of patients. Also, organ-preserving interventions do not exclude the development of new fibroid nodes.

Prevention of uterine fibroids

There are no specific methods for preventing uterine fibroids. However, exclusion of provoking factors (abortion, uncontrolled use of contraception, chronic inflammation, extragenital diseases, etc.) helps reduce the likelihood of uterine fibroids.

An effective way to prevent uterine fibroids is to regularly visit a gynecologist and undergo an ultrasound.

There are many types of tumor formations. Some wear and are considered deadly for patients, others are considered to be and do not pose a serious threat to the lives of patients. Fibroma is also a benign formation.

Concept

Fibroma is considered a benign tumor that is formed from connective tissue or fibrous tissue cellular structures. Such a formation can be found on any part of the body in people of any age.

Photo shows fibroma on the scalp

Fibroids are found equally often in adults and children on the planet.

In fact, fibroma is of benign origin, but in the absence timely treatment the tumor can malignize, that is, degenerate into a malignant form. This type tumors are becoming more common every year, for which there are many reasons.

Types and varieties

There are several types of fibroids:

• Solid- usually localized in any area of ​​the body, formed in the form of protruding, almost motionless formations of a light pink or flesh-colored color. Typically, such formations form on a wide small stalk with a smooth surface;
• Soft– such fibroids are more often found in women mature age. Favorite locations for soft fibroids are the armpits, chest and neck, and groin area. In appearance, soft fibroids are wrinkled sacs of a brownish or flesh-colored color that grow on pronounced stalks.

By nature, fibroids can be single or multiple. In the latter case, the pathology is called fibromatosis.

In addition, fibrous formations differ according to location. There are pulmonary and bone, renal and soft tissue, and liver, and.

Also, similar formations can form on the mucous membranes of the cheeks and the oral cavity as a whole, on the tongue and knee-joint tissues, on the ligamentous vocal apparatus and in the larynx, on the head and in the face.

Causes

No one can say unequivocally and for sure why fibroids form, since there are still many blank spots left in the etiology of such tumor formations.

Although experts identify some factors that indirectly affect the formation of fibrous formations:

1. Hereditary factors;
2. Inflammatory processes;
3. Traumatic injuries;
4. Hormonal disorders caused by damage to the body by Trichomonas and other protozoa. These organisms, forming colonies, provoke the formation of fibrous tumors;
5. Treatment with β-blockers, since these drugs can change the structure of fibrous tissue;
6. Pregnancy, because the level of hormones like estrogen and progesterone increases, which contribute to the formation of tumor processes.

If we talk about uterine fibroma, then it is provoked by the presence of chronic genitourinary inflammatory pathologies, surgical interruptions pregnancy, frequent change of sexual partners, endocrine pathologies, diabetes, stressful conditions And late pregnancies, difficult childbirth, etc.

Symptoms

The clinical manifestations of fibroma are determined by the location of the tumor.

The main manifestation of fibrous formation is the appearance of a growth that rises somewhat above the skin surface, located on a stalk, or tightly adjacent to the base tissues.

In terms of color characteristics, such formations often do not differ from the surrounding tissues, however, over time, the color palette of fibroids can change from light pinkish to dark brown.

Such tumor formations, as a rule, do not cause discomfort and do not bother the patient. If a tumor appears on the surface of the body or face, it is often considered only as an aesthetic defect.

Although in some situations such formations cause pain, they can itch and become irritated, which is most often caused by the unsuccessful localization of fibroids, for example, on the sole of the foot, in cervical region, in the groin, etc.

Kinds

Fibrous formations can develop in various structural forms such as desmoid, chondromyxoid, non-ossifying, odontogenic, lobular or ameloblastic

Desmoid

Desmoid fibromas are densely structured formations with fibrous membrane, which are most often localized on the back, peritoneum, chest, and limbs.

Experts consider desmoid formations to be unsafe because they are prone to malignancy and growth into the deep layers of tissue. Such tumors are found relatively rarely, more often in women (for every 9 cases in women there is 1 case in men).

Most often, such fibromas are formed as a result of skin damage, traumatic factors, postoperative and post-traumatic scars, internal ruptures, etc.

In appearance, desmoid fibrous formations are single, painless indurations 2-150 mm in size. They grow slowly, have regular rounded outlines and a slightly bumpy or smooth surface.

Desmoid fibroma is formed by multidirectional interwoven connective tissue fibers. The walls of the tumor may contain decalcified inclusions with cartilage or bone tissue.

If such a tumor grows to a large size, it may well lead to disruption of the activity of organic structures and damage to bone tissue. About 7% of desmoid fibromas become malignant, leading to the formation of squamous cell carcinoma.

Chondromyxoid

This form of fibroma is a cartilaginous neoplasm that forms in the joints of long bones. It has a favorable course, but can recur and become malignant.

It develops slowly, gradually increasing symptoms associated with pain in the affected area. In particular difficult situations chondromyxoid fibroma may become complicated muscle atrophy and motor restrictions in the joint of the affected limb.

In children, bone fibroma occurs more severely and with rapid tumor growth than in adults. The main symptom is pain, which is disturbing even in a calm state. The intensity of pain can vary - from erased minor discomfort to pronounced, intense pain.

Non-ossifying

This type of fibrous formation is usually characteristic of adolescents and older children.

The pathology, as a rule, is asymptomatic and is detected during a random X-ray examination.

Some patients experience bone tenderness. Typical manifestation non-osteogenic fibroma is a fracture of predominantly the lower extremities.

On an x-ray with such a formation, a somewhat sparse bone. Such neoplasms tend to resolve on their own within a few years. In appearance, fibrous non-osteogenic formations are an elongated tumor with reactive bone at the edges.

It consists of accumulations of differently structured cells such as lipocytes, fibroblasts, collagens, etc. In most cases, the course of the pathology has a positive outcome with spontaneous healing.

Periungual

Such fibromas are also called Koenen's tumor. These are tumor-like neoplasms that form on the skin ridges, under the nail or at the base of the nail plate.

Typically, such fibrous formations are evidence of a systemic pathology called.

Fibroids are considered the first prognostic sign. Typically, such formations begin to grow rapidly in adolescence, not exceeding a centimeter in size, however, in exceptional cases their size can reach gigantic proportions.

Such fibrous formations, as a rule, do not cause discomfort (except cosmetic), unpleasant manifestations or pain. But if the tumor is damaged, it can become ill. Digital fibromas tend to recur frequently after surgical removal, but there are no other treatment options.

Odontogenic

Such fibromas are localized in the intramaxillary tissues and often contain tooth-forming epithelium. Often their structure is similar to dental pulp, they are formed mainly from periodontal tissue structures. Typically, such tumors develop latently, without showing anything.

There is no swelling of the maxillary tissues for quite a long time. On X-ray, the formation often appears as a homogeneous lesion. Accurate diagnosis can be established only after a thorough pathohistological diagnosis.

Ameloblastic

This is a type of odontogenic fibroma, which is located in connective tissue structures, but does not contain odontoblast cells. Most often, ameloblastic fibroma is found in 15-25 year old patients in the mandibular area.

Typically, tumor tissue has a soft consistency. Such formations can only be treated surgically using jaw resection.

Lobular

Fibroids of this shape are localized in the oral cavity and look like rounded compactions covered with mucous tissue. This formation is characterized by exophytic growth.

Lobular fibroma is localized on the mucous membranes of the cheeks, lips, palate, gums, tongue, etc. It most often occurs in 6-15 year old children due to an inflammatory or traumatic factor.

In addition, such fibromas can also occur due to a poorly secured crown or prosthesis, trauma to the oral mucosa by teeth, chronic inflammation in the mouth such as glossitis, periodontitis, stomatitis or gingivitis, etc.

Lobulated fibroma looks like a pink hemispherical swelling with a smooth surface with a mucous coating. Often, such fibroids occur as a result of repeatedly biting the same area in the mouth.

How is it different from fibroids?

Fibroma treatment

Regardless of the location of the fibrous formation, the only effective method of therapy is radical surgical removal of the tumor.

Most often, the following methods are used for removal:

• Surgical removal of the tumor;
• Radio wave removal;
• Electrocoagulation;
• Laser vaporization, etc.

Surgical removal

Surgical removal of fibroids is simplest operation, during which the doctor excises the formation, after which he stitches the edges of the surgical incision.

Typically, such an approach to removing fibroids is appropriate when they are located in intraorganic structures such as the lungs, intestines, uterine body, bronchi, etc. In accordance with the specific location of the formation, surgical removal can be carried out endoscopically, for example, during gastroscopy, laparoscopy, hysteroscopy, etc.

An endoscopic approach to the removal of fibrous tumors is usually used when the tumor is localized in abdominal organs, and abdominal surgery is performed when the formations are located in the mammary gland, chest, lungs or bronchi.

Laser removal

Laser therapy for fibroids is used when localized on the oral mucosa or on the surface of the skin. This approach allows you to painlessly and quickly get rid of fibroids.

After the procedure, only a barely noticeable spot will remain, which over time will become completely invisible. The cost of the fibroid removal procedure depends on the size and location of the formation.

average price laser removal fibroids is about 1,800-16,000 rubles.

Quite a lot of patients prefer to treat fibrous formations with a laser method, about which they leave a lot of positive reviews.

Anna:

I had a fibroma on my face, it didn’t seem to bother me, it wasn’t growing, but somehow it turned out that I accidentally damaged it. Then the lump began to bleed, it hurt a lot, I had to go to the doctor. He recommended removal to me with a choice of laser or scalpel. I decided to go with a more gentle method and chose laser. On the same day, the fibroma was removed, after about five or six days the sore disappeared, and after a month the scar on my face became equal to the rest of the skin and became invisible.

Victor:

Some kind of lump grew on my finger near the nail, I thought it was a wart, but the doctor said it was a fibroid. It didn’t hurt or itch, but it really interfered with my work, since I work as a car mechanic. Sometimes I’ll snag it there, sometimes I’ll scratch it here, sometimes I’ll pinch it, in short, I had to remove it. The fibroid was removed with a laser. No problems, quickly, without blood or injections. Very satisfied.

Treatment without surgery

Some fibroids can be treated with conservative, non-surgical methods.

For example, with uterine fibroids, it is quite justified hormonal treatment, aimed at suppressing estrogen production.

Some fibrous formations may be accompanied by painful symptoms, to eliminate which antispasmodic and analgesic drugs are used.

However, the most effective method remains surgical removal of tumors.

Folk remedies

Some patients avoid surgery and try to treat fibrous formation using folk remedies. Especially often women suffering from uterine fibroids “sin” with this treatment.

Since fibroma of such localization can arise due to hormonal imbalance, then for its treatment apply folk remedies, normalizing hormonal levels.

For this purpose, decoctions and tinctures of herbs such as boron uterus, galangal, mountain arnica, celandine, calendula tincture, douching with a decoction of pomegranate peels, etc. Similar methods, may be effective, however, it is not worth the risk; it is better to undergo qualified treatment.

Prognosis and prevention

In general, the prognosis for the treatment of fibroids is favorable; if the treatment was provided in a timely, professional and adequate manner, then there is no danger of any complications or malignancy.

Since the formation is benign, it does not pose a threat to life. In almost all cases, when removed by radio wave or laser, no relapses were observed.

Concerning preventive measures, then there are no such measures for fibrous formations. Can be recommended general methods preventive measures such as regular medical examinations and healthy life. Otherwise, everything depends on the presence of factors that provoke the occurrence of fibroids.

Carefully! Video shows excision of hip fibroma using the Surgitron device (click to open)

Thank you

Fibroma is a benign tumor originating from connective tissue. Since connective tissue is present in all organs and systems, fibroids can be localized almost everywhere, but most often these tumors are found in the skin, uterus, mammary gland, tendons and under the mucous membranes of the digestive tract (intestines, stomach, mouth, etc. ).

Fibroma of any localization can be single or multiple. The tumor always has clear boundaries, is not painful when touched, grows slowly and does not invade the tissue of the affected and surrounding organs. Fibroids almost never become malignant, that is, they do not degenerate into cancer, therefore, from the point of view of the risk of oncology, they are safe. In principle, fibroids are not life-threatening because they do not change the structure of organs and tissues. However, when large sizes they can compress surrounding organs and tissues, disrupting their functioning, which is manifested by corresponding clinical symptoms.

Although fibroids are relatively safe, they should be treated as soon as a tumor is discovered. Treatment for fibroids involves removing them different ways– using surgery, CO 2 laser or radio wave exposure. After removal, fibroids, as a rule, do not recur.

Fibroma - general information

Fibroma is a tumor formed by elements of connective tissue. The tumor is benign, that is, it is formed by normal, unchanged structural components connective tissue that does not have the ability to form metastases and rapid, aggressive growth that disrupts the structure of organs. Fibroids can be localized in any organ (skin, subcutaneous tissue, intermuscular spaces, mediastinum, uterus, stomach, intestines, kidneys, lungs, peritoneum, ovaries, mammary glands, etc.), since connective tissue is present everywhere. The clinical manifestations of fibroma depend on its size and location.

To clearly understand the structure and essence of fibroma, you should know what connective tissue is and how a tumor can form from it.

So, connective tissue is one of the most common in the human body, since, as its name implies, it serves to connect various parts organs among themselves. Connective tissue is normally found between the structural parts of any organ, for example, between bundles of muscle fibers, between lobes of the lung, between subcutaneous fatty tissue and skin, etc. In addition to the fact that connective tissue tightly holds the parts that make up this or that organ together, it performs another very important function- provides blood supply.

The fact is that the blood vessels that provide nutrition and respiration to any cells of the body always pass only through connective tissue, which forms, as it were, a branched tree crown inside each organ. The areas of connective tissue are normally very thin, so they only connect the structural parts of the organ to each other and provide their blood supply.

For chronic inflammatory processes or traumatic injuries to organs, connective tissue grows, occupying a much larger volume of area and, accordingly, reducing functional activity affected organ. This process of proliferation of connective tissue in specialized organs is called sclerosis or fibrosis. A striking example of the process of sclerosis is cirrhosis of the liver - a disease that is essentially the replacement of liver cells with connective tissue that is unable to perform the functions of the organ, which is what liver failure is associated with.

However, in the absence of inflammation or injury, in some cases, the connective tissue of an organ, for various reasons, begins to grow in a limited area, without replacing the specialized cells of the affected organ. In this case, the connective tissue forms a tumor, limited by the capsule and separated from the surrounding tissue, which is a fibroma.

Since connective tissue consists of collagen and elastic fibers, as well as several types of cells - mainly fibroblasts and fibroclasts, fibroma is formed by the same elements. And since collagen and elastic fibers, as well as fibroblasts and fibroclasts, are mature structures, they multiply slowly and in a controlled manner. This causes the slow growth and progression of fibroids, as well as the fact that the tumor does not invade organs, disrupting their structure and functions.

Due to the fact that fibroma is delimited from surrounding tissues, it does not disrupt the structure of organs and their functions. However, if it exists for a long time, the tumor can grow to a significant size, and then it will put pressure on the surrounding organs, disrupting their normal functioning and causing the appearance of clinical symptoms. In other cases, fibroma is usually asymptomatic, without causing any discomfort. In such situations, the main danger of fibroids is the possibility of their traumatic damage, in which the tumor will bleed and hurt.

Microscopically, fibroma is a cluster of bundles of collagen and elastic fibers of varying lengths and thicknesses, arranged randomly. When examining a section of a fibroma with the naked eye, the tumor appears as a node with clear boundaries, having a dense or soft consistency and pronounced fibrousness on the section.

Classification and types of fibromas

Depending on the ratio of the number of cellular elements and collagen fibers in fibroma, tumors are divided into two types:
1. Soft fibroids;
2. Dense fibroids.

Soft fibroma

In soft fibromas, cellular elements predominate, and the number of fibers is insignificant. Due to this, such a tumor has a soft consistency to the touch and is easily squeezed with fingers. When you press on the skin around the tumor, it does not disappear. Externally soft fibroma is a small polyp from 1 to 10 mm in diameter, hanging on a stalk. The surface of a soft fibroma can be folded or lobulated. As a rule, soft fibromas are localized in skin folds, such as the armpits, areas under the mammary glands, inguinal folds, neck wrinkles, etc. (Figure 1). Soft fibromas are almost always multiple.

Picture 1– Soft fibroids on the surface of the neck.

This type of tumor can be injured by clothing, which impairs the blood supply to the nodes, causing pain and swelling in the area of ​​the tumor. After injury, the usually soft fibroma and surrounding tissues die and the tumor disappears. However, traumatic damage to soft fibromas can lead to secondary skin infection, so it is recommended to remove tumors using electrocoagulation or CO 2 laser methods. After removal, fibroids can recur.

Dense fibroma

In dense fibroids, on the contrary, elastic and collagen fibers predominate, and there are very few cellular elements. Therefore, the tumor has a dense elastic consistency to the touch. Dense fibromas have the shape of a mushroom ranging in size from 0.5 to 10 cm in diameter, are more common than soft ones, and can be localized in any organs and tissues.

This type of fibroma is a smooth protruding formation, covered with skin or mucous membrane of unchanged color, and has moderate mobility. That is, dense fibroma is not fused with the underlying tissues. As a rule, dense fibromas, unlike soft ones, are single. If you squeeze such a fibroma with your fingers, it will go deep into the skin, leaving a small hole on the surface. This behavior of the tumor is a characteristic sign of dense fibroma.

This tumor can exist for years, very slowly increasing in size and never disappearing spontaneously. Dense fibroids should be removed by excision of the lesions with a scalpel, electrocoagulation or CO 2 laser. Once removed, dense fibroids never recur.

Some scientists believe that soft form fibroids are younger, which over time turns into dense ones. In addition, there is an opinion that fibroma is not a primary tumor, but some other neoplasm that has undergone sclerosis.

Desmoid

In addition to dense and soft fibroids, there is a special type of this tumor called desmoid. Desmoid is a tumor similar in structure to dense fibroids, and is usually localized in the anterior abdominal wall. Desmoid, unlike ordinary fibroids, is capable of rapid and aggressive growth, as well as metastasis. This tumor must be surgically removed as soon as possible after detection. After removal, the desmoid can recur.

Often fibromas are formed by the proliferation of not only connective tissue, but also muscle, glandular, epithelial and others. In this case, the name of the tumor also includes the Latin name of the tissue that it contains in addition to the connective tissue, for example:

• Adenofibroma– tumor from the connective and glandular tissue(usually found in the mammary gland);
• Fibromyoma is a tumor of connective and smooth muscle tissue (localized in the uterus);
• Angiofibroma– a tumor of connective tissue and blood vessels (usually localized in internal organs and on the skin);
• Dermatofibroma– a tumor of connective tissue and a small amount of cellular elements of the dermis (localized on the skin).

These types of benign tumors do not actually belong to fibroids, and are considered separately as independent neoplasms.

Fibroids (skin, uterus, breast, etc.) – photo

This photograph shows a collection of soft fibroids in the armpit.

This photo shows a dense fibroid on the nose.

These photographs show soft, single fibroids.

This photograph shows two fibroids localized on the body of the uterus.

Uterine fibroids develop in women only in reproductive period, that is, at the age from the beginning of menstruation to the onset of menopause. This is due to the fact that to activate tumor growth it requires relatively high concentration estrogen in the blood, which is available exclusively during the reproductive period. Before menstruation and after menopause, the ovaries do not produce as much estrogen, and therefore fibroids do not form. Moreover, in women after menopause, existing fibroids may decrease in size or disappear completely. During pregnancy, on the contrary, the tumor grows more intensely and faster, since during pregnancy a woman produces a large amount of estrogens.

So, a dense fibroma usually has a wide base and very rarely a stalk. The tumor rises above the surface of the skin in the shape of a dome or forms a depression. To the touch the formation is dense, painless with limited mobility. If you squeeze the fibroma with two fingers, it will sink into the depths of the skin, forming a depression. This behavior of the tumor is called the dimple symptom and is a hallmark of a dense fibroma, by which it can be distinguished from other skin tumors. The skin over a dense fibroma usually does not differ from the surrounding area or is colored slightly pinkish. The skin over the fibroma is smooth or with mild degree peeling

A soft fibroma has the characteristic appearance of a wrinkled small sac tightly attached to the skin. The size of the tumor is small, no more than 20 mm in diameter. Fibroma is colored the color of normal skin or various shades brown. As a rule, soft fibromas are multiple and localized in the area of ​​natural folds of the skin, such as the area under the mammary glands, groin, armpits, front of the neck, etc.

Neither hard nor soft fibroids usually cause pain or bother a person in any way. However, if the tumor is injured, it can become inflamed, swollen, red and painful.

Fibroma of the mammary gland (breast)

Breast fibroma is a benign tumor that has the shape of a dense, painless spherical compaction. When feeling the breast, a woman feels the fibroid like a dense ball that rolls freely inside the mammary gland. Fibroma usually does not bother a woman with any symptoms, provoking only a feeling of fullness of the mammary gland on the eve of menstruation.

Ovarian fibroma

Ovarian fibroma most often develops in women after menopause at the age of 40–60 years. If the tumor is less than 3 cm in size, then it does not cause any symptoms. And only when the tumor size increases by more than 3 cm, the following clinical symptoms appear:

• Meigs syndrome (ascites, anemia, pleurisy);
• Constant bloating;
• General weakness;
• Tachycardia (rapid heartbeat);
• Hydrothorax (develops only in the presence of severe ascites).

The menstrual cycle with this tumor usually remains normal. In rare cases, ovarian fibroma provokes polyserositis (inflammation of the peritoneum) and cachexia (exhaustion). In addition, ovarian fibroma can put pressure on other organs, causing various polymorphic symptoms on their part, such as difficulty urinating, constipation, etc.

Tongue fibroma

Tongue fibroma is almost always soft, but in rare cases a dense tumor is detected. Externally, any fibroma of the tongue is a formation in the shape of a half ball or oval, rising above the surface of the mucosa. The mucous membrane covering the tumor is usually normal, unchanged Pink colour. The outer surface of the tumor is smooth, without any outgrowths. Fibroma does not bother a person because it does not manifest itself with any symptoms, except for a feeling of discomfort when chewing, swallowing, speaking and other activities that involve the tongue.

In rare cases, the surface of the tumor may ulcerate, causing swelling, redness and tenderness in the area where the fibroid is located. With constant trauma and ulceration, the fibroma can become malignant.

Pulmonary fibroma

Pulmonary fibroids develop mainly in men. The tumor is equally common in the right and left lungs, and is small in size - 2 - 3 cm in diameter. However, in some cases, fibroma can grow to significant sizes, occupying up to half the volume chest cavity. This lung tumor does not develop into cancer.

Fibroma is a dense node in a capsule with a smooth outer surface, painted whitish. During bronchoscopy, the color of the tumor may be reddish due to the large number of blood vessels located in the mucous membrane covering the outside of the node. In some cases, the mucous membrane of the fibroma becomes ulcerated.

Small fibroids do not manifest themselves clinically, that is, they do not bother a person with any symptoms. Large tumors can cause difficulty breathing and chest pain.

Bone fibroma

Bone fibroma is a rare benign tumor. Most often, fibroids develop at the ends of the long bones of the arms and legs, but they can also form on other bones. The tumor can become malignant, which is facilitated by frequent traumatic injuries to the tumor. After removal, bone fibroma can recur, quickly growing to its previous size.

The main symptom of bone fibroma is pain in the area where it is localized. The pain may have different intensities– from strong to weak. With small fibroids, pain occurs only when moving, and with relatively large formations, pain also occurs at rest. In severe cases, fibroma can cause muscle atrophy in the area where the tumor is located and a sharp limitation in the range of motion in the nearby joint.

Soft tissue fibroma

TO soft tissues include subcutaneous fatty tissue, muscles, skin and mucous membranes. Accordingly, soft tissue fibromas are understood as tumors localized in any of these tissues. In principle, fibroma of any soft tissue has the same course, symptoms and varieties as a tumor localized on skin.

Fibroma in children

Fibroma in children can be congenital or acquired, and the incidence of this tumor in minors is slightly lower than in adults. In principle, the likelihood of development and, accordingly, the incidence of fibromas of various localizations increases with age. That is, the older the person, the higher the likelihood of fibroid formation. Otherwise, these tumors in children are no different from those in adults, since they have the same localization options, identical clinical manifestations and principles of treatment.

Why is fibroma dangerous?

Fibroma is a relatively safe benign tumor, since it almost never malignizes, that is, it does not degenerate into cancer. However, the risk of tumor malignancy is different for different variants of its localization. Thus, fibroma of the skin or lungs never turns into cancer, and a tumor localized on the mucous membranes of various organs (cheeks, tongue, uterus, intestines, etc.) can in rare cases become malignant due to constant trauma. Therefore, the main danger of fibroma lies in the theoretically possible transformation of a benign tumor into a malignant one.

The second most important danger of fibroma is compression of surrounding organs and tissues by a tumor that has grown to a significant size. In this case, the tumor compresses the organs and disrupts their normal functioning, causing unpleasant clinical symptoms.

The third danger of fibroma is compression and disruption of the functioning of the organ itself in which it is localized. This is typical only for tumors located under the mucous membranes of various organs, such as the stomach, uterus, intestines, etc. Fibroma grows and moves, causing pain and spasms, and also injures the mucous membrane, causing bleeding. A bulging tumor closes the lumen of the organ, which interferes with its normal operation and calls various violations functions, for example, infertility or miscarriage due to fibroids in the uterus, etc.

The fourth danger of fibroma is the possibility of its traumatic damage and the addition of a secondary infection. As a rule, infection of fibroids of the skin and mucous membranes occurs, since they can be traumatized by clothing, razors, pieces of food, etc.

Diagnostics

Diagnosis of fibroids of various localizations is made using different methods. So, to diagnose skin fibromas, it is enough to examine a doctor and take a biopsy, which will reveal whether the neoplasm is skin cancer. Diagnosis of fibroids in the oral cavity, as well as in the skin, is also carried out by a doctor based on examination and biopsy. However, to determine the depth of fibroid growth in the tissue of the oral cavity, ultrasound examination (ultrasound) can be additionally used.

To diagnose fibroids located in internal organs, ultrasound, magnetic resonance or computed tomography, and endoscopy are used. Mammography is additionally used to detect tumors in the mammary glands, and x-rays are used in bones.

Ultrasound of fibroids. Usually, a tumor is first detected during ultrasound, but this method does not allow one to clearly identify whether it belongs to fibroids and not to any others, including malignant neoplasms. Therefore, after establishing the exact location and size of the tumor according to ultrasound data, doctors resort to additional diagnostic examinations. Most often, after ultrasound, they are used to diagnose fibroids. endoscopic techniques, such as bronchoscopy, hysteroscopy, gastroscopy or colonoscopy.

Endoscopy of fibroids. Depending on the location of the tumor, the doctor chooses the type endoscopic examination, intended specifically for the affected organ. For example, hysteroscopy - to examine the uterus, bronchoscopy - the bronchi, colonoscopy - the rectum, gastroscopy - the stomach, etc. During endoscopic examination Using a special optical system, the doctor can examine the tumor with his own eyes and verify its type, as well as take a biopsy for histological confirmation of the type of tumor. If a tumor “by sight” is highly likely to be benign, then during endoscopy the doctor can immediately remove it, which is usually done.

In addition to endoscopy and ultrasound, a tumor can be detected during tomography - computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging. Data diagnostic studies allow you to immediately high accuracy determine the type of tumor and choose a method for removing it in the future. Fibroids that protrude into the lumen of the organ are usually removed using endoscopic operations, and tumors growing in the body cavity are removed during routine surgery.

Fibroma - treatment

General principles of treatment

Regardless of the location and type of fibroma, the only radical method of treating it is removal using various techniques. Currently, fibroids are removed using the following methods:

• Surgical excision of the tumor (surgery);
• Vaporization or excision with CO 2 laser;
• Removal of a tumor using the radio wave method;
• Electrocoagulation of fibroids;
• Cryodestruction of the tumor liquid nitrogen.

Tumor removal (surgery)

Removal of fibroids is a routine surgery, during which the doctor excises the tumor with a scalpel and stitches the edges of the wound. Surgical removal fibroids are usually used when they are localized in internal organs, for example, in the uterus, intestines, bronchi, lungs, etc. Depending on the exact location of the fibroma, surgery to remove it can be performed endoscopically (during laparoscopy, hysteroscopy, gastroscopy or colonoscopy) or conventional open surgical approach. Endoscopic methods are usually used to remove fibromas localized on the abdominal organs, and open surgical access is used when tumors are located in chest(for example, in the lower parts of the small bronchi or in the lungs) or the mammary gland.

Removal of fibroids with laser

Laser removal of fibroids is used when tumors are localized on the skin or mucous membranes of the oral cavity. This method allows you to quickly and painlessly remove fibroids, in place of which a barely noticeable scar remains.

Removal by radio wave method

Removal of fibroids using the radio wave method is also used when the tumor is localized on the skin or mucous membrane of the oral cavity. The tumor is destroyed after targeted exposure to radio wave radiation. Usually, to remove fibroids, it is necessary to irradiate the tumor 2 to 5 times, after which it will fall off on its own, first forming a crust, and then a scar, which will become barely noticeable after 2 to 3 months.

Electrocoagulation

Electrocoagulation of fibroma is the destruction of the tumor by influencing it electric current. In principle, electrocoagulation of fibroids is the same as “cauterization” of cervical erosion. This method is quite traumatic, so it is currently practically not used.

Cryodestruction

Cryodestruction of fibroids is the destruction of the tumor using liquid nitrogen treatment. Currently, this method is practically not used, since it is highly traumatic, and the wound left at the site of the removed fibroma takes a very long time to heal, often becoming inflamed and infected.

Uterine fibroid - treatment

Uterine fibroids are common, and depending on their size, exact location and growth rate, surgical or medical treatment may be used. Surgical treatment consists of removing the tumor, and therapeutic treatment consists of taking various medicines, capable of reducing the size and slowing down the growth rate of fibroids. In addition, to therapeutic treatment include reception various medications in order to relieve the painful symptoms of fibroids.
gynecologist and monitor the size of the tumor. If the woman’s health does not worsen in the future, and the woman is not bothered by the fibroid, then she continues to be monitored, since after menopause the tumor, as a rule, resolves on its own. If your health worsens, or the fibroma begins to grow rapidly, it is removed surgically.

If the tumor is large, then before surgery, gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues (Buserelin, Zoladex, etc.) can be prescribed for 4 to 6 months to reduce its size. Surgical removal of uterine fibroids is performed using the following techniques:

• Removal of the tumor during hysteroscopy;
• Hysterectomy - removal of the tumor along with the uterus during a major abdominal surgery;
• Myomectomy – removal of only the tumor with suturing of the uterus during major abdominal surgery or laparoscopy;
• Vascular embolization – blockage of the vessels supplying blood to the tumor, as a result of which it gradually dies;
• Ultrasound ablation is the removal of a tumor using ultrasound under the control of magnetic resonance imaging.

The choice of method for removing uterine fibroids is made by the doctor depending on the size and location of the tumor, as well as the woman’s age and desire to become pregnant in the future.

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