Treatment of a viral infection in a child 1 year old. ARI in children: symptoms and treatment

Summary: Adviсe pediatrician. Colds in children treatment. Colds in children how to treat. Colds in children under one year old. The child was ill with SARS. The child has the flu. Viral infection in children treatment. Viral infection in children symptoms. Viral infection than to treat. Bacterial infection in children. Bacterial infection symptoms. Bacterial throat infection.

Attention! This article is for informational purposes only. Be sure to consult your doctor.

If a child has an acute respiratory infection (ARI), then the question of whether the disease is caused by viruses or bacteria is fundamental. The fact is that pediatricians of the so-called "old school", that is, those who graduated from the institute in the 1970-1980s, prefer to prescribe antibiotics for any rise in temperature. The motive for such appointments - "whatever happens" - does not hold water. On the one side, viruses that cause most acute respiratory infections are completely indifferent to antibiotics , with another - For some viral infections, antibiotics may lead to severe complications , next to which the traditional complications of antibiotic therapy - intestinal dysbacteriosis and drug allergies - will seem like a task for the first grade of high school.

There is only one way out of this situation, a very effective, albeit rather laborious one - to evaluate and child's condition and prescription from the attending physician. Yes, of course, even local pediatrician, who is customary only to scold, and he is armed with a university diploma, not to mention the head of the department of pediatrics in the same district clinic, and even more so about the candidate of sciences, to whom you take your child every six months to prescribe or cancel preventive vaccinations. However, none of these doctors, unlike you, has physical ability watch your child daily and hourly.

Meanwhile, the data of such observation on medical language called anamnesis, and it is on them that doctors build the so-called primary diagnosis. Everything else - examination, analyzes and X-ray studies - serves only to clarify the actual diagnosis already made. So not learning to really assess the condition of your own child, whom you see every day, is simply not good.

Let's try - we will definitely succeed.

In order to distinguish ARI caused by viruses from the same ARI, but caused by bacteria, you and I need only minimal knowledge of how these diseases proceed. Data on the frequency with which the child has been sick lately per year, who and what is sick in the children's team, and, perhaps, how your child behaved in the last five to seven days before getting sick, will also be very useful. This is all.

Respiratory viral infections (ARVI)

There are not so many respiratory viral infections in nature - these are the well-known influenza, parainfluenza, adenovirus infection, respiratory syncytial infection and rhinovirus. Of course, in thick medical manuals it is recommended to do very expensive and lengthy tests to distinguish one infection from another, but each of them has its own "calling card" by which it can be recognized already at the patient's bedside. However, you and I do not need such deep knowledge - it is much more important to learn to distinguish the listed diseases from bacterial infections of the upper respiratory tract. All this is necessary so that your local doctor does not prescribe antibiotics for no reason or, God forbid, does not forget to prescribe them - if antibiotics are really needed.

Incubation period

All respiratory viral infections (hereinafter - ARVI) have a very short incubation period - from 1 to 5 days. It is believed that this is the time during which the virus, having entered the body, is able to multiply to the amount that is already manifested by cough, runny nose and fever. Therefore, if the child still gets sick, you need to remember when he last visited before, for example, children's team and how many children there looked sick. If less than five days have passed from such a moment to the onset of the disease, this is an argument in favor of viral nature diseases. However, just one argument will not be enough for us.

Prodrome

After the end of the incubation period, the so-called prodrome begins - a period when the virus has already unfolded in all its might, and the child's body, in particular its immune system, has not yet begun to adequately respond to the adversary.

It is possible to suspect something was wrong already during this period: the child's behavior changes dramatically. He (she) becomes capricious, capricious more than usual, lethargic or, conversely, unusually active, a characteristic glint appears in the eyes. Children may complain of thirst: this is a viral rhinitis, and the discharge, while it is not much, flows not through the nostrils, but into the nasopharynx, irritating the mucous membrane of the throat. If the child less than a year, sleep changes, first of all: the child either sleeps for an unusually long time, or does not sleep at all.

What to do : It is during the prodromal period that all the antiviral drugs familiar to us are most effective - from homeopathic Oscillococcinum and EDAS to rimantadine (effective only during an influenza epidemic) and viferon. Since all of the listed drugs either do not have side effects at all, or these effects are minimal (as with rimantadine), they can be started already during this period. If the child is older than two years old, ARVI may end without even starting, and you will get off with a slight fright.

What NOT to do : You should not start treatment with antipyretics (for example, with efferalgan) or with advertised cold drugs such as coldrex or fervex, which are essentially just a mixture of the same efferalgan (paracetamol) with antiallergic drugs, flavored with a small amount of vitamin C. Such a cocktail is not only will blur the picture of the disease (let's still hope for the competence of the doctor), but it will also prevent the child's body from responding qualitatively to a viral infection.

The onset of the disease

As a rule, ARVI begins sharply and brightly: body temperature jumps to 38-39 ° C, chills, headache, sometimes sore throat, cough and runny nose appear. However, these symptoms may not be - the beginning of a rare viral infection marked by local symptoms. If, however, things still come to such a rise in temperature, you should tune in to the fact that the disease will drag on for 5-7 days and still call a doctor. It is from this moment that you can start the traditional (paracetamol, heavy drinking, suprastin) treatment. But from antiviral drugs to wait quick results now it’s not worth it: from now on, they are only able to contain the virus.

It is very important to remember that after 3-5 days, an already almost recovered child can suddenly worsen again, as doctors say. Viruses are also dangerous because they are able to drag a bacterial infection along with them - with all the ensuing consequences.

Important! A virus that infects the upper respiratory tract always causes an allergic reaction, even if the child is not allergic. Moreover, at a high temperature, a child may have allergic reactions (in the form, for example, of hives) to the usual food or drink. That is why with ARVI it is very important to have antiallergic drugs on hand (suprastin, tavegil, claritin or zirtek). By the way, rhinitis, which is manifested by nasal congestion and watery secretions, and conjunctivitis (shiny or reddened eyes in a sick child) - characteristic symptoms a viral infection. With bacterial damage to the respiratory tract, both are extremely rare.

Bacterial infections of the respiratory tract

The choice of bacteria that cause infectious lesions of the upper (and lower - that is, bronchi and lungs) respiratory tract is somewhat richer than the choice of viruses. Here are corinbacteria, and Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella. And there are also pertussis pathogens, meningococcus, pneumococci, chlamydia (not those that venereologists recklessly deal with, but transmitted by airborne droplets), mycoplasmas, and streptococci. I will say right away: clinical manifestations the vital activity of all these unpleasant microorganisms require doctors to immediately prescribe antibiotics - without timely started antibiotic therapy consequences bacterial infection respiratory tract can be completely catastrophic. So much so that it is better not to even mention it. The main thing is to understand in time that antibiotics are really needed.

By the way, the company of dangerous or simply unpleasant bacteria that love to settle in the respiratory tract does not include Staphylococcus aureus. Yes, yes, the very one that is so recklessly sown from the upper respiratory tract, and then poisoned with antibiotics by some especially advanced doctors. Staphylococcus aureus is a normal inhabitant of ours with you skin; in the respiratory tract he is an accidental guest, and believe me that even without antibiotics he is very uncomfortable there. However, let's get back to bacterial infections.

Incubation period

The main difference between a bacterial respiratory tract infection and a viral one is a longer incubation period- from 2 to 14 days. True, in the case of a bacterial infection, it will be necessary to take into account not only and not so much the estimated time of contact with patients (remember how it was in the case of SARS?), but also the overwork of the child, stress, hypothermia, and finally, the moments when the baby uncontrollably ate snow or wet your feet. The fact is that some microorganisms (meningococci, pneumococci, moraxella, chlamydia, streptococci) are able to live in the respiratory tract for years without showing themselves. TO active life they can be caused by the very stresses and hypothermia, and even a viral infection.

By the way, it is useless to take smears on the flora from the respiratory tract in order to take action in advance. On standard media, which are most often used in laboratories, meningococci, streptococci and the already mentioned Staphylococcus aureus can grow. It grows the fastest of all, clogging, like a weed, the growth of microbes that are really worth looking for. Incidentally, in achievement list"Not sown chlamydia includes a quarter of all chronic tonsillitis, interstitial (very poorly diagnosed) pneumonia, and in addition reactive arthritis (because of them, in combination with chlamydial tonsillitis, a child can easily lose tonsils).

Prodrome

Most often, bacterial infections do not have a visible prodromal period - the infection begins as a complication of acute respiratory viral infections (otitis media caused by Haemophilus influenzae or pneumococci; sinusitis, originating from the same pneumococci or moraxella). And if ARVI begins as a general deterioration in the state without any local manifestations (they appear later and not always), then bacterial infections always have a clear "application point".

Unfortunately, it is not only acute otitis media or sinusitis (sinusitis or ethmoiditis), which are relatively easy to cure. Streptococcal tonsillitis is far from harmless, although it is already without any treatment (except for soda rinse and hot milk, which no caring mother will fail to use) disappears by itself in 5 days. The fact is that streptococcal angina is caused by the same beta-hemolytic streptococcus, which includes the already mentioned chronic tonsillitis, but they, unfortunately, can lead to rheumatism and acquired heart defects. (By the way, tonsillitis is also caused by chlamydia and viruses, such as adenovirus or Epstein-Barr virus. True, neither one nor the other, unlike streptococcus, never leads to rheumatism. But we'll talk about this a little later.) The aforementioned streptococcus does not disappear anywhere after recovering from a sore throat - it settles on the tonsils and behaves quite decently for quite a long time.

Streptococcal tonsillitis has the shortest incubation period among bacterial infections - 3-5 days. If there is no cough or runny nose with angina, if the child retains a sonorous voice and there is no redness of the eyes, this is almost certainly streptococcal angina. In this case, if the doctor recommends antibiotics, it is better to agree - leaving beta-hemolytic streptococcus in the child's body may turn out to be more expensive. Moreover, when it first enters the body, streptococcus is not yet hardened in the struggle for its own survival, and any contact with antibiotics is fatal for it. American doctors who cannot take a step without various analyzes, found that already on the second day of taking antibiotics for streptococcal angina, the evil streptococcus completely disappears from the body - at least until the next meeting.

Except streptococcal tonsillitis, complications from which will either come or not, there are other infections, the results of which appear much faster, and can lead to much more nasty consequences.

The microbe that causes seemingly harmless nasopharyngitis is absolutely not accidentally called meningococcus - under favorable circumstances, meningococcus can cause purulent meningitis and sepsis of its own name. By the way, the second most common causative agent of purulent meningitis is also, at first glance, a harmless Haemophilus influenzae; however, most often it is manifested by the same otitis media, sinusitis and bronchitis. Very similar to those caused by Haemophilus influenzae, bronchitis and pneumonia (usually occurring as complications of SARS) can also cause pneumococcus. The same pneumococcus causes sinusitis and otitis media. And since both Haemophilus influenzae and pneumococcus are sensitive to the same antibiotics, doctors don’t really understand who exactly is in front of them. In one and the other case, you can get rid of a restless adversary with the help of the most common penicillin - long before pneumococcus causes serious problems in the form of pneumonia or meningitis to a small patient.

Rounding out the hit parade of bacterial infections of the respiratory tract are chlamydia and mycoplasma - the smallest microorganisms that, like viruses, can only live inside the cells of their victims. These microbes are not capable of causing either otitis media or sinusitis. The calling card of these infections is the so-called interstitial pneumonia in older children. Unfortunately, interstitial pneumonia differs from the usual one only in that it cannot be detected either by listening or by percussion of the lungs - only on x-rays. Because of this, doctors make the diagnosis of such pneumonia rather late - and, by the way, interstitial pneumonia proceeds no better than any other. Fortunately, mycoplasmas and chlamydia are very sensitive to erythromycin and similar antibiotics, so the pneumonia they cause (if diagnosed) responds very well to treatment.

Important! If your local pediatrician is not very competent, it is important to suspect interstitial chlamydial or mycoplasmal pneumonia before him - if only to hint to the doctor that you do not mind getting a lung x-ray.

The main symptom of chlamydial and mycoplasmal infections is the age of the children who are sick with them. Interstitial chlamydial and mycoplasmal pneumonias most often affect schoolchildren; the disease of a young child is a rarity.

Other signs of interstitial pneumonia are a prolonged cough (sometimes with sputum) and severe complaints of intoxication and shortness of breath when, as expressed medical textbooks, "very sparse physical examination data." Translated into normal Russian, this means that despite all your complaints, the doctor sees and hears no problems.

Data on the onset of the disease can help a little - with a chlamydial infection, everything starts with a rise in temperature, which is accompanied by nausea and headache. With mycoplasma infection, the temperature may not be at all, but the same prolonged cough accompanied by mucus. I did not find any intelligible symptoms of mycoplasma pneumonia in any Russian manual on pediatrics; but in the manual "Pediatrics according to Rudolf", which has survived in the USA, by the way, the 21st edition, it is recommended that against the background of deep breathing, press the child on the sternum (in the middle of the chest). If this provokes a cough, then most likely you are dealing with interstitial pneumonia.

SARS is the most common viral disease. Almost all people suffer it several times a year in a mild or subclinical form. ARVI is especially common in children aged 1 to 6 years.

Newborns are rarely infected with the virus, as they have passive immunity received from their mother.

ARVI usually starts with a runny nose

Why do children get SARS very often

According to statistics, normally a child can get ARVI from one to eight times a year. This is explained by the fact that the immunity that is produced by the child's body against one infectious agent is powerless over another. And there are a lot of viruses that cause the disease.

Children who attend kindergarten are especially often infected. Some of them suffer from SARS symptoms up to 15 times a year. They are classified as FBR (“often ill child”).

The high incidence of SARS is a serious pediatric problem. After all, a multiple recurring disease greatly affects the physical and mental development baby. His immunity is reduced, chronic diseases can even form in the body. infectious foci. Some children develop bronchitis, asthma, various pathologies throat and nose.

Causes of SARS in a child

Among the main causes of ARVI, doctors distinguish:

general hypothermia of the body;
close contact with infected people (usually cold friends in kindergarten);
off-season when there are abrupt shifts weather, immunity is weakened;
anemia, deficiency of vitamins and minerals;
insufficient physical activity;
illiterate holding of hardening events.

To avoid hypothermia of the child's body, it must be dressed according to the weather.

These factors negatively affect the immune defense and contribute to the creation of conditions that are optimal for the spread and reproduction of viral agents.

Symptoms of SARS in a child

Regardless of the infectious agent that provoked the onset of SARS, the main symptoms of the disease are:

inflammation of the respiratory system (runny nose, sore throat, perspiration, cough);
damage to the mucous membranes, provoking the appearance of lacrimation, conjunctivitis;
increase in body temperature.

Also, with ARVI, the so-called general infectious syndrome is often observed. By this term, pediatricians mean a condition when the patient suffers from pain in the muscles and joints, his lymph nodes become inflamed and swollen.

ARVI always starts unexpectedly - the crumbs have a general infectious syndrome. If the causative agent is an adenovirus, then the respiratory organs are the first to be affected. But in some children, ARVI occurs in an erased form. Then the parents cannot understand that the baby is sick. He becomes more capricious, but he has no symptoms of infection.

High temperature with SARS can persist for 3-4 days

When to Call the Pediatrician

To avoid complications, it is important to seek medical care with the following symptoms:

the temperature is kept at around 38 ° C or higher, it does not go astray;
the child is very lethargic, does not understand what is being said to him, loses consciousness;
coughing up green or reddish sputum;
swelling of individual parts of the body or limbs is observed;
the baby is suffering from convulsions;
pain occurs in chest;
breathing is difficult;
spider veins are observed on the skin.

Self-medication if at least one of these signs is present is unacceptable.

Treatment of SARS in children

Treatment of acute respiratory viral infections in children under one year old and at an older age can be carried out at home if the doctor has diagnosed mild or middle form illness. A pediatrician writes a referral to a hospital for a child if:

he is not 1 year old;
there is a severe form of a viral infection, fraught with complications.

First of all, with ARVI, intoxication is always removed. The patient is given a large number of warm drink. If the treatment is in stationary conditions, droppers are placed.

In a hospital with severe ARVI, a child can be given droppers

If the child has a fever, he is prescribed an antipyretic - syrup, tablets, rectal suppositories. The form of the drug is always selected taking into account age. If necessary, the drug can be administered intramuscularly.

When coughing, bronchodilators are used. If wheezing is heard, the temperature is above 38.5 ° C, the question may arise about the selection of antibiotics. In parallel with them, it is advisable to drink antihistamines in order to minimize the risk of developing an allergic reaction.

If the larynx swells, antispasmodics are given, Hydrocortisone injections are made (in the most severe cases).

Medicines to eliminate the symptoms of SARS in children

Since ARVI is a viral infection, a sick child is shown taking an antiviral drug. Based on the severity of symptoms, immune system and age little patient the doctor may prescribe:

homeopathic composition;
interferons, stimulants for the production of interferons;
an antiviral agent that destroys the action on infectious agents;
drugs to strengthen the immune system

Aflubin - help with SARS

Among the most popular homeopathic antivirals are:

Oscillococcinum;
Aflubin;
Vibrucol.

Interferon drugs include:

Viferon;
Grippferon;
Kipferon;
Amiksin;
Cycloferon;
Neovir.

Ribavirin;
Arbidol (Arpetol);
Tamiflu;
Rimantadine.

Strengthen and support children's immune system:

Immunal;
Imudon;
Riboxin;
IRS-19.

fever with flu

Children do not tolerate high temperatures well. Some even have seizures. To avoid them, it is necessary to give an antipyretic when the thermometer shows 38-38.5 o C.

If the temperature is below 38 ° C, it should not be knocked down - the body needs it to destroy viral agents.

It is important for parents not to panic, take measurements once an hour. With SARS, the period of fever, as a rule, lasts no more than 4 days.

Cough in a child with SARS

Cough with SARS is usually accompanied by a runny nose, fever, pain when swallowing. It can be dry at first and then become wet, or vice versa. If the cough is unproductive - sputum does not go away - the child's sleep is disturbed, appetite worsens.

With SARS, sputum begins to stand out after 3-4 days. If for a long time dry cough persists, it is necessary that the doctor listen to the lungs of a small patient, since there is a high probability of obstructive bronchitis.

At strong cough you need to visit the pediatrician additionally

Abdominal pain and vomiting from a respiratory viral infection

With SARS, some children have a stomach ache. Because of this, parents begin to think that the child intestinal disorder. Arises this symptom due to general intoxication of the body. But inflammation of the appendix can never be ruled out. Therefore, if the pain is severe, the baby is crying, you need to immediately call an ambulance team.

As for vomiting, with ARVI, it occurs due to:

severe dry cough viscous sputum irritates throat, works vomiting reflex);
intoxication;
intolerance medicines that were assigned to the child.

Skin rash on the body

A rash on the skin of a child infected with SARS is the result of:

development of allergies to medications, food;
fever (if heat long lasting, permeability blood vessels increases, then small point hemorrhages resembling a rash form on the skin);
complications of SARS meningococcal infection.

Conjunctivitis in childhood SARS

Damage to the mucous membranes of the eyes in SARS

Against the background of SARS, conjunctivitis can be observed. At first, one eye turns red and begins to fester, if not taken necessary measures, the infection passes to the second. The child complains of a feeling of sand, pain, lacrimation. He squints, unable to calmly look at the light.

With conjunctivitis, it is necessary to instill antibacterial drops such as Tobrex, Gentamicin sulfate. At the same time, two eyes must be treated at once, even if the disease has so far affected only one of them.

Diet for SARS in a child

With SARS, children should follow a sparing diet. Parents should not force feed them. This is normal if the appetite disappears during the illness - the body focuses all its strength on destroying infectious agents.

It is necessary to offer the baby plenty of fluids, shabby soups, cereals. Berry and fruit fruit drinks are very useful, dairy products. The basis of the diet should be protein-rich meals. If the patient is already 3 years old, he can be given fish - pike perch, cod.

You don’t need to buy tasty hazards for your baby, just to feed him at least something. From the use of muffins, chips, carbonated drinks, cheap yogurts, his body will not receive any benefit.

How long can SARS last in a child 1-6 years old

ARVI most often resolves in 5-7 days. In more severe cases, when the immune system is severely weakened, the symptoms of the disease can persist for 10 days.

It is believed that the patient becomes contagious from the appearance of the first signs of the disease. The more time has passed since that moment, the less likely it is that others will get sick because of it. It also happens that a child looks healthy on the outside, but is already contagious, for example, if a viral infection occurs in an erased form.

hardening - the best prevention SARS

Prevention of SARS in young children

In order not to get sick with SARS, it is necessary to increase immunity. To do this, pediatricians recommend:

take walks in the fresh air more often, play outdoor games with the child on the street;
pay maximum attention proper nutrition;
sleep at least 10 hours a day;
follow the daily routine

If a child is included in the FBI group, on the eve of the cold season, he should be given an immunomodulator selected by an immunologist, a vitamin-mineral complex.

Consequences of SARS in children

Every fifth child who has had ARVI has complications. It can be:

pneumonia, bronchitis;
profuse rash all over the body;
reactive arthritis(manifested by pain in the joints);
sinusitis;
otitis, hearing loss.

Therefore, it is not necessary to treat a viral infection as a disease that does not require attention. Her treatment should always be competent and timely.

Acute respiratory viral infections with the abbreviation ARVI known to everyone is a diagnosis that can be seen much more often than anyone else on the pages of a children's medical card. Due to the ease of transmission of pathogens of these infections by airborne droplets and household contact, children of preschool and younger children are most susceptible to them. school age attending kindergartens, schools or clubs. The younger the child, the more often he gets sick, which is associated with the still insufficient degree of development of his acquired immunity.

Content:

ARVI pathogens

The causative agents of ARVI are DNA or RNA-containing viruses that, when ingested, cause inflammatory processes on the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract or in lymph nodes and their surrounding tissues. In total, there are more than 200 serotypes of such viruses belonging to the following groups:

influenza viruses;
parainfluenza virus;
adenoviruses;
reoviruses;
rhinoviruses;
coronaviruses;
respiratory scintial (RS) viruses and others.

They are highly contagious, easily transmitted from a sick child or adult to a healthy one by airborne droplets and less often by household contact (through toys, dishes, towels, doorknobs) way. The peak incidence of SARS occurs from mid-autumn to mid-spring. Factors that increase the likelihood of infection include hypothermia, a general decrease in immunity, pathologies of perinatal development, allergies, chronic diseases, bad ecology and others.

The pathogenesis of ARVI develops after the penetration of pathogens into the epithelial cells of the mucous membranes of the nose and throat and the beginning of their active reproduction, which leads to the appearance of characteristic pathological changes and an increase in clinical symptoms. Each pathogen affects to a greater extent only certain parts of the respiratory tract, to which it has a tropism. Thus, the parainfluenza virus causes inflammatory process in the larynx, adenovirus - in the nasopharynx, lymphoid formations and conjunctiva of the eyes, respiratory scintial virus - in the bronchi, rhinovirus - in the nasal cavity.

Symptoms and diagnosis of SARS

SARS are characterized acute development with a pronounced clinical picture. On initial stage disease in a child, general intoxication is noted, which manifests itself in the form of lethargy, drowsiness, headache, aches and muscle weakness, nausea, loss of appetite. Perhaps an increase in body temperature to subfebrile values and above, fever, chills.

The main target of viruses that cause SARS are the mucous membranes of the upper and lower respiratory tract (nose, nasopharynx, throat, trachea, bronchi). However, depending on the nature of a particular pathogen, other organs can also be affected: the heart, gastrointestinal tract, kidneys, liver, and brain.

The disease occurs in the form of rhinitis, pharyngitis, laryngitis, nasopharyngitis, tracheitis, conjunctivitis. The classic symptoms of SARS in children, which are the result of inflammation and swelling of the mucous membranes, include:

sneezing
runny nose, which on the first day is most often profuse transparent selection liquid consistency;
tearing of the eyes;
irritation, perspiration and sore throat;

Most severe course of all ARVI characterized by influenza. It affects the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract, mainly the trachea, nervous system and vessels. The disease begins with a high temperature (39-40°C), chills, severe headache, weakness, nausea, redness of the child's face, possible small hemorrhages into the sclera.

With ARVI, the pathogen that caused the disease is usually not identified, since this does not fundamentally change the treatment tactics. Diagnosis includes a conversation with parents, taking an anamnesis, assessing the clinical picture, passing general analyzes blood and urine, examination of the throat and nose of the patient, auscultation of the lungs with a stethoscope. Sometimes a study of a smear taken from an inflamed mucous membrane of the throat or nose is prescribed. Great value for correct setting diagnosis takes into account the general epidemiological situation in the region where the child lives at the time of the disease.

Features of SARS in babies up to a year

Babies under one year of age are the least susceptible to ARVI. breastfeeding. This is due to the fact that their body during this period is still under reliable protection maternal immunity. In addition, they practically do not happen in places of mass congestion of people in a closed space. But if they have older brothers or sisters attending kindergartens or schools, then the risks of infection increase significantly.

Parents can suspect SARS in infants by the following signs:

sleep disturbance;
Decreased appetite and refusal to breastfeed or formula bottles
excessive moodiness and anxiety;
tearfulness;
eye redness;
shortness of breath, shortness of breath;
stool disorders, abdominal pain.

When similar symptoms in a child under the age of one year, parents should urgently call a doctor at home.

Treatment

Treatment of SARS is usually done at home under the supervision of a pediatrician. The exception is severe and complicated forms of the disease, newborns and premature babies, children with chronic comorbidities respiratory, kidney, nervous and cardiovascular systems.

In the treatment of SARS, symptomatic therapy, that is, all measures taken and drugs are aimed only at alleviating the discomforting symptoms of the disease. With mild and medium degree the severity of drugs intended to destroy the pathogen itself are not used, since the immune system will cope with it itself. Significant improvement the state of the child with ARVI occurs within 3-4 days, and full recovery within 7-10 days.

Antivirals

Existing on the market today antiviral agents can be divided into two groups:

Highly specific drugs act only on a specific virus, which must first be accurately identified (arbidol, rimantadine, ribavirin, Tamiflu).
Drugs, the action of which is aimed at the general activation of the immune system. For example, innovative antiviral drug Ingavirin, which has a unique mechanism of action and a wide range antiviral activity on influenza and ARVI pathogens. Timely use of the drug in the first two days of illness can alleviate unpleasant symptoms and reduce the viral load on the body. This reduces intoxication and reduces the risk of complications. This also includes aflubin, proteflazid, viburkol, anaferon and interferon preparations - viferon, kipferon, laferobion.

As a rule, they are not prescribed for the treatment of children or are prescribed only if the disease is severe.

Antipyretics

It is necessary to bring down the temperature with antipyretics only if it exceeds 38.5 ° C. For this, depending on the age of the patient, tablets, syrups, suppositories based on ibuprofen or paracetamol are used. If the child's temperature cannot be brought down with the help of antipyretics, parents should call an ambulance. Long-term high fever, especially in babies, is fraught with rapid development dehydration, which is serious danger for good health.

Relief of symptoms

As a means of relieving the symptoms of SARS, you can use:

saline solutions for washing the nose (aquamaris, hyumer, no-salt, salin, quicks);
vasoconstrictor drops to relieve nasal congestion and restore nasal breathing (nazivin, nazol, naphthyzinum, farmazolin, otrivin);
to eliminate sore throat - lysobact tablets, septefril, strepsils lollipops, Dr. Mom, tantum verde spray, hexoral, inhalipt), rinsing with furatsilin, infusion of chamomile, eucalyptus or sage;
antihistamines (diazolin, suprastin, erius, loratadine, fenistil) to reduce swelling of the mucous membranes and nasal congestion;
expectorants and mucolytics for coughing (broncholitin, mukaltin, ambroxol, ACC, syrups based on extracts medicinal plants Dr. Mom, eucabal, gedelix, herbion).

General rules

Of paramount importance for ARVI in a child are the correct drinking regimen, the level of humidity and temperature in the room where the patient is located, which can be ensured as follows:

often ventilate the room where the sick person is located;
maintain the temperature in the apartment or house at a level not exceeding 20 ° C;
make sure that the humidity in the room is in the range from 55 to 70%, if it is lower, then special humidifiers are used to increase it or simply put wet towels or sheets on the batteries;
daily wet cleaning;
do not use indoor heaters that strongly dehumidify the air;
provide the child with an abundant drinking regimen, often offer him warm teas, compotes, fruit drinks, rehydration solutions, or simply boiled or filtered water.

These measures will help prevent thickening and accumulation of mucus in the airways and ensure they effective cleaning. In many cases, this is enough to defeat the disease without exposing the body to the effects of not very useful drugs, which pediatrician Komarovsky E.O. draws the attention of parents to.

If in the first days of the disease the child feels very bad, then he is recommended to limit physical activity and observe bed rest.

If the child has no appetite, do not try to force feed him, food should be on demand. At the same time, foods rich in carbohydrates are more useful, since indigestible fats and proteins will create an additional burden on the body, which is actively engaged in the fight against the pathogen, and can slow down the healing process. With a good appetite in a child, a regimen is recommended to reduce the load on the gastrointestinal tract. fractional nutrition: You need to eat in small portions, but often.

Video: Recommendations of the pediatrician Komarovsky E. O. for the treatment of acute respiratory infections in children

Complications

The most common complication of SARS in children is the addition of a bacterial infection in the respiratory system. Activation of pathogenic bacterial microflora becomes possible due to a decrease in protective functions mucous membranes affected by the virus. As a result, bacterial sinusitis, sinusitis, tracheitis, bronchitis, pneumonia, and otitis media develop. In addition, there are complications from the cardiovascular, nervous, genitourinary, endocrine and digestive systems, which appears as:

neuritis;
radiculoneuritis;
myocarditis;
pancreatitis;
encephalopathy;
cystitis;
jade.

Most dangerous complication is meningitis and meningoencephalitis.

Prevention

Prevention of acute respiratory viral infections in children is to avoid contact with patients, as well as crowded places during seasonal outbreaks of the disease. Of great importance is the hardening of the child and the adoption of measures to strengthen his immunity, which is realized through:

correct daily routine;
full sleep;
balanced nutrition;
maintaining optimal temperature and humidity in the apartment;
doing sports;
compliance with the rules of personal hygiene;
daily walks in the fresh air.

You can get vaccinated to prevent influenza. Due to the numerous strains of the influenza virus and its tendency to mutate, vaccination does not guarantee 100% that the child will not get sick, but its use has some advantages. For example, the incidence rate is reduced by 2.5–4 times compared to unvaccinated children. Even if a vaccinated child still gets sick with the flu, his illness is mild.

Video: Dr. Komarovsky about what to drink with SARS

19 Feb 2015

ARVI is one of the most common groups of viral diseases, which includes adenovirus, rhinovirus, respiratory syncytial infections, as well as influenza and parainfluenza. Children are most often affected by SARS, and with age, the number of diseases decreases. The disease is caused by 5 groups various viruses, with a total of about 300 subtypes, and is transmitted mainly by airborne droplets, as well as by kissing and transferring infection from hands to mucous membranes oral cavity, nose, eyes.

Symptoms of SARS in children

On average, the incubation period ranges from several hours to 3 days, after which the first signs of the disease appear. In most cases, the causative agent of SARS is first located on the mucous membranes of the nasopharynx, causing coughing, runny nose, and sneezing. If the infection has descended below and reached the bronchial mucosa, then with an intense dry cough in young children, even vomiting is possible. During this period, children may have a red throat, swelling of the mucous membranes of the nose, and hoarseness. Typical manifestations SARS - rhinitis, pharyngitis, tracheitis, laryngitis.

fever, fever, chills;
general weakness, malaise, headache;
increased fatigue.

In children in age category up to 3 years (or slightly older) during this period, ketone bodies in the urine and the smell of acetone from the mouth may appear. As the virus is destroyed by the cells of the immune system, the temperature gradually drops and the child begins to recover: the cough becomes productive and gradually disappears, the body temperature returns to normal, general state improves significantly.

In addition, the symptoms of SARS depend on the type of pathogen, for example:

Flu. It is characterized by the appearance of high temperature in the first place, general weakness, increased fatigue, and only on the 2nd or 3rd day of infection, the throat turns red, a runny nose and cough appear.
Parainfluenza. It is milder than the flu, often causes laryngostenosis in young children due to narrowing of the glottis due to swelling of the vocal cords.
Rhinovirus infection. It is characterized by a profuse runny nose, lacrimation, cough, and at the same time practically normal temperature body.
Respiratory syncytial infection. The temperature is normal or rises slightly against the background of a predominant lesion of the lower respiratory tract, coughing and wheezing in the lungs. In children of the first years of life, MS infection often causes interstitial pneumonia and bronchiolitis.
adenovirus infection. In the people, this type of SARS is often called intestinal flu because such a "cold" is accompanied dyspeptic disorders such as vomiting or diarrhea.

How many days does the temperature stay with SARS?

The temperature in SARS is usually observed no more than 3-5 days. If it drags on for a longer period, then it is necessary to undergo a more in-depth examination in order to exclude the addition of a bacterial infection and the development of complications.

Treatment of SARS in children

A typical treatment protocol includes the following items:

1. Means of basic therapy:

bed rest until body temperature returns to normal;
milk-vegetarian diet;
plentiful drink;
in children under 6 months - instillation of saline solutions into the nose, after 6 months - appointment with severe rhinitis vasoconstrictor drops for 1–3 days;
dry unproductive cough- antitussive drugs;
wet cough with sputum difficult to separate - mucolytic agents that thin the sputum and facilitate its excretion;
when the temperature rises above 38.5 ° C - antipyretic drugs. At a temperature of 38 ° C, antipyretics are indicated for children under 2 months old, as well as with a history of seizures or diseases of the nervous, cardiovascular system. Usually it is paracetamol or ibuprofen.

2. Etiotropic therapy:

aerosols and instillation of nasal drops of recombinant interferon preparations;
inducers of endogenous interferon;
direct-acting antiviral drugs (inosine, arbidol).

Antibiotics are prescribed mainly in the event of complications caused by bacterial infection, long period temperature (38°C and above for more than 3 days), repeated rise in temperature after its normalization, shortness of breath, unilateral wheezing in the lungs. Protected penicillins, cephalosporins and macrolides are commonly used.

How to treat SARS in children up to a year

If a child falls ill with ARVI in the first year of life, then in most cases he is hospitalized in a hospital. The only exceptions are very mild forms of the disease, which can be treated at home under supervision. medical staff. Hospitalization in a hospital is due to the fact that in children of this age group serious complications can develop very quickly, which can lead to death.

Complications with SARS

Meningism - increase intracranial pressure. It is manifested by vomiting, which does not bring relief, severe headache, meningeal symptoms, general hyperesthesia.
Cerebral edema - severe headaches, change in consciousness from a state of stupor to the development of coma, meningeal symptoms, bradycardia, increased blood pressure.
Infectious-toxic shock - fever, followed by a decrease in temperature, pallor, marbling of the skin, tachycardia, sharp drop blood pressure, development kidney failure(decreased diuresis), hemorrhagic syndrome.
Respiratory distress syndrome - breathing becomes more frequent, shortness of breath, tachycardia, anxiety of the child, followed by apathy, a drop in blood pressure, loss of consciousness.

Among other complications, there are the development of bacterial sinusitis, bronchitis, tonsillitis, pneumonia, DIC, etc.

Prevention of influenza and other respiratory infections

In order to prevent infection with influenza and other respiratory infections, experts recommend taking the following drugs in prophylactic doses:

interferons;
arbidol;
multivitamin preparations;
plant adaptogens (echinacea, eleutherococcus, etc.).

When in contact with patients with influenza as prophylactic can be used oxolinic ointment. At the same time, they limit contact with the sick person, wear gauze bandage. Shown also frequent washing hands, rinsing the mouth and throat. good remedy influenza prevention in children and debilitated patients is vaccination.

ARVI is a group of diseases most common in children aged 3 to 10-12 years. Most often, a respiratory viral infection is easily tolerated, but recurring episodes of SARS predispose to the development of complications that are difficult to treat. The likelihood of a disease is reduced if a number of preventive measures are observed.

ARVI in children is considered the most common disease of an infectious nature of origin with damage to the respiratory system. The causative agents of acute respiratory viral infection, getting on the mucous membranes of the respiratory organs, begin to develop and multiply, which leads to the occurrence of inflammatory and degenerative changes.

Symptoms of SARS depend on the type of virus and its place of attachment in the respiratory system, the state of the immune system, and the age of the child. Toddlers early age respiratory infection is the most severe and often complicated by the activation of bacteria, which worsens the course of the disease and general well-being.

SARS pathogens not only negatively affect respiratory system, but also penetrate into the bloodstream, causing general intoxication of the body. Children from 3 to 8 years old are more susceptible to the disease, this is due to the fact that it is at this time that the child begins to visit children's institutions and, accordingly, comes into contact with children. big amount peers. The causative agents of the disease are airborne and can be on toys and personal belongings, so the contact-household way of spreading infection in children's groups is not in last place.

Causes

ARVI in children is caused by a variety of viruses, in total there are more than two hundred of them. However, the most common cause of the disease are viruses:

Influenza and parainfluenza;
Adenoviruses;
Rhinoviruses and reoviruses;
Enteroviruses.

Symptoms of SARS, regardless of the type of pathogen, have similar symptoms. But the form of the disease is mainly determined by the type of virus:

Rhinovirus prefers to settle on the mucous membrane of the nasal passages, which leads to rhinitis;
The influenza virus infects the walls of the trachea, its development in the body is indicated by barking;
adenovirus causes acute tonsillitis, nasopharyngitis, often complicated by purulent;
RS virus infection affects the lower respiratory tract, resulting in paroxysmal cough, shortness of breath.

Acute respiratory infection can proceed as rhinitis, nasopharyngitis, nasopharyngitis, tracheitis. Less commonly, viruses cause.

Clinical picture of SARS

Epitheliotropism - damage and destruction of epithelial cells, which are the main mucous membranes;
Vasotropism - damage to the vascular walls;
Lymphotropism is a pathological effect on the lymphoid tissue.

It is the properties of viruses listed above that determine and clinical picture SARS. During the course of the disease, several stages are distinguished:

Incubation. Lasts from 1 to 3-4 days. At this time, the microorganism that has penetrated into the body is fixed on the mucous membranes and begins to multiply. Symptoms of SARS at this stage are practically absent, although the child may be lethargic or too restless;
acute stage. Viruses begin to destroy healthy cells and multiply. At this stage, catarrhal phenomena first appear - sore throat, sneezing, coughing, lacrimation. After 1-2 days, the virus enters the bloodstream, which leads to the appearance common symptoms diseases - nausea, weakness, refusal to eat, capriciousness. The temperature during ARVI rises in most cases and can stay at 37.5 - 39 degrees for 3-4 days. At this time, it is also possible to increase regional lymph nodes, submandibular, cervical;
Regression of symptoms and recovery. Average duration of the current acute phase SARS in children - 3-5 days, after which all the main symptoms of the disease begin to decrease, the child has a mood and. Nasal discharge and a wet cough may disturb you for the longest time.

The typical picture of SARS is described above. But sometimes acute stage The disease is complicated by a bacterial infection or a virus infection of the internal organs, which is manifested by a worsening of the symptoms of the disease, dyspeptic symptoms, headaches, severe weakness.

Consequences of a respiratory infection

After ARVI, the work of the organs of the immune system is not restored immediately. The body of the child after the illness is weakened, which increases the likelihood of developing pathologies of the ENT organs, inflammatory lesions genitourinary system. Frequent respiratory viral infections retard physical and mental development, disrupt the normal functioning of the nervous system, and can adversely affect the functioning of the heart.

High temperature with SARS in young children can lead to febrile. But the most severe complications of the disease are acute glomerulonephritis, rheumatism, stenosis of the larynx, meningoencephalitis. Fortunately, such complications are extremely rare, and it helps to almost completely prevent them. timely treatment SARS in children and compliance with preventive measures that reduce the frequency of infection with viruses.

Differences between SARS and the common cold

SARS I (acute respiratory disease or otherwise) most people consider different terms denoting one pathology. This is somewhat wrong. The concept of acute respiratory infections includes a group of respiratory infections caused by different types pathogens - viruses, bacteria, protozoa, fungi. Whereas ARVI indicates a specific causative agent of the disease - a virus.

That is, a child can be exposed to acute respiratory infections if the doctor doubts the viral etiology of the common cold. Both diseases show similar symptoms, but their treatment differs, since bacteria are required to kill bacteria. antibacterial drugs. Experienced doctors distinguish acute respiratory infections and acute respiratory viral infections by symptoms, subjective signs, and laboratory tests help confirm the diagnosis.

Influenza and SARS stand for viral infection Therefore, both of these diseases are treated in almost the same way. However, the flu is more severe, it is more characterized by symptoms of intoxication and high fever, pain and aching muscles, and catarrhal changes are mild.

Principles of treatment

Compliance with bed rest acute period;
Frequent airing of the room and wet cleaning at least 2 times a day;
Plentiful drink. ARVI disease rarely leads to complications if the child is given water as often as possible from the first day of the disease. best to give clean water, sour fruit drinks, compotes, decoctions of herbs. Drinking plenty of water helps flush viruses from the mucous membranes and accelerates the elimination of toxins accumulated in the body;
The use of antipyretics when the temperature rises above 38.5 degrees. With a child's tendency to convulsions, pediatricians recommend starting if it starts approaching 37.5 degrees;
Reception antihistamines. These drugs reduce swelling, so their use is justified if ARVI is manifested by symptoms of laryngitis and severe nasal congestion;
With rhinitis (inflammation of the mucous walls of the nose), it is necessary to wash the nasal passages with saline. solution, AquaMaris, chamomile decoction. Vasoconstrictor drops help reduce swelling.

Drug treatment of ARVI for a child should be prescribed by a doctor. If a cough occurs, antitussives are needed, and subsequently drugs that help soften and remove sputum. From the very first day, it is recommended to use antiviral drugs in the form of tablets, rectal suppositories, drops. Their use prevents further reproduction of the virus and thereby alleviates the symptoms of the infection.

With a sore throat, you can use sprays and aerosols with antiseptic components. Their use reduces unpleasant symptoms and facilitates swallowing.

Treatment of SARS in children does not involve the use of antibiotics. If parents uncontrollably give the child medicines from this group, then the likelihood of complications will increase many times over.

From the very first symptoms of an acute viral infection, you can give Doromarin, a unique vitamin complex for children, created specifically to strengthen immunity and improve the functioning of internal organs. Taking DoroMarine is considered the optimal prevention of influenza and SARS, it facilitates the course of the disease, and reduces the need to take medications. A similar mechanism of action is due to the fact that the therapeutic and prophylactic product acts in several directions at once:

Increases the body's defenses;
Normalizes metabolic reactions;
It activates the production of its own immunoglobulins. This leads to greater resistance of the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract and digestive organs to the pathogenic effects of microbes, including viruses;
Cleanses the internal organs of toxins and residues of medicinal substances;
Accelerates tissue regeneration.

The DoroMarine course is recommended not only for frequently ill children, but also for healthy babies as a preventive measure. colds. The vitamin complex has a positive effect on the respiratory and, on the heart, urinary organs, nervous system. Taking Doromarin improves the physical and mental development of children, prevents the development of serious somatic and infectious diseases.

In the acute period, the child has no appetite, it is not worth feeding the baby by force. After reducing the symptoms of intoxication, it is desirable to give light and fortified food, especially in cases where the disease occurs with damage to the digestive organs. After SARS should reduce the likelihood reinfection, this means you need to minimize the contact of the child with other children for several days and not take him with you to places with a large crowd of people. But walks in the fresh air can be resumed as soon as the temperature stabilizes.

Prevention

Prevention of influenza and SARS in children is simple, but preventive measures must be observed at all times. These include:

Daily walks in the fresh air lasting from 2 hours;
Active lifestyle. This means that the child should move as much as possible, play outdoor games, kick the ball on the street. He should be given as little time as possible to spend watching cartoons;
Compliance with the daily routine. Full sleep- one of the important components of the prevention of acute respiratory viral infections in young children;
Maintaining cleanliness in living rooms;
Proper nutrition. In the diet of the baby should be more lactic acid products, fruits, vegetables, cereals, soups and as little sweets as possible.

With frequent repetition of acute respiratory infections, the child needs additional intake of vitamin complexes and immunomodulators, the latter should be prescribed by a doctor. Many parents note an increase in immunity in their child after the course use of a therapeutic and prophylactic product based on the natural components of Doromarin.

DoroMarine is completely safe for a child, it does not cause adverse reactions and allergies, may be combined with drug therapy. Reception vitamin complex allowed from the age of three months. The safety of Doromarin is confirmed by its completely natural composition, these are:

, contains whole line biologically active substances, , ;
Extract from . Its properties are similar to the effects on the body fish oil;
. Helps strengthen bone tissue, improves the formation of dental tissues;
. Contains vitamins and gives the product a pleasant aftertaste.

Doromarin helps to cope with anemia in a child, relieves constipation, changes in better side when taking it, they are seen in children with cerebral palsy, allergic reactions, chronic respiratory diseases. DoroMarine should preferably be started before the child starts school or kindergarten, such a measure for the prevention of influenza and SARS will allow the baby not to get sick even in the season of colds.