Is it possible to store diluted penicillin. Benzylpenicillin - drugs (sodium salt, potassium salt, novocaine salt, benzathine benzylpenicillin, etc.), action, instructions for use (how to dilute, dosages, methods of administration), analogues, reviews, prices

Instruction

Inject benzylpenicillin potassium salt and benzylpenicillin sodium salt into a vein, under the skin or into the abdominal or pleural cavity. These substances can be produced in the form eye drops or aerosols. Inject sodium salt only endolumbally. For injection under the skin or into muscles, make a solution with 1%.

Use benzylpenicillin novocaine salt as a suspension, prepare it with isotonic sodium chloride solution or sterile water for injection. The drug is administered once a day, only intramuscularly.

A suspension of novocaine salt of benzylpenicillin with an aqueous solution of ecmolin is also injected intramuscularly once a day. It is available in 2 bottles, which must be mixed according to the instructions and stored at room temperature.

drug long-acting is bicillin 1, it is used in diseases that are caused by pathogens sensitive to penicillin. Suspension is prepared with isotonic sodium chloride solution or sterile water for injection. Drive only intramuscularly, while making sure that you do not hit a vein. The drug is used no more than once a week.

Bicillin 3 is a mixture of equal parts of the sodium or potassium salt of benzylpenicillin, as well as novocaine salt and bicillin 1. Inject it every 3 days or 1 time per week. Bicillin 5 is a mixture consisting of bicillin 1 and novocaine salt, inject it intramuscularly.

Phenoxymethylpenicillin stands out from the general series in that it is not destroyed by an acidic environment. gastric juice, and this makes it possible to take it inside.

Semi-synthetic penicillins such as oxacillin and methicillin are also injected intramuscularly, the solution is prepared with sterile water for injection. Oxacillin can be taken and. Ampicillin is also semi-synthetic, has a wide spectrum of action and.

note

In some cases, penicillin drugs can cause anaphylactic shock, so they should be taken with caution.

Helpful advice

Bicillin 5 is very effective as a remedy for the prevention of rheumatic attacks.

Lip piercing has been widely used since ancient times. But if on early stages history, he was a kind of symbol, then for modern man became an ornament. Many believe that it is safe, and inject lip you can on your own. But this is far from being the case; great care and attention are required.

Instruction

Wash your hands thoroughly, prepare workplace and put on new gloves.

Piercing can be done around the entire perimeter of the lips. Having determined the location, carefully inspect inside lips. To do this, slightly pull it back and look for an area where you can see less blood vessels. Avoid damaging them during the piercing operation.

Make a puncture with a quick movement. Then remove the needle and immediately put on the pre-disinfected pier. It should not be removed at least. Remember to treat the puncture daily with hydrogen peroxide.

Helpful advice

It is very dangerous to prick your lip on your own. Therefore, it is best for you to contact a professional. And even in this case, carefully study the salon that you plan to visit. It must be absolutely clean, because any contamination can subsequently lead to infection and suppuration.
Talk to the master and ask him how and with what needles he works. Ask for a portfolio good specialist always happy to show it to clients. If the explanations are too vague or the master offers to pierce with a special gun, it is better to refuse his services and continue the search.

As early as the beginning of the 20th century, despite a huge leap in the field of medicine, a large number of diseases were intractable or not treatable at all. But when the antibiotic penicillin was discovered, everything changed in better side. Over the decades, millions of human lives have been saved.

Alexander Fleming

It is this Scottish scientist penicillin. Born August 6, 1881. After graduation, he graduated from the Royal College of Surgeons, after which he remained there to work. After the entry of England into the First, he became a captain in the military hospital of the Royal Army. After the war, he worked on the isolation of pathogens infectious diseases, as well as methods of dealing with them.

History of the discovery of penicillin

Fleming's worst enemy in his laboratory was mold. A common gray mold that infects the walls and corners of poorly ventilated and damp rooms. More than once Fleming lifted the lid of the Petri dish and then noticed with annoyance that the cultures of streptococci he was growing were covered with a layer of mold. It took just a few hours to leave the bowl with the biomaterial in the laboratory, as soon as the nutrient layer, on which the bacteria, was covered with mold. As soon as the scientist did not fight with her, everything was in vain. But one day, on one of the moldy bowls, he noticed strange phenomenon. A small bald patch formed around the colony of bacteria. He has the impression that bacteria simply could not multiply in moldy places.

About antibacterial effect mold has been known since ancient times. The first mention of the use of mold for treatment purulent diseases were mentioned in the writings of Avicenna.

Discovery of penicillin

Having kept the "strange" mold, Fleming grew a whole colony out of it. As his studies showed, streptococci and staphylococci could not develop in the presence of this mold. Having previously carried out various experiments, Fleming concluded that under the influence of some bacteria others die. He called this phenomenon antibiosis. He did not, that in the case of mold, he met with the phenomenon of antibiosis with his own eyes. After careful research, he finally managed to isolate from the mold antimicrobial drug. Fleming named the substance penicillin in honor of Latin name the type of mold from which he isolated it. Thus, in 1929, in the dark laboratory of St. Mary's Hospital, everyone knows penicillin.

In 1945, Alexander Fleming, as well as the scientists who established industrial production Penicillin, Howard Frey and Ernest Chain, were awarded the Nobel Prize.

Industrial production of the drug

Fleming's attempts to establish industrial production of penicillin were futile. It was not until 1939 that two Oxford scholars, Howard Frey and Ernest Cheyne, were able to make significant progress after several years of work. They received some crystalline penicillin, after which they began the first tests. The first person to live through the administration of penicillin was a 15-year-old suffering from blood poisoning.

Appendicitis

Inflammation of the appendix appendix attached to the intestines is appendicitis. Main symptom of this disease is abdominal pain. Mild fever, nausea and vomiting are other symptoms of this problem. The pain that is felt in the right side comes from. At first, she may not be strong, but deaf.

gallstones

Digestive juice, thickening, enters. These clots are called gallstones. In this case, you should stop eating until the problem is resolved with proper treatment. Pain in the lower chest is the main symptom of this disease. This pain can cover the upper back on the right side, and all right side chest. Nausea, vomiting and gas in the stomach are other symptoms of this disease.

Colic in the side

In this case, the patient feels sharp pain in the side just below the ribcage. As a rule, people feel such pain during execution. exercise and after running or walking.

Colic can occur due to contraction of the liver or spleen.

Diaphragmatic ischemia, parietal peritoneal irritation and imbalance thoracic spine are other causes of colic.

Fracture of the chest

Acute pain may be felt as a result of the chest. A common reason for this is physical injury. Most often, the injury occurs directly. But sometimes a person can get hurt as a result of a severe one.

People with osteoporosis are particularly susceptible to these types of fractures. In case of severe pain, you should immediately consult a doctor, as it is often accompanied by damage to the spleen, lungs or blood vessels.

Since the causes of pain in the lower part of the chest can be many, treatment should be carried out only after a correct diagnosis. Chest pain in itself is not a disease, but a symptom of one of many disorders.

Pleurisy

With this disease, the mucous membranes of the lungs and other parts of the chest become inflamed. Becomes . Acute pain causes friction of the pleural layers. Pleurisy occurs as a result of pneumonia or tuberculosis and infection. Others are chest trauma, rheumatoid arthritis, skin tuberculosis.

Bowel obstruction

The disease occurs as a result of a volvulus of the intestines or a blocking object entering the intestines. At the same time, convulsions are felt, which either increase or weaken. The pain may become sharp after eating. Another symptom of bowel obstruction is liquid stool.

Sources:

Pain under breasts in rib cage area? help?

Stitching pain under the ribs may indicate the most various diseases. It is important to see a doctor on time unpleasant symptoms to determine the cause of pain and prevent serious problems with health.

With the help of pain, the body always signals that some important systems are out of order. If you have a stabbing pain in the left hypochondrium, do not ignore suspicious symptoms. Be sure to study the localization of pain and consult a doctor: depending on how exactly the pain manifests itself, the doctor will be able to determine its cause. Pain in the left hypochondrium often occurs even in healthy people, signaling various problems, ranging from heart failure, ending with disorders in the functioning of the nervous system.

What can cause pain?

Chest pain is a common phenomenon that is most often regarded as a sign of problems with. However, discomfort may also indicate other diseases:

inflammation of the spleen;
- diseases of the stomach;
- peptic ulcer;
- malignant tumors V gastrointestinal tract;
- pancreatitis (glands);
- ;
- kidney disease;
- various pathologies nervous system;
- endocrine diseases;
- or fractures;
- osteochondrosis thoracic spine.

How to determine the cause of pain?

If there is a sharp stabbing pain, radiating to left hand and scapula, it is worth visiting a cardiologist as soon as possible. These symptoms may indicate serious heart failure. The stronger pain, the sooner the patient should be shown to the doctor: sudden burning pain in the left hypochondrium may indicate infarction.

If the pain radiates to the anterior abdominal wall, and also sometimes localized in the right hypochondrium, it is worth contacting a gastroenterologist. It is possible that the cause of discomfort is a stomach ulcer or duodenum. Girdle cutting pain can be caused by acute pancreatitis.

Examination of the gastrointestinal tract is also required if pain in the left side of the chest is accompanied by nausea and vomiting, since it is necessary to exclude the presence of malignant neoplasms.

Extreme pain in the left hypochondrium, caused by an enlarged spleen. If you feel a strong cutting pain in the left hypochondrium, accompanied by darkening of the skin around the navel, it is urgent to call emergency care. It can be a rupture of the spleen, and the lack of timely medical care can lead to death.

If seizures acute pain after a few days begin to be accompanied skin rashes, the patient may be diagnosed with shingles.

Sometimes the cause of attacks of acute causeless pain in the left side of the chest is the pathology of the nervous system. Typically, such pain occurs suddenly without pain medication, accompanied by convulsions or migraines.

How to treat pain syndrome?

First of all, you should consult with your doctor. Only experienced specialist be able to appoint necessary examinations and put accurate diagnosis. For primary diagnosis you should visit a GP who, if necessary, will refer you for further consultation with profile specialist.

Modern society wary of antibiotics. There is a strong opinion that they bring more harm than good. But, however, back in the middle of the twentieth century, penicillin was the only antibiotic of its kind that could cure most of the diseases from which people simply died.

Discovery of penicillin

The discovery of penicillin was truly a happy accident. Scientist, professor, and later Nobel laureate Alexander Fleming lived and worked in Scotland at the beginning of the last century. During the Second World War, he worked as a doctor in. At that time, people were dying from blood poisoning and gangrene, despite the fact that the operations were carried out successfully. Fleming really wanted to find one that would be able to prevent sepsis.

The scientist was somewhat sloppy, and after leaving the house where he conducted experiments in search of, for a long time, he left the Petri dishes dirty. In them he conducted bacteriological experiments. Returning, the doctor found that mold had blossomed everywhere, and in one of the cups it had killed the staphylococcus aureus. The scientist brought this mold by accident from a neighboring laboratory, where experiments were carried out with fungi.

These events took place in 1928 and, until the 40s, Fleming struggled to develop a cure. Because it was necessary not only to understand how it works, but also to conduct experiments, to derive desired shape medicines and establish production. Only in the 41st year was it possible to save the first person from death with the help of penicillin. And mass production of this was established by 1952. From that point on, penicillin was available in most pharmacies.

How Penicillin Works

Penicillin is safe for humans and animals, unlike antiseptic preparations. Its action is based on the inhibition of the vital activity of bacteria that produce peptidoglycan, which is involved in the construction cell membranes. Penicillin blocks the production of this substance, thereby preventing the construction of new bacterial cells and destroying existing ones. Human cells are not affected by penicillin because they have a different structure.

penicillin today

It is generally accepted that penicillin is becoming obsolete. That he is no longer able to cope with the huge number of pathogenic bacteria that, having adapted to him, mutated, forming new species. This is partially true, but to date, new semi-synthetic drugs have been created, to which bacteria have not yet had time to adapt, in contrast to natural penicillin.

Possible causes of pain

Stab can and quite natural cause- often such pain is observed with intense physical exertion. To meet the needs of working muscles for nutrition and oxygen, blood enters the bloodstream from the “reserve reserve”, which did not circulate through the vessels before the load. The spleen overflows with blood, increases in size and puts pressure on the nerve cells of its own membrane. This is what causes pain.

If the pain occurs suddenly in an area that has not previously caused you concern, this is most often a symptom of the disease. How stronger pain, the sooner you need to see a doctor, especially if the appearance of discomfort was preceded by an injury.

- usually such pain increases sharply or a change in body position.

Stitching pain accompanied high temperature- one of the symptoms of left-sided pneumonia.
Pain in the left side, if they are accompanied by shortness of breath, darkening of the eyes, great weakness, may be a symptom of diseases of the cardiovascular system, in particular, coronary disease heart, cardiomyopathy or even a heart attack. It is also impossible to exclude the pathology of the spleen, acute appendicitis, kidney disease (in this case, pain can radiate to the back) or diaphragmatic hernia.
What to do?
Given the diversity possible diseases, a symptom of which is a stabbing pain in the right side, you should not engage in self-diagnosis. Depending on the intensity of the pain, you need to consult a doctor urgently, call a local therapist at home or come to his appointment on your own.
If you have any chronic diseases that can cause recurring stabbing pains in the left hypochondrium, you can take the medicines prescribed by your doctor in case of an aggravation, and then apply for medical care. For the first time, pains that have arisen will most likely require examination and testing to determine their occurrence.
Often disturbing pain in the side during physical activity can be eliminated if not started on full stomach or no workout. Watch your breathing during classes - it should be deep enough so that spasms of the diaphragm do not occur.

Target: parenteral administration of drugs.

Indications: doctor's appointment.

Contraindications: expired date medicinal product, violation of the sterility of the vial.

Equipment: a bottle of medicines, a syringe with a needle; 70% alcohol, cotton balls, scissors.

Rules for breeding antibiotics:

Solvents: 0.25% or 0.5% novocaine solution, 0.9% sodium chloride solution, sterile water for injection.

The most popular antibiotic is penicillin (benzylpenicillin sodium or potassium salt). It is available in bottles of 250,000, 500,000, 1,000,000 units. Dosed in units of action.

There is a rule:

1 ml of solution should contain 100,000 units of penicillin

Thus, if there are 500,000 units in the vial, then 5 ml of novocaine should be taken.

Algorithm of actions of a nurse:

1. Read the name of the medicine on the vial, its dosage, expiration date.

2. Bend the metal cap with tweezers and rub the rubber stopper with alcohol.

3. Syringe required amount solvent, pierce the stopper with a large diameter needle and inject the solvent into the vial.

4. Remove the vial with the needle from the needle cone and shake the vial to achieve complete dissolution of the powder.

5. Put the needle on the under-needle cone.

4. Turn the vial upside down, pull the plunger towards you - the drug enters the syringe.

5. Having collected the required amount of the drug, remove the needle from the vial.

Note. Opened vials must be used within 24 hours.

Intramuscular injection technique

Target: drug administration bypassing the gastrointestinal tract .

Equipment: sterile tray, tray for used syringes, sterile syringe with sterile needles, sterile cotton balls, ethyl alcohol 70 °, container with disinfectant.

Algorithm of actions of a nurse:

Explain to the patient the course of the upcoming manipulation.

Help the patient to take the necessary position and clear the injection site.

Wash your hands, put on gloves and rub with an alcohol ball.

Treat the injection site twice with an alcohol pellet in the same direction.

Take the syringe to right hand, place it perpendicular to the surface of the patient's body, place the 5th finger on the needle cannula, the remaining fingers on the cylinder.

With your left hand, stretch the skin at the injection site.

Insert the needle into the muscle at a 90 degree angle 2/3 of the length of the needle.

Pull the plunger towards you, make sure there is no blood in the syringe (mandatory when injecting oily solutions).

Enter the medicinal substance.

Attach a sterile ball moistened with ethyl alcohol 70 ° to the injection site, remove the needle with a syringe with a quick movement.

Help the patient to take a comfortable position.

Process the syringe, needles, balls.

Remove gloves, wash your hands.

Notes:

Intramuscular injection is performed in the upper outer quadrant of the buttock and middle third outer surface of the thigh (lateral wide muscle of the thigh).

Oil solutions must be heated in a water bath to a temperature of 38 ° C before administration.

Bicillin (long-acting antibiotic) diluted saline(foams less), inject immediately, as the suspension quickly crystallizes.

After the introduction of oil solutions and bicillin, apply a heating pad to the injection site.

Description

Amorphous or fine crystalline powder white color, soluble in water, alcohol, ether and acetone.

Compound

1 bottle of the drug contains the active substance: benzylpenicillin sodium salt- 1,000,000 units

pharmachologic effect

Benzylpenicillin is active against gram-positive microorganisms (staphylococci, streptococci, pneumococci, anaerobic bacilli, anthrax), gram-negative cocci (gonococci, meningococci), as well as against spirochetes, some actinomycetes and other microorganisms.

Benzylpenicillin, when administered intramuscularly, is rapidly absorbed into the blood and is detected in body fluids and tissues; in the cerebrospinal fluid penetrates in small quantities. The maximum concentration in the blood is observed after intramuscular injection after 30-60 minutes. 3-4 hours after a single intramuscular or subcutaneous injection only traces of the antibiotic are found in the blood. To maintain the concentration at a level sufficiently high for a therapeutic effect, it is necessary to inject every 3-4 hours. With intravenous administration, the concentration of penicillin in the blood decreases rapidly. Bacteria of the enteric-typhoid group, brucella, mycobacteria, protozoa, viruses, fungi and rickettsia do not respond to the action of penicillin. This is due to the fact that these microorganisms are able to produce a specific enzyme - penicillinase, which destroys the lactam ring in the penicillin molecule, as a result of which they lose their antimicrobial effect.

Application

Treatment for a large cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, horses, rabbits, fur animals and dogs, chickens, ducks, turkeys, necrobacillosis, pasteurellosis, pneumonia, mastitis, wound infections and infections urinary tract, septicemia, phlegmon, as well as with actinomycosis, emphysematous carbuncle, streptococcal infection; myte, catarrhal and croupous pneumonia, influenza, stachybotryotoxicosis of horses; streptococcosis, staphylococcosis, infectious stomatitis and rhinitis, distemper of fur-bearing animals and dogs; swine erysipelas and poultry spirochetosis.

Dosage

Solutions of the sodium salt of benzylpenicillin are prepared in sterile distilled water or in a 0.5% solution of novocaine, which prolongs the action of benzylpenicillin, or in an isotonic sodium chloride solution and is administered intramuscularly. To maintain the necessary constant high concentration in the blood, penicillin is administered 4-6 times a day in the following doses:

View of animals and birds	one-time intramuscular dose, U/kg of body weight
View of animals and birds	adults	young growth
cattle
sheep, goats



furry animals and dogs
chickens, ducks, turkeys

The course of treatment is not less than 4-7 days, in severe forms of the disease 7-10 days or more. A solution of benzylpenicillin sodium salt can be administered intravenously (in severe septic conditions). With this method, the dose of antibiotic is 2 times less than recommended for intramuscular injection. Also used subcutaneously and in the form of powders on wound surfaces. If necessary, you can use aerosol.

Contraindications

Do not use in animals with hypersensitivity to the drug.

Warning

Slaughter of animals for meat is allowed on the 3rd day, consumption of milk for food on the 2nd day after the last administration of the drug. By the specified date, meat and milk are fed to unproductive animals or disposed of (depending on the conclusion of the veterinarian).

Release form

Glass bottles of 500, 1000, 1500 thousand units.

Storage

List B. Dry, dark place at a temperature of +5°C to +20°C.

Penicillin is one of the most commonly used bactericidal drugs, available in tablet form and as a powder for injection. The drug has a wide range of applications and is actively used to eliminate many pathologies. bacterial nature. Most effective form use of the drug - injections.

Description and composition of the drug

Penicillin is the first bactericide obtained from the waste products of microorganisms. Its inventor is called Alexander Fleming, who discovered the antibiotic by accident, discovering its antimicrobial effect.

The first samples of the drug were obtained in the USSR by scientists Balezina and Yermolyeva in the middle of the twentieth century. After that, the drug began to be produced on an industrial scale. In the late fifties of the twentieth century, synthetic penicillins were also obtained.

Currently, four groups of penicillins are used in medicine:

natural origin;
semi-synthetic compounds;
aminopenicillins a wide range applications;
broad bactericidal spectrum penicillins.

For injection use penicillin G sodium salt 500 thousand IU or 1 million IU. IN pharmacy chains such a powder can be purchased in glass bottles sealed with a rubber stopper. Before direct administration, the powder is diluted with water. In a pharmacy, the remedy can be obtained by prescription.

Pharmacological characteristics

In my own way chemical composition Penicillin is an acid to form salts. Its biosynthetic products act on anaerobic spore-forming rods, gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, inhibiting the synthesis of their walls. The most active and relevant today is the drug Benzylpenicillin.

The drug penicillin is administered intramuscularly and immediately after direct use enters the bloodstream and quickly concentrates in the muscles and joints, tissue lesions. The highest degree of concentration of the composition is observed half an hour to an hour after the procedure.

The concentration of the drug in cerebrospinal fluid And abdominal cavity minimal. The composition is excreted through the kidneys and bile. The half-life is up to one and a half hours.

Indications for use

Penicillin treatment with injections is carried out with the development bacterial infections, among which:

focal and croupous inflammation of the lungs;
chronic and acute osteomyelitis;
pleural empyema;
blood poisoning;
acute and subacute varieties of endocarditis;
tonsillitis;
scarlet fever;
infectious inflammatory processes of the brain;
erysipelas;
anthrax;
furunculosis and its complications;
cholecystitis in acute form;
gonorrhea;
rheumatism;
inflammatory bacterial pathologies urinary route and reproductive organs;
diphtheria;
ENT pathology;
purulent dermatological lesions;
pyemia;
actinomycosis.

Important: Penicillin is used not only to treat human diseases, but also to eliminate pathologies in animals and is one of the most inexpensive drugs of its kind.

Methods of treatment using Penicillin

According to the instructions for use, the drug is allowed to be administered in four main ways, depending on the type and extent of the lesion:

into the spinal canal;
intravenously;
intramuscularly;
subcutaneously.

The injections are carried out every three to four hours, maintaining the content of the composition so that for each milliliter of the patient's blood there is a concentration of 0.1-0.3 units. In most cases, the treatment regimen is selected for each patient individually. The same applies to the course of treatment.

Special instructions for use

In order for the treatment to be as effective and safe as possible, it is necessary to take into account the following problems therapy:

Before starting the use of the drug, it is necessary to test for possible intolerance to antibiotics.
The replacement of the medication should be carried out if three to five days later, if the therapy shows insufficient effectiveness.
To prevent the occurrence of mycotic superinfection, it is necessary to take antifungal medications during treatment. It is also important to pay attention to the probability of settling the body with resistant strains of bacteria.
It is possible to dilute the medicine for injection only with water for injection, strictly following the proposed proportions.
It is not recommended to skip injections. In case of omission, it is necessary to administer the drug as soon as possible and restore the regimen of application.
After the expiration date, the medication becomes toxic and dangerous to use.

Restrictions and main contraindications

Penicillin has relatively few contraindications. The main one is hypersensitivity to the antibiotic itself and other drugs of its group. In addition, the drug is not recommended for use with:

manifestations of allergies in the form of urticaria, asthma and hay fever;
manifestations of intolerance to antibiotics and sulfonamides.

It is necessary to use the medicine under the supervision of a doctor for pathologies of the kidneys and the cardiovascular system.

Side effects and complications

An overdose of the drug does not pose a danger to the patient's life. In this case, there may be nausea and vomiting, a general deterioration in well-being. In addition, the development of hyperkalemia is likely with the simultaneous use of potassium preparations. IN rare cases possible epileptic seizures. Exceeding the established dosage is treated symptomatically.

At long-term use antibiotic likely manifestation allergic reactions(urticaria, swelling, rash formation, anaphylactic manifestations, extremely rarely - death). Treatment in this situation is symptomatic. As a rule, adrenaline is administered intravenously. In other situations, it is also possible:

violation of digestive processes and stool;
dysbacteriosis;
fungal diseases of the oral cavity and vagina;
neurotoxic manifestations, convulsions, coma.

Important: In order to reduce the likelihood of negative reactions for therapy, it is recommended not to exceed the established dosages and not to prolong the course of treatment without the consent of the doctor.

Interaction of Penicillin with other drugs

Co-treatment with Probenecid increases the half-life of the antibiotic components. The use of tetracycline and sulfonamides significantly reduces the effectiveness of Penicillin. Holistyramine seriously reduces the bioavailability of the antibiotic.

Due to incompatibility, it is impossible to give an injection of Penicillin and any aminoglycoside at the same time. Also forbidden joint application thrombolytics.

The risk of bleeding increases with simultaneous application anticoagulants and penicillins against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Therefore, treatment in this case should be supervised by a specialist.

Antibiotic therapy slows down the excretion of methotrexate, and also reduces the effectiveness of oral contraceptives.

Analogues of Penicillin

Cefazolin. A drug from the group of cephalosporins, which can be used for intolerance to penicillin drugs. Used for intramuscular and intravenous administration and keeps therapeutic properties after the procedure within ten hours.
Ceftriaxone. The cephalosporin medication is most often used in a hospital setting. It is intended for the treatment of inflammatory processes caused by a bacterial pathogen, it is active against gram-negative bacteria and anaerobic infections.
Extencillin. Relates to the number beta-lactam antibiotics prolonged exposure. The drug is available in powders and is not recommended for use simultaneously with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.

Among oral preparations containing a similar active ingredient, allocate:

Ampicillin trihydrate;
Amoxicillin;
Flemoxin Solutab;
Amosin;
Amoxicar;
Ecoball.

Important: Replacement is made in case of impossibility of injections, intolerance to penicillins, as well as in case of insufficient effectiveness of the latter.

Conclusion

Penicillin is a first-generation antibiotic proven over the years and long-term trials. Currently, the drug is used to treat many bacterial infections in a modernized form and is relatively safe for humans. Penicillins are actively used in veterinary medicine and have several varieties, which are selected for therapy depending on the type of disease and individual features patient.

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The popularity of penicillins is due to their pronounced bactericidal action, low toxicity and wide range dosages. Disadvantages of this class of antibiotics include frequent allergies for penicillin and high risk cross allergic reactions with others.

All representatives of this group can be divided into biosynthetic penicillins and semi-synthetic.

The first representative of natural antimicrobial drugs and the ancestor of the penicillin class is benzylpenicillin (penicillin).

The drug is completely unstable oral intake and completely destroyed in the gastrointestinal tract. Penicillin is for injection only. When administered intramuscularly, the drug is well absorbed and is able to create a significant therapeutic concentration within half an hour.

Other biosynthetic penicillins can be used for oral use. Phenoxymethylpenicillin preparations (Megacillin Oral ® , Penicillin v ®) and phenoxymethylpenicillin benzathine (Ospen) have good oral stability, their bioavailability is little dependent on food intake.

Other prolonged natural penicillins (benzylpenicillin procaine and benzathine benzylpenicillin) are administered intramuscularly.

Also, semi-synthetic penicillins are used orally (as a substitute for injectable penicillin):

extended spectrum (and Amoxicillin ®);
protected penicillins ( /Clavulanate ®);
a combination of two antibiotics (Ampicillin ® /).

Antistaphylococcal Oxacillin also has a tablet form of release.

Inhibitor-protected antipseudomonal protected penicillins (Ticarcillin / clavulanate ®, Piperacillin / tazobactam ®) and antipseudomonal non-protected penicillins are used only in / in.

Penicillin ® - what is it?

Benzylpenicillin ® is a biosynthetic antibiotic, the first natural antimicrobial drug.

Penicillin inhibits the synthesis of cell wall components in bacteria, violating the resistance of the membrane, provoking the death of the pathogen. The mechanism of action of penicillins is bactericidal.

The drug has low toxicity and low cost, but this moment the level of acquired resistance in staphylo-, gono-, pneumococci and bacteroids is quite high, which limits its use in the treatment of diseases caused by these pathogens.

Allergy to penicillin is the most common side effect of penicillin use. Therefore, before use, be sure to test for tolerance.

The antibiotic is active against non-penicillinase-forming strains of staphylococci, streptococci, treponema, anthrax and diphtheria, some gram-negative pathogens (meningococci), etc. Rickettsia and most gram pathogens, as well as penicillinase-producing strains, are resistant to penicillin.

Therapeutic concentration is reached half an hour after intramuscular injection. The drug is excreted from the body with urine, kidneys. Well accumulates in organs and tissues. However, it is not able to penetrate the prostate gland and does not overcome the hematoophthalmic and unchanged blood-brain barriers.

Pharmacological group of penicillin ®

Beta-lactam antibiotics are penicillins.

Release forms of penicillin ®

Benzylpenicillin is completely destroyed when it enters an acidic environment, therefore it is not used orally and does not have a tablet form.

For injection produced as benzylpenicillin:

sodium salt (penicillin g);
potassium salt;
procaine salt.

Procaine salt is characterized by the longest duration therapeutic action. Sodium is the least toxic and rarely leads to local tissue irritation upon administration; it is used in pediatric practice.

Penicillin g is produced in the form of vials containing a powder for making injection solution 500 thousand units and 1 million units each.

Procaine salt has a release form of three hundred thousand, six hundred thousand and 1.2 million units.

Recipe for penicillin ® in Latin

An example of a prescription for penicillin in Latin:

Rp.: Benzylpenicillini-natrii 1000000ED
D.t.d. No. 10 in flac.
S. IM 1,000,000 IU 4 times a day in 2 ml of water for injection

Indications and contraindications for the appointment of penicillin ®

It is prescribed for the treatment of bacterial infections associated with sensitive flora.

Topically, penicillin ® can be used for gargling and instillation into the nose (for purulent, bacterial rhinitis).

One of the methods of treating conjunctivitis in children is instillation weak solution penicillin, however, when using this drug, you should consult your pediatrician, independent appointment not recommended. This is due to the fact that an allergy to penicillin occurs even with local administration and can manifest itself not only as burning of the mucous membrane, redness of the eye, but also angioedema or anaphylactic shock.

Systemically penicillin ® can be prescribed to eliminate infections: wound, urinary tract, skin and pancreas. For therapy, osteomyelitis, septic endocarditis, . And also with, pyemia, diphtheria (in combination with toxoid), actinomycosis, anthrax. It is used in ENT pathologies and in ophthalmic practice.

The drug is contraindicated in patients who are allergic to penicillin or other beta-lactam drugs, as the risk of cross-sensitivity is high. It is also not prescribed to newborn children, from mothers with intolerance to penicillin.

Intralumbar administration is not used for the treatment of patients with epilepsy.

Wed can be prescribed from birth, but children under two years of age are prescribed only for health reasons, strictly according to the doctor's prescription.

Potassium salt is contraindicated in patients with arrhythmias and hyperkalemia.

It is used with caution for women who are carrying a child or breastfeeding.

Dosage and instructions for use of penicillin ® sodium salt in ampoules (injections)

Penicillin g can be used intramuscularly, intravenously (jet or drip introduction) and subcutaneously, endolumbar and intratracheal administration is also sometimes used.

Since allergy to penicillin is quite common, a sensitivity test to the drug is mandatory before administration.

Standard daily dosage for adults Penicillin g (intravenous administration) for moderate diseases ranges from one to two million units, with severe course infectious process- up to 20 million units.

The dosage administered at a time is from 250 thousand to five hundred thousand units. Penicillin is administered four times a day.

In patients with gas gangrene the daily dose is from 40 to 60 million units.

For babies up to a year, from 50 to 100 thousand units / kg are administered per day. From a year - 50 thousand units / kg. At serious illness the dosage can be raised to two hundred to three hundred thousand units / kg. daily dose should be divided into four to six introductions.

To comply with the penicillin dilution technique, the solution is prepared immediately before administration. When used intravenously, water for injection or 0.9% saline is used to dilute the powder. It is administered slowly, over 5 to 10 minutes.

With a drip appointment, dilute with 0.9% saline and inject within an hour and a half.

Intravenous use can be alternated with the / m (once or twice / in a day, the rest intramuscularly).

For intramuscular injection, water for injection, procaine solution, 0.9% saline solution are used to dilute the powder.

Standard dose (per day) for moderate infections:

VDP (upper respiratory tract);
NDP (lower respiratory tract);
MVP (urinary);
ZhVP (biliary);
Skin and pancreas,

It is in the range from 2.5 to 5 million units (for adults). The dose is administered 4 times.

Also, the drug can be used subcutaneously, for the purpose of chipping inflammatory infiltrates. Penicillin at a dose of 100 to 200 thousand is diluted with 0.25-0.5% procaine solution (1 milliliter).

In ophthalmology, it is used in a dose of 20 to 100 thousand, diluted with saline or distilled water. Assign 1-2 drops four to six times a day. Before using the drug, you must always consult with your doctor.

Features of the use of penicillin ®

It is important to remember that all parenteral penicillin solutions must be used immediately. Since during storage wed-in breaks down into metabolites.

With prolonged use of the antibiotic, the risk of fungal diseases of the skin and mucous membranes increases, therefore, for the purpose of prevention, B vitamins are prescribed, ascorbic acid, antifungal agents (Nystatin ® , less often Levorin ®).

It must be remembered that courses of treatment that are insufficient in duration, as well as low dosages, can cause the formation of antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria.

During penicillin therapy, it is forbidden to drink alcohol, as they are categorically incompatible, juices, sweets, yogurts and milk. It is also recommended to exclude muffins and carbonated drinks.

Symptoms of an overdose of the drug are manifested by convulsions, meningeal symptoms, loss of consciousness, electrolyte disturbances, arrhythmias.

Treatment of overdose is symptomatic. In severe cases, hemodialysis may be performed.

Penicillin can be used to treat women who are carrying a child, however, when prescribing the drug during lactation, it is recommended to stop breastfeeding. This is due to the ability of the antibiotic to penetrate into milk and cause sensitization, dyspeptic disorders And fungal infections at the breast.

If there is no effect from penicillin monotherapy for three to five days, it is necessary to switch to a combined one. antibiotic therapy or switch medications.
Penicillin is not combined with Allopurinol ® , this can lead to a non-allergic rash.

Also, it is not prescribed with tetracycline, due to the antagonistic interaction of benzylpenicillin with bacteriostatic antimicrobial agents.

WITH bactericidal antibiotics penicillin interacts synergistically.

Levels efficiency hormonal contraceptives, increasing the risk unwanted pregnancy or bleeding (if used for medicinal purposes).

Not combined with anticoagulant drugs, this combination can cause bleeding. When prescribing an antibiotic to this category of patients, it is necessary to carefully and regularly monitor the prothrombin time.

The antibiotic does not affect the speed of mental and motor reactions, and does not affect the ability to drive a car. However, it is important to consider the risk side effects drug to the central nervous system And cardiovascular system, because side effects may affect the ability to work with complex mechanisms.

Allergy to penicillin ® and other side effects from the use

Undesirable effects from use may be manifested by an allergy to penicillin varying degrees gravity. Intolerance can be manifested by urticaria, common and exfoliative dermatitis, arthralgia, bronchospasm, eosinophilia, angioedema, fever, erythema multiforme. Anaphylactic shock, thrombocytopenic purpura.

When using sodium salt (penicillin g), the pumping function of the heart may decrease.

Potassium is characterized by cardiac arrhythmias and hyperkalemia, in rare cases, cardiac arrest is possible.

Also possible: jade, meningeal symptoms development of seizures.

In the blood test, a decrease in the number of leukocytes and neutrophils is possible. Hemolytic anemia rarely develops.

There may be gastrointestinal disturbances, phlebitis at the injection site (to prevent this, change the injection site every two days), and.

In the treatment of syphilis, Jarisch-Herxheimer syndrome may develop, characterized by chills, fever, pain in muscles and joints, serum sickness, tachycardia, sharp decline AD (up to collapse), abdominal pain and rarely, heart failure.