How is penicillin diluted for injection? Treatment of inflammatory diseases with penicillin

Description

Amorphous or fine crystalline powder white, soluble in water, alcohol, ether and acetone.

Compound

1 bottle of the drug contains the active ingredient: benzylpenicillin sodium salt - 1,000,000 units.

pharmachologic effect

Benzylpenicillin is active against gram-positive microorganisms (staphylococci, streptococci, pneumococci, anaerobic bacilli, anthrax bacilli), gram-negative cocci (gonococci, meningococci), as well as against spirochetes, some actinomycetes and other microorganisms.

Benzylpenicillin, when administered intramuscularly, is quickly absorbed into the blood and detected in body fluids and tissues; penetrates into the cerebrospinal fluid in small quantities. The maximum concentration in the blood is observed after intramuscular administration after 30-60 minutes. 3-4 hours after a single intramuscular or subcutaneous injection Only traces of the antibiotic appear in the blood. To maintain concentration at a level quite high for a therapeutic effect, injections must be given every 3-4 hours. At intravenous administration the concentration of penicillin in the blood decreases rapidly. Bacteria of the enteric typhoid group, Brucella, mycobacteria, protozoa, viruses, fungi and rickettsia do not respond to the action of penicillin. This is due to the fact that these microorganisms are capable of producing a specific enzyme - penicillinase, which destroys the lactam ring in the penicillin molecule, as a result of which they lose their antimicrobial effect.

Application

Treatment of necrobacteriosis, pasteurellosis, pneumonia, mastitis, wound infection and infections in cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, horses, rabbits, fur-bearing animals and dogs, chickens, ducks, turkeys urinary tract, septicemia, phlegmon, as well as actinomycosis, emphysematous carbuncle, streptococcal infection; wash, catarrhal and lobar pneumonia, influenza, stachybotriotoxicosis of horses; streptococcosis, staphylococcosis, infectious stomatitis and rhinitis, plague of fur-bearing animals and dogs; erysipelas of pigs and spirochetosis of poultry.

Dosage

Solutions sodium salt benzylpenicillin is prepared in sterile distilled water or in a 0.5% solution of novocaine, which prolongs the action of benzylpenicillin, or in an isotonic solution of sodium chloride and administered intramuscularly. To support the necessary constant high concentration in the blood, penicillin is administered 4-6 times a day in the following doses:

Kind of animals and birds	Single intramuscular dose, U/kg body weight
Kind of animals and birds	Adults	Young animals
cattle
sheep, goats



fur animals and dogs
chickens, ducks, turkeys

The course of treatment is at least 4-7 days, in severe forms of the disease 7-10 days or more. A solution of benzylpenicillin sodium salt can be administered intravenously (in severe septic conditions). With this method, the dose of antibiotic is 2 times less than recommended for intramuscular injection. It is also used subcutaneously and as a powder on wound surfaces. If necessary, you can use an aerosol.

Contraindications

Prohibited for use in animals with hypersensitivity to the drug.

Warning

Slaughter of animals for meat is allowed on the 3rd day, consumption of milk for food on the 2nd day after the last administration of the drug. By the specified date, meat and milk are fed to non-productive animals or disposed of (depending on the veterinarian’s conclusion).

Release form

Glass bottles of 500, 1000, 1500 thousand units.

Storage

List B. Dry, dark place at a temperature from +5°C to +20°C.

Instructions

Inject benzylpenicillin potassium salt and benzylpenicillin sodium salt into a vein, under the skin or into the abdominal or pleural cavity. These same substances can be produced in the form eye drops or aerosols. Inject sodium salt only endolumbarally. For injection under the skin or into muscles, make the solution with 1%.

Use benzylpenicillin novocaine salt in the form of a suspension, prepare it with an isotonic solution of sodium chloride or sterile water for injection. Administer the drug once a day, only intramuscularly.

A suspension of novocaine salt of benzylpenicillin with aqueous soluble ecmoline is also administered intramuscularly once a day. It comes in 2 bottles, which must be mixed according to the instructions and stored at room temperature.

The drug long acting is bicillin 1, it is used for diseases caused by pathogens sensitive to penicillin. Prepare the suspension with isotonic sodium chloride solution or with sterile water for injection. Drive only intramuscularly, and make sure that you do not hit a vein. The drug is used no more than once a week.

Bicillin 3 is a mixture of equal parts sodium or potassium salt benzylpennicillin, as well as novocaine salt and bicillin 1. Inject it once every 3 days or once a week. Bicillin 5 is a mixture consisting of bicillin 1 and novocaine salt; inject it intramuscularly.

Phenoxymethylpenicillin stands out from the general series in that it is not destroyed by an acidic environment gastric juice, and this makes it possible to take it orally.

Semi-synthetic penicillins, such as oxacillin and methicillin, are also administered intramuscularly; prepare the solution with sterile water for injection. Oxacillin can also be taken. Ampicillin is also semi-synthetic, has a wide spectrum of action and.

note

In some cases, drugs penicillin series may cause anaphylactic shock, so they should be taken with caution.

Helpful advice

Bicillin 5 is very effective as a means of preventing rheumatic attacks.

Lip piercing has been widely used since ancient times. But if on early stages history he was a kind of symbol, then for modern man became a decoration. Many people believe that it is safe and inject lip you can do it yourself. But this is far from true; great care and attentiveness are required.

Instructions

Wash your hands thoroughly, prepare your work area and put on new gloves.

Piercings can be done around the entire perimeter of the lips. Once you have decided on the location, carefully examine the inside of the lip. To do this, pull it back slightly and find an area where you can see less blood vessels. Damage to them should be avoided during piercing surgery.

Make a puncture with a quick movement. Then remove the needle and immediately put on the previously disinfected pierce. It should not be removed at a minimum. Don't forget to treat your piercing with hydrogen peroxide daily.

Helpful advice

Injecting your lip yourself is very dangerous. Therefore, it is best for you to contact a professional. And even in this case, carefully study the salon you plan to visit. It must be absolutely clean, because any contamination can subsequently lead to infection and suppuration.
Talk to the master and ask him how and with what needles he works. Ask for a portfolio good specialist I'm always happy to show it to clients. If the explanations are too vague or the master offers to do the piercing with a special gun, it is better to refuse his services and continue the search.

Even at the beginning of the 20th century, despite a huge leap in the field of medicine, a large number of diseases were difficult to treat or could not be treated at all. But when the antibiotic penicillin was discovered, everything changed in better side. Over decades, millions of human lives have been saved.

Alexander Fleming

It was this Scottish scientist who used penicillin. Born August 6, 1881. After leaving school he graduated from the Royal College of Surgeons, after which he remained to work there. After the entry of England into the First, he became a captain in the military hospital of the Royal Army. After the war, he worked on isolating pathogens of infectious diseases, as well as on methods of combating them.

History of the discovery of penicillin

Fleming's worst enemy in his laboratory was mold. A common gray mold that infects the walls and corners of poorly ventilated and damp rooms. More than once, Fleming lifted the lid of a Petri dish and then noticed with annoyance that the streptococcal cultures he was growing were covered with a layer of mold. It took just a few hours to leave the bowl with the biomaterial in the laboratory, as soon as the nutrient layer, on which the bacteria, was covered with mold. As soon as the scientist did not fight with her, everything was in vain. But one day, on one of the moldy bowls, he noticed a strange phenomenon. A small bald patch formed around the colony of bacteria. He has the impression that bacteria simply could not multiply in moldy places.

About antibacterial effect mold has been known since ancient times. The first mention of the use of mold to treat purulent diseases was mentioned in the writings of Avicenna.

Discovery of penicillin

Having kept the "strange" mold, Fleming grew a whole colony out of it. His research showed that streptococci and staphylococci were unable to develop in the presence of this mold. Having previously carried out various experiments, Fleming concluded that under the influence of some bacteria others die. He called this phenomenon antibiosis. It is not that in the case of mold, he encountered the phenomenon of antibiosis with his own eyes. After careful research, he finally managed to isolate from the mold antimicrobial drug. Fleming named the substance penicillin in honor of Latin name the type of mold from which he isolated it. Thus, in 1929, in the dark laboratory of St. Mary's Hospital, everyone knows penicillin.

In 1945, Alexander Fleming, as well as the scientists who established industrial production penicillin, Howard Frey and Ernest Chain were awarded the Nobel Prize.

Industrial production of the drug

Fleming's attempts to establish industrial production of penicillin were in vain. Only in 1939, two Oxford scientists, Howard Frey and Ernest Chain, after several years of work, were able to achieve noticeable success. They obtained some crystalline penicillin, after which they began the first tests. The first person to be brought to life through the administration of penicillin was a 15-year-old boy suffering from blood poisoning.

Video on the topic

Sources:

How penicillin was discovered in 2019

Most often it stings under the chest during sports. This is one of the types of abdominal pain. Pain underneath right breast may be associated with problems such as gallstones, appendicitis, chest fracture and other reasons.

Appendicitis

Inflammation of the appendix, vermiform appendix attached to the intestines is appendicitis. Main symptom of this disease - abdominal pain. Mild fever, nausea and vomiting are other symptoms of this problem. The pain that is felt in the right side comes from. At first she may not be strong, but deaf.

Gallstones

Digestive juice, thickening, enters. These clots are called gallstones. In this case, you should stop eating until the problem is resolved with help. proper treatment. Pain in the lower chest is the main symptom of this disease. This pain can take over top part back on the right side, and all right side chest. Nausea, vomiting and gas in the stomach are other symptoms of this disease.

Colic in the side

In this case, the patient feels sharp pain in the side just below the rib cage. As a rule, people feel such pain while performing physical exercise and after jogging or walking.

Colic may occur due to contraction of the liver or spleen.

Diaphragmatic ischemia, parietal peritoneal irritation and imbalance thoracic spine These are other causes of colic.

Chest fracture

Acute pain may be felt as a result of the chest. A common reason for this is physical injury. Most often, injury occurs directly. But sometimes a person can get seriously injured.

People with osteoporosis are especially susceptible to these types of fractures. If you experience severe pain, you should immediately consult a doctor, as it is often accompanied by damage to the spleen, lungs, or blood vessels.

Since there can be many causes of pain in the lower chest, treatment should be carried out only after a correct diagnosis. Chest pain in itself is not a disease, but a symptom of one of many disorders.

Pleurisy

With this disease, the mucous membranes of the lungs and other parts of the chest become inflamed. Becomes. Acute pain is caused by friction of the pleural layers. Pleurisy occurs as a result of pneumonia or tuberculosis and an infection. Others are chest trauma, rheumatoid arthritis, skin tuberculosis.

Intestinal obstruction

The disease occurs as a result of intestinal volvulus or a blocking object entering the intestine. At the same time, convulsions are felt, which either intensify or weaken. The pain may become acute after eating. Another symptom of intestinal obstruction is loose stool.

Sources:

Pain under breasts in rib cage area? Help?

Stitching pain under the ribs may indicate the most various diseases. It is important to consult a doctor promptly unpleasant symptoms to determine the cause of pain and prevent serious problems with health.

With the help of pain, the body always signals that some important systems fail. If you have stabbing pain in the left hypochondrium, you should not ignore suspicious symptoms. Be sure to study the location of the pain and consult a doctor: depending on how exactly the pain manifests itself, the doctor will be able to determine its cause. Pain in the left hypochondrium often occurs even in healthy people, signaling various problems, ranging from heart failure, ending with disorders in the functioning of the nervous system.

What can cause pain?

Chest pain is a common phenomenon that is most often regarded as a sign of problems with. However, discomfort may also indicate other diseases:

Inflammation of the spleen;
- stomach diseases;
- peptic ulcer;
- malignant tumors in gastrointestinal tract;
- pancreatitis (glands);
- ;
- kidney diseases;
- various pathologies nervous system;
- endocrine diseases;
- or fractures;
- osteochondrosis thoracic spine.

How to determine the cause of pain?

If acute stabbing pain occurs, radiating to left hand and shoulder blade, you should visit a cardiologist as soon as possible. These symptoms may indicate serious heart failure. The stronger painful sensations, the sooner the patient should be shown to the doctor: sudden burning pain in the left hypochondrium may indicate myocardium.

If the pain radiates to the front abdominal wall, and is also sometimes localized in the right hypochondrium, it is worth contacting a gastroenterologist. It is possible that the cause of the discomfort is a stomach ulcer or duodenum. Cutting pain of a girdle nature can be caused by acute pancreatitis.

An examination of the gastrointestinal tract is also required if pain in the left side of the chest is accompanied by nausea and vomiting, since it is necessary to exclude the presence of malignant neoplasms.

Extreme pain in the left hypochondrium caused by an enlarged spleen. If you feel a strong attack cutting pain in the left hypochondrium, accompanied by darkening of the skin around the navel, it is necessary to urgently call emergency assistance. This may be a rupture of the spleen, and the lack of timely medical care can lead to fatal outcome.

If attacks of acute pain after a few days begin to be accompanied by skin rashes, the patient may be diagnosed with herpes zoster.

Sometimes the cause of attacks of acute causeless pain in the left side of the chest is a pathology of the nervous system. Typically, such pain occurs suddenly without painkillers, accompanied by cramps or migraines.

How to treat pain syndrome?

First of all, you should consult your doctor. Only experienced specialist will be able to appoint necessary examinations and put accurate diagnosis. For primary diagnosis You should visit your local physician, who, if necessary, will refer you for further consultation. to a specialized specialist.

Modern society wary of antibiotics. There is a strong belief that they bring more harm than good. But, however, back in the mid-twentieth century, penicillin was the only antibiotic of its kind that could cure most of the diseases from which people simply died.

Discovery of penicillin

The discovery of penicillin was truly a happy accident. Scientist, professor, and later Nobel laureate Alexander Fleming, lived and worked in Scotland at the beginning of the last century. During the Second World War, he worked as a doctor in. At that time, people died from blood poisoning and gangrene, despite the fact that the operations were carried out successfully. Fleming really wanted to find one that would be able to prevent sepsis.

The scientist was somewhat sloppy, and having left home, where he was conducting experiments in search of , for a long time, he left the Petri dishes dirty. In them he conducted bacteriological experiments. When the doctor returned, he discovered that mold had bloomed everywhere, and in one of the cups it had killed staphylococcus. The scientist brought this mold by accident from a neighboring laboratory where experiments were carried out with molds.

These events took place in 1928 and, until the 40s, Fleming struggled to develop a cure. Because it was necessary not only to understand how it works, but also to conduct experiments, develop the required form of the drug and set up production. Only in 1941 was it possible to save the first person from death with the help of penicillin. And mass production of this was established by 1952. From this point on, penicillin was available in most pharmacies.

How does penicillin work?

Penicillin is safe for humans and animals, unlike antiseptic drugs. Its action is based on the inhibition of the vital activity of bacteria that produce peptidoglycan, which is involved in the construction of cell membranes. Penicillin blocks the production of this substance, thereby preventing the construction of new bacterial cells and destroying existing ones. Human cells are not exposed to penicillin because they have a different structure.

Penicillin today

It is generally accepted that penicillin is becoming obsolete. That he is no longer able to cope with the huge number of pathogenic bacteria that, having adapted to him, have mutated, forming new species. This is partially true, but today new semi-synthetic drugs have been created to which bacteria have not yet had time to adapt, unlike natural penicillin.

Possible causes of pain

It can also sting for a completely natural reason - such pain is often observed during intense physical activity. To ensure that working muscles need nutrition and oxygen, blood enters the bloodstream from a “reserve reserve” that did not circulate through the vessels before the load. The spleen becomes filled with blood, increases in size and puts pressure on nerve cells own shell. This is why they arise painful sensations.

If pain occurs suddenly in an area that has not previously given you trouble, it is most often a symptom of a medical condition. How more pain, the sooner you need to consult a doctor, especially if discomfort preceded by injury.

– usually such pain intensifies sharply or with a change in body position.

Stitching pain accompanied by high temperature- one of the symptoms of left-sided pneumonia.
Pain in the left side, if accompanied by shortness of breath, darkening of the eyes, great weakness, may be a symptom of diseases of the cardiovascular system, in particular, coronary disease heart disease, cardiomyopathy or even heart attack. It is also impossible to exclude pathologies of the spleen, acute appendicitis, kidney disease (the pain may radiate to the back) or diaphragmatic hernia.
What to do?
Considering the diversity possible diseases, the symptom of which is stabbing pain in the right side, you should not engage in self-diagnosis. Depending on the intensity of the pain, you need to consult a doctor urgently, call a local therapist at home, or come to his appointment yourself.
If you have any chronic diseases, which can cause repeated stabbing pains in the left hypochondrium, you can take medications prescribed by your doctor in case of exacerbation, and then seek medical help. New pain will most likely require examination and testing to determine its origin.
Frequently disturbing pain in the side during physical activity can be eliminated if you don't start at full stomach or without warming up. Watch your breathing during classes - it should be deep enough so that spasms of the diaphragm do not occur.

Given medicine belongs to the group antibacterial drugs. It helps to get rid of the animal from the active development and reproduction of pathogenic microorganisms. Active ingredient Penicillin for chickens is benzylpenicillin sodium salt. The drug is available in the form of a white or yellowish powder, which is easily soluble in water.

The cost of Penicillin is approximately 11 rubles. This is the price of 1 bottle.

Note! The drug has anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antiviral effect on the body of the affected chicken. This is a fairly effective and, at the same time, cheap drug.

Indications for use

This drug is used to treat infectious diseases in chickens. It effectively fights many pathogenic microorganisms, namely:

streptococci;
staphylococci;
enterococci;
pneumococci;
Moningococcus.

That's why Penicillin should be used in the treatment of chickens and who are diagnosed with such diseases:

These diseases develop rapidly, so an experienced chicken breeder will notice them at the first ailments of poultry. Once a sick chicken is discovered, treatment must begin immediately. In this case, sick chickens should be isolated from healthy animals, since infectious diseases are quickly transmitted by airborne droplets.

Required amount of drug

To combat infectious diseases in chickens, it is necessary to use this drug by intramuscular injection. To do this, you must first dilute penicillin for chickens with sterilized water.

Depending on the age of the sick animal, this needs to be done in the following ways:

Young chickens should be treated with Penicillin, dissolving the powder in a 0.5% solution of novocaine or in purified sterilized water. Single dose for intramuscular administration is 50,000 units per 1 kg of animal body weight.
Adult chickens need to be diluted with 30,000 units of penicillin per 1 kg of body weight.

The duration of such treatment should be no more than 1 week. If the chicken has a severe form infectious disease then this period must be extended to 10 days. In this case, for maximum effectiveness, the drug can be administered intravenously, reducing its dosage by 2 times.

REFERENCE! The medicine can also be used as an aerosol, which will help to recover faster. normal condition sick chicken. The dosage remains unchanged.

Signs and actions in case of overdose

Use of this medicinal product in excessive quantities may cause allergic manifestations in the form of urticaria, pharyngitis or dermatitis. If such symptoms are observed in a sick animal, then the only action that the chicken breeder should take is to completely stop treating the chicken with Penicillin.

Penicillin- a legendary drug. It began the era of antibiotics, which saved millions of human lives. Still this remedy used in the treatment of certain infections. Today it is fashionable to criticize antibiotics, attributing to them all conceivable and inconceivable shortcomings. But with the advent of penicillin, the world changed forever and certainly became a better place.

Who discovered Penicillin?

At the beginning of the 20th century, a means to combat infections became a necessity. The population grew, especially in industrial cities. And with such crowding, any infection threatened a large-scale epidemic.

Scientists already knew a lot about bacteria; the pathogens of the most common and dangerous diseases, some drugs were also used. But for real effective medicine- did not exist.

At the end of the 20s of the last century (1881 - 1955) he actively studied pathogenic microorganisms, including staphylococci - the cause of many diseases.

History of discovery

The literature, including fiction, colorfully describes that the Scottish scientist was careless and did not deactivate the bacterial cultures immediately after working with them. And one day he noticed that the growing mold had dissolved the colonies in one of the Petri dishes.

You need to understand that this was not ordinary mold, but brought from a neighboring laboratory. It turned out that it belongs to the genus Penicillium (penicillum). There were doubts about its variety, but experts determined that it was penicillium notatum.

Fleming began growing this fungus in bottles of nutrient broth and conducting tests. It turned out that even with strong dilution, this antiseptic is able to suppress the growth and reproduction of not only staphylococcus, but also other pathogenic cocci (gonococcus, pneumococcus), diphtheria bacillus. At the same time, cholera virions, typhus and paratyphoid pathogens did not respond to the action of penicillium notatum.

But the main questions were how to isolate a pure substance that destroys bacteria, how to maintain its activity for a long time? - There was no answer to them. Fleming tried to use the broth topically - for processing purulent wounds, for instillation into the eyes and nose (for rhinitis). But massive research has reached a dead end.

In the 40s, attempts to isolate pure penicillin were continued by the so-called Oxford group of microbiologists. Howard Walter Florey and Ernest Chain obtained a powder that could be diluted and injected.

Research was spurred by the Second World War. In 1941, the Americans joined the research and invented more effective technology obtaining penicillin. This medicine was necessary at the fronts, where any wound and even just abrasion threatened blood poisoning and death.

The Soviet government asked the Allies to provide a new medicine, but received no response. Then the Institute of Experimental Medicine, headed by Z. V. Ermolyeva. Several dozen variants of the Penicillium fungus were studied and the most active one was isolated - Penicillium crustosum. In 1943, domestic “penicillin-crustosin” began to be produced on an industrial scale.

This drug turned out to be more effective than the American one. Flory himself visited Moscow to verify this. He, too, wanted to get the original culture of our antibiotic. He was not refused, but was given Penicillium notatum, already known in the West.

Modern concept of antibiotics

Antimicrobial drugs today are divided into many groups. According to the production method they are divided into:

Biosynthetic - natural - they are isolated from cultures of microorganisms;
Semi-synthetic - they are obtained by chemical modification of substances secreted by microorganisms.

The classification by chemical composition is widely used:

β-lactam - penicillin, cephalosporin, etc.;
Macrolides - erythromycin, etc.;
Tetracyclines and so on.

Antibiotics are also divided according to the spectrum of action: broad spectrum, narrow spectrum. By predominant effect:

bacteriostatic - stop the division of bacteria;
bactericidal - destroy adult forms of bacteria.

Modern penicillin and natural antibiotics

Today the ancestor of all antibiotics is called benzylpenicillin. It is a β-lactam natural preparation bactericidal action. IN pure form it does not have a wide spectrum of action. Some species are sensitive to it gram-negative bacteria, anaerobes, spirochetes and some other pathogens.

Most of the “claims” that people now like to make about all antibiotics can be attributed to natural penicillins:

They often cause allergies - immediate and delayed reactions. Moreover, this applies to any products that contain penicillin, including cosmetics and food products.
The toxic effect of penicillins on nervous system, mucous membranes (inflammation occurs), kidneys.
When some microorganisms are suppressed, others can multiply enormously. This is how superinfections arise - for example,.
This medicine must be administered in injections - it is destroyed in the stomach. In addition, the drug is eliminated quickly, requiring frequent injections.
Many strains of microorganisms have or are developing resistance to its action. People who misuse the antibiotic are often to blame.

But it is important to understand that such (and a broader) list unwanted effects penicillins appeared thanks to their excellent study. All these disadvantages do not make this drug “poisonous” and do not cover up the obvious benefits that it still brings to patients.

Suffice it to say that all international medical organizations The possibility of treating pregnant women with penicillin has been recognized.

To expand the spectrum of action of a natural antibiotic, it is combined with substances that destroy bacterial defenses - β-lactamase inhibitors (sulbactam, clavulonic acid, etc.). Long-acting forms have also been developed.

Modern semi-synthetic modifications help overcome the disadvantages of natural penicillin.

Antibiotics of the penicillin group

Natural penicillins:

benzylpenicillin (penicillin G);
phenoxymethylpenicillin (penicillin V);
benzathine benzylpenicillin;
benzylpenicillin procaine;
benzathine phenoxymethylpenicillin.

Semi-synthetic penicillins:

Extended spectrum -

Against Pseudomonas aeruginosa -

Ticarcillin;
Azlocillin;
Piperacillin;

Against staphylococcus -

Oxacillin;

Combined with beta-lactamase inhibitors -

Ampicillin/sulbactam.

How to dilute penicillin

Whenever an antibiotic is prescribed, the doctor must indicate the exact dose and dilution ratio. Attempts to "guess" them yourself will lead to dire consequences.

The dilution standard for penicillin is 100,000 units per 1 ml of solvent (this can be sterile water for injection or saline). For different drugs Different solvents are recommended.

For the procedure you will need 2 syringes (or 2 needles) - for dilution and for injection.

Following the rules of asepsis and antiseptics, open the ampoule with the solvent and draw required quantity liquids.
Puncture the rubber cap of the bottle with penicillin powder with a needle at a 90-degree angle. The tip of the needle should appear inside caps by no more than 2 mm. Inject the solvent (required amount) into the vial. Disconnect the syringe from the needle.
Shake the vial until the powder is completely dissolved. Place the syringe on the needle. Turn the vial upside down and draw the desired dose of medication into the syringe. Remove the bottle from the needle.
Change the needle to a new one - sterile, closed with a cap. Give an injection.

It is necessary to prepare the drug immediately before the injection - the activity of penicillin in the solution decreases sharply.

The popularity of penicillins is due to their pronounced bactericidal action, low toxicity and wide range dosages. The disadvantages of this class of antibiotics include frequent allergies for penicillin and high risk cross allergic reactions with others .

All representatives of this group can be divided into biosynthetic and semi-synthetic penicillins.

The first representative of natural antimicrobial drugs and the ancestor of the penicillin class is benzylpenicillin (penicillin).

The drug is completely unstable orally and completely destroyed in the gastrointestinal tract. Penicillin is for injection only. When administered intramuscularly, the drug is well absorbed and is capable of creating a significant therapeutic concentration within half an hour.

Other biosynthetic penicillins can be used for oral administration. Preparations of phenoxymethylpenicillin (Megacillin Oral ®, Penicillin v ®) and benzathine phenoxymethylpenicillin (Ospen) have good stability when taken orally, their bioavailability depends little on food intake.

Other long-acting natural penicillins (benzylpenicillin procaine and benzathine benzylpenicillin) are administered intramuscularly.

Semi-synthetic penicillins are also used orally (as a substitute for injectable penicillin):

extended spectrum (and Amoxicillin ®);
protected penicillins ( /Clavulanate ®);
combination of two antibiotics (Ampicillin ® /).

Antistaphylococcal Oxacillin is also available in tablet form.

Inhibitor-protected antipseudomonas protected penicillins (Ticarcillin/clavulanate ®, Piperacillin/tazobactam ®) and antipseudomonas unprotected penicillins are used only intravenously.

Penicillin ® - what is it?

Benzylpenicillin ® is a biosynthetic antibiotic, the first natural antimicrobial drug.

Penicillin suppresses the synthesis of cell wall components in bacteria, disrupting membrane resistance, provoking the death of the pathogen. The mechanism of action of penicillins is bactericidal.

The drug has low toxicity and low cost, but this moment the level of acquired resistance in staphylo-, gono-, pneumococci and bacteroids is quite high, which limits its use in the treatment of diseases caused by these pathogens.

Allergy to penicillin is the most common side effect of penicillin use. Therefore, before use, be sure to test for tolerance.

The antibiotic is active against non-penicillinase-forming strains of staphylococci, streptococci, treponemas, the causative agent of anthrax and diphtheria, some gram-negative pathogens (meningococci), etc. Rickettsia and most gram pathogens, as well as penicillinase-producing strains, are resistant to penicillin.

Therapeutic concentration is reached half an hour after intramuscular injection. The medicine is excreted from the body through urine and kidneys. It accumulates well in organs and tissues. However, it is not able to penetrate prostate gland and does not cross the blood-ophthalmic and unchanged blood-brain barriers.

Pharmacological group of penicillin ®

Beta-lactam antibiotics - penicillins.

Penicillin ® dosage forms

Benzylpenicillin is completely destroyed when exposed to an acidic environment, therefore it is not used orally and does not have a tablet form.

For injection produced as benzylpenicillin:

sodium salt (penicillin g);
potassium salt;
procaine salt.

Procaine salt is characterized by the longest duration therapeutic action. Sodium is the least toxic and rarely leads to local tissue irritation when administered; it is used in pediatric practice.

Penicillin g is produced in the form of vials containing a powder for making injection solution 500 thousand units and 1 million units each.

Procaine salt is available in three hundred thousand, six hundred thousand and 1.2 million units.

Penicillin ® recipe in Latin

Example of a prescription for penicillin in Latin:

Rp.: Benzylpenicillini-natrii 1000000ED
D.t.d. №10 in flac.
S. IM 1,000,000 units 4 times a day in 2 ml of water for injection

Indications and contraindications for the use of penicillin ®

Prescribed for treatment bacterial infections associated with sensitive flora.

Local penicillin ® can be used to gargle and drop into the nose (for purulent, bacterial runny nose).

One of the methods of treating conjunctivitis in children is instillation weak solution penicillin, however, when using this drug, you should consult your pediatrician, self-appointment not recommended. This is due to the fact that an allergy to penicillin occurs even when prescribed locally and can manifest itself not only as burning of the mucous membrane, redness of the eye, but also angioedema or anaphylactic shock.

Systemic penicillin ® can be prescribed to eliminate infections: wound, urinary tract, skin and gastrointestinal tract. For therapy, osteomyelitis, septic endocarditis, . And also for pyemia, diphtheria (in combination with toxoid), actinomycosis, anthrax. Used for ENT pathologies and in ophthalmological practice.

The drug is contraindicated in patients who are allergic to penicillin or other beta-lactam drugs, as there is a high risk of cross-hypersensitivity. It is also not prescribed to newborn children, from mothers with intolerance to penicillin.

Intralumbar administration is not used to treat patients with epilepsy.

Wed can be prescribed from birth, but children under two years of age are prescribed only for health reasons, strictly according to the doctor's prescription.

Potassium salt is contraindicated in patients with arrhythmias and hyperkalemia.

It is used with caution for women who are carrying a child or breastfeeding.

Dosage and instructions for use of penicillin ® sodium salt in ampoules (injections)

Penicillin G can be used intramuscularly, intravenously (boost or drip administration) and subcutaneously, endolumbar and intratracheal administration are also sometimes used.

Since allergy to penicillin is quite common, a sensitivity test to the drug is mandatory before administration.

Standard daily dosage for adults Penicillin g (intravenous administration) for moderate diseases ranges from one to two million units, with severe course infectious process– up to 20 million units.

The dosage administered at a time is from 250 thousand to five hundred thousand units. Penicillin is administered four times a day.

In patients with gas gangrene the daily dose ranges from 40 to 60 million units.

For babies up to one year old, from 50 to 100 thousand units/kg are administered per day. From a year – 50 thousand units/kg. At serious illness the dosage can be raised to two hundred to three hundred thousand units/kg. Daily dose should be divided into four to six administrations.

To comply with the penicillin dilution technique, the solution is prepared immediately before administration. When used intravenously, water for injection or 0.9% saline solution is used to dilute the powder. It is administered slowly over 5 to 10 minutes.

For drip administration, dilute 0.9% saline solution and administered within one and a half hours.

Intravenous use can be alternated with IM (one or two times IV per day, the rest intramuscularly).

For intramuscular administration, water for injection, procaine solution, and 0.9% saline solution are used to dilute the powder.

Standard dose (per day) for moderate infections:

UAP (upper respiratory tract);
LDP (lower respiratory tract);
UVP (urinary);
Bile ducts (bile ducts);
Skin and fatty acids,

It ranges from 2.5 to 5 million units (for adults). The dose is administered 4 times.

The drug can also be used subcutaneously for injection purposes. inflammatory infiltrates. Penicillin in a dose of 100 to 200 thousand is diluted with a 0.25-0.5% solution of procaine (1 milliliter).

In ophthalmology it is used in a dose of 20 to 100 thousand, diluted with saline or distilled water. Prescribe 1-2 drops four to six times a day. Before using the drug, you must consult your doctor.

Features of the use of penicillin ®

It is important to remember that all parenteral penicillin solutions must be used immediately. Since during storage the solution breaks down into metabolites.

With prolonged use of an antibiotic, the risk of fungal diseases of the skin and mucous membranes increases, therefore, for the purpose of prevention, B vitamins are prescribed, ascorbic acid, antifungal agents(Nystatin ®, less commonly Levorin ®).

It must be remembered that courses of treatment that are insufficient in duration, as well as low dosages, can cause the formation of antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria.

During penicillin therapy, it is forbidden to drink alcohol, as they are strictly incompatible, juices, sweets, yoghurts and milk. It is also recommended to exclude baked goods and carbonated drinks.

Symptoms of a drug overdose include convulsions, meningeal symptoms, loss of consciousness, electrolyte disturbances, and arrhythmias.

Treatment of overdose is symptomatic. In severe cases, hemodialysis may be performed.

Penicillin can be used to treat women carrying a child, however, when prescribing the drug during lactation, it is recommended to stop breastfeeding. This is due to the ability of the antibiotic to penetrate milk and cause sensitization, dyspeptic disorders And fungal infections at the baby.

If there is no effect from monotherapy with penicillin for three to five days, it is necessary to switch to combination antibacterial therapy or change the drug.
Penicillin cannot be combined with Allopurinol ® and may result in a non-allergic rash.

Also, it is not prescribed with tetracycline, due to the antagonistic interaction of benzylpenicillin with bacteriostatic antimicrobial agents.

Penicillin interacts synergistically with bactericidal antibiotics.

Eliminates effectiveness hormonal contraceptives, increasing the risk unwanted pregnancy or bleeding (if they were used for therapeutic purposes).

It cannot be combined with anticoagulant drugs; this combination may cause bleeding. When prescribing an antibiotic to this category of patients, it is necessary to carefully and regularly monitor the prothrombin time.

The antibiotic does not affect the speed of mental and motor reactions, and does not affect the ability to drive a car. However, it is important to consider the risk side effects drug on the central nervous system and cardiovascular system, because side effects may affect the ability to operate complex machinery.

Allergy to penicillin ® and other side effects from use

Undesirable effects from use may include an allergy to penicillin varying degrees gravity. Intolerance can manifest itself as urticaria, common and exfoliative dermatitis, arthralgia, bronchospachm, eosinophilia, angioedema, fever, erythema multiforme. Anaphylactic shock, thrombocytopenic purpura.

When using sodium salt (penicillin g), the pumping function of the heart may decrease.

Potassium is characterized by cardiac arrhythmias and hyperkalemia, in rare cases cardiac arrest is possible.

Also possible: jades, meningeal symptoms, development of seizures.

A blood test may show a decrease in the number of leukocytes and neutrophils. Hemolytic anemia rarely develops.

Disorders from the gastrointestinal tract, phlebitis at the injection site may occur (to prevent this, change the injection site every two days), etc.

In the treatment of syphilis, Jarisch-Herxheimer syndrome may develop, characterized by chills, fever, pain in muscles and joints, serum sickness, tachycardia, sharp decline Blood pressure (up to collapse), abdominal pain and rarely, heart failure.