I want to be a surgeon. Kuban State Medical University

The demand for the surgical profession is only increasing these days. These doctors diagnose, identify the cause of the disease, perform operations and guide patients throughout the recovery period. In addition, they reduce dislocations, treat fractures and treat bruises. The peculiarity of the surgeon's profession is that this genus activities are very serious, responsible and even extreme, since not only people’s health, but also their lives depend on the professionalism of such specialists.

A surgeon has a lot of responsibilities. This may include:

maintaining the patient's medical history, filling out medical records;
finding out the causes of the disease;
carrying out all necessary measures to establish and confirm the diagnosis;
preparing the patient for surgery;
carrying out the operation itself (planned or unplanned);
management of the patient after surgery and further monitoring of him;

Surgeons also develop new diagnostic and treatment methods and implement them in practice. Many of the functions of these doctors depend not only on their place of work, but also on their specialization.

Pediatric surgeon. This doctor's responsibilities include treating internal organs child from birth to 14 years of age. During the period of development and growth, some children develop all sorts of health problems. And if they cannot be solved conservatively, then a pediatric surgeon comes to the rescue. Using modern methods diagnostics (ultrasound, tomography, endoscopic examinations, x-ray, FCS, FGDS), the specialist identifies the pathology and the causes of its occurrence and only after that sets the date for the operation and carries out it. Pediatric doctors also conduct routine examinations of babies for timely detection such possible deviations, such as hernia, dysplasia, orchitis, phimosis, hydrocele, etc.

Orthopedic surgeon. Can be for children or adults. He treats diseases of the musculoskeletal system. The role of an orthopedic surgeon includes identifying diseases of the joints, feet, hips, spine or musculoskeletal system and timely treatment.

Vascular surgeons. Doctors of this specialization are engaged in the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of diseases affecting blood vessels(veins and arteries). Most frequent patients Such specialists are people suffering from atherosclerosis, which can lead to stroke, heart attack and gangrene.

An oral and maxillofacial surgeon deals surgical treatment diseases oral cavity, neck and face. These may be congenital problems, fractures of facial bones, tumors, inflammatory processes etc. Such a surgeon can not only save a person from an illness, but also restore his former beauty.

A plastic surgeon deals directly with the beauty of the face and other parts of the body. It is this specialization in surgery that is considered the most in demand, prestigious and popular. Unlike facial surgery, a plastic surgeon “treats” healthy people and works most often with soft tissues, making all his patients' dreams come true ideal figure and appearance into life.

A doctor, regardless of his specialization, is called upon to help people and bring great benefit to the whole society. This can be considered one of the advantages of being a surgeon. The disadvantages are night shifts, stress, and irregular working hours.

Personal qualities of a surgeon

The surgeon must be healthy both physically and psychologically. Responsibility, resistance to stress, organization, discipline, endurance, attentiveness - this is far from full list all the qualities that a good surgeon should have.

Education (What do you need to know?)

In order to become an excellent surgeon, you must not only have a higher medical education, but also constantly work on yourself, improving your skills. To do this, you need to be interested in new developments and discoveries in the field of surgery, attend seminars and trainings, and exchange experiences with colleagues from near and far abroad.

Place of work and career

Surgeons work both in public medical institutions and in private clinics. If desired, a doctor can make a career up the administrative ladder and become, for example, the head of a department or chief physician.

Instructions

Before you start training, evaluate your capabilities. Job surgeon associated with constant nervous and physical stress. Long hours of operations will require you to good health and great endurance. The surgeon must have such qualities as willpower, determination, the ability to quickly navigate the situation and make a decision on which the patient’s life depends. Not all people are capable of this. If you decide to become a professional, start preparing in advance - increase your endurance and improve your health. To do this, practice every day physical activity.

Enroll in medicine or pediatrics if you want to specialize in pediatrics. For five years you will study medicine together with future therapists and obstetricians under a single program. In the sixth year, students will be assigned to three areas and undergo subordination in a specific specialty. Many students want to become surgeons, but not all pass the competition. To do this, you must have excellent and good grades in most subjects.

In subordination you will study various areas surgery at departments located directly in clinical departments hospitals. Take a closer look at what area you would like to work in. There are several areas in surgery, all of them have their own specifics. Oncologist surgeons treat various neoplasms, neurosurgeons operate on the brain and spinal cord, vascular surgeons perform operations on blood vessels, etc. Each specialty has its own characteristics. Not everyone will be able to work with cancer patients every day; some will find it more enjoyable to work plastic surgeon. Determine the area of future work right away, then you will have to specialize in the chosen direction.

After completing your studies, you will receive a diploma without specifying your specialty. This is not to become a surgeon - you will specialize in surgical department. When enrolling in an internship, choose from the options offered the one that matches or is close to your preference. During the year you will work as a doctor under the supervision of the internship supervisor, most often the head of the department. After completing the internship you will receive a certificate surgeon and you can start practicing on your own.

If you want to specialize in a particular area of surgery, such as becoming a cardiac or plastic surgeon, you will need to complete a residency. This is a two-year training cycle on the basis of an institute or advanced training academy. You will undergo a course of theoretical training in the chosen field of surgery and master practical surgical skills. If you have a desire to do scientific work, you can continue your studies in full-time or part-time (on-the-job) graduate school.

The help of a surgeon is required in cases where drug therapy did not bring the expected results or in emergency situations.

In general, surgery as a field of medicine has a large number of various directions. This provides a wide opportunity for choosing a specialization.

The surgeon performs surgical interventions. Therefore, it is extremely important to have applied skills. In addition, the doctor’s functions also include examinations during the diagnosis of the disease, observation - both preoperative and postoperative.

Is there any point in becoming a surgeon?

Many students and graduates of specialized universities dream of becoming specialists in surgery. Moreover, many of them, already at the beginning of their studies, decide to connect their lives with this branch of medicine.

At the same time, doctors themselves believe that one can become such a doctor if one has a certain vocation for this type of activity. A real surgeon must have whole line qualities

The advantages of this profession are generally considered to be the following:

the result of the work is noticeable almost instantly;
prestige of the specialty;
high demand for surgeon services;
the ability to quickly gain recognition;
high earnings.

As a rule, surgery as a treatment method is chosen in cases where, without radical intervention it is impossible to help the patient. If the outcome is successful, recovery occurs very quickly. That is, the effectiveness of treatment is more pronounced than when using conservative methods.

At the same time, it is often the surgeon who is the doctor who can become the savior of the patient. Because of this, the profession in the medical community is considered prestigious and responsible.

Currently, the shortage of surgeons in Russia is quite large. This means that a graduate who has chosen this profession will not find it difficult to find a job. You can get a job in a government job without any problems. medical institution. At the same time, specialists with a narrow focus are in great demand in commercial medicine.

In reality, the earnings of surgeons are, for the most part, quite modest. However, some specialties remain very profitable. Eg, plastic surgery is a very profitable industry, as is gynecology.

Disadvantages of being a surgeon

Those who decide to become a surgeon will have to put up with an extremely difficult work schedule. You will be required to be on duty both at night and on weekends. You also need to be prepared for emergency calls, overtime work. This is something that specialists working both in hospitals and clinics will have to face.

Working conditions are also quite difficult. Many operations take hours. The surgeon must stand while doing this. Artificial lighting in the operating room also contributes to rapid fatigue. During the operation, the surgeon is forced to be in direct contact with the patient’s internal organs - this carries certain risks to his health. In addition, he must also constantly use various antiseptics, which are often quite aggressive on the skin.

Most surgeons suffer from problems with the heart and blood vessels, decreased visual acuity, diseases of the musculoskeletal system, allergies and infections.

Also, while working you have to constantly deal with psychological stress. This is not surprising, because the surgeon bears a great responsibility. The slightest mistake on his part can lead to the death of the patient. At the same time, even if the operation is completed successfully, the overall outcome of treatment may be unfavorable.

In situations where you have to perform an operation in urgently, the surgeon is forced to work with full dedication, regardless of his own condition. In addition, work in night shift in itself is a great stress for the doctor’s body. Ultimately, so-called emotional burnout may occur.

There is also a high probability of being investigated. Often, a doctor is brought to court because the results of a surgical intervention did not bear the expected fruits or if the patient died right on the table. IN Lately very often they began to sue plastic surgeons.

How long does the study last?

It takes quite a long time to become a surgeon. In Russia, to obtain a certificate you must study:

6 years at university;
1 year internship;
or 2 years in residency.

In addition, in some cases, you may need to complete a 4-month course before certification.

Also, every surgeon must improve his qualifications every 5 years to confirm his certificate. At the same time, Russia intends to change the standards of medical education in the future. As a result, it will take even more time to become a specialist. It is assumed that the internship will be abolished, and residency will be accepted only after several years practical work local doctor. The residency itself should last from 2 to 5 years.

Cost of education

You can study for free, provided that those who want to work as a surgeon in the future pass the Unified State Exam with flying colors. In any medical university There are places that are paid for from the state budget.

In other cases you will have to pay. The minimum cost of a year of study is 60 thousand. Therefore, a total of 360 thousand rubles will be needed.

And after your diploma you can continue your studies for free. This chance is available to those who have a high GPA or was sent to a university from the regions. In the event that there are unfilled budget positions in the internship, students with lower academic performance may also be accepted.

You will have to pay approximately 60 thousand rubles for studying at an internship. If necessary, go through full course, you will need to pay 120 thousand.

Surgeon salary in Russia

The bulk of a surgeon's remuneration consists of bonuses for night shifts, additional shifts, and additional payments for skill level. The amounts of these payments are determined by the head physician medical institution, in which the specialist works, and are formalized by the corresponding internal regulatory act.

Currently, the minimum salary received by a surgeon, mentioned in job advertisements, is 30 thousand rubles. The average salary in Russia is 40 thousand.

Surgery is one of the most labor-intensive, complex and responsible branches of medicine. This specialty involves conducting surgical interventions of varying complexity. How is this area of activity structured? What are the features of building a career?

Average wage: 40,000 rubles per month

Demand

Payability

Competition

Entry barrier

Prospects

A surgeon is a specialist with the highest medical education, which, by performing an operation, relieves the patient from the consequences of injury and eliminates many pathologies if they cannot be cured with the help of conservative therapy. Let's take a closer look at the features of the profession, who it is suitable for, and how much you need to study to get a job as a surgeon. Let's also touch on the remuneration of a doctor with golden hands.

Story

The founder of surgery is considered to be Hippocrates, who wrote an entire treatise, first touching on the topic septic complications, spoke about the treatment of abscesses and fractures. It should be noted that many modern doctors do not agree with this prioritization, since the earlier origins of this profession are indicated by references in ancient written sources to performing craniotomy in Ancient Egypt, information about the invention of the first instruments in India and the works of Avicenna about anatomical structure person.

In the Middle Ages, despite the prohibitions of the church, the following achievements were noted in the field of radical healing:

the Italian Lucca used the first anesthesia, in which the patient inhaled the vapor and lost consciousness without feeling pain;
Bruno de Langoburgo described the difference between primary and secondary healing wound

Heyday during the Renaissance medical science brought surgery to a new level:

Swiss physician Paracelsus introduced the use of wound treatment products;
Ambroise Pare invented a clamp to stop bleeding and confirmed the methods of ligation of blood vessels, which the scientist Celsus spoke about in the 1st century;
W. Harvey described the principles of blood circulation in the small and large circles.

Later, surgery developed rapidly. The basis for progress was topographical knowledge obtained from the study and description of corpses. The first operations were performed to remove the mammary gland, open Bladder, osteoplasty of the foot (N. I. Pirogov). But the most important breakthrough in science and practice began later, when the concepts of asepsis and antiseptics were introduced. Blood began to be transfused based on knowledge about her group, and most importantly, anesthesia and the science of anesthesiology appeared.

Famous Russian doctors made an invaluable contribution to world achievements in surgery:

F. I. Inozemtsev (19th century). He worked together with N.I. Pirogov, held the position of professor at the University of Moscow, taught anatomy and surgery.
N.V. Sklifosofsky (19th–20th century). He taught students in Kyiv, St. Petersburg and Moscow, dealt with the issues of treating wounds, incisions and medical instruments during operations.
A. A. Bobrov. He founded the Moscow school of surgeons and developed a system of techniques for excision of the gallbladder and hernia.
N. A. Velyaminov, academician. Had many publications on various types pathologies and their treatment. Considered the founder of the first ambulance.
P. I. Tikhonov, professor. He developed surgery in Siberia and invented a method of transplanting the ureter into the lumen of the large intestine.

Description and characteristics of the profession

The profession of a surgeon is very respected and significant in modern world. She is distinguished by high responsibility for later life person. The development of science has made it possible to carry out the most complex interventions that require knowledge and ability to handle high-precision equipment.

A surgeon can work in the following medical institutions:

clinic;
hospital;
sanatorium;
dispensary;
emergency room;
private office or clinic;
medical school;
scientific organization;
Emergency;
Ministry of Emergency Situations;
military unit;
sports organizations.

At his workplace, the specialist carries out radical, palliative and diagnostic operations. They can also be emergency (when the patient’s condition is critical and requires immediate intervention) and planned (carried out after preliminary preparation). Surgeons are in close contact with anesthesiologists, assistants (junior colleagues) and supervise the work of nursing staff.

Specialties, universities and Unified State Exam subjects

To obtain a specialty you should:

Enter a university, study there for 6 years, then successfully pass the exam, testing and interview with a commission of professors and associate professors in the specialty “General Medicine” or “Pediatrics”.
Serve one year in a clinic or outpatient setting.
Enter into residency for two years with a specialization in Surgery and complete it.

A surgeon can specialize in one of the following areas:

Neurosurgery(treatment of all diseases of the brain and spinal cord).
Plastic. Elimination of aesthetic problems.
Cardiac surgery. Surgeries on the heart muscle for congenital and acquired defects; recovery coronary circulation stenting, bypass surgery; invasive species diagnostics
Vascular. A surgeon's job is to operate on veins and arteries.
Abdominal. The specialist usually encounters such pathologies as appendicitis, peritonitis, perforated ulcer, bleeding of internal organs, neoplasms, intestinal necrosis, stones from the bile ducts.
Maxillofacial. Helps with abnormal development of the bones of the skull and jaw, eliminates the consequences of injuries, removes purulent foci.
Thoracic. The surgeon solves lung problems (tumors, calcification, foreign body respiratory tract, and also excises purulent and necrotic areas).
Oncology. Engaged in the removal of tumors of any etiology.

For admission to medical school or university in the 11th grade you must pass the Unified State Exam in chemistry, biology and the Russian language. If a doctor studied to be a pediatrician and wants to perform operations on adults, then he needs to take additional retraining courses.

The specialty of a surgeon can be obtained at dozens of universities in the country, for example:

Russian medical University them. N. I. Pirogova;
Northwestern State Medical University named after. I. I. Mechnikova;
Voronezh State medical Academy them. N. N. Burdenko;
Saratov State Medical University named after. V. I. Razumovsky;
Omsk State Medical Academy.

Responsibilities

Regardless of place of work and specialization, the responsibilities of a surgeon include:

reception and examination of patients;
conducting a conversation about the need radical treatment And possible risks related to its implementation;
collecting anamnesis of the disease and making a preliminary diagnosis;
referral (if necessary) for research;
establishment final diagnosis and determining the timing of the operation;
recommendations and control over preparation;
conducting an intervention;
supervising the patient until his complete rehabilitation;
implementation of prevention of complications;
extract and recommendations;
maintaining medical records.

Who is the profession suitable for?

They don't become surgeons random people. To master this specialty you need good memory and constant replenishment of knowledge. You should always be aware of all the techniques developed by previous generations and try to improve them or invent your own. In addition, it is necessary:

be confident and make quick decisions, as the patient’s life depends on it;
prevent undesirable developments during surgery;
endure stress and failures, since it is not always possible to save a person’s life;
have endurance, patience and health, since you have to stand on your feet for many hours and be completely focused;
be able to communicate with people, find mutual language with work colleagues and patients.

Wage

A surgeon's salary depends on the following factors:

experience;
region of work;
presence of a category;
specialization;
scientific title.

The salary range across the country ranges from 13 thousand to 250 thousand rubles. Much needed good specialists in Moscow and St. Petersburg, there is a large shortage of surgeons in the Krasnodar region. The lowest salaries are for doctors in small hospitals and outpatient clinics in the regions, and the highest are in clinics specializing in dentistry, where surgeons simultaneously deal with maxillofacial problems, treatment and prosthetics of teeth, and implantology.

How to build a career

To earn a decent salary, it is not enough to simply become a surgeon. This requires experience and career growth. In the course of their work, many specialists constantly study for accreditation and carry out complex manipulations, accept Active participation at conferences, defend dissertations, publish their works in journals or publish books. Every five years, a special commission evaluates the number of points and the doctor’s ability to continue to practice.

3 or more years – second category;
from 7 – first;
by the 10th year of practice - the highest.

If you don’t want to, you can avoid confirming your qualifications, but for a surgeon this will have an extremely negative impact on a possible career.

Prospects for the profession

Good surgeons will always be in demand. Promotion by career ladder and helps increase income scientific activity, defense of candidate and doctoral dissertations, publications in reputable medical journals, presentations of innovative treatment methods at conferences.

If you still have the slightest doubt that the profession of “Surgeon” is your calling, do not rush. After all, you can spend your whole life regretting the years you lost studying and working in a specialty that simply doesn’t suit you. To find a profession in which you can maximize your talents, go through online career aptitude test or order consultation "Career vector" .

You need to get ready to plunge into an interesting, but demanding specialty. The article describes specific tips on how to become a surgeon. You should do whatever is asked to help the surgical team. In a good surgical service, all staff work as one unit, this approach aims to achieve best results for both patients and the team.

It is necessary to show your respect for the knowledge and experience of residents and other employees, avoid public disagreements, help your resident to be at his best, and then he will tell you how to become a surgeon.

What not to do. Criticize people's decisions great experience. This goes against surgical culture. Discuss or cast in an unfavorable light other team members, including your fellow students, then on the contrary, no one will tell you how to become a surgeon.

Daily work of a surgeon

Surgeons work very hard as their schedule includes working in the operating room, performing hospital duties, and treating patients in the hospital. In some areas of surgery, there are many emergency cases that require night work. The key to successfully fulfilling all responsibilities is harmonious work in a team.

Work in the surgical hospital for the entire team begins with a morning round at 6:00 or 6:30. Before starting the round, students and residents make a preliminary round, they visit patients in the wards, record the indicators of the main physiological functions, as well as data on fluid intake and physiological functions overnight. They determine whether there are significant changes in the patient's condition. The general round evaluates this information and makes appointments for the upcoming day for each patient. At 7:30 or 8:00 the round ends and the residents head to the operating room to assist on the . Residents who were on night duty go home after their rounds. Some may remain in the hospital to write diaries, appointment sheets, others are sent to an appointment. After finishing work in the operating rooms, the entire surgical team reconvenes for the evening rounds. The indicators and changes in the condition of all patients are assessed, after which doctors examine either all patients or only seriously ill patients. At the end of the round, the attendants remain in the department, and the rest leave the hospital.

Students who want to become surgeons, under the supervision of a senior resident, care for some patients, record their physiological signs, write diaries and assist the residents. Students are required to go into the operating room with their patients, where they "wash" for surgery, where they can hold hooks or retractors. Every day, the senior resident explains to the students their responsibilities. If something remains unclear, they can get clarification from the junior resident.

What do we have to do. If you are not assigned to specific patients, then voluntarily observe two or three. This approach will help you gain experience and knowledge. During observation, patients should be asked to write diaries and prescription sheets. You can examine the patient before the round, record his physiological indicators and well-being, try to obtain laboratory tests and the results of imaging studies before the round. You need to let your team know that you can be relied upon.

When observing a patient, be sure to make notes about the medical history and physical examination data in your notebook. These records should be kept daily, recording vital signs important functions, fluid and food intake, physiological functions, results laboratory tests and other important information.

What not to do. Miss or be late for rounds without good reason, you won’t become a surgeon that way.

How to become a member of the surgical team

The surgical team evaluates students on their interest, enthusiasm, and assistance in treatment. Students who want to be surgeons can gain the trust of team members by showing up to work regularly and on time, demonstrating enthusiasm and helpfulness, and conscientiously performing their assigned responsibilities. Most surgeons and residents love their jobs and will gladly volunteer to do whatever is necessary to help a patient. Members of the surgical team highly appreciate the same zeal and interest on the part of students. You need to volunteer to observe patients and help residents. As you get closer to the team, you will be given more responsibilities for writing observation diaries and appointment sheets, checking test data, working with patients and performing various procedures (for example, staging intravenous catheter and Foley catheter).

What do we have to do. Show interest and volunteer to help. If the resident calls to see a patient, ask if you can go first and what you can do.

What not to do. If you want to make a good impression, try not to complain to your resident about being tired, hungry, or long work without rest. Surgeons will decide to give you some of the work and they will have the impression that you can handle it.

Getting to know the operating block

Surgeons get satisfaction from working in the operating room, and you might feel the same. There is a clearly organized team, each member of which is assigned a specific role. The student's role is, at most, to hold the hooks and retractors and thereby assist the surgeon's work. Most operating teams consist of:

and nurses - anesthetist or resident;
surgeon and his assistant;
a nurse or technologist who is responsible for processing instruments;
a nurse who is responsible for providing the operating team with everything necessary and maintaining documentation.

Before entering the operating unit, you should put on special clothing, a cap, a mask and shoe covers. When entering the operating room for the first time, you need to introduce yourself to the nurse; you can ask her if you are dressed correctly. You should also introduce yourself to the surgeon if he does not know you. When going to surgery, you should tell the nurse your glove size.

If you come into the operating room to watch, before you become a surgeon, keep your hands close to your body and move very carefully, being careful not to touch the sterile drapes and equipment. The nurse will tell you where you can stand to see the surgical field. If you go to “wash” for surgery, then do it with someone who will tell you the sequence of actions: soaping your hands, soaping your forearms, thoroughly cleaning your hands and nails, washing off the foam from top to bottom. After treating your hands, keep them at chest level. The nurse will provide you with a towel and help you put on a special gown and gloves. Before wrapping surgical field your hands should also be kept at chest level. The hands can then be placed on sterile diapers. It is very easy to sterilize yourself by touching an unsterile object.

During the operation, the surgeon will tell you what he is doing. The student's normal duty is to hold retractors and cut sutures.

What do we have to do.

Always introduce yourself and be friendly and courteous to operating room staff.
Act like a guest in their operating room and they will welcome you.
If you do not know the patient, check the medical history to find out for what reason the surgery will be performed. If possible, try to read about the upcoming operation in a textbook or atlas.
Try to see the patient before the operating room and conduct a brief physical examination. These preparations will help you answer any questions your surgeon may have during surgery.
If the surgeon touches the retractor you are holding, release it immediately. Do not get into a “fight” with the surgeon.
If your surgeon gives you scissors to cut the threads, hold them large and ring finger, and cut with the tips of the work surfaces.
Ask your resident to show you how to tie knots correctly and practice doing it at home. Then, when the opportunity arises, you can sew and knit knots.

What not to do.

Argue with the nurse if she says to change your cap, gown, or gloves.
Touch the table with tools. This is not permissible even for surgeons.

Before surgical intervention Patients undergo a preoperative examination aimed at identifying any medical problems which may increase the risk of surgery. Preoperative preparation begin with full collection history and physical examination. This can be done upon admission to the hospital or during an outpatient appointment, which is much more common. Then standard laboratory tests are prescribed: general analysis, coagulogram, blood test for electrolytes, urea, creatinine, liver tests, general urine test. Patients over 40 years of age mandatory perform an ECG. In some hospitals, all patients preoperative period perform x-rays of organs chest. If it is assumed that blood transfusion may be required during the operation, then blood is drawn and sent to the blood bank for typing. All patients undergoing anesthesia must be examined by an anesthesiologist in the preoperative period. Patients with multiple concomitant diseases examined more thoroughly with the involvement of other specialists.

Before surgery, the medical history must contain consent for surgery, anamnesis and physical examination data, test results and preoperative epicrisis. Immediately after the intervention, the surgeon writes a protocol for the operation. The surgeon's assistant records a detailed report on a voice recorder.

In the evening after the operation, the patient is examined again, a postoperative diary is entered into the medical history, which includes vital signs, level of consciousness, degree of pain, complications, diuresis. During this short examination, breathing and the condition of the wound dressing must be assessed. All postoperative test results and data should be reviewed x-ray examination and enter them into the medical history. After the operation, diaries are written daily in which the dynamics of the condition, restoration of gastrointestinal function and other data are noted.

What do we have to do. If you prescribe a patient to undergo laboratory research, make sure that someone knows the result of this analysis. Unnoticed pathological abnormalities lead to insufficient quality treatment and have serious legal consequences.

Diuresis must be monitored. Hypovolemia is the main cause of complications ( renal failure, myocardial infarction, intestinal ischemia) in postoperative period. In the postoperative period, the patient should excrete at least 40 ml of urine per hour, this rate indicates normal volemic status. If the diuresis rate is less than 40 ml/h or the patient has not urinated for a long time after surgery, you must inform your supervisor about this!

The article was prepared and edited by: surgeon