Suppositories after terzhinan to restore microflora. Restoration of microflora in gynecology: drugs, suppositories to improve the microflora of the uterus

Dysbacteriosis is a pathology that can be prevented. Just follow the steps listed above. Although vaginal suppositories are considered harmless to the body, it is better to catch it in time, stop the disease and not resort to their use.

appeared bad smell at discharge;
a significant increase in the quantitative indicator of vaginal secretion and pronounced yellow;
increased dryness, which manifests itself as unpleasant sensations during urination or during sexual intercourse.

This disease is not characterized by other obvious indicators. In the case when additional symptoms are added to the above set, this indicates the onset of an inflammatory or infectious process. These include:

burning in the perineal area;
problems with urination;
itching of the external genital area and vagina;
increased vaginal dryness.

If signs of dysbiosis appear (leucorrhoea of different colors and consistency, unpleasant odor, vaginal dryness, pain, itching and burning in the area of the vaginal vestibule and during urination), you should consult a gynecologist.

First you need to find out the causes of the disease. The examination includes:

1. Determination of medical history.
2. Inspection for gynecological chair.
3. Taking smears for bacterial culture, examining microflora for sexually transmitted infections.
4. Blood sampling for hormones.

After identifying the factors contributing to the development of the disease, the following activities are carried out:

elimination of pathogens and associated complications;
colonization of the vagina with beneficial microorganisms;
consolidation of the result with the help of immunostimulating drugs.

Dysbiosis is often observed after treatment for thrush or taking antibiotics.

If dysbiosis is caused pathogenic organisms(viruses, bacteria) or increased reproduction of opportunistic microflora, for example, a fungus of the genus Candida, then it is first prescribed antibacterial therapy.

For factors not related to pathogenic influence, medications are immediately prescribed to restore healthy vaginal flora.

Traditional medicine

Violation of the vaginal microflora means a violation of the pH level.

Suppositories for restoring microflora after treatment of thrush are probiotics, with lactobacilli and certain bifidobacteria in the composition.

Lactobacilli produce necessary acids and reduce the pH level to normal (3.5-4.5), at the same time blocking the possibility of thrush reappearing. Bifidobacteria support immunity.

It is impossible to say for sure which candles are universally suitable for everyone. Their effect on the body is individual: drugs that are effective for one woman may be useless for another, regardless of whether the candles are expensive or cheap. The reason for this may be the duration and nature of the infection.

Any infection destroys the upper epithelial tissue. The same process is observed after taking antibiotics. When a probiotic enters the vagina, the walls of which have been damaged by infection, there is nothing for it to attach to. As a result, the remedy turns out to be useless.

Candle manufacturers found a solution: they began to add additional substances, which regenerate epithelial tissue so that the probiotic can gain a foothold and restore the microflora. When choosing a drug, you need to take this nuance into account and carefully study the composition.

First of all, the gynecologist examines the smear for flora and finds out whether the patient needs antibacterial and antifungal medications. If bacteria or fungi are identified that need to be killed, antibiotics or thrush medications may be prescribed. If the tests are normal or dysbiosis occurs after treatment of other diseases, proceed to the second stage.

The second stage is very important, since during it the vagina is colonized with living bacteria. This must be done because your own beneficial microorganisms have died when taking medications or due to infection.

To restore the natural flora of the vagina, vaginal suppositories are used, which contain lactobacilli, but their use can only be prescribed after complete cure from thrush! Most often, doctors prescribe Bifidumbacterin, Acylact and Lactobacterin suppositories to their patients. They contain living stamps that normalize the balance of beneficial microorganisms.

Another suppository medication that can be obtained as a prescription from a doctor includes loading dose vitamin C. Increased acidity has a detrimental effect on bad bacteria, cleanses the vagina and improves local immunity. This drug is called “Vaginorm S”, but before using it you should also make sure that there is no candidiasis.

There can be many causes of dysbacteriosis in gynecology. These include:

a decrease in the body’s general immunity as a result of freezing has a detrimental effect on the vaginal flora;
sexually transmitted infections;
sudden climate change is often a factor acute phase dysbiosis;
prolonged or uncontrolled use of antibiotics;
non-compliance with the rules for using tampons during menstruation, their careless insertion and unsystematic replacement create a favorable environment for anaerobic dysbiosis in women;
illnesses gastrointestinal tract;
disruptions in the hormonal sphere due to irregular sex life or irregularities in the menstrual cycle, any trimester of gestation and postpartum recovery, termination of pregnancy, menopause;
various infectious and inflammatory processes in the pelvis;
antibiotic therapy;
violations of personal hygiene rules.

There are also ways alternative medicine, which are also designed to restore vaginal flora. But you should not make a decision on your own; consult your doctor first. The doctor will be able to advise on the effectiveness or, conversely, the uselessness of the measures used. Some of the most popular methods that traditional medicine offers:

Tampons with sea buckthorn oil. A tampon soaked in oil is inserted at night and removed in the morning. This method is very effective, because sea buckthorn concentrate has a pronounced bactericidal and wound-healing effect. Treatment course lasts at least 10 days.
Cotton swabs with an acidic medium and honey panacea. After melting 1 tbsp. honey, moisten a cotton-gauze swab in the prepared solution. The next day, a tampon with kefir liquid is inserted. The method is suitable only for people who do not have allergic reactions to honey. The course of treatment is 10 days.
Syringe from a decoction of string. Prepare the decoction of the string, filter and cool. Use it warm for daily douching. The course of treatment is unlimited - until all symptoms are eliminated.

Suppositories for restoring vaginal microflora are usually prescribed to women who have undergone treatment for such an unpleasant and very common ailment as thrush. Restoration of microflora is required to normalize the immunity of the vaginal walls, which is responsible for preventing growth and reproduction pathogenic microorganisms.

Candles for restoring microflora: specific application

As you know, an acidic environment is a natural barrier to the spread of harmful bacteria in the body. However, to restore the microflora, it is necessary, on the contrary, to reduce the pH level to values in the range of 3.5-4.5. Here lactobacilli come to our aid, capable of secreting required amount organic acids. However, there is another side to the problem: a low pH is an ideal environment for the growth of candida, which, in fact, causes thrush. Therefore, suppositories for normalizing vaginal microflora, enriched with lactobacilli, should be used only after completing the course of treatment for thrush. In this regard, it is necessary to take a second test so that the doctor makes sure that fungi are not detected in the smear.

Where to start restoring microflora?

Most doctors recommend starting treatment with the use of probiotics containing both bifidobacteria themselves and their metabolic products. During their growth and development, bacteria release substances that have antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory and regenerative properties. Moreover, during therapy it is necessary to use not only suppositories containing bifidobacteria to restore the vaginal microflora, but also consume a liquid concentrate of bifidobacteria orally. At similar treatment the risk of recurrence of thrush in a woman is reduced by 12 times.

Drugs used to restore vaginal microflora

As already mentioned, patients are usually prescribed not only suppositories to restore microflora, but also tablets taken orally. Drugs should be prescribed exclusively by a qualified gynecologist, depending on the individual characteristics body

women and the course of their disease. The modern medical industry offers very wide range means both for the treatment of thrush and for restoring the vaginal microflora after past illness. Among them are the following drugs:

- “Vagilak” and “Ecofemin”. The action of these drugs is aimed exclusively at restoring the vaginal microflora.

- “Bifidumbacterin”. These are vaginal suppositories that help normalize the balance of beneficial microorganisms.

- “Lactobacterin”. The action of these vaginal suppositories is similar to the action of the previous drug.

- "Vaginorm S". This drug is a tablet designed to restore the normal level of acidity in the vagina.

Suppositories for restoring microflora are usually used if the body is not able to independently regulate the ratio of various bacteria. There can be many reasons for the imbalance of bacteria in the vagina. Among them are diseases infectious origin, hypothermia, poor personal hygiene, or abrupt change climate.

Dysbacteriosis

Otherwise called female dysbiosis. Its development leads to the fact that vaginal microflora, which is in in good condition helps the immune system resist harmful microorganisms such as fungi, viruses and bacteria, but does not cope with its functions. Subsequently, the protective properties decrease, recurrent diseases of the genitourinary system and discomfort in the genital area, accompanied by itching, pain, burning, irritation and dryness.

Today, pharmacies offer many drugs, including vaginal suppositories for restoring microflora in female body. Let's look at some of them.

"Vagikal"

Vaginal suppositories “Vagikal” contain active ingredients of natural origin. The preparation contains calendula extract, due to which the suppositories have a bactericidal and anti-inflammatory effect. These vaginal suppositories quickly restore the vaginal mucosa and also have a strengthening effect on immune system body, protecting it from external irritants.

Medicinal calendula contains pentadecyl and salicylic acid. Bacteria under their influence stop reproducing and die over time. The drug is especially effective against staphylococcus and streptococcus. The effect of calendula on the female body is comparable to the effect of taking antibiotics; it promotes the regeneration of mucosal cells and prevents the formation of scars.

Normalization of blood circulation

Suppositories normalize blood circulation in the female reproductive system, which contributes to more quick withdrawal inflammatory process. Also, the effect of the drug is aimed at healing erosions.

Vagikal suppositories for restoring microflora can improve the quality of life of a woman who has entered the menopausal phase. Calendula extract containing a large number of mucus and polysaccharides, helps eliminate itching, dryness and irritation.

Before inserting the suppository, it must be moistened with warm boiled water. Candles dissolve quite quickly. The most commonly prescribed regimen for using Vagikal suppositories is two suppositories per day, morning and evening. The duration of treatment is determined by the doctor and is usually a week.

Indications

Indications for the use of these suppositories to restore microflora in gynecology are:

Nonspecific inflammatory processes and vaginal discharge.
Colpitis in women during menopause.
Candidiasis (as part of complex therapy).
Treatment of erosion in combination with other drugs.

The side effect of Vagikal is allergic reaction on the components in the composition of the drug. The allergy is manifested by vaginal dryness and itching.

Contraindications

These suppositories have no contraindications. When using during pregnancy and breastfeeding, you should first consult with your doctor.

What other suppositories exist for restoring microflora?

"Gynoflor"

The drug is available in the form of tablets for vaginal administration. It is designed to restore female microflora and treatment of dysbiosis. Gynoflora contains the synthetic hormone estriol and lactobacilli, which are beneficial for the microflora in general.

Suppositories for restoring microflora after thrush are indispensable.

Beneficial microorganisms settle in the vagina and create an acidic environment that prevents the proliferation of harmful bacteria. Lactic acid is produced in quantities sufficient to regenerate and protect the mucous membrane of the genital tract.

Thanks to the vital activity of lactobacilli, which are part of vaginal tablets, bacteriocins are produced. The latter have a detrimental effect on harmful bacteria.

Estriol is a type of estrogen that is produced by a woman's ovaries. In suppositories with lactobacilli to restore the microflora “Gynoflor”, estriol is necessary to promote the growth of mucosal cells and, accordingly, their restoration. This improves the condition of the vaginal walls. In addition, estriol helps counteract unpleasant symptoms occurring against the background of menopause.

Vaginal tablets "Gynoflor" increase protective properties female body in opposition external stimuli, which occurs due to the barrier function of the vaginal mucosa.

In what cases are they prescribed?

Indications for prescribing these suppositories to restore vaginal microflora are:

Treatment with antibacterial drugs.
Chemotherapy.
Menopause.
Nonspecific vaginal discharge.
Candidiasis.
Vaginitis.

Tablets, like suppositories, should be moistened with water before insertion into the vagina. As a rule, 1-2 tablets are prescribed per day, for a course of up to two weeks. During treatment with Gynoflor, sexual intercourse should be avoided.

Concerning side effects, then they appear against the background individual intolerance components of the drug. This may manifest itself as swelling of the mucous membrane, as well as itching and burning. At similar symptoms You should stop using the tablets and consult a doctor.

Contraindications for the use of "Gynoflora" are:

Bleeding.
Tumors in the breast or reproductive system.
Endometriosis.
Immature age of a woman.

"Bifidumbacterin"

The drug is available in the form of rectal vaginal suppositories. The composition of “Bifidumbacterin” includes bifidobacteria of the anaerobic variety. These microorganisms have a detrimental effect on harmful bacteria, normalizing the acidity in the vagina and increasing its protective properties.

Suppositories for restoring microflora after antibiotics are ideal.

The drug also helps eliminate toxins from the body. Bifidobacteria provoke the production of lactic acid, as well as vitamins B and K, simultaneously strengthening the immune system of the female body.

"Bifidumbacterin" is prescribed as aid in the treatment of gonorrhea, chlamydia, as well as genital herpes. The drug has an anti-inflammatory effect, so it is prescribed for vaginitis, colpitis and urethritis.

In addition, suppositories are prescribed in postoperative period as a prophylactic agent. During menopause, “Bifidumbacterin” normalizes the microflora, eliminating dry mucous membranes or excessive discharge.

Another indication for prescribing suppositories is the long-term treatment antibacterial drugs. Contraindications this drug does not have, it can be used during pregnancy and during breastfeeding.

The standard regimen is 1-2 suppositories per day, the duration of the course is from a week to 12 days. Concomitant use of the drug with antibacterial agents, since the effect of the latter is significantly reduced. And in combination with vitamins, “Bifidumbacterin” increases their properties.

"Vaginorm"

These suppositories are antiseptic and antimicrobial drug, which helps normalize the microflora of the female body. Main active component the drug is ascorbic acid.

Vaginorm increases acidity in the vagina, thereby preventing the proliferation of pathogenic microorganisms. The effect of the drug does not apply to beneficial bifidobacteria and lactobacilli. Thanks to this effect the microflora in the vagina is restored.

Vaginal suppositories to restore microflora help strengthen local immunity and have an anti-inflammatory effect. They are prescribed when:

Vaginitis.
Colpitis.
Dysbacteriosis.

Vaginorm should not be used for candidal colpitis, as an increase in pH can lead to worsening. Suppositories can be used for infectious diseases and menstruation.

The action of coagulants in simultaneous use decreases with suppositories. Vaginorm has no contraindications. It is prescribed one suppository once a day for a week. Possible unwanted reactions, such as itching, burning, candidiasis and nonspecific discharge.

"Kipferon"

The drug is produced in the form of rectal and vaginal suppositories. The composition of the drug includes interferon, immunoglobulin complex and excipients.

"Kipferon" has a pronounced antiviral effect, it is especially effective against chlamydia.

The drug counteracts inflammatory processes and intoxication of the body as a result of the activity of harmful microorganisms. Suppositories quickly restore damaged vaginal mucosa, improving the quality of microflora and preventing the appearance of scar tissue.

In addition, Kipferon helps increase local immunity. It is often included in therapy against cervical erosion. Suppositories also normalize blood circulation. Indications for prescribing the drug are:

1. Vulvitis.

2. Colpitis.

3. Chlamydia.

4. Herpes of the genital type.

5. Cervical erosion.

6. Dysbacteriosis.

"Kipferon" is prescribed before surgical intervention in order to minimize the risk of developing infectious diseases. The drug should not be prescribed in the first trimester of pregnancy. The duration of treatment is approximately 10 days. The drug has no contraindications, no side effects have been registered.

We looked at suppositories for restoring microflora in women.

A pathology that is accompanied by a violation of the vaginal microflora is called vaginal dysbiosis. The symptoms that arise do not cause the woman much concern, but in the absence effective therapy the disease will continue to progress and cause many complications. Suppositories for restoring microflora in women help eliminate the problem and prevent relapses, but they should only be prescribed by a specialist.

Suppositories for restoring vaginal microflora are prescribed to the patient after she completes the main course for the treatment of vaginal dysbiosis. Thanks to the use of suppositories, it is possible to increase the immunity of the mucous membrane, which will subsequently allow it to ideally perform all its functions of protecting the body from pathogenic bacteria.

U healthy woman An acidic environment predominates in the vagina. Thanks to her harmful microorganisms Even if they get on the mucous membrane, they do not spread throughout the body. To restore microflora, it is necessary to reduce its natural level to certain indicators, and lactobacilli help cope with this. They are able to highlight sufficient quantity organic acids, which helps solve the problem.

At the same time, a decrease in acidity in the vagina will lead to the activation of yeast-like fungi. In this case, the woman is prescribed suppositories to restore the vagina, which contain lactobacilli. It should be remembered that the use of such medications is allowed only after the main course of treatment has been completed. Medicines in the form of suppositories are convenient to use and, if the instructions are followed, do not pose a risk women's health no danger.

Vaginal suppositories for restoring vaginal microflora are contraindicated in the following cases:

sensitivity to individual components drug;

extragen-dependent malignant tumors;
endometrial hyperplasia;
endometriosis.

The use of suppositories is usually not accompanied by the development of any side effects, but some patients may experience allergies. Side effects may include burning, itching, heavy discharge and redness of the genitals.

The effect of candles on the body

Vaginal suppositories, which are designed to restore flora in the vagina, are probiotics containing lactobacilli. They are usually prescribed to a woman after antibacterial treatment sexual infections and thrush. However, the use of such drugs does not always allow achieving positive result and this is due to the fact that infections have destructive effect on epithelial tissue. For this reason, many manufacturers medications They add special substances to medications that help restore the epithelium and help lactobacilli stay in the vagina.

The principle of action of the drug in the form of suppositories to restore microflora is not complicated. They reduce the pH level to 3.4-4.5. Lactobacilli produce special acids, and avoid the development of repeated thrush against the background reduced level Special substances in candles help pH.

Suppositories contain bifidobacteria, which have a stimulating effect on a woman’s immune system and have an anti-inflammatory effect. Experts recommend that if indicated, you must undergo a course of treatment and take bifidobacteria, which significantly reduces the risk of developing thrush.

Variety of medicines

The modern pharmacological industry produces a large number of medicines in the form of suppositories, but only a specialist should prescribe them to a woman.

Vaginal probiotics

Most effective complex means against vaginal dysbiosis are considered:

Gynoflor. Such vaginal tablets To restore microflora, they contain estriol and live acidophilic lactobacilli. Such drugs are often prescribed for recovery normal flora into the vagina after antibacterial therapy is completed. Gynoflor has a gentle effect on the female body, so the risk of side effects is minimal. Such vaginal tablets have an antibacterial effect, and for a short time suppress pathogenic microorganisms. Estradiol present in the drug helps renew the epithelium and improve its protective barrier.
Ecofemin. Such vaginal suppositories contain lactobacilli acidophilus, and their action is aimed at restoring the physiological barrier. Such suppositories for restoring microflora in gynecology help maintain acid and alkaline balance in the vaginal mucosa. Suppositories are often prescribed to eliminate candidiasis and prevent it, and the course drug therapy is several days.
Vaginorm S. The main component is ascorbic acid, and they help achieve a pronounced antiseptic and disinfectant effect. The action of this drug is aimed at suppressing yeast-like microflora and reducing the acid-base balance.

As additional medications when fighting thrush, the following are prescribed women's candles to restore microflora, such as Bifidumbacterin or Lactobacterin. Such complex therapy allows you to increase local protective functions and increase the body's resistance.

Preparations with bifidobacteria

The main purpose of bifidobacteria is not to destroy pathogenic microorganisms in the vagina, but to displace microflora. This means that thanks to their use, the number of pathogenic fungi decreases over time and this happens due to rapid growth acidic environment. Thus, the microflora of the female body is independently cleansed.

The most effective drug containing bifidobacteria is Bifidumbacterin. This remedy is often prescribed to women after thrush.

Despite high efficiency Bifidumbacterin, its use is allowed only as prescribed by a doctor. If the cause of unpleasant symptoms is the growth of yeast-like microflora, then the risk of developing gardnerellosis is too great and bacterial candidiasis. The course of treatment with Bifidumbacterin is 10-12 days, and it is not permissible to exceed the specified dosage.

Suppositories with lactic acid and nystatin

Vaginal suppositories for restoring flora with lactic acid help increase local protective functions and normalize the vaginal environment. Proper Use Such means in accordance with the attached instructions help to restore the microflora in a short time and avoid the development of relapse.

Among the variety of drugs, the following list of suppositories for restoring microflora in women is considered the most effective:

Femilex. Such vaginal products have a suppressive effect on the activity of pathogenic microorganisms and reduce the level of pathogens. Main active substance of such suppositories is lactic acid, and the activity active ingredient helps reduce the likelihood of progression of fungal microflora. Treatment with Familex involves the introduction of one suppository into the vagina at night, and the course of drug therapy is several days, taking into account the form and severity of the disease.
Lactobacterin. This medicine is widely used to restore microflora after suffering from thrush. Its action helps to increase local protective barrier and restore metabolic processes in the vagina.

A good effect in the fight against vaginal dysbiosis can be achieved with the help of vaginal suppositories that contain nystatin. Preparations with such an active component are often prescribed to eliminate thrush, and their action is aimed at simultaneously destroying yeast-like fungi and restoring the natural environment.

Suppositories for restoring vaginal flora containing nystatin can be prescribed both for the treatment of pathologies and as a preventive measure. Such medications have restrictions on their use, so they are not allowed to be used without consulting a specialist.

Restoration of microflora during pregnancy

In women during pregnancy, the level of hormones in the body changes and the immune system is weakened, which causes the development of dysbiosis. During this period admission is prohibited. antibacterial drugs, therefore, treatment is carried out locally and is aimed at eliminating unpleasant symptoms. Candles for restoring microflora local action not so effective, but at the same time completely safe for mother and child.

Today the pharmaceutical industry produces new medicines in the form of suppositories, with the help of which it is possible to renew the microflora in the vagina. During pregnancy, it is recommended to use the following suppositories:

Terzhinan;
Nystatin;
Polygynax.

Drugs such as Clindamycin should be used with some caution during pregnancy. To normalize the balance beneficial bacteria expectant mothers may be prescribed suppositories such as Bifidumbacterin and Lactobacterin.

It is important to remember that only a doctor should select medications to restore microflora in the female body. It is imperative to complete the treatment that has been started, which will avoid the development of a relapse of the disease.

Suppositories for restoring vaginal flora - Video

Only a doctor can prescribe the most matching candles to restore microflora in women. Modern pharmaceutical companies offer a large number different drugs and try to somehow stand out from others. For example, some produce suppositories with an applicator, others shorten the course of treatment due to dosages.

Important! The information presented in the article is useful not only for restoring the vaginal microflora after thrush, but also for restoring it after other conditions. It could be long-term use antibiotics, general decreased immunity, various infections.

Suppositories for the purpose of restoring microflora are prescribed to women only after she has completed the main course of treatment for the disease described. Restoration of vaginal microflora, especially after prolonged vaginal candidiasis- This important stage treatment. Pay attention to the material about. With the help of suppositories, you can strengthen the immunity of the mucous membrane so that it can perfectly perform its functions of protecting the body from pathogenic bacteria.

Specifics of using candles

Under normal conditions, the environment in the vagina is acidic. It prevents harmful bacteria, even if they have entered the mucous membrane, from spreading further throughout the body. To restore microflora it will be necessary to reduce natural level pH to reading 3.5-4.5. Lactobacilli will help. They are ways to isolate the amount of organic acids that will help achieve the goal.

But it is quite logical that a decrease in the acidity level of the mucous membrane will lead to yeast fungi will feel at ease. Therefore, suppositories are needed to restore microflora in women. They contain additional lactobacilli, but this type of medicine can be used only after the main course of treatment has been completed.

Important! To confirm recovery, you will need to get tested by a gynecologist. We have already discussed in detail what ANALYSIS tests are taken. In particular, you will need to additionally take a smear for flora.

How to start restoring microflora

What drugs are used

We have found that suppositories for restoring microflora in women and drugs of general systemic action are important. First of all, for those who suffer from chronic thrush. Since modern pharmaceutical industry offers a huge selection of medications of this kind; only a gynecologist can prescribe the ones that are suitable for a particular lady. For full recovery useful to carry out .

Of course, there are a number of drugs that have worked well. Among the most popular and effective drugs highlight:

“Vagilak”, “Ecofemin”. They have an excellent effect on restoring the vaginal microflora after candidiasis. These drugs have a gentle effect on the body as a whole. The course of treatment is 10 days, the composition contains herbal components;
"Bifidumbacterin" - suppositories for restoring microflora in women, which normalize the balance of beneficial microorganisms;
"Lactobacterin" . Another vaginal suppository that normalizes the balance of those microorganisms that should protect the body and local immunity;
"Vaginorm S" . Available in tablet form, the drug is necessary to restore normal acidity levels;
"Genferon" . These are suppositories that can be inserted vaginally or rectally. They help clean both the vagina and genitourinary system from pathogenic bacteria;
"Pimafucin" . Many gynecologists prescribe these suppositories because they have no side effects and are suitable even for pregnant women.

It is extremely important to select suppositories for restoring microflora in women and other medications with your doctor. After all, for a specific medical history, the medicine is selected individually. A course to restore microflora after thrush can cost a pretty penny, but once you start treatment, you should complete it. Once again, we present statistical data that shows that after the described course of recovery, the risk of relapse is reduced by 12 times.