Essential microelements for humans. Essential microelements and their role in the human body

Essential microelements V in full force are in the diet. But the microelements that a person needs do not always enter the blood in sufficient quantities. This is due to the fact that in modern products Refined, highly processed foods occupy a large share of the diet. In such dishes, vitamins and microelements are lost during cooking. We invite you to find out which microelements necessary for the body, are considered essential, and how their deficiency manifests itself. After all, everyone knows that the human body needs microelements such as iron and zinc, manganese and chromium, selenium and phosphorus, calcium, sodium, chlorine and others.

The physiological role of microelements depends on their complete presence and ability to interact with the cells of the human body.

What is the biological and physiological significance of microelements in nutrition for the human body

Many minerals and trace elements benefit living organisms. Knowledge about the importance of microelements in the body is constantly deepening and expanding. When agricultural products are grown in soils rich in minerals, then they contain all the necessary nutrients.

While many have heard or read about calcium, people know almost nothing about cobalt, for example. And it is in the structure of vitamin B12 and prevents the development pernicious anemia. If it is not in the soil, then it is not in plants, or in animal meat, and it does not enter the human body. And these are not all microelements in the human body and their importance for performance must be constantly taken into account.

Microelements are also important in genetics; in particular, copper is necessary for the reproduction of hereditary information. If you eat unrefined foods, then enough of it enters the body. It is impossible to overestimate the importance of microelements in nutrition: zinc is needed for protein synthesis and the activity of many enzymes. Without it, for example, the ability to bear children will be impaired. Manganese is actively involved in metabolic processes. The importance of microelements for humans is limitless; for example, chromium is needed for the normal absorption of sugar.

In order to understand the importance of trace elements, you need to know that aluminum can be found in the human body, even if you never use aluminum cookware. This means that the body needs it. Humans also have bromine, tin, mercury, nickel, and silver. Physiological significance microelements of this group have not yet been fully studied.

It has been revealed that a deficiency of some minerals leads to a deficiency of others; they are all interconnected. For example, to absorb calcium and iron, you need hydrochloric acid in which they dissolve, and this is impossible without B vitamins. This is the main thing biological significance microelements - they allow all nutrients to be fully absorbed.

Phosphorus in the body is associated either with proteins or with fats; it is needed for the construction of cellular structures. Calcium is ready to help the cell relax at the moment of necessary rest, and potassium is ready to stimulate it to work. Chlorine “flashes” at high speed into and out of the cell, ridding it of unwanted carbon compounds.

Microelements can be both beneficial and harmful, it all depends on their dose.

What happens in the human body when there is a lack of the microelement phosphorus?

85% of phosphorus in the body is found in bones and teeth; together with calcium, it ensures their strength. Usually there is enough of it in the diet; overdoses are very rare. In terms of quantitative content in the body, phosphorus ranks second. What happens when there is a lack of microelements of this substance - bone tissue suffers first.

Calcium, magnesium and phosphorus are linked by metabolism. When more phosphorus is taken in than calcium, it is excreted in the urine as calcium phosphate salt. Then the body loses both calcium and phosphorus. Lack of microelements leads to serious and persistent metabolic disorders.

With a deficiency of vitamin C, the basis of bone tissue is partially destroyed, then calcium and phosphorus are not incorporated into the bone tissue. Lack of microelements in the human body leads to brittle bones, since the foundation of the bone tissue is too weak to support them. This once again suggests that vitamin and mineral complexes are needed.

The microelement phosphorus plays an important role in the synthesis of ATP molecules (adenosine-triphosphoric acid), necessary for the body's energy processes. The lack of trace elements in the body has a serious impact on ion exchange: it helps the cells of the nervous system transmit incoming signals.

Note. Liver, yeast, wheat germ, lecithin, meat products rich in phosphorus and poor in calcium, so calcium lactate or calcium gluconate is needed.

The importance of the microelement manganese in the body

The name of the mineral comes from the Greek word for “magic.” This is a trace element that is required by the body in very small quantities. But with normal nutrition, even this amount does not enter the body and a lack of microelements occurs, which manifests itself in changes in the metabolic system.

Manganese activates many enzymes in the body, therefore it is one of the essential microelements. It is needed for growth, reproductive activity, wound healing, productive brain function, and normal metabolism of sugar, insulin and cholesterol. Helps digest fats and is needed so that choline can perform its function in metabolism.

The cause of manganese deficiency is a lack of microelements in the body associated with the use of ground and refined grains in food. Deficiency can be caused by iron and calcium intake, which act as manganese antagonists. Deficiency is determined by analyzing hair samples.

Manganese helps treat diabetes by improving glucose balance. When examining patients with diabetes, no more than half is found in the body required quantity manganese And this deficiency further disrupts the absorption of sugar.

It is an essential antioxidant, needed for the formation of an enzyme that protects cells from the effects of free radicals. Strengthens the walls of the arteries, making them more resistant to the formation of cholesterol plaques. Cholesterol loses its ability to settle on the walls of the arteries.

Future fathers need manganese for normal sperm motility. For women, the deficiency is more serious consequences: Pregnant women have an increased risk of fetal developmental anomalies and defects in the nervous system.

Manganese - component glucosamine (a sugar-like substance), which is of paramount importance for joint health. The importance of manganese for joints is no less than that of calcium.

With its deficiency, arthritis occurs, leading to joint destruction.

Manganese deficiency increases the likelihood of epilepsy attacks. The less manganese in the body, the more often seizures occur.

Can't calculate correct dose manganese, without linking it with zinc and copper. Zinc should be 2-5 times more than manganese. In excess amounts, manganese is poisonous. The cause of the excess is not food or drugs, but environmental pollution. More often, the problem is a lack of a mineral; zinc and vitamin C are needed for its absorption.

Note. Rich in manganese, nuts, bran, green leafy vegetables.

The most beneficial microelements for humans and their properties: chromium

The list of the most useful microelements is very wide, but among them there are those that help normalize metabolism. Many diseases of our time are associated with disturbances in blood sugar levels and insulin production. The easiest way to cope with such disorders is to limit your carbohydrate intake. The beneficial microelement chromium ranks first among nutrients in its ability to normalize sugar levels.

The beneficial properties of trace elements can be used in different ways, for example, chromium is used for disorders associated with insulin resistance. Insulin is the key that opens the doors of the body's cells to sugar (glucose). Many believe that the fact is that the pancreas produces little insulin. But it has been established that from the very beginning of the disease, the receptors (sensing devices) are locked and are not sensitive to insulin. This is called resistance, that is, insensitivity. The cells do not have enough glucose, and the body sends an order to the pancreas for a new batch of insulin. Excessive insulin production is the cause of the disease.

What disorders are associated with resistance? These are obesity, unstable sugar levels, stroke, hypertension, as well as Crohn's disease, colitis, peptic ulcer, gastritis, sclerosis, Meniere's disease, migraines.

Chromium deficiency is involved in creating a vicious circle. When there is little of it in the body, the craving for sugar increases. With what more people consumes sugar, the more chromium reserves are depleted. The only way Providing the body with chromium is an additional intake. The most important substances are used more fully in the body useful microelements for humans: chromium picolinate and polynicotinate.

Chromium is essential for controlling non-insulin-dependent diabetes (type 2), the most common and complex type of diabetes. It is also useful for insulin-dependent diabetes (type 1).

Type 2 diabetes develops exclusively with many years of consumption of refined carbohydrates. The body with type 2 diabetes cannot absorb chromium from food; it requires taking the drug.

Excess weight is one of the signs of insulin resistance. Chromium picolinate is the best way to get rid of excess fat, of course, while limiting carbohydrates. Obesity is a risk factor cardiovascular diseases. The effects of chromium supplementation are more pronounced if the chromium is taken with a small amount of niacin.

Chromium increases the level of “good” cholesterol, cleanses the walls of blood vessels and reduces the level of “bad” cholesterol. Fluctuations in blood sugar levels lead to disruption of blood pressure regulation, resulting in hypertension.

Scientists have discovered that the main factor in aging is cell death due to high level blood sugar. A the best remedy to combat sugar - chromium. He is also responsible for the condition of the arteries.

Note. Attention diabetics! If you take blood sugar medications or injections daily, your need for these medications will decrease after taking chromium! It is necessary to properly reduce the dose of medications under the guidance of the attending physician.

Chromium is found in mushrooms and oats if they grew in soils rich in chromium. It is found in seafood and meat from animals that have consumed chromium. The only product that contains a lot of chromium is brewer's yeast.

The role of the trace element iodine in metabolism

Iodine is fuel for thyroid gland. Everyone without exception knows the role of trace elements iodine thanks to television advertising. Not enough iodine enters the body with food, and it is necessary not only for the thyroid gland. Immunity, brain function, and the body’s hormonal balance depend on it. The hormone thyroxine affects mental and physical development, on the growth process.

The role of microelements in metabolism: iodine deficiency, first of all, leads to dysfunction of the thyroid gland: it either begins to produce thyroid hormone in excess (hyperthyroidism), or, which is more common, weakens its function (hypothyroidism) until it stops completely.

Completing iodine deficiency does not cure a gland with weakened function; at best, iodine preparations help restore hormone production. So, with hypothyroidism, iodine preparations are not beneficial, because a long-term deficiency leads to the replacement of gland cells with scar tissue, and it does not produce hormones. The function of the gland can be weakened up to its complete absence, while myxedema and weakening of mental activity develop.

The role of trace elements in the human body is invaluable: during pregnancy, iodine deficiency can lead to the birth of a child with mental, neurological and physical defects. Children with iodine deficiency develop learning disabilities. Iodine is used for imbalance of female sex hormones.

With iodine deficiency, the thyroid gland increases in size and a goiter develops. The size of the gland does not mean that its function is increased. Patients complain of discomfort in the neck area. Thyroid hormones control the rate of metabolic processes and energy production. With a deficiency of hormones, a person is constantly cold, feels tired and apathetic. The heart rate slows down, blood pressure decreases, body weight increases, no matter what nutrition is used.

Overdose of iodine when used iodized salt and seafood cannot arise. If iodine is in excess, it is excreted in urine, sweat, and exhaled air.

The use of iodine should be under medical supervision. Large doses of the drug do not bring benefit; it is preventative, not remedy. It is better to regulate the intake of iodine from food. If treatment involves surgery to completely remove the gland, you will need to take thyroid hormones for life.

Note. The drug iodine is toxic and should not be taken unsupervised. It is better to eat sea fish and seaweed. There is no need to give up iodized salt.

What is the role of the trace element vanadium in the human body?

Vanadium is a trace element that is highly effective against diabetes. This has been proven for sure. But there are not many works on a comprehensive study of vanadium: whether it is replaceable or irreplaceable for the human body. Let me remind you that the term “essential” in relation to vitamins and amino acids in official medicine has the meaning that these substances cannot be synthesized in the body independently by using other substances as raw materials. Therefore, they must enter the body in finished form.

These microelements have a role in the human body: this mineral has an insulin-like effect, that is, it promotes more efficient absorption of sugar in cells. This makes it possible to reduce the number of insulin injections. It lowers blood sugar levels and is effective in type 1 and type 2 diabetes.

The question of dose is very important. On the one hand, since vanadium is poorly absorbed into the blood, large doses are required to achieve the required amount in the blood; on the other hand, an overdose is dangerous. Taking the drug requires medical supervision. Currently, there is a search and study of vanadium compounds with other minerals and trace elements.

Since vanadium has an insulin-like effect, that is, it acts like a hormone, bodybuilders have tried to use it to increase muscle mass. But it does not affect metabolic processes in healthy people, but only in diabetic patients. Taking it does not help build muscle mass.

Note. Vanadium is found in mushrooms, soybeans, grains, sea ​​fish, seafood.

What other microelements are vital for humans: selenium

Some time ago, selenium, like vanadium, was not considered at all as a trace element beneficial to human health. But studies of the properties of selenium have shown that this substance is very effective.

Selenium is an anti-cancer antioxidant. Moreover, it is a powerful anti-cancer agent with a broad positive effect on the entire body. Has a positive effect on the immune system, which is very important when oncological diseases. Studies have shown a 50% reduction in mortality. The ability to influence immunity and the biological role of trace elements is used in the treatment of AIDS. With the help of selenium, the body produces other antioxidant enzymes.

As an antioxidant, selenium protects the body from atherosclerosis, cataracts, and arthritis. Low selenium levels increase the risk of developing coronary heart disease by 70%. People with rheumatoid arthritis have lower selenium levels in their bodies. Selenium protects against viruses, thus preventing herpes, hepatitis, even Ebola, which is Lately claims many lives in Africa.

The anti-inflammatory properties of selenium are used especially well in combination with vitamin E and other antioxidants. But its effect does not appear immediately; it may take about 6 months. until signs of improvement.

Low selenium levels are observed in asthma sufferers. It is also useful for psoriasis; it is best to apply it to the skin. Selenium is necessary for normal functioning of the thyroid gland. The properties of selenium in the field of neutralizing the effects of toxic metals - lead, mercury, platinum - have been least studied. However, selenium is known to make them chemically inert.

The birth of healthy offspring depends on the presence of an optimal amount of selenium in the body. In combination with folic acid and zinc, selenium is critical for preventing spinal abnormalities in newborns.

In acute pancreatitis, selenium can save the patient's life; it reduces inflammation of the gland. There is no way to determine the amount of selenium in food.

Note. Sources of selenium include nuts, eggs, meat and whole grains.

Physiological role of the trace element molybdenum

The body needs very little molybdenum, but the effect of the microelement is significant. It cleanses the body's cells of toxic compounds, the accumulation of which leads to depression, pain, chronic fatigue and impaired liver function. It is used to improve the health of the body with allergies.

By ridding the body of toxins, it promotes clarity of thinking, which occurs with disorders of the colon flora, with candidiasis.

The physiological role of the trace element is that molybdenum generates energy and helps the body synthesize hemoglobin. Taking it reduces pain of various types, including arthritic ones. The effectiveness of the microelement is versatile. It is noted that it is able to reduce the risk of colon cancer and helps prevent caries.

Those with a sweet tooth, egg and alcohol lovers need a dose higher than the minimum. Their supply of molybdenum decreases, and therefore the need for the mineral increases.

It is easily excreted in urine. If you have gout, you need to pay attention: molybdenum increases the level uric acid, which worsens the condition of gout. But even at high doses this is rare.

Minerals related to trace elements: boron, silicon and germanium

Mineral trace elements have a wide spectrum of action in the human body. All minerals related to trace elements are found in the world around us. But not all minerals are microelements; some of them are in the macro formula and require a chemical reaction to obtain them.

Boron provides support for bones and sex hormones. The intake level for boron has not been established. For women's bones it is necessary no less than calcium.

With boron deficiency, clarity of thinking deteriorates and coordination of eye movements is impaired. Little research has been carried out, but it has been established that boron is able to increase estrogen levels in a woman’s body just as effectively as hormonal drugs. replacement therapy. It can effectively resist osteoporosis. This is very important for those at risk of osteoporosis but who cannot take hormones due to the risk of cancer or high blood sugar.

The experiment also found that boron halved the excretion of calcium, the main component of bones, in urine. Boron promotes the effective use of vitamin D, which is responsible for the accumulation of calcium in bones.

Boron reduces the content of oxalates in the urine, and this prevents the development of urolithiasis, in which kidney stones are formed from oxalic acid salts. It improves the condition of patients with arthritis and osteoarthritis.

Boron is poorly absorbed into the blood; poisoning does not occur with it. With food, our body receives boron daily, mainly from drinking water.

Note. Sources of boron - vegetables, nuts, seeds. There is a lot of boron in wine and beer.

Silicon

The microelement silicon, as well as boron, vanadium and germanium, until recently were not considered at all useful for the metabolic processes of the body. Therefore, there is still little data on these microelements. But it is definitely established that they are necessary in the diet.

Silicon in poly vitamin complexes, as a rule, is not contained. There is no data on silicon deficiency in the human body. It is believed that we get it in sufficient quantities from food.

It is needed for the formation of collagen, cartilage tissue, helps bones absorb calcium, is needed for normal development blood vessels and brain, affects the strength and elasticity of blood vessels. Silicon is necessary for skin, hair, nails. Research into its properties continues.

Note. There is almost no silicon in refined products. Instead of tablets, you can use horsetail extract, rich in silicon. Among the foods rich in silicon are apricots, legumes and root vegetables (turnips). It is also found in corn, a whole grain.

Germanium

Germanium is a supplier of oxygen to tissues. There is evidence that germanium can accelerate wound healing and reduce pain and improve overall well-being.

It is used for oncological diseases. Germanium compounds, primarily sesquioxide, strengthen the immune system, protect against free radicals, help the body remove toxins, and stimulate oxygen production. All this helps in the fight against cancer.

Sesquioxide (from the word “six”) - one molecule of it delivers six molecules of oxygen to the tissues. But he doesn’t like oxygen cancer cell, breeding in an anaerobic, oxygen-free environment. Other anaerobes do not like oxygen, causing, for example, tetanus and gas gangrene.

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• Iron - causes disruption of the formation of red blood cells (erythropoiesis); growth disorder; fatigue throughout the day and frequent awakenings at night; increased risk infectious diseases; anemia, unnatural pale skin; general deterioration of health; brittleness of hair and nails; frequent headaches; irritability; shallow and rapid breathing; gastrointestinal diseases; constipation and cracks in the corners of the mouth.


• Magnesium - causes apathy, itching, muscular dystrophy and convulsions; diseases gastrointestinal tract; heart rhythm disturbance; skin aging; fears; nervousness; impatience; insomnia; headache; constant feeling fatigue; uncontrollable irritation. With a lack of magnesium, the body “steals” it from the bones. With prolonged magnesium deficiency in the body, increased deposition of calcium salts is observed in the walls of arterial vessels, heart muscle and kidneys.


• Potassium - causes muscular dystrophy, muscle paralysis, disruption of nerve impulse transmission and heart rhythm, as well as edema and sclerosis.


• Calcium - causes osteoporosis, seizures. A decrease in its concentration in the blood is fraught with dysfunction of the nervous system. When there is an excess of calcium in the body, it is deposited in various organs and tissues.


• Sodium - causes hypotension, tachycardia, muscle cramps.


• Phosphorus - causes growth disorders, bone deformities, rickets, osteomalacia. Phosphorus deficiency is caused by excess calcium with a deficiency of proteins and vitamin D, which is manifested by loss of appetite, apathy, decreased mental and physical performance, weight loss. Excess interferes with the absorption of calcium from the intestines, inhibits the formation of the active form of vitamin D, binds part of the calcium in the blood, which leads to its removal from the bones and the deposition of calcium salts in the kidneys and blood vessels.


• Iodine - causes Graves' disease (diffuse toxic goiter), which is characterized by an increase in the function of the thyroid gland, accompanied by an increase in its size, due to autoimmune processes in the body, as well as a slowdown in the development of the central nervous system.


• Manganese - causes weight loss, dermatitis, nausea, vomiting.


• Cobalt - causes an increase in the synthesis of nucleic acids. Cobalt, manganese and copper prevent early gray hair and improve the condition, and are also involved in general recovery body after serious illness.


• Copper - causes anemia.


• Fluoride - causes growth disturbance; disruption of the mineralization process. Lack of fluoride causes tooth decay. Excess fluoride causes osteochondrosis, changes in the color and shape of teeth, and bone growths.


• Zinc - causes impaired growth, poor wound healing, lack of appetite, impaired taste, and an increase in prostate size.


• Selenium - causes anemia, cardiomyopathy, impaired growth and bone formation. There is a high risk of cancer of the rectum, breast, uterus and ovaries, prostate, bladder, lungs and skin.


• Chromium - makes the body work with double energy to maintain sugar balance. As a result, there is urgent need in sweets. Excess chromium in dust causes asthma.


• Molybdenum - causes disruption of the metabolism of sulfur-containing amino acids, as well as dysfunction of the nervous system.

To ensure optimal functioning of the body, it contains various minerals. They are divided into two categories. Macroelements are present in a larger volume - 0.01%, and microelements are contained in less than 0.001%. However, the latter, despite such concentration, are of particular value. Next, we’ll figure out what microelements are present in the human body, what they are and what they are needed for.

The role of microelements in the human body is quite large. These compounds ensure the normal course of almost all biochemical processes. If the content of microelements in the human body is within normal limits, then all systems will function stably. According to statistics, about two billion people on the planet suffer from a deficiency of these compounds. Lack of microelements in the human body leads to mental retardation and blindness. Many babies with mineral deficiency die as soon as they are born.

The compounds are primarily responsible for the formation and development of the central nervous system. The role of microelements in the human body is also distributed to reduce the number of the most common intrauterine disorders in the formation of the cardiovascular system. Each connection affects a specific area. The importance of microelements in the human body during the formation protective forces. For example, people who receive minerals in the required quantities have many pathologies ( intestinal infections, measles, flu and others) are much easier.

Sources of trace elements

Many foods contain microelements that the body needs. Their content in food plant origin not balanced enough. Animal food is characterized by a large number of microelements. In such sources, maximum balance is observed.

Vitamins and microelements are necessary for every person in certain quantities. IN literary sources There will probably be a table that clearly indicates the amount of macro and many microelements. Their role in the body is great.

You can get enough microelements from foods such as grains, vegetables, legumes, dairy products, animal and poultry meat, eggs, and seafood. To enrich the body with useful substances, the presence of foods of various classes in the diet should be controlled.

It is recommended to alternate ingredients daily if necessary. Examples of correct balanced nutrition can be found in a special manual. It lists the necessary macro and some microelements that should be supplied to the human body daily with food.

The role of minerals for people observing low calorie diet, is especially important. It's not always possible to get required quantity nutrients from food. Then the person is assigned pharmacy vitamins and minerals.

Pharmaceutical companies produce products with the necessary content of microelements.

Every person has information about the role of microelements. When developing the drug, the compatibility of vitamins and some microelements included in its composition was taken into account. The vitamins and minerals included in pharmaceutical complexes completely restore the strength of the human body.

Not every person is ready to take vitamin complexes, especially since there is always the option of getting the substances the body needs directly from food. Let's consider the ratio of some microelements and products:

• copper - can be obtained from the liver, kidneys, heart;
• zinc - obtained from seafood, cereals, legumes, onions, mushrooms, potatoes, cocoa, milk;
• iodine - found in seaweed, all other algae and seafood;
• potassium - found in tomatoes, bananas, beets, potatoes, seeds, citrus fruits;
• calcium - found in milk and dairy products;
• magnesium - present in nuts, bananas, leafy vegetables;
• iron - found in apples, legumes, mushrooms;
• sodium - present in table salt, sea buckthorn, beets;
• sulfur - present in viburnum;
• cobalt - found in cabbage, beets, carrots;
• nickel - present in nuts, peas, soybeans;
• fluorine - found in legumes, beans, soybeans, peas;
• chlorine - present in viburnum.

It is difficult to identify any universal products that are rich in all microelements at once, so the most best option- This is to include in your diet the maximum variety of plant and animal foods. The more different foods you have on your table, the better you provide your body with everything it needs.

Aluminum (Al)

Aluminum is found in almost all human organs and tissues. In moderate quantities, this trace element performs a number of important functions, but in large doses poses a serious danger to human health. Aluminum accumulates in the lungs, bone and epithelial tissues, brain and liver. It is excreted from the body through urine, feces, sweat and exhaled air.

Promotes epithelization of the skin, takes part in the construction of connective and bone tissue, participates in the formation of phosphate and protein complexes, increases digestive ability gastric juice, increases the activity of a number of digestive enzymes, affects the function of the parathyroid glands.

Boron (B)

This element can be found in literally all human tissues and organs, but the bones of our skeleton, as well as tooth enamel, are richest in it. Boron has a beneficial effect on the entire body. Thanks to this substance, the endocrine glands begin to work more stably, the skeleton is formed correctly, and the amount of sex hormones increases, which is important primarily for women during menopause. Boron is found in rice, legumes, corn, beets, buckwheat, and soybeans. If this element is not enough in the body, then a failure occurs hormonal levels, as a result of which women may develop the following diseases: osteoporosis, erosion, cancer of the female organs, fibroids. Urolithiasis and joint diseases may also occur.

Bromine (Br)

Bromine influences the proper activity of the thyroid gland, participates in the functioning of the central nervous system, and enhances inhibition processes. For example, a person taking a drug containing bromine has a decreased sex drive. This element is present in foods such as nuts, legumes, and grains. With a deficiency of bromine in the body, sleep is disturbed and hemoglobin levels decrease.

Vanadium (V)

Vanadium is a little-known chemical element. However, vanadium is essential for the proper functioning of the immune system. Vanadium stimulates the movement of phagocytes towards a pathogenic microorganism. And phagocytes are capable of destroying pathogenic microbes. Research recent years showed that vanadium can slow down the aging process. In general, the functions of vanadium in the body have not been sufficiently studied, however, this element takes part in the regulation of the activity of the cardiovascular system, carbohydrate metabolism, and regulation of the metabolism of bones and teeth.

Vanadium deficiency leads to a high risk of developing diabetes mellitus and atherosclerosis. Excess vanadium reduces the content of ascorbic acid in the body, increases the tendency to bronchopulmonary diseases, leads to a risk of developing cancer.

Vanadium compounds have been known in medicine for a long time and were used in the treatment of syphilis, tuberculosis and rheumatism.

So, what products contain such a little-known but necessary element? Vanadium is found in brown rice, oats, rye, barley, wheat, buckwheat, radishes, lettuce, carrots, beets, cherries, and strawberries.

Iron (Fe)

The microelement iron is a component of the most important iron-containing proteins, including enzymes, which it includes both in the form of heme and non-heme form. The bulk of iron in the form of heme is included in hemoglobin. In addition, iron in the same form is part of cytochrome P-450, cytochrome G 5, cytochromes of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, and antioxidant enzymes (catalase, myeloperoxidase). Therefore, this trace element is important not only for providing the body with oxygen, but also for the functioning of the respiratory chain and ATP synthesis, metabolic processes and detoxification of endogenous and exogenous substances, DNA synthesis, and inactivation of toxic peroxide compounds.

Iron deficiency causes pallor skin, injection of scleral vessels, dysphagia, the mucous membranes of the oral cavity and stomach are damaged, nails become thinner and deformed.

Iodine (I)

The highest content is found in the thyroid gland, for the functioning of which iodine is absolutely necessary. Insufficient intake of iodine into the body leads to the appearance of endemic goiter, and excess intake leads to the development of hypothyroidism. The daily requirement for iodine is 50-200 mcg. The main dietary sources are milk, vegetables, meat, eggs, sea fish, and seafood. Normally, blood plasma contains 275-630 nmol/l (3.5-8 μg/100 ml) of protein-bound iodine.

Silicon (Si)

Silicon is necessary for the normal functioning of fat metabolism in the body. The presence of silicon in the walls of blood vessels prevents the penetration of fats into the blood plasma and their deposition in the vascular wall. Silicon helps the formation of bone tissue and promotes collagen synthesis.

It has a vasodilating effect, which helps lower blood pressure. It also stimulates the immune system and helps maintain skin elasticity.

Cobalt (Co)

Highest content noted in the blood, spleen, bones, ovaries, pituitary gland, liver. Stimulates hematopoietic processes, participates in the synthesis of vitamin B12, improves the absorption of iron in the intestine and catalyzes the transition of the so-called stored iron into hemoglobin of erythrocytes. Promotes better nitrogen assimilation, stimulates muscle protein synthesis. Cobalt affects carbohydrate metabolism, activates bone and intestinal phosphatases, catalase, carboxylase, peptidases, inhibits cytochrome oxidase and thyroxine synthesis.

Excess cobalt can cause cardiomyopathy, has embryonic toxic effect. The daily requirement is 40-70 mcg. The main sources of nutrition are milk, bread and bakery products, vegetables, liver, legumes. Normally, blood plasma contains approximately 20-600 nmol/l (0.1-4 μg/100 ml) of cobalt.

Copper (Cu)

Copper is necessary for the production of hemoglobin, the level of which decreases with its deficiency, and doctors are beginning to recommend that we drink pomegranate juice. Copper deficiency also leads to atrophy of the heart muscle, therefore, to prevent such health problems, eat: vegetables, cereals, meat, eggs, cottage cheese, brewer's yeast, mushrooms, coffee and cocoa, legumes, apples, currants, gooseberries, strawberries.

Manganese (Mn)

This mineral is responsible for the function of childbirth, the condition of bones, and regulates the functioning of the central nervous system. Manganese improves potency, since under its influence muscle reflexes become more active, it reduces nervous irritation. Products with manganese: agar-agar, nuts, ginger. If the body does not have enough manganese, the ossification of the human skeleton is disrupted and joints are deformed.

Molybdenum (Mo)

The body needs a regular supply of molybdenum. For an adult, the daily requirement is about 150 mcg. Increased concentration causes the development of “molybdenum gout”.

The optimal amount ensures disease prevention. Preparations containing the mineral are prescribed individually to the patient, since exceeding the dose may cause undesirable consequences.

Nickel (Ni)

This microelement is involved in the formation blood cells and saturating them with oxygen. Nickel also regulates fat metabolism, hormonal levels, and lowers arterial pressure. The element is present in corn, pear, soybeans, apples, lentils and other legumes.

Selenium (Se)

The role of the microelement selenium in the body is determined primarily by its inclusion in one of the most important antioxidant enzymes - Se-dependent glutathione peroxidase, which protects cells from the accumulation of peroxidation products, thereby preventing damage to its nuclear and protein-synthesizing apparatus. Selenium is a synergist of vitamin E and helps increase its antioxidant activity. Selenium is part of the enzyme iodothyronine-5-deiodinase (which controls the formation of triiodothyronine), muscle tissue proteins and, most importantly, myocardial proteins. In the form of selenium protein it is integral part testicular tissue. Therefore, selenium deficiency leads to a weakening of the antioxidant status, anti-carcinogenic protection, causing myocardial dystrophy, sexual dysfunction, and immunodeficiency.

In addition, selenium exhibits antimutagenic, antiteratogenic, radioprotective effects, stimulates antitoxic protection, normalizes the metabolism of nucleic acids and proteins, improves reproductive function, normalizes the metabolism of eicosanoids (prostaglandins, prostacyclins, leukotrienes), regulates the function of the thyroid and pancreas. Due to the above, selenium is classified as a geroprotector.

Fluorine (F)

Fluoride is the main participant in the formation of dental tissue and tooth enamel.

List of products: nuts, pumpkin, millet, raisins.

Symptoms of deficiency in the body: fluoride deficiency is manifested by frequent manifestations of dental caries.

Chromium (Cr)

Daily requirement: 150 milligrams per day.

Meaning: regulates blood sugar levels, affects hematopoietic processes, helps overcome stress, promotes the breakdown of fat.

What foods contain: liver, meat, beans, cheese, black pepper, peas.

Zinc (Zn)

Zinc is so widespread because it is an essential component for the functioning of many enzymes. For example, zinc is part of the most important antioxidant enzyme - superoxide dismutase. Thanks to this, we can safely consider this element a necessary component for creating antioxidant protection body cells. Zinc is essential for protein synthesis (such as collagen) and bone growth.

This element also takes part in the processes of cell division and maturation, and in the formation of an antiviral immune response. Zinc regulates the activity of insulin and is part of the sex hormone dihydrocortisone. Without zinc, it is impossible to effectively absorb vitamin E and maintain normal levels of this vitamin in the body. In case of carbon dioxide intoxication, zinc promotes the rapid removal of gas from the body.

Dermatologists use zinc's properties to speed up the healing of skin wounds, promote hair and nail growth, and reduce activity sebaceous glands. For the good condition of the skin, hair and nails, as well as the proper functioning of the skin, zinc is vital.

Biologically significant elements

Biologically significant elements(as opposed to biologically inert elements) - chemical elements necessary for living organisms to ensure normal functioning. Biologically significant elements are classified into macronutrients(the content of which in living organisms is more than 0.01%) and microelements(content less than 0.001%).

Macronutrients

These elements make up the flesh of living organisms. Macroelements include those elements recommended daily dose consumption of which is more than 200 mg. Macroelements, as a rule, enter the human body with food.

Nutrients

• Oxygen - 70%
• Carbon - 17%
• Hydrogen - 10%
• Nitrogen - 3%

These macronutrients are called biogenic(organogenic) elements or macronutrients. Macronutrients are mainly composed of organic substances such as proteins, fats, carbohydrates and nucleic acids.

Other macronutrients

• Potassium,
• Calcium,
• Magnesium,
• Sodium,
• Sulfur,
• Phosphorus,
• Chlorine.

Microelements

The term “microelements” gained particular currency in the medical, biological and agricultural scientific literature in the mid-20th century. In particular, it became obvious to agronomists that even a sufficient amount of “macroelements” in fertilizers (the NPK trinity - nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium) does not ensure normal plant development.

Microelements are elements whose content in the body is low, but they participate in biochemical processes and are necessary for living organisms. The recommended daily intake of micronutrients for humans is less than 200 mg. Recently, a term borrowed from European languages ​​has begun to be used micronutrient.

Maintaining Consistency internal environment(homeostasis) of the body primarily involves maintaining the qualitative and quantitative content of minerals in organ tissues at a physiological level.

Essential microelements

According to modern data, more than 30 microelements are considered necessary for the life of plants, animals and humans. Among them (in alphabetical order):

• Bromine,
• Iron,
• Cobalt,
• Manganese,
• Copper,
• Molybdenum,
• Selenium,
• Fluorine,
• Chromium,
• Zinc,
• Vanadium,
• Silicon,

Biological role of trace elements

The biological role of microelements is determined by their participation in almost all types of metabolism in the body; they are cofactors of many enzymes, vitamins, hormones, participate in the processes of hematopoiesis, growth, reproduction, differentiation and stabilization of cell membranes, tissue respiration, immune reactions and many other processes that ensure the normal functioning of the body.

About 70 chemical elements (including microelements) have been found in the human body, of which 43 are considered essential (irreplaceable). In addition to essential microelements, which are essential nutritional factors, the deficiency of which leads to various pathological conditions, there are toxic microelements, which are the main environmental pollutants and cause diseases and intoxication in humans. Under certain conditions, essential microelements. may exhibit toxic effects, and some toxic trace elements in a certain dose have essential properties.

A person's need for microelements varies widely and for most microelements has not been precisely established. Absorption of microelements occurs mainly in the small intestine, and is especially active in the duodenum.

Microelements are excreted from the body in feces and urine. Some of the microelements are released as part of the secretions of the exocrine glands, with desquamated epithelial cells of the skin and mucous membranes, with hair and nails. Each microelement is characterized specific features absorption, transport, deposition in organs and tissues and excretion from the body.

Description of some trace elements

Bromine

The highest content is noted in medulla kidneys, thyroid gland, brain tissue, pituitary gland. When bromine accumulates excessively, it inhibits the function of the thyroid gland, preventing the entry of iodine into it. Bromine salts have an inhibitory effect on the central nervous system, activate sexual function, increasing the volume of ejaculate and the number of sperm in it. Bromine is part of gastric juice, affecting (along with chlorine) its acidity. The daily requirement for bromine is 0.5-2 mg. The main sources of bromine in human nutrition are bread and bakery products, milk and dairy products, and legumes. Normally, blood plasma contains about 17 mmol/l bromine (about 150 mg / 100 ml of blood plasma).

Vanadium

The highest content is found in bones, teeth, and adipose tissue. Vanadium has a hemostimulating effect, activates the oxidation of phospholipids, affects the permeability of mitochondrial membranes, and inhibits cholesterol synthesis. It promotes the accumulation of calcium salts in the bones, increasing the resistance of teeth to caries. When vanadium and its compounds enter the body in excess, they manifest themselves as poisons that affect circulatory system, respiratory organs, nervous system and causing allergic and inflammatory diseases skin.

Iron

The highest content is observed in red blood cells, spleen, liver, and blood plasma. It is part of hemoglobin, enzymes that catalyze the processes of sequential transfer of hydrogen atoms or electrons from the initial donor to the final acceptor, i.e. in the respiratory chain (catalase, peroxidase, cytochromes). Participates in redox reactions and immunobiological interactions. With iron deficiency, anemia develops, growth and puberty are delayed, and degenerative processes in organs are noted. Excessive intake of iron from food can cause gastroenteritis, and a violation of its metabolism, accompanied by an excess content of free iron in the blood, can cause the appearance of iron deposits in parenchymal organs, the development of hemosiderosis, hemochromatosis. A person's daily need for iron is 10-30 mg; its main dietary sources are beans, buckwheat, liver, meat, vegetables, fruits, bread and bakery products. Normally, non-heme iron is contained in the blood plasma at a concentration of 12-32 µmol/l (65-175 µg/100 ml); In women, the content of non-heme iron in the blood plasma is 10-15% lower than in men.

The highest content is found in the thyroid gland, for the functioning of which iodine is absolutely necessary. Insufficient intake of iodine into the body leads to the appearance of endemic goiter, excessive intake leads to the development of hypothyroidism. The daily requirement for iodine is 50-200 mcg. The main dietary sources are milk, vegetables, meat, eggs, sea fish, and seafood. Normally, blood plasma contains 275-630 nmol/l (3.5-8 μg/100 ml) of protein-bound iodine.

Cobalt

The highest content is observed in the blood, spleen, bones, ovaries, pituitary gland, and liver. Stimulates hematopoietic processes, participates in the synthesis of vitamin B12, improves the absorption of iron in the intestine and catalyzes the transition of the so-called deposited iron into hemoglobin of erythrocytes. Promotes better nitrogen assimilation, stimulates muscle protein synthesis. Cobalt affects carbohydrate metabolism, activates bone and intestinal phosphatases, catalase, carboxylase, peptidases, inhibits cytochrome oxidase and thyroxine synthesis. Excess cobalt can cause cardiomyopathy and has an embryotoxic effect (including intrauterine fetal death). The daily requirement is 40-70 mcg. The main sources of nutrition are milk, bread and bakery products, vegetables, liver, legumes. Normally, blood plasma contains approximately 20-600 nmol/l (0.1-4 μg/100 ml) of cobalt.

Silicon

The highest content is determined in bronchopulmonary lymph nodes, lens of the eye, muscular lining of the intestines and stomach, pancreas. The silicon content in the skin is maximum in newborns; with age it decreases, and in the lungs, on the contrary, it increases tens of times. Silicon compounds are necessary for the normal development and functioning of connective and epithelial tissues. It is believed that the presence of silicon in the walls of blood vessels prevents the penetration of lipids into the blood plasma and their deposition in the vascular wall. Silicon promotes the biosynthesis of collagens and the formation of bone tissue (after a fracture, the amount of silicon in callus increases almost 50 times). It is believed that silicon compounds are necessary for the normal functioning of lipid metabolism processes.

Dust from silicon-containing inorganic compounds can cause the development of silicosis, silicosis, and diffuse interstitial pneumoconiosis. Organosilicon compounds are even more toxic.

The daily requirement for silicon dioxide SiO2 is 20-30 mg. Its sources are water and plant foods. Silicon deficiency leads to so-called silicic anemia. Increased intake of silicon into the body can cause disturbances in phosphorus-calcium metabolism and the formation of urinary stones.

Manganese

The highest content is noted in the bones, liver, and pituitary gland. It is part of riboflavin, pyruvate carboxylase, arginase, leucine aminopeptidase, activates phosphatases, α-keto acid decarboxylase, phosphoglucomutase. Affects skeletal development, growth, reproduction, hematopoiesis, participates in the synthesis of immunoglobulins, tissue respiration, synthesis of cholesterol, glycosaminoglycans of cartilage tissue, aerobic glycolysis, alcohol fermentation. Excessive intake of manganese into the body leads to its accumulation in the bones and the appearance of changes in them, reminiscent of those in rickets (manganese rickets). During chronic intoxication with manganese, it accumulates in parenchymal organs, penetrates the blood-brain barrier and exhibits a clearly defined affinity for the subcortical structures of the brain, therefore it is classified as an aggressive neurotropic poison of chronic action. Severe intoxication with manganese, if its concentration in the blood significantly exceeds 18.2 µmol/l (100 µg/100 ml), leads to the development of so-called manganese parkinsonism. Excess manganese in areas where goiter is endemic contributes to the development of this pathology. Manganese deficiency in the body is observed very rarely. Manganese is a copper synergist and improves its absorption.

The daily requirement for manganese is 2-10 mg, the main sources are bread and bakery products, vegetables, liver, and kidneys. Normally, blood plasma contains approximately 0.7-4 µmol/l (4-20 µg/100 ml) manganese.

Copper

The highest content is found in the liver and bones. Part of the enzymes cytochrome oxidase, tyrovinase, superoxide dismutase, etc. Promotes anabolic processes in the body, participates in tissue respiration, inactivation of insulinase. Copper has a pronounced hematopoietic effect: it enhances the mobilization of deposited iron, stimulates its transfer into Bone marrow, activates the maturation of red blood cells. With copper deficiency, anemia develops, bone formation is impaired (osteomalacia is noted) and the synthesis of connective tissue. In children, copper deficiency is manifested by delayed psychomotor development, hypotension, hypopigmentation, hepatosplenomegaly, anemia, and bone damage. Copper deficiency underlies Menkes disease - congenital pathology, which manifests itself in children under 2 years of age and is apparently associated with a genetically determined malabsorption of copper in the intestine. With this disease, in addition to the symptoms listed above, changes in the intima of blood vessels and hair growth are noted. A classic example of a copper metabolism disorder is Wilson-Konovalov disease. This disease is associated with a lack of ceruloplasmin and pathological redistribution of free copper in the body: a decrease in its concentration in the blood and accumulation in organs. Excessive intake of copper into the body has a toxic effect, manifested by acute massive hemolysis, renal failure, gastroenteritis, fever, convulsions, heavy sweat, acute bronchitis with specific green sputum.

The daily requirement for copper is 2-5 mg, or about 0.05 mg per 1 mg of body weight. The main dietary sources are bread and bakery products, tea leaves, potatoes, fruits, liver, nuts, mushrooms, soybeans, coffee. Normally, blood plasma contains 11-24 µmol/l (70-150 µg/100 ml) of copper.

Molybdenum

The highest content is observed in the liver, kidneys, and retinal pigment epithelium. It is a partial antagonist of copper in biological systems. Activates a number of enzymes, in particular flavoproteins, affects purine metabolism. With a deficiency of molybdenum, the formation of xanthine stones in the kidneys increases, and its excess leads to an increase in the concentration of uric acid in the blood by 3-4 times compared to the norm and the development of so-called molybdenum gout. Excess molybdenum also disrupts the synthesis of vitamin B12 and increases the activity of alkaline phosphatase.

The daily requirement for molybdenum is 0.1-0.5 mg (about 4 mcg per 1 kg of body weight). The main sources are bread and bakery products, legumes, liver, kidneys. Blood plasma normally contains an average of 30 to 700 nmol/l (about 0.3-7 μg/100 ml) of molybdenum.

Nickel

The highest content is found in hair, skin and organs of ectodermal origin. Like cobalt, nickel has a beneficial effect on hematopoietic processes, activates a number of enzymes, and selectively inhibits many RNAs.

With excessive intake of nickel into the body over a long period of time, dystrophic changes in parenchymal organs, disorders of the cardiovascular, nervous and digestive systems, changes in hematopoiesis, carbohydrate and nitrogen metabolism, dysfunction of the thyroid gland and reproductive function. For people living in areas with high content nickel in the environment, keratitis and conjunctivitis are observed, complicated by corneal ulceration. The need for nickel has not been established. Lots of nickel in plant products, marine fish and seafood, liver, pancreas, pituitary gland.

Selenium

Distribution in human tissues and organs has not been studied. The biological role of selenium presumably lies in its participation as an antioxidant in the regulation of free radical processes in the body, in particular lipid peroxidation.

Low selenium content was found in newborns with birth defects development, bronchopulmonary dysplasia and syndrome respiratory disorders, as well as in children with tumor processes. Lack of selenium and vitamin E is considered one of the main causes of anemia in premature infants. Low selenium content in blood and tissues is detected by immunosuppression. pathological processes. People living in areas with low selenium content in the environment are more likely to develop diseases of the liver, gastrointestinal tract, and disorders normal structure nails and teeth, skin rash, chronic arthritis. Endemic selenium deficiency cardiomyopathy (Keshan disease) has been described.

With chronic excess intake of selenium into the body, inflammatory diseases of the upper respiratory tract and bronchi, gastrointestinal tract organs, asthenic syndrome. Data on selenium content in food products and human needs have not been published.

Fluorine

The highest content is observed in teeth and bones. Fluorine in low concentrations increases the resistance of teeth to caries, stimulates hematopoiesis, reparative processes for bone fractures and immune response, participates in skeletal growth, and prevents the development of senile osteoporosis. Excessive intake of fluoride into the body causes fluorosis and suppression of the body's defenses. Fluorine, being an antagonist of strontium, reduces the accumulation of strontium radionuclide in the bones and reduces the severity of radiation damage from this radionuclide. Insufficient intake of fluoride into the body is one of the exogenous etiological factors, causing development dental caries, especially during the period of teething and mineralization. The anti-caries effect ensures fluoridation of drinking water to a fluorine concentration of about 1 mg/l. Fluorine is also introduced into the body as a supplement in table salt, milk or in tablet form. The daily need for fluoride is 2-3 mg. With food products, of which vegetables and milk are the richest in fluoride, a person receives about 0.8 mg of fluoride, the rest of the amount should come from drinking water. Blood plasma normally contains about 370 µmol/l (700 µg/100 ml) of fluoride.

Zinc

The highest content is found in the liver, prostate gland, retina. Part of the enzyme carbonic anhydrase and other metalloproteins. Affects the activity of triple pituitary hormones, participates in the implementation of biological action of insulin, has lipotropic properties, normalizes fat metabolism, increases the intensity of fat breakdown in the body and prevents fatty degeneration liver. Participates in hematopoiesis. Necessary for the normal functioning of the pituitary gland, pancreas, seminal vesicles, and prostate gland. With a normal diet, hypozincosis rarely develops in humans. The cause of zinc deficiency may be an excess of grain products in the diet, which are rich in phytic acid, which interferes with the absorption of zinc salts in the intestines. Zinc deficiency is manifested by slow growth and underdevelopment of the genital organs in adolescence, anemia, hepatosplenomegaly, impaired ossification, and alopecia. Zinc deficiency during pregnancy leads to premature birth, intrauterine fetal death or the birth of a non-viable child with various developmental anomalies. In newborns, zinc deficiency may be genetically determined by impaired absorption of zinc in the intestine. It is manifested by recurrent diarrhea, blistering and pustular diseases skin, blepharitis, conjunctivitis, sometimes - clouding of the cornea, alopecia. The daily requirement for zinc is (in mg): for adults - 10-15; in pregnant women - 20, nursing mothers - 25; children - 4-5; infants - 0.3 mg per 1 kg of body weight. The richest in zinc are beef and pork liver, beef, yolk chicken egg, cheese, peas, bread and bakery products, chicken.

Other trace elements

The role of other microelements has been less studied. It has been established that the concentration of silver ions in areas of inflammation is increased, which is apparently due to its antiseptic effect. Aluminum is involved in the construction of epithelial and connective tissue, bone regeneration, and affects the activity of digestive enzymes. Boron enhances the action of insulin. Titan is involved in the construction epithelial tissue, bone tissue formation, hematopoiesis. Barium has a sealing effect on tissues; the largest amount is found in the tissues of the eye.

The use of microelements in cosmetology

In this section we present an article by I.A. Parfenova "Microelements in correction programs aesthetic problems face and body" from the journal "Mesotherapy".

Currently, out of 92 naturally occurring chemical elements, 81 are found in the human body. Microelements are involved in the regulation of most life processes and biochemical reactions. They are part of a number of biologically active substances(enzymes, hormones). This is the key to the physiological activity of quite small quantities of them. The role of microelements can be compared with the regulatory role of hormones, and the consequences of their chronic deficiency can be compared with severe hormonal disorders. True, if healthy body Since he himself is able to synthesize the required amount of hormones, he can obtain most microelements exclusively from food or in the form of medications. Any deficiency of microelements is considered as a pre-disease condition, from which a variety of diseases can subsequently develop.

From the point of view of biological function, elements can be divided into two groups.

1. Enzyme cofactors necessary for their catalytic activity to occur. Essential (vital) elements of this group: zinc, magnesium, manganese, molybdenum, copper and iron.

2. Structural components of substances. They are part of the hormones of the thyroid gland (iodine), bones and teeth (chromium), red blood cells (cobalt), collagen fibers (silicon). Essential elements of this group: iodine, chromium, cobalt.

Chemical reactions, occurring in the body, can be schematically represented as follows:

substrate + enzyme + microelement-activator (coenzyme) = reaction.

That is, in the absence of a microelement, the reaction is either impossible or will proceed, but with enormous expenditure of energy and time.

Microelements interact with each other at the level of absorption in the gastrointestinal tract, during transport and with participation in various metabolic reactions. They can act both synergistically and antagonistically. In particular, an excess of one micronutrient can cause a deficiency of another. In this regard, careful balancing of food rations in terms of their microelement composition is of particular importance, and any deviation from the optimal ratios between individual microelements is fraught with serious pathological changes in the body.

Deficiency of microelements in the body predisposes to the development or aggravation of most diseases of the cardiovascular, skeletal and endocrine systems, diseases of the gastrointestinal tract and liver, immunological deficiency, malignant tumors, obesity, metabolic and other disorders, which account for up to 80% of the total morbidity population.

Leather represents one of the most metabolically active organs. Performing a number of vital functions (barrier, protective, respiratory, excretory, metabolic, etc.), it needs microelements. In solving certain aesthetic problems, it is not so much the concentration of microelements that is important, but rather their directed effect on certain links of pathogenesis. We should also not forget that mesotherapy does not have a systemic effect, therefore, we cannot influence the microelement composition of the body with intradermal injections.

Does it make sense to use trace elements in the treatment of these conditions? Of course there are, since their use will create physiological basis for the functioning of tissues and restore the balance between the main biochemical processes. Let us dwell in more detail on the connection between microelement metabolism and each of these problems and on the possibilities of mesotherapeutic correction.

Most common reasons visiting a cosmetology salon.

Wrinkles, decreased turgor, skin tone (age-related changes)

To correct these changes, microelements with multidirectional effects are used.

Elements prescribed to restore the structure of connective tissue fibers. The structural component of connective tissue fibers is organic silicon. The strength of collagen and elastin and their resistance to various types of damaging influences depend on its content. Silicon counteracts the process of non-enzymatic glycosylation.

Regardless of what caused the anomaly in the structure of the connective tissue - an autoimmune response, metabolic disorders, excessive activity of collagenases or due to other reasons - the condition of the connective tissue will only improve if the activity of collagenases and elastases, as well as enzymes involved in biosynthesis glycosaminoglycans (hyalurone synthetases, galactosidases) will be balanced.

This balance appears to be achieved by direct exposure to adequate doses magnesium ions. On the contrary, with magnesium deficiency, protein synthesis in connective tissue slows down, the activity of matrix metalloproteinases increases, and the extracellular matrix degrades, since the structural components of connective tissue (in particular, collagen fibers) are destroyed faster than they are synthesized.

Silver when introduced into tissue, it forms albuminates that have a bactericidal effect, as a result of which the healing processes and formation of healthy tissue are accelerated.

One of the causes of signs of aging is photodamage and oxidative stress caused by the formation of free radicals. In this regard, it is advisable to use microelements with antioxidant effects for therapeutic purposes. Selenium works in collaboration with vitamin E. It is part of the most important antioxidant enzyme that neutralizes free radicals - glutathione peroxidase.

Copper And manganese also act as antioxidants because they are components of many cellular enzymes, including superoxide dismutase, which neutralizes free radicals. Our body also needs manganese in order to fully utilize vitamins C, E and B vitamins. In addition, manganese is part of glucosamine, the main building material for connective tissue.

Germanium, especially in the form of sesquioxide (a compound capable of attaching 6 oxygen molecules), activates immune system, neutralizes free radicals, promotes the elimination of toxins that weaken the immune system, participates in the transfer of oxygen to tissues and stimulates its production in cells.

III group

With age, there is a decrease in the intensity of plastic processes (growth, reproduction, synthesis). To maintain them, you can use microelements with a trophic effect.

Sulfur is part of methionine, cystine and cysteine; it is necessary for the synthesis of connective tissue proteins. This trace element predominates in keratin, a complex protein compound that mainly makes up the skin and its derivatives - nails and hair. It is thanks to the disulfide bonds of sulfur-containing amino acids that the strength of protein structures, and therefore hair, nails and epidermis, is ensured.

Phosphorus normalizes energy metabolism and promotes cell division, since it is part of phospholipids and phosphoproteins of membrane structures, as well as nucleic acids that take part in the processes of growth, cell division, storage and use of genetic information.

• Thus, to maintain the normal structure of connective tissue, it is necessary: silicon and magnesium.


• In order to restore the skin after photodamage and to protect against free radicals, the following are prescribed: selenium, copper, germanium, manganese.


• Biosynthesis processes support: phosphorus and sulfur.

Hypopigmentation (vitiligo, premature graying of hair) and hyperpigmentation

For hypopigmentation, treatment is aimed at restoring pigment synthesis processes, and for hyperpigmentation, in addition to normalizing pigment formation, procedures are necessary to prevent excessive pigment formation.

First of all, I would like to draw attention to copper And manganese. These elements are involved in the synthesis of melanin and are antagonists. According to the literature, copper plays a leading role in the pathogenesis of vitiligo. One of the copper-containing enzymes, tyrosinase, is directly involved in the synthesis of melanin. Copper balance is important for the prevention of persistent hyper- and hypopigmentation of the face and neck. Blue-eyed, white-skinned, fair-haired women are most vulnerable to this pathology.

In order to prevent and treat hyperpigmentation, microelements with antioxidant effects should be included in cocktails: zinc, selenium, manganese. The use of trace elements is the main method of preventing post-traumatic hyperpigmentation after medium chemical peels (using trichloroacetic, salicylic, pyruvic acids, phenol), as well as laser resurfacing. Microelements with antioxidant effects are included in pre-peel preparation and post-peel rehabilitation procedures.

Cellulite and local fat deposits

Microelements affecting fat and carbohydrate metabolism.

In the pathogenesis of cellulite, an important role is played by the predominance of lipogenesis over lipolysis, which is caused by metabolic disorders. This is where microelements will have their effect.

According to the results of a number of studies, vanadium When administered systemically, it not only reduces fasted blood glucose levels in diabetic mice, but also reduces LDL cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations. This trace element acts like insulin, helping cells absorb sugar more efficiently.

Reducing sugar cravings chromium makes it possible to adhere to a low-carb diet. However, it helps prevent the loss of muscle tissue if the amount of protein in the diet is deliberately limited (crunch diet). This element helps burn calories during exercise, which allows for even more noticeable weight loss.

Drugs that help reduce swelling.

Potassium absolutely essential for the functioning of every living cell. The main role of potassium is to maintain cell homeostasis through the operation of the potassium-sodium pump. For cellulite and local fat deposits, this element prevents the occurrence of interstitial edema and reduces the severity of existing ones.

III group

Drugs that activate tissue trophism.

Magnesium affects the metabolism of calcium and vitamin C, as well as phosphorus, sodium and potassium. Magnesium deficiency occurs potassium deficiency, in this case, the potassium antagonist - sodium - rushes into the cells, which entails water retention in the body. This leads to edema, metabolic disorders, adipocyte hypertrophy and the development of cellulite. In addition, magnesium is necessary for energy supply of vital processes.

Phosphorus improves metabolism and plays a key role in it. As part of numerous organic compounds, it participates in the metabolism and synthesis of proteins and carbohydrates. Phosphorus compounds - adenosine triphosphoric acid (ATP) and creatine phosphate - are batteries and energy carriers that ensure the occurrence of energy-dependent processes in all cells, primarily nerve and muscle cells. Without phosphorus, neither mental activity nor physical activity is possible.

Magnesium and phosphorus are involved in the intracellular breakdown of free fatty acids and subsequent use of the energy generated during the oxidation process. By normalizing metabolic processes in adipose tissue, we get the opportunity to influence not only the size of adipocytes, but also the metabolism of fats and carbohydrates.

Acne

Acne is always accompanied by inflammation, the correction of which requires drugs that directly affect the cascade inflammatory reactions, as well as antioxidants and drugs with immunomodulatory effects. Since the immune system must instantly respond to changes in the internal environment of the body and constantly maintain its potential, it is most demanding on the speed of reactions, which means it needs a balance of microelements.

Most of the processes underlying the functioning of the immune system (synthesis of immunoglobulins and cytokines, phagocytosis) depend on enzymes, so the absence or deficiency of macro- and microelements can lead to pathological processes occurring faster than the reactions of the immune system, i.e. It will not be able to quickly respond to the penetration of the antigen into the body. The processes of detoxification and binding of free radicals are also impossible in the absence of sufficient levels of microelements. Essential for the immune system are Fe, I, Cu, Zn, Co, Cr, Mo, Se, Mn, Li.

Organic cobalt compounds have a beneficial effect on the immune system, increasing the phagocytic activity of leukocytes.

Copper participates in the synthesis of superoxide dismutase, the most healing of intracellular anti-inflammatory enzymes. Complex copper compounds have antibacterial and antifungal effects. If a pathogenic microbe enters the body, it will most likely enter the bloodstream, and here it will have to deal with ceruloplasmin and other copper-containing compounds. Copper ions penetrate the bacterial cell, integrate into its own enzymes and disrupt metabolic processes, which leads to the death of the microorganism. During pathological processes, the body accumulates information for the immunological memory bank. Specific proteins are produced - immunoglobulins, in the synthesis of which copper takes part. Thus, copper has immunomodulatory properties.

Manganese needed for the synthesis of surface glycoproteins that perform protective function. In addition, this element is necessary for our body to produce antiviral substances - interferons, and is also involved in the regulation of glucose levels in the blood.

Sulfur is part of many amino acids that are involved in the synthesis of the antioxidant glutathione, which promotes more efficient functioning of the immune system. Sulfur is extremely important as a seborrhea regulator, which is why it is used for all types of seborrhea.

Silver known for its antimicrobial effect against many types of bacteria, including streptococci and staphylococci, as well as fungi, which use special enzymes for their oxygen metabolism. Silver inactivates the action of these enzymes and thus interrupts the supply of oxygen to microorganisms, as a result of which they die. Upon contact with damaged skin, silver forms metal-protein compounds - albuminates, which have anti-inflammatory, astringent and wound healing properties. Albuminates prevent the penetration of pathogenic microorganisms and neutralize them. Under the influence of silver, humoral immunity increases and the absolute content of T-lymphocytes increases.

Like vitamin C, zinc suppresses viral infection, if you grab it early enough. Systemic use of zinc stimulates the production of white blood cells and supports the activity of neutrophils, T-lymphocytes and natural killer cells. In addition, zinc is necessary for the production of thymosin, a peptide that regulates the differentiation of T lymphocytes.

At local application zinc has an anti-inflammatory effect (reduces neutrophil chemotaxis, the production of tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-6) and suppresses hypersecretion of the sebaceous glands, which prevents clogging of pores and the formation of subcutaneous sebaceous cysts(reduces the activity of 5-reductase, due to which the antiandrogenic effect is realized). Zinc is also a cofactor for one of the isoforms of peroxide dismutase.

When used together with antibiotics, zinc suppresses the development of resistance in bacteria, which allows for an antibacterial course of the required intensity and duration. The use of zinc in summer period, as it reduces the risk of age spots.

After a microelement enters the body, it is necessary to deliver it to the target cell. This problem is solved by a carrier protein, which is capable of transporting various microelements, but cannot simultaneously transport antagonist elements. When a microelement is introduced from the outside, it gains a quantitative advantage in competition for binding to the carrier protein. The concentration of the antagonist element, however, does not decrease, only its transport slows down, and over time the effect of the antagonist in the skin may decrease. Thus, when using zinc to treat acne, it primarily has an anti-inflammatory effect, but since this microelement competes with copper, which is involved in pigment formation, the patient’s risk of developing post-inflammatory pigmentation is simultaneously reduced. In order to optimize such interactions, it is necessary to strictly follow the recommendations for the duration of use and the dose of the administered drug. To combat oxidative stress, it is necessary, first of all, to provide your own antioxidant system with the cofactors necessary for its normal functioning ( cobalt, manganese, selenium, zinc, copper).

Alopecia and damage to hair shafts

The pathogenesis of any trichological problem is based on disturbances in tissue trophism and microcirculation, and as a consequence - oxygen saturation. Thus, it is advisable to prescribe microelements that enhance metabolism and tissue oxygenation.

Cobalt normalizes metabolism. He regulates the work endocrine system, is part of metalloenzymes, is a cofactor of enzymes in many biochemical reactions, participates in the synthesis of proteins, fats and carbohydrates in close interaction with vitamin C, folic (vitamin B3) and pantothenic (vitamin B5) acids.

Once again about sulfur. It is part of almost all proteins and some vitamins (thiamine, biotin). In particular, sulfur necessary for the synthesis of keratin, a protein found in the epidermis, hair and nails. Moreover, the more cysteine, a sulfur-containing amino acid, the more disulfide bridges and the stronger the hair shaft (curiously, there is more of it in curly hair than in straight hair). The role of antioxidants should also not be underestimated ( Mn, Se, Zn, Cu) and microelements that activate trophic processes ( P, S), which we discussed above. Only comprehensive saturation of the scalp with essential microelements allows you to achieve lasting results in solving any trichological problem.

Striae

This is the most difficult problem for aesthetic correction. In fact, stretch marks are atrophic scars, and therefore, to improve the condition of the skin, it is necessary to use substances that restore the structure of connective tissue. These include two groups of microelements:

1) improving trophic processes ( Co, P, S);

2) being structural components of connective tissue fibers or stimulating their restoration ( Cu, Mg, Si).

The combination of microelements and other allopathic drugs in one course allows:

• achieve a quick effect (due to allopathic drugs);
• prolong the result obtained (counting microelements);
• normalize metabolism.

Micronutrient deficiency can be caused by three factors:

• their insufficient absorption;
• increased consumption in physiological and pathological reactions of the body;
• increased losses.

The most common reasons for visiting a cosmetology salon:

1. Wrinkles, decreased turgor, skin tone (age-related changes).

2. Hypopigmentation (vitiligo, gray hair) and hyperpigmentation.

3. Cellulite and local fat deposits.

5. Alopecia and damage to hair shafts.

Algorithm for using mesotherapeutic microelements:

1. Diagnose the patient’s condition (complaints, anamnesis, examination).

2. Determine which microelements are needed in a given clinical case, depending on the aesthetic problem. (A preliminary study of the microelement composition based on the mineralogram of hair and nails is possible. It is prescribed for protracted pathology or suspected organic damage.)

3. The drug should be added to mesotherapy cocktails in a volume of 2.0-4.0 ml or used in mono form (for maintenance procedures). Microelements can be combined in one cocktail.

4. Application should be regular and course, i.e. microelements should be included in each procedure throughout the entire mesotherapy course.

I. A. Parfenova

dermatologist, cosmetologist, teacher at the Martinex Medical Center, doctor at the Reforma Aesthetic Medicine Clinic, Moscow

Microelements are biologically significant elements contained in the body in small quantities (less than 0.001% of weight).

These substances are necessary for full human life and are involved in many physiological processes. Microelements come from food, water, air: some organs (in particular, the liver) store these compounds for a long time.

Diabetes mellitus, as a disease that affects metabolic processes and involves restricting the nutritional diet, leads to a significant decrease in the required amount of microelements in the body. A decrease in biologically significant components leads to aggravation of the manifestations of the disease: thus, diabetes and element deficiency are mutually reinforcing. That is why in case of diabetes, additional microelements are often prescribed into the body as part of vitamin complexes or individual medications.

Microelements: importance in the body

Trace elements are chemical substances that are included in the periodic table. These elements do not have any energy value, but they ensure the vital functions of all systems. The total daily human need for microelements is 2 g.

The importance of microelements in the body is extremely diverse and is comparable to the role of vitamins.

The main function is participation in enzymatic activity and metabolic processes.

Some elements are part of the most important tissue and cellular structures of the body. For example, iodine is a component of thyroid hormones, iron is part of hemoglobin. Micronutrient deficiency leads to the development of a variety of diseases and pathological conditions.

Let's consider how specifically the lack of certain microelements affects the condition and functioning of the body:

• Iron (Fe)– an integral part of protein compounds, hemoglobin (the most important element of blood cells). Iron provides cells and tissues with oxygen, participates in the processes of DNA and ATP synthesis and physiological detoxification of tissues and organs, and maintains the immune system in a functional state. Iron deficiency causes severe anemia.
• Iodine (I)– regulates the work (it is a component of thyroxine and triiodothyronine) of the pituitary gland, providing protection to the body from radiation exposure. Supports brain function and is especially important for people involved in intellectual work. With iodine deficiency, thyroid deficiency develops and goiter occurs. IN childhood iodine deficiency leads to developmental delays.
• Copper (Cu)– participates in the synthesis of collagen, skin enzymes, red blood cells. Copper deficiency causes growth retardation, dermatoses, baldness, and exhaustion of the body.
• Manganese (Mn) – essential element for the reproductive system, participates in the work of the central nervous system. A lack of manganese can lead to the development of infertility.
• Chromium (Cr)– regulates carbohydrate metabolism, stimulates cell permeability for glucose absorption. A deficiency of this element contributes to the development of diabetes (especially in pregnant women).
• Selenium (Se)– a vitamin E catalyst, part of muscle tissue, protects cells from pathological (malignant) mutations and radiation, improves reproductive function.
• Zinc (Zn) is especially necessary for the full functioning of DNA and RNA molecules, affects the production of testosterone in men and estrogens in women, and prevents the development immunodeficiency states, stimulates the body's defense against viruses, has wound-healing properties.
• Fluorine (F)- a necessary element to support the functional state of gums and teeth.
• Silicon (Si)- is part of connective tissue, responsible for the strength of the human body and the ability to resist inflammation.
• Molybdenum (Mo)- acts as a coenzyme in many physiological processes, stimulates the immune system.

The absence of the required amount of any of the microelements has a negative impact on health. This is especially true for diabetics, since their body is already weakened by metabolic pathologies. Some elements are especially important for patients with diabetes.

A special analysis allows you to determine the amount of microelements in the body. Such research is carried out regularly for people suffering endocrine diseases and metabolic disorders. The composition of microelements can be determined by analyzing blood, nail and hair particles.

Particularly revealing is the analysis human hair. The concentration of chemical elements in hair is much higher: this research method makes it possible to diagnose chronic diseases when they do not yet show any symptoms.

What microelements are especially important for diabetes

In diabetes, the presence of all microelements in the body is important, but the most influential elements are: chromium, zinc, selenium, manganese.

1. It is known that in type 2 diabetes the body slowly loses intercellular zinc, which negatively affects the condition of the skin and connective tissue. The lack of zinc means that wounds on the skin of diabetics heal very slowly: a trifling scratch can cause bacterial and fungal infections. Therefore, zinc preparations or complexes containing this element are often prescribed for diabetes.

2. Chromium– preventive and therapeutic agent for diabetes mellitus. This element is directly involved in carbohydrate metabolism and also increases the permeability of cells to glucose molecules. The temple protects the heart and blood vessels, which are vulnerable to diabetes. A drug such as chromium picolinate, when taken regularly, reduces addiction to sweets, reduces insulin resistance, and protects blood vessels from destruction.

3. Selenium has pronounced antioxidant qualities, and its absence accelerates diabetes and degenerative changes in the liver and kidneys. In the absence of this element, diabetics develop visual complications more quickly, and cataracts may occur. Currently, the insulin-mimetic properties of selenium - the ability to reduce plasma glucose - are being studied.

4. Manganese plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of diabetes. This microelement activates insulin synthesis. Manganese deficiency can itself provoke type II diabetes and leads to hepatic steatosis, a complication of diabetes.

All of these microelements are contained in increased dosages in special vitamin complexes prescribed for diabetes. There are mono-preparations containing individual microelements - chromium picolinate, zinc glycinate.