Suppositories for staphylococcal infections. Staphylococcus in a smear in women, treatment

Staphylococcus in the vagina is usually found in a patient’s smear during a routine examination by a gynecologist. Most often, staphylococcus enters the vagina from the skin or intestines, during washing, when microorganisms can, under certain conditions, penetrate the mucous structures of the vagina. Sometimes Staphylococcus aureus can spread to a woman during various medical procedures and manipulations. Can play a major role in the penetration of microbes intimate relationships- Staphylococcus aureus most often enters a woman’s vagina during sexual intercourse.

The most common and dangerous of all varieties of this type of bacteria is Staphylococcus aureus. Penetrating into the human body, in particular into a woman’s vagina, it may not manifest itself in any way. But there are signs that help identify the role of this microorganism in the occurrence of a particular disease in a woman. For example, the invasion of these harmful bacteria can cause a disease such as vulvovaginitis in the fairer sex, the symptoms of which are as follows:

1. The patient feels an unbearable burning sensation in the vagina.
2. Severe pain syndrome develops.
3. Over time, discharge appears that is not typical for the vagina.
4. When the disease is advanced, yellow or orange scales may appear on a woman’s skin. This happens in very severe cases, when the disease begins to break out.
5. If staphylococcus gets from the vagina into the urethra, infection with microbes can occur and the development of diseases in the patient’s genitourinary system, which is most often detected due to the occurrence of strong burning sensation when passing urine.
6. Staphylococcus infection of vaginal structures most often causes the development of dysbacteriosis.
7. Staphylococcus that gets into the vagina can provoke recurrent thrush in a sick woman.
8. On the patient’s labia, staphylococcus causes severe itching, which constantly intensifies as the disease progresses.
9. Often microorganisms of this type penetrate the vagina and begin to multiply there when the normal level of acidity in the vaginal structures is disrupted.

How to deal with this serious disease?

Treatment of various diseases caused by Staphylococcus aureus begins with diagnosing the disease. At the first suspicion that this microorganism has entered the vaginal structures, a woman should be tested for the so-called bacterial culture(smear).

If suspicions are confirmed, then a course of treatment should be prescribed and carried out by an infectious disease specialist. In such cases, the following methods of combating Staphylococcus aureus are most often used:

1. The patient is prescribed various types of autovaccines.
2. The doctor recommends that she use toxoids.
3. It is possible to use methods such as autohemotherapy.
4. Local methods of combating Staphylococcus aureus most often use tampons containing bacteriophages.

What is used to destroy staphylococcus that has entered the vagina?

Simultaneously with these measures, the patient’s immunity must be increased. This is achieved by prescribing various drugs - probiotics. They restore the microflora destroyed by Staphylococcus aureus in the vagina of a sick woman.

If this recommendation is not taken into account, then doctors may encounter big problems during the subsequent treatment of the patient. Antibiotics must be selected very carefully and replaced frequently so that staphylococcus cannot adapt to them.

Several methods have been developed to combat these microorganisms. Here is one such way:

1. The patient is given a medication called Amoxiclav 3 times a day for 10 days.
2. Then they switch to using a drug such as Linex Bio.
3. At the same time, to cure the patient, they use Hexicon suppositories (suppositories).

This method of combating a microorganism is very effective, since it cannot adapt in time and adapt to any specific drug. Special vaginal suppositories or suppositories are selected so that they contain so-called bifidobacteria. If desired, a woman can buy a drug with these bacterial structures, dip a cotton swab in it and use it as an impromptu candle. Doctors also often recommend suppositories that contain antibiotics to patients. For example, Clindacin suppositories are very effective against Staphylococcus aureus, but only the attending physician can prescribe them.

Self-medication here can only bring harm, since any minor mistake can lead to even greater growth of staphylococcus colonies.

The timing of the course of therapy depends on the severity of the disease.

Typically, it may take from 2 weeks to a month to cure this type of microorganisms and the diseases they cause.

For particularly severe lesions, the treatment process may take six months. If the diagnosis is carried out correctly and the correct ones are selected medications, then in mild cases of infection with Staphylococcus aureus, some patients were cured in 10-12 days.

When diagnosed with staphylococcus, there is no need to panic, since almost all sick women sooner or later get rid of this unwanted “guest”.

As a rule, the source of any staphylococcal infection is infected people. Often, staphylococcus, together with pathogenic microbes such as gonococcus, chlamydia, trichomonas, penetrates the genitourinary tract during sexual intercourse and during simple gynecological manipulations.

Staphylococcal infection accounts for about 8-10% of all diseases in gynecology. Its appearance is often facilitated by big number factors. The main one is a decrease in the immune defense of the female body as a result of exacerbation of existing chronic diseases. Often the development of staphylococcal gynecological infections is the result of changes in the acidity of the genital tract.

Incubation period Staphylococcus aureus, which is the cause of all gynecological staphylococcal infections, is 6-10 days. This is why the infection does not appear immediately. Symptoms of staphylococcal gynecological infection are few. The main ones include:

To differentiate staphylococcal bacteriophage in gynecology, they are used different kinds research. The main thing is a laboratory test, in which bacterial material taken from a woman is sown on previously prepared nutrient media.

Special attention is paid to the treatment of any type of staphylococcal infection, especially in gynecology. Today, a wide range of antibiotics are produced that can successfully fight this microorganism. The main thing is not to start taking antibiotics until microorganisms are sensitive to it, and not to stop immediately after symptoms are relieved, when treatment is not yet fully completed.

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How does staphylococcal infection manifest in gynecology: treatment with antibiotics

Such treacherous enemy women's health, like staphylococcal infection in gynecology, treatment involves antibacterial treatment in combination with other restorative and local techniques. Staphylococcal infection in women is caused by pathogenic staphylococci. The microorganism staphylococcus is widespread in nature, so it is not difficult to become infected with it.

Methods of contracting staphylococcal infection

It is possible to become infected with staphylococcus through another person suffering from staphylococcal sore throat or carrying staphylococcus on their mucous membranes, as well as through objects. Along with other infectious agents (gonococci, chlamydia, trichomonas, mycoplasmas, etc.), it is possible to become infected with staphylococcus through sexual contact, through various gynecological manipulations (during smear collection, urethroscopy, etc.) or independently if the commandments of hygiene are not followed. The primary lesion becomes the point of spread of staphylococcus in the human body, including the genitourinary organs, through the blood circulation and lymphatic tract. Often, inflammatory disease of the genitourinary organ is caused by the combined influence of various types of microbes, for example staphylococci with gonococci, chlamydia, trichomonas, etc. Therefore, it is of considerable importance for various infections genitourinary tract is given specifically to staphylococcus.

Causes of staphylococcal infection

Prevalence among other gynecological inflammatory diseases is 8-10%. What should you know in such a situation? The first thing you need to pay attention to is the similarity of the course of the infection with the gonorrheal process, especially in the chronic form. The second thing to consider is that despite the similarity of the course of gonococcal and staphylococcal pathologies, they have differences. The spread of gonococci is usually associated with mucous membranes in the body. A number of predisposing factors cause staphylococcal pathologies:

• decreased body immunity due to intoxication or infection;
• hormonal disorders;
• decline local immunity(in the genitourinary organs) as a result of the process of inflammation;
• ineffective local treatment;
• development of dysbacteriosis;
• deviations in the level of acidity of the environment;
• other factors.

Interval incubation period ranges from 5 to 10 days. However, it may shorten to 2 days or increase to a month or two. Typically, the course of the inflammation process is characterized by a sluggish state that does not show obvious signs, but an acute form of manifestation is also possible. In some patients, the disease subsides at times, while in others, on the contrary, it worsens. The disease may spontaneously disappear after a short period of time and the onset of the recovery phase. But in most cases, patients experience a long course of chronic staphylococcal infection.

Gynecological staphylococcal diseases

It is not typical for gonococci to penetrate deeper tissue layers. Whereas staphylococci (and streptococci too) penetrate through the injured surface into the deep tissue and immediately spread with the blood throughout the body. In the internal space of the uterus, due to the presence of microbes, the mucous membrane becomes inflamed, but the entire thickness of the walls of the uterus can be affected. The following manifestations of this process are possible:

• purulent leucorrhoea;
• pain in the lower abdomen and lumbar region;
• atypical course of menstruation.

Menstruation disorder can be accompanied by pain, excessive bleeding and manifest itself in cyclical irregularities. At the very beginning of infection with pathogenic microorganisms, an increase in body temperature is possible. From the mucous membrane of the uterus, inflammation can spread to the tubes with the ovaries. Then we are talking about the development of inflammation in the uterine appendages. Following this, infection of the peritoneum is possible. Unlike gonococcal pathology, infection with staphylococci does not lead to such rapid formation adhesive process on the tubes and ovaries and the inflammation it causes. Often there is a general inflammation of the peritoneum, which is classified as a serious and dangerous disease.

During childbirth or abortion, the cervix and vaginal walls are injured. Therefore, it is very easy for infections to penetrate through tears in the tissues and get into loose layer fiber found in the uterus, rectum, and bladder. With such a lesion, the body temperature rises sharply, severe pain appears in the lower abdomen, and the patient begins to shiver. An inflammatory tumor develops in the pelvic area, which is initially represented by an increase due to edema with tissue, and then with purulent tissue (with purulent parametritis). Inflammation of the fiber lasts long and painfully. Resorption of the tissue abscess occurs very slowly, and therefore a painful compaction behind or on the side of the uterus is diagnosed for a long time. Frequent accompaniments of this pathological condition are aching pain, occasional fever, dysfunction Bladder and difficulty having bowel movements.

Staphylococci, together with streptococci, can enter the blood vessels from the affected area in the genital tract. This route of infection spread is especially typical for situations involving artificial termination of pregnancy performed outside a medical facility and by incompetent persons. Often during such abortions there can be no question of compliance with mandatory requirements for surgical intervention. The postpartum period in a woman’s life also favors infection. In this case there is high risk development of infection against the background of damage to the mucous membrane and injured tissues of the perineum, vagina, uterus and cervix with labor activity as a result of failure to comply with the rules of personal hygiene of the mother who gave birth. The infection process may not stop at the genital tract.

Pathology can spread beyond their borders. Complications of this condition may include developing thrombophlebitis (inflammation of the veins lower limbs), purulent processes in the lungs and other organs. Pikov and most dangerous complication staphylococcal infection may occur general defeat blood - sepsis.

When conducting differential diagnosis The attending physician should be puzzled by the similarity of the signs of diseases caused by streptococci and staphylococci with the course of gonorrhea. Therefore, for the sick priority is to immediately contact an obstetrician-gynecologist if symptoms such as:

• acts of urination with a feeling of pain and burning;
• icteric discharge with the presence of blood fragments;
• pain syndrome (most often the lower abdomen and lumbar back hurt);
• pathological menstruation.

Prevention and therapy for staphylococcal infection

Staphylococcus is treated with antibacterial drugs. However, microorganisms quickly develop resistance to the antibiotics used. In this connection, it is recommended: in case of infection of the genitourinary organs with staphylococci, use combinations of antibacterial agents. If the process is sluggish and chronic with complications, then nonspecific immunological and hyposensitizing therapies and physical therapy are used. They are supplemented with adequate local treatment. Since staphylococcal infection causes infection of all contact persons, similar treatment is prescribed to all such persons without fail. Taking antibiotics is recommended when the sensitivity of the pathogen is revealed.

During prevention, compliance with the rules of septic and antiseptics during local treatment and gynecological procedures on the genitals is of particular importance. It is important to pay attention to the basics of personal hygiene, since pathogens can freely move from one affected area to another by the hands of an infected person.

The success of treating staphylococcal infections in gynecology and preventing the development of complications is largely due to timely visits to the doctor and strict implementation of his recommendations.

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Staphylococcus in a smear in women

Staphylococcus in a smear in women is the detection of an opportunistic bacterium in the vaginal microflora. To identify it, it is necessary to collect mucous secretions during a gynecological examination.

The smear is sent to bacteriological examination, which determines the presence or absence of opportunistic microflora.

The fact that this bacterium is found in a woman’s smear is not a pathology, but only if its content does not exceed 1% of the total number of microorganisms present there.

The norm and deviations from the norm are determined by the degree of purity of the smear.

Symptoms of staphylococcus in a smear in women

If the number of staphylococci detected in female smear minimal, then she will not experience any signs of illness.

However, in the presence of predisposing factors, staphylococci can begin to actively grow, which will lead to the following symptoms:

Itching in the genital area.

Discharge of various nature, most often with an unpleasant odor.

Painful sensations during sexual intercourse.

The impossibility of a full night's rest, as the feeling of itching and burning intensifies at night.

Increased irritability, nervousness.

Rashes in the area of ​​the labia minora, similar to pustules, are possible.

However, all these symptoms occur only if the number of staphylococci in the smear is significantly higher than normal. In addition, an overestimation of indicators often serves as a signal that a woman has some kind of sexually transmitted infection. Therefore, it makes sense to undergo a full examination and eliminate the cause of staphylococcus growth in the vagina. As a rule, against the background of growth of coccal flora, there is an increase in the number of leukocytes in the smear, with a minimum content of lactobacilli.

Causes of staphylococcus in a smear in women

Staphylococcus can enter the vagina in several ways, including:

Performing intimate hygiene. The bacterium normally exists on the skin of even a completely healthy person; when washed, it, together with water, can penetrate the mucous membranes of the vagina. If conditions are favorable for it, the bacterium will begin to reproduce. In addition, staphylococcus can be introduced from the intestines as a result of improper washing or self-care after defecation.

Entry into the vagina due to unqualified actions medical workers. As a result, for example, of a gynecological examination using unsterile instruments, infection can occur. Surgery is another way to become infected with bacteria. Although this route of infection is quite rare and accounts for no more than 1%.

Unprotected sexual intercourse.

For a long time, staphylococcus may not show its presence at all. However, under the influence of a number of provoking factors, the bacterium begins to actively multiply.

The impetus for the development of the inflammatory process can be:

Diseases of the genital area;

Long-term drug therapy;

Relapses of chronic diseases;

Weakening of immune defense, HIV;

Injury to the vaginal mucosa;

Disruptions in the hormonal system;

A common cause of the appearance of staphylococcus in a smear is the regular use of tampons. It is the synthetic materials from which these hygiene products are made that are a favorable place for bacteria to multiply. As a result, an increase in the number of staphylococci and their suppression beneficial microflora vagina.

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Treatment of staphylococcus in a smear in women

In most cases, there is no need to eliminate the bacterium, since in minimal quantities it is not able to cause an infectious process. However, if its indicators exceed the norm, it is necessary to undergo a therapeutic course, which should primarily be aimed at eliminating the factor that led to a shift in the vaginal flora.

It is worth understanding that analyzing a smear for flora and detecting an excess of staphylococcal infection in it is only the initial stage in diagnosing the disease. To clarify the diagnosis, it will be necessary to carry out additional research, for example, diagnostics using the PCR method, which makes it possible to detect even hidden genital tract infections.

The treatment regimen is selected individually and depends on the nature of the disease. Most often, a woman is prescribed anti-inflammatory drugs and local treatment. It comes down to regular sanitation of the vagina using antiseptic solutions. For this purpose, miramistin, chlorophyllipt, streptomycin are used.

The choice of vaginal suppositories is made by a doctor. It depends on the nature of the disease. Suppositories such as Terzhinan, Pimafucin, Genferon or Vokadin are often prescribed. They have a wide spectrum of action and are able to suppress both microbial and fungal flora.

Prevention of staphylococcus in women

In order to prevent staphylococcal infection from entering the vaginal cavity, you must follow simple rules, including:

Practice protected sexual intercourse using a condom.

Get rid of gynecological inflammatory processes in a timely manner.

Competently implement intimate hygiene, in particular, when washing, movements should be directed from front to back. The same rule applies to performing hygiene procedures after defecation. Hands should always be clean.

You should stop not only from regularly using tampons, but also from wearing synthetic underwear.

To pass diagnostic procedures in the area of ​​the reproductive system, you should only contact trusted clinics that comply with sanitary and hygienic requirements.

Douching should not be done without medical advice.

It is important not to take antibacterial agents without a doctor's prescription.

Compliance with these rules will allow the beneficial bacteria present in the vagina to prevent the growth of staphylococcus, and it will be detected in the smear in the minimum permissible titres.

The danger of these microorganisms is that they produce toxins and enzymes that are pathogenic for cells and disrupt their vital functions. Bacteria have a destructive effect on connective tissue, skin and subcutaneous tissue. They cause a number of dangerous diseases, including:

Among the folk methods of treatment and prevention of Staphylococcus aureus, treatment with copper or metal therapy, known since the time of Aristotle, deserves special attention. Aristotle in his works mentions the treatment of bruises, ulcers and swelling by applying copper.

How can a child become infected with staphylococcus? The bearers of this dangerous bacteria are both sick and healthy people, because they exist different shapes carriage of infection (temporary and permanent). The course of the disease can also occur in mild and severe forms.

In fact, there is only one objective reason for using antibiotics against such a stable and flexible pathogen as staphylococcus - the expected benefit will exceed the inevitable harm. Only in the case when the infection has spread throughout the body, entered the bloodstream, caused fever, and...

Staphylococcus in the nose is the presence of bacteria in the nasal mucosa that can cause a purulent-inflammatory disease. There are more than 20 varieties of staphylococcus, and most of them are constant companions of humans and are normally present on the mucous membranes, including.

Staphylococcus in the throat is the presence of bacteria in the mucous membrane of the pharynx or larynx that can cause an infectious and inflammatory process. The microbe can exist there as an opportunistic microflora, that is, without causing disease, but can cause an inflammatory reaction.

Staphylococcus aureus in the intestine is the colonization of its mucous membrane by a bacterium belonging to the group of staphylococci and capable of causing an infectious and inflammatory process. This bacterium does not always cause an inflammatory reaction in the intestines, but only if its concentration exceeds the permissible limits.

The information on the site is intended for informational purposes only and does not encourage self-treatment, consultation with a doctor is required!

Staphylococcus and streptococcus in a smear in women

For whatever reasons women visit a gynecologist, the examination begins with taking a smear from the vagina for examination for microbiological culture. The vaginal microflora is represented by various bacteria - there are more than 100 species. A woman is considered healthy if 94-95% of this microflora is Dederlein bacillus or lactobacilli.

If the smear contains a small amount opportunistic microorganisms- cocci, but there is no inflammation - the number of leukocytes is normal - then you can ignore the cocci.

An increase in the number of streptococci and staphylococci causes unpleasant symptoms, and during pregnancy can affect its outcome. If staphylococcus is detected during pregnancy, even with a slight increase in leukocytes, treatment is required.

Why is coccal flora dangerous and why do you need to get rid of it?

Streptococci

The bearers of this conditionally pathogenic flora are almost all adults. If there are few of them and they are on the surface of the skin and mucous membranes, then there is no need to worry.

But when they enter the body through microdamages and wounds, bacteria cause serious complications– rheumatism, glomerulonephritis, sepsis, meningitis...

• Streptococcus strain A is especially dangerous. If it penetrates the body, it can cause toxic shock.
• Strain B is most often found during pregnancy. These pathogens can cross the placenta and infect the fetus, which can lead to miscarriage.
• Hemolytic streptococcus. Location: intestines and genitals. During pregnancy, it is necessary to get rid of it - infection of the baby can occur as it passes through the birth canal. In the future, the baby may develop dangerous complications.

Reason for activation of streptococcal flora:

• antibiotic treatment;
• weakening of the immune system, regardless of the reasons that caused it;
• increased physical activity;
• stress;
• sexual infections;
• neglect of hygiene measures or passion for douching.

During pregnancy, streptococci increase activity due to hormonal changes. In a healthy woman, the norm of streptococci in the vaginal environment is 104 CFU/ml.

Opportunistic bacteria are represented by strains:

• serological group B;
• green – viridans;
• enterococci – group D.

Strain A is missing.

If the norm is exceeded, then treatment is carried out using general and local action. Penicillin antibiotics are usually prescribed, but in case of allergic reactions to them, an alternative remedy is sought. During pregnancy, antibacterial drugs are administered by infusion.

After antibiotic therapy, prebiotics and probiotics must be prescribed to restore the intestinal and vaginal flora.

Staphylococci in a smear in women

Staphylococci are also opportunistic microorganisms that pose a danger when introduced into the bloodstream against the background of a general decrease in immunity.

The following strains of these microorganisms are most often encountered. Staphylococcus aureus, or golden, got its name for the golden-colored toxins released by vital activity. This is the most dangerous type of microbacteria, provoking purulent-inflammatory processes in all tissues and organs.

During pregnancy, it is able to penetrate the placenta, infecting the fetus. For the production of a special enzyme - coagulase - it is also called coagulase-positive staphylococcus.

It is resistant to penicillin and cephalosporin antibacterial drugs and is very difficult to treat.

• Staphylococcus epidermidis, or epidermal, penetrates the mucous membrane, causing conjunctivitis, sepsis, endocarditis and purulent infections of the genitourinary organs.
• Staphylococcus saprophyticus, or saprophytic, prefers the external genitalia, provokes the occurrence of urethritis and cystitis in acute form.
• Staphylococcus haemolyticus, or hemolytic, can invade any organ. It got its name because of its ability to destroy red blood cells. It is less common in humans than other strains.

If there is less than 1% staphylococcus in a smear in women, no treatment is required. During pregnancy, microflora smears are taken several times - an increased number of them in the microflora of the birth canal can cause serious complications in the unborn baby.

Symptoms of staphylococcal infection of gynecological organs:

• the appearance of discharge with an unpleasant aroma;
• a feeling of dryness of the vaginal mucosa, as a result of which sexual intercourse causes unpleasant and even painful sensations;
• burning in the genital tract, worsening at night;
• pyoderma of the vaginal mucosa;
• increased irritability.

Increased activity of staphylococcus during pregnancy is especially dangerous.

Hemolytic staphylococcus causes inflammation of the urinary system, affects the respiratory system, intestines - it can penetrate through the bloodstream into all organs and systems. During pregnancy, treatment should begin with identifying the sensitivity of this type of pathogenic microorganism to antibiotics in order to reduce the danger from treatment. It is not difficult to eliminate hemolytic staphylococcus - it is sensitive to antibacterial drugs from a number of penicillins, cephalosparins, lincosamides, macrolides... At the same time, topical drugs are used.

During the 3rd trimester of pregnancy, symptomatic treatment with sanitation of the birth canal is possible. Therapy for saprophytic and epidermal staphylococcus is similar to inhibition of hemolytic activity.

Staphylococcus aureus during pregnancy in a smear

Increased activity of Staphylococcus aureus during pregnancy poses a serious threat to the fetus. It can infect the membranes of the ovum, cause miscarriage, infect the baby while passing through the birth canal, penetrate the bloodstream into the mammary glands and cause purulent mastitis.

Its entry into the bloodstream can stimulate very dangerous disease– endocarditis. During pregnancy, this condition can be fatal.

Treatment of pregnant women for Staphylococcus aureus is carried out with the help of general and local antibacterial drugs; immunomodulatory drugs and bacteriophages are necessarily prescribed. All therapeutic measures are carried out only after receiving the results of a test for the sensitivity of staphylococcus to antibiotics - this strain of an opportunistic microorganism exhibits high resistance to antibacterial agents.

Prevention of staphylococcal infection

To ensure that the coccal flora remains opportunistic and does not increase activity, it is recommended to follow the following rules:

• prevent decline immune status– take immunomodulators and vitamin-mineral complexes during the off-season;
• observe the rules of personal hygiene;
• Healthy food;
• try to lead a healthy lifestyle;
• refuse synthetic underwear;
• use tampons only when necessary;
• avoid unprotected sex;
• refuse douching unless prescribed by a gynecologist.

If signs indicating the onset of gynecological diseases appear, consult a doctor immediately.

Staphylococcus

I was diagnosed with infantilism of the genital organs or “baby uterus”, what is it, what does it mean, and how is it treated? I also cannot cure Staphylococcus aureus, how is it transmitted?, what do you recommend for its treatment.

Genital infantilism is a form of delayed puberty and is characterized by underdevelopment of the genital organs, a decrease in the hormonal activity of the ovaries and the receptor function of the uterus. This disease can cause disturbances in the menstrual cycle, sexual and reproductive function (infertility, spontaneous miscarriage, ectopic pregnancy, etc.). Treatment of genital infantilism depends on the degree of its severity (physiotherapy, hormonal therapy, etc.). You need to see an obstetrician-gynecologist who, after full examination and clarify the diagnosis, prescribe treatment for you. As for Staphylococcus aureus, you need to conduct a culture test to determine sensitivity to antibiotics and bacteriophages.

My partner has sexual diseases group B (or D) staphylococcus and candidiasis. Please advise what medications these diseases can be cured for both her and me.

First of all, these are not sexual diseases. Both staphylococcus and fungi of the genus Candida are normal flora genital tract. IN certain situation(decreased immunity, dysbiosis, stress, etc.) their number may increase, then they cause an inflammatory process, which manifests itself heavy discharge and discomfort in the genital tract and abnormalities in the vaginal smear. Treatment can be prescribed only after examining the patient and reviewing the tests.

I was diagnosed with cervical erosion, and during bacterial culture - staphylococcus. The doctor said that in order to do a biopsy, you need to get rid of staphylococcus. I was prescribed clindomycin 0.15 x 3 times 10 days (it was indicated in the antibiotic sensitivity test), nystatin 500 x 4 times, betadine suppositories 1st. at night - 10 days. After this treatment, analysis showed the presence of staphylococcus. I was prescribed bifidumbacterin suppositories. And after that, staphylococcus was discovered. What should I do, tell me.

1. The simplest reason is improper collection of material. This is done using a special disposable sealed tube containing a sterile collection swab. In your presence, this tube is opened (it is factory sealed) and, without touching anything, a tampon is inserted into the cervical canal. One movement and, without touching anything, the tampon is returned to the test tube and closed tightly. Staphylococcus is present in the air and on all objects and external genitalia. Sowing is done in oxygen conditions, while ordinary bacteria, often living in the cervix, do not grow, but staphylococcus grows. You need to do a routine smear and see if there are signs of a staph infection.

2. If the material is collected correctly, it means there is staphylococcus. For any infection, both partners are treated. Both you and your man need to take a course of antibiotics, and use a condom during treatment. Otherwise, you will constantly re-infect each other, and the infection will not go away.

3. Staphylococcus can come to the cervix from the vagina. In this case, local antibiotic preparations will be more helpful: in addition to tablets, also vaginal forms: for example, Dalacin C cream (the same clindamycin) or tetracycline ointment. The husband can also use it.

4. Another route for staphylococcus is from the uterus. This is a sign of endometritis - inflammation of the uterine mucosa. True, it must be accompanied by complaints, but it can also be asymptomatic. It is treated comprehensively, using physiotherapy.

5. Erosion itself can support the infection. Its removal may lead to recovery. The best tactic is to sanitize the vagina with betadine (solution), weak solution potassium permanganate, chamomile, sage, etc. under the control of a smear, and if it improves - a biopsy of the erosion, and in the absence of contraindications - its removal (laser or liquid nitrogen).

The doctor should decide which tactics are best for you to follow. Just remember point 2.

Unfortunately, you do not indicate the type of staphylococcus cultured. However, the genital tract should normally contain some types of staphylococci, even aureus, but in small quantities. If a regular flora smear does not reveal an inflammatory process (increased number of leukocytes) or other abnormalities, then a biopsy can be done even if staphylococcus is present in the culture.

I drink Triregol, every day at 1200 (afternoon). I missed one day, took another pill in the morning. day, second in the afternoon. Is additional protection necessary or is this possible? They also found staphylococcus in me, the doctor suggests suppositories with nystatin for treatment, although I came across information that nystatin is, in principle, an outdated drug, especially since I previously treated candidiasis with it.

According to the instructions, the effectiveness of hormonal contraception is guaranteed if the interval between two tablets does not exceed 36 hours. In your case it was more. Therefore, according to the rules, you need to protect yourself with a condom until the end of the cycle, while continuing to take Triquilar.

Based on this, it is better to take birth control pills at night, before bed. Firstly, the severity decreases side effects, if they exist, and secondly, if you forgot your pill in the evening, then drinking it the next morning will not be late.

Nystatin is really not effective against staphylococcus. In this case, the drug Polygynax or Terzhinan or douching with conventional antiseptics is more indicated: infusion of chamomile, calendula or St. John's wort, a weak solution of furatsilin or potassium permanganate.

When I came to register at the hospital at 12 weeks of pregnancy, the doctor said that I had cervical erosion. After the birth, the doctor did a biopsy and said that it was not erosion and directed me to take a smear for ureaplasma, mycoplasma, chlamydia, herpes virus and blood from a vein for toxoplasmosis and cytoplasmovirus. I've passed. Then it turned out that instead of a smear for ureaplasma, they took a smear for Trichomonas vaginalis. But the doctor said that if there is no Trichomonas vaginali, then most likely there will be no ureaplasma. And she said you don’t have to test for toxoplasmosis at all, since it most likely won’t happen (since I didn’t have a miscarriage during this pregnancy, everything is fine with the child and nothing bad happened to him at all). As a result, chlamydia, mycoplasma, herpes virus, Trichomonas vaginalis and toxoplasma were not found. But I have something on the cervix (it looks like erosion, but not erosion). The doctor believes that this is due to hormonal disorders during pregnancy.

1. What could be wrong with me?

2. Is it true that since there is no Trichomonas vaginalis, then there are no ureaplasmas?

3. Is it true that there should be no toxoplasma, since the child is healthy and was born normal?

4. Could this be caused by Staphylococcus aureus in me (it was discovered in the child after birth, but it is not in the milk) and how can I determine if I have it (they took a simple smear from me after giving birth, they discovered colpitis, I have already cured it): Would they have found it with a regular smear if it was there, or do we need to do a special test for staphylococcus?

1. What is cervical erosion and what is the essence of treatment. With erosion of the cervix, the columnar epithelium (mucous membrane) of the inner part of the cervical canal is located on its vaginal part, where it should be squamous epithelium(mucous membrane of the outer part of the cervix). The reason may be the youthful structure of the cervix. In women over 24 years of age, this structure is considered pathological. The cause of erosion in adulthood is most often the inflammatory process in the cervix, and in second place - hormonal disorders. When it is cured, erosion, if it is small, can heal itself. During childbirth, tears and tears form in the cervix, as a result of which the cervix seems to turn out a little. In this case, the mucous membrane of the cervical canal is everted into the vagina. This is no longer called erosion, but ectropion. The cervix becomes loose and easily vulnerable. At the same time, various pathological processes can develop in it. The risk of developing pathology is higher with a large size of erosion. If the erosion is large or has pathological changes, treatment is necessary. Erosion therapy consists of destroying the pathological epithelium, then forming a normal one in its place. For women who have not given birth or who have given birth, but with very slight erosion, they do not cauterize it, unless it turns into leukoplakia, dysplasia, etc. It is recommended to see a gynecologist once every 6 months. If treatment is still necessary. Erosion is cauterized using a laser; cryodestruction (freezing) and diathermocoagulation are also used. The latter is less preferable due to side effects. In addition, upon examination, inflammation of the cervix - cervicitis - can be mistaken for erosion. If the biopsy does not reveal pathological changes, the most common of which are dysplasia and leukoplakia. Then you can simply be observed once every 6 months. see the doctor, there is nothing wrong with you. Otherwise it is necessary to be treated.

2. Ureaplasma is represented in 30% of men and women normal microflora genital tract. Most often they occur in sexually active people. If they do not cause inflammation in partners, then no treatment is required. If inflammation is present, appropriate therapy is carried out. Trichomonas vaginalis is a sexually transmitted infection. So the absence of one does not absolutely exclude the presence of the other.

3. If you have pets, especially cats, that roam the street, then there is a possibility that you have toxoplasmosis. But since the child was born healthy, and the pregnancy proceeded without complications, then the disease is either in a dormant form or it really does not exist.

4. In order to find out whether you have Staphylococcus aureus, you need to do a culture. Secretions are taken from the genital tract and placed on a nutrient medium. Within a week, microorganisms living in the vagina germinate, and then determine what kind of bacteria they are and which antibiotics they are sensitive to. But keep in mind that small amounts of Staphylococcus aureus can be found in the genital tract normally.

Please tell me how dangerous staphylococcus epidermidis found in the nasal cavity is during pregnancy, and whether the presence of this disease entails being under observation in the maternity hospital or any other troubles.

Staphylococcus epidermidis is a microorganism that normally lives on the surface of human skin and its mucous membranes. It all depends on how much it is found in you. If this is within normal limits, then there is nothing to worry about. You can send your conclusion, then it will be possible to answer the question more fully.

Please tell me, is it possible to cure staphylococcus with the drug metronidazole? They prescribed 2t x 3 times a day and two tablets at night in the vagina. Can this drug also cure thrush?

What do you mean by thrush? For vaginal discharge (thrush), a smear is analyzed, the pathogen is determined and a diagnosis is made. If you have been diagnosed with staphylococcus, it means that you need to treat it as the causative agent of thrush. In the strict sense, “thrush” is a disease caused by fungi, do you have it, are fungi found in the smear? Then they must be treated separately. Metronidazole is not intended as a drug against staphylococcus; it is more often used for other infections. You are better advised to take 1 tablet of doxycycline 2 times a day for 10 days, and suppositories - Polygynax or Terzhinan for at least 6 suppositories (1 per night in the vagina). After treatment, after 1-2 weeks you need to take a second smear and make sure that there is no “thrush” of candidiasis.

I was diagnosed with trichomoniasis, staphylococcal infection and cervical erosion. I’m wondering which doctor to go to first and how I can treat erosion if I haven’t given birth or had an abortion (where could I have gotten it from?). How is this staphylococcus treated (if I had it when I was still in the maternity hospital). And finally: is it true that prolonged trichomoniasis can develop into gonorrhea or is this just a children's fairy tale?

A gynecologist treats all of the above diseases. Erosion is usually a consequence of the inflammatory process. First, infectious diseases are treated. Cervical erosion nulliparous women cauterize only in case of extensive damage or development of complications. Staphylococcal infection is most likely a consequence of a weakening of the body’s protective properties due to trichomoniasis.

My doctor diagnosed endometritis. A smear examination showed staphylococcus. She prescribed me treatment with gentamicin 80 mcg 2 times a day for 5 days intramuscularly starting from the 1st day of menstruation. Inadvertently: ((I injected 80 mcg once a day for 5 days, i.e. 2 times less. And my question is the following: what should I what should I do now? is it possible to repeat this course and what would you advise me? (I also had a sore throat at that time and was prescribed bicillin, which lasts for a month, that’s what the otolaryngologist said).

It is very unfortunate that you did not follow the doctor's instructions. Since the danger of incorrect use of antibiotics is that they do not cope with the infection, but cause microorganisms to become addicted to this drug and in the future it no longer works on them. However, staphylococcus is sensitive to bicillin. So, the treatment can be considered complete. You should contact your doctor for an examination to determine your health status.

As a result of a microbiological study and determination of the sensitivity of the isolated cultures to antibiotics, the following was said: "... during a bacteriological study, a culture was isolated from direct bacterial culture: 1. Pat. Staphylococci 2. Streptococci" and then the sensitivity of No. 1 and No. 2 to a number of antibiotics was determined (40 points) . Does this mean that staphylococci and streptococci “live” in the vagina?

The fact is that staphylo- and streptococci should be present in the vagina in small quantities. To interpret the culture of vaginal contents, it is important to know the quantity of microorganisms isolated, as well as whether there is an inflammatory process in the genital tract. The presence of inflammation is determined in a regular flora smear by the number of leukocytes.

There are many pathogenic microorganisms in the world. All of them have a very bad effect on the human body. Bacteria are considered the largest pathogenic group. They surround people everywhere. You can become infected at home, at work, or on the street. Bacteria settle on the skin and inside the child’s body from the moment he is born. Many of them belong to normal intestinal microflora.

Bacteria vary in shape. They can be spherical, as well as spiral and rod-shaped. Round bacteria are called cocci. However, they can also often be different in structure. Some of them are located singly, others are capable of forming entire chains - like streptococci, or have the appearance of bunches of grapes - like staphylococci.

Staphylococci are represented by spherical bacteria. They are grouped in the form of small grape bunches. It is very rare to find paired and single individuals. They cannot move because they do not have flagella.

Staphylococci can live in any environment. They are found in soil, air and water. Normally, such bacteria must be present in the human body and located throughout almost the entire digestive tract. There are especially many of them in the stomach. Staphylococci are present on the skin, mucous membranes of the respiratory system, on the genitals and in the urinary system.

Inflammation of the skin can often be caused by Staphylococcus epidermidis, a type of opportunistic organism.

Almost all staphylococci are considered opportunistic microorganisms. This means that their constant presence in the body does not bring any harm to a person. But under the influence of unfavorable factors, even the most harmless bacteria can cause harm to health.

But there are also species that should not normally be present in the body. When they penetrate, an inflammatory process necessarily begins, covering some internal organs.

Staphylococci exhibit high resistance to environmental factors. They are practically insensitive to high temperatures, exposure ultraviolet rays And chemical substances. Inflammation of the skin is very common. The cause of this condition is often Staphylococcus epidermidis.

Characteristics of Staphylococcus epidermidis

Staphylococcus epidermidis is present as part of the normal microflora mainly on the skin. Staphylococcus epidermidis is constantly on the skin, that is, it does not cause any harm to the body, since it does not get inside. The disease can only develop in older people or those whose immune systems are too weakened. This condition can occur in the presence of concomitant chronic diseases or in developing oncology. Pregnant women are also at risk.

The cause of the development of infection can be a violation of the rules of personal hygiene in a residential area. Insufficient sterilization of surgical instruments, violation of the rules of asepsis and antiseptics can also lead to disruption of the normal microflora. The spread of germs can occur through dust, air and household objects that have come into contact with the main source of infection.

Staphylococcus epidermidis during pregnancy poses a threat of infection to the fetus and future postpartum infections in the mother.

Pathogenesis and course of the disease

Microbes can enter the human body through a damaged area of ​​skin or mucous membranes. Most often this occurs during operations, with various injuries, and also during the installation of catheters. The pathogen, entering the bloodstream, spreads throughout the body. The consequence of this may be the development of inflammation or even sepsis.

On early stages the disease is sluggish, almost asymptomatic. After a few days these appear specific symptoms diseases:

• general condition worsens;
• the person becomes weak and irritable;
• the skin turns pale;
• the temperature rises sharply;
• specific rashes appear on the skin;
• nausea and vomiting appear;
• diarrhea develops.

Most often, the disease does not have any special symptoms. Sometimes a completely asymptomatic course of the disease is possible.

Quite often, this problem is faced by surgeons who specialize in internal prosthetics. Infected implants can pose a threat to humans. This is especially dangerous in vascular and cardiac surgery, since microbes can cause the development of an aortic aneurysm.

Staphylococcus epidermidis promotes suppuration in the presence urinary catheter. If such a condition develops, the catheter must be replaced with a new one. Once the cause of inflammation is eliminated, the immune system itself will cope with the restoration of the body. Therefore, in most cases, no special drug treatment, especially antibiotic therapy, is required. The wound is simply treated with antiseptic solutions.

Inflammation can be observed quite often urethra. Women are most often susceptible to infection. This pathology considered severe. Symptoms of inflammation of the urethra are always pronounced. At the same time, the body temperature always rises. Ulcers may appear on the skin. Then you need to use specific antibacterial therapy.

However, symptoms alone are not enough to make a definitive diagnosis. To accurately determine which pathogen caused the development of the disease, it is necessary to conduct some additional laboratory tests. If the diagnosis is made incorrectly, then the treatment will be ineffective. As a result, serious complications can develop that pose a great danger to health.

Staphylococcus epidermidis in tests

The presence of epidermal staphylococcus in the body is considered normal, since it is classified as a group of opportunistic microorganisms. The presence of it in test results does not mean that a person is sick.

A pathological indicator is one that exceeds 105 units. The reason for examination is also the appearance of pustular lesions of the skin of the nasal mucosa, even with normal results analysis.

Staphylococcus epidermidis is present in the human body in acceptable quantities.

If the disease is not treated adequately, the following complications may occur:

• inflammation of the genitourinary system;
• conjunctivitis;
• cervical erosion;
• sinus inflammation;
• laryngitis;
• inflammation of the bladder and kidneys.

Features of treatment

Therapy for the disease should be comprehensive, as with other diseases caused by pathogenic bacteria. However, curing a staphylococcal infection is not so easy, since these microorganisms are very resistant to various influences. It is very important not only to determine the type of microorganism itself, but also its sensitivity to different drugs. After all, it is necessary to eliminate the root cause of the disease, and not its symptoms.

Treatment for Staphylococcus epidermidis is as follows:

• it is necessary to limit contact with the source of infection;
• treat the room in which the patient was located with special disinfectants;
• in surgery, follow all rules for processing instruments;
• treat the skin with antiseptic preparations that do not contain antibiotics;
• Antibacterial therapy is carried out with the combined use of Rifampicin and Gentamicin;
• It is mandatory to take immunostimulants to maintain the body's immune defense.

For Staphylococcus epidermidis complex therapy with the use of antibiotics, antiseptics and immunostimulants.

After the antibacterial treatment care must be taken to restore normal intestinal microflora. For this, the patient is prescribed probiotics, lacto- and bifidobacteria. Some vitamin and mineral complexes and a special diet are also prescribed, which helps restore the body's strength.

Prevention

It is better to prevent the development of the disease than to treat it later. Preventive measures include:

• compliance with personal hygiene rules;
• limiting contact with infected people;
• compliance with the rules of asepsis and antisepsis in the surgical department;
• maintaining the body's immune system;
• treatment of affected areas of the skin and mucous membranes with special antiseptic agents.

All surgical instruments undergo several stages of antiseptic treatment to avoid infection of patients through blood.

All preventive measures are aimed at preventing the entry of microbes into the body. But if infection does occur, it must be treated immediately. After all, staphylococcus in its pathogenic form is very dangerous to human health. And if the disease is started or treated incorrectly, serious consequences can develop. Before starting any treatment, you need to consult many specialists. Only a doctor can prescribe necessary therapy. Self-medication and the use of folk remedies in this situation are unacceptable.

To avoid the development of complications, you must follow all doctor’s recommendations regarding treatment. If drug therapy does not bring results, then doctors may resort to surgery. This is especially true for inflammatory processes of internal organs or infection of endoprostheses.

Staphylococci are one of the most common groups of microorganisms that include saprophytes and pathogens of human and animal diseases. Despite the relative ease of detection of staphylococci in biological material from patients and objects environment, in practice numerous difficulties arise. This is due to the fact that staphylococci are representatives of normal microflora, therefore staphylococcus in a smear is not always objective evidence of their etiological role in the development of the disease. It is also necessary to take into account the diversity of their manifestations, the degree of pathogenicity, wide variability under the influence of antibacterial agents, and the extreme variety of clinical forms.

That is why the diagnostic and treatment scheme for this infection cannot be universal, but must be developed taking into account the specifics of a particular nosological form of the disease. In addition, an important measure is the combined determination of qualitative and quantitative indicators of the content of pathogenic staphylococci in the test material.

Foodborne toxic infections of staphylococcal etiology, in terms of the number of cases, occupy one of the leading places among bacterial poisonings.

The norm of staphylococcus in a smear

Normally, staphylococcus must be present in the smear, since it is a representative of normal microflora. Its absence or low level has the same negative impact on health as high levels. It is customary to consider an indicator of up to 103 (10 in 3) as a norm. A violation is considered to be any deviation, both in the direction of increasing concentration and in the direction of decreasing it. An increase above this indicator is a pathological condition in which staphylococcus is released into the environment, even during quiet breathing.

Staphylococcus in a smear 10 in 3 - 10 in 5

The unit of measurement for quantitative analysis is CFU/ml - the number of colony-forming units in 1 ml of the biological material being studied.

To carry out calculations and determine the degree of contamination, first count the number of homogeneous colonies that grew in a Petri dish after sowing. They must be identical in color and pigmentation. Then a recalculation is made from the number of colonies to the degree of contamination.

Let's look at specific example. For example, if 20 CFU grew in a dish, this means that 0.1 ml of the test material contained 20 colonies of microorganisms. You can calculate the total number of microorganisms as follows: 20 x 10 x 5 = 1000, or 103 (10 in 3). In this case, it is assumed that 20 is the number of colonies that grew on a Petri dish, 10 is the number of colony-forming units in 1 ml, taking into account the fact that only one tenth of the microorganisms were inoculated, 5 is the volume of physiological solution in which it was diluted try.

The concentration of 104, (10 in 4), which many experts consider as borderline state between the relative norm and pronounced pathology, in which bacteremia and an acute inflammatory process develop. An indicator of 105 (10 in 5) is considered an absolute pathology.

ICD-10 code

B95.8 Unspecified staphylococci as the cause of diseases classified elsewhere

Causes of staphylococci in a smear

Staphylococcus will always be detected in a smear within normal limits, since it is a representative of normal microflora. Therefore, from the point of view of bacteriology, it makes sense to discuss the reasons for the increase in the quantitative indicators of staphylococcus. Thus, the concentration of staphylococcus increases primarily with reduced immunity. Normally, the immune system produces protective factors (histocompatibility complex, interferons, immunoglobulins, etc.) that stimulate normal condition mucous membranes, prevent the uncontrolled proliferation of bacterial flora, suppresses active growth.

Another reason is dysbiosis. By virtue of various reasons the number of representatives of normal microflora decreases. As a result, “free space” appears, which is immediately occupied by other microorganisms, including staphylococcus. It is one of the first microorganisms to colonize free space and securely attach to it. As a result, quantitative indicators increase sharply.

There are many causes of dysbiosis. Perhaps the most important thing is to take antibiotics, since there are practically no targeted antibiotics that specifically affect the causative agent of the disease. All of them are drugs with a wide spectrum of action. They have an effect not only on a specific pathogen, but also on the accompanying flora. Chemotherapy and antitumor treatment have a similar effect.

Hypothermia, overwork, constant nervous and mental stress, stress, and non-compliance with the daily routine contribute to a decrease in immunity and disruption of normal microflora. Poor and insufficient nutrition, lack of vitamins, microelements, bad habits, unfavorable living and working conditions.

Staphylococcus in a throat swab

A swab from the throat is taken when conducting preventive studies for workers in the catering and child care sectors, as well as for diagnosing infectious diseases (only if indicated). The main indication is the presence of inflammatory processes in the nasopharynx and pharynx.

The development of staphylococcal infections and food poisoning begins precisely with oral cavity and pharynx. Often, the microorganism persists in the area of ​​the pharynx and nasopharynx, and the person does not even suspect it, since in the early stages the pathological process can be asymptomatic. However, its amount is increasing, which may subsequently result in chronic pathology, severe inflammation, sore throat, swollen lymph nodes. In addition, with an increased concentration of the microorganism, it is released into the environment. As a result, a person becomes a bacteria carrier. In this case, the person himself may not get sick, but he infects the people around him.

If staphylococcus is detected in a throat smear, people are not allowed to work in food factories, culinary shops, canteens, which allows to avoid food intoxication. Also, bacteria carriers are not allowed to work with children, especially for early, preschool, younger age. Mandatory sanitation is carried out

Revealing exact concentration staphylococcus in a smear makes it possible to accurately identify the pathogen and diagnose the pathological process, and select the optimal treatment.

The material for research is collected using a sterile swab by passing it over the surface palatine tonsils. It is imperative that the material is collected on an empty stomach, or no earlier than 2-3 hours after a meal. It is imperative to collect the material before antibiotic therapy, otherwise the results will be distorted.

Then, in a laboratory setting, the test material is inoculated onto nutrient media. The material must be sown within the next 2 hours after collection. The optimal medium for inoculating staphylococcus is milk-salt agar and yolk agar.

Staphylococcus in a nasal swab

A nasal swab is taken when examining certain categories of workers (working with children, in the catering industry). The collection is made with a sterile swab from the nasal mucosa. In this case, a separate tampon is used for each nostril. Wherein nasal cavity should not be treated with anything, washing should not be carried out the day before. The collection is made before antibiotic therapy, otherwise the result will be invalid.

The analysis takes on average 5-7 days. After collecting the material, it is inoculated directly onto the surface of the nutrient medium. For inoculation, 0.1 ml of washing is used. It is convenient to use Baird-Parker medium, on which staphylococcal colonies are very easy to recognize by their opalescent sheen and black colonies. In general, the choice of environment is determined by the laboratory assistant, depending on the laboratory's facilities and individual research goals, specialization and degree of qualification. The ratio of seed and nutrient medium is 1:10. Then incubate under thermostatic conditions.

Then, on days 2-3, reseeding is carried out on slanted agar, and pure culture. Further studies are carried out with it (biochemical, immunological), the main properties are determined, the culture is identified, the concentration is determined, and, if necessary, sensitivity to antibiotics.

Separately, microscopy is performed, which makes it possible to determine an approximate preliminary assessment of the smear and to identify the species of the microorganism based on its characteristic morphological and anatomical features. You can also detect other signs of pathology: signs of inflammation, neoplasm.

The person is given only the finished result indicating the type of microorganism, the degree of contamination, and sometimes sensitivity to antibacterial drugs.

Staphylococcus in a vaginal smear

They are detected because they are permanent inhabitants of the skin and mucous membranes. Diseases that are caused by staphylococci are of the nature of autoinfection, that is, they develop when the basic parameters of the human biochemical cycle change, hormonal levels, microflora, damage to mucous membranes, pregnancy. Less often a consequence exogenous penetration infections (from the external environment).

Staphylococcus in a smear from the cervical canal

They can be detected against the background of dysbacteriosis, which develops during pregnancy, decreased microflora, and disruption of the hormonal cycle. Since staphylococcus is characterized by a wide range of sources of infection and multiple organs, they can be easily transported in the blood and cause inflammation outside the main source. Often the development of staphylococcal infection is a consequence of antibiotic therapy, physiotherapy, and surgical interventions.

Risk factors

People with a pathological focus of infection in the body are at risk. For example, a staphylococcal infection can develop in the presence of caries in the oral cavity, inflammation of the tonsils, chronic and incompletely cured diseases respiratory tract, genitourinary organs, in the presence of purulent-septic wounds, burns, damage to the skin and mucous membranes. Great danger represent catheters, implants, grafts, prostheses, since they can be colonized by staphylococcal infection.

Risk factors include reduced immunity, disruption of the endocrine system, dysbacteriosis, and diseases. gastrointestinal tract. The risk group also includes people who have recently had surgical intervention, after serious illnesses, after antibiotic therapy, chemotherapy.

A separate group consists of people with immunodeficiencies, AIDS, other infectious diseases, and autoimmune pathologies. Newborn children (due to immature microflora and immune system) and pregnant women (due to hormonal changes) are at risk. Women in labor and postpartum women, since currently in hospitals and maternity hospitals serious danger present nosocomial strains staphylococcus, which live in external environment, acquired multiple resistance and increased pathogenicity. They are quite easy to become infected with.

People who do not follow a daily routine, do not eat enough, and are exposed to nervous and physical stress and overexertion are at risk.

A special group is represented by medical workers, biologists, and researchers who work with various cultures of microorganisms, including staphylococcus, have contact with biological fluids, tissue samples, feces, and are in constant contact with infectious and non-infectious patients.

This should also include laboratory technicians, nurses, orderlies, sanitary inspection officials, pharmacists, developers of vaccines and toxoids, and their testers. Employees are also at risk Agriculture dealing with animals, products of livestock and poultry slaughter, which also act as a source of infection.

Symptoms of staphylococci in a smear

Symptoms directly depend on the location of the source of infection. Thus, with the development of a respiratory tract infection, colonization of the mucous membrane of the oral cavity and nasopharynx first occurs. This manifests itself in the form of inflammation, swelling, hyperemia. Pain appears when swallowing, soreness, burning in the throat, nasal congestion, and a runny nose accompanied by yellow-green mucus, depending on the severity of the pathology.

As the infectious process progresses, signs of intoxication develop, the temperature rises, weakness appears, the body's overall resistance decreases, immunity decreases, as a result of which the pathological process only worsens.

Signs may develop systemic damage organs. Along the descending respiratory tract, the infection descends, causing bronchitis, pneumonia, pleurisy with severe cough, copious secretion of sputum.

When an infection develops in the area of ​​the genitourinary tract and reproductive organs, irritation of the mucous membranes first develops, itching, burning, and hyperemia appear. Gradually, the pathological process progresses, inflammation, pain, and white discharge with a specific odor appear. There is pain when urinating, a burning sensation. The progression of the disease leads to the development of an intense infectious process that spreads to the rectum, perineum, and internal organs.

When the inflammatory process is localized on the skin and wound surface, the wound festers, a specific odor appears, and local, and then local and general body temperature may increase. The source of infection is constantly spreading, the wound “gets wet”, does not heal, and grows all the time.

With the development of a staphylococcal infection in the intestinal area, signs of food poisoning appear: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, indigestion, stool, and loss of appetite. Pain and inflammation appear in the gastrointestinal tract: gastritis, enteritis, enterocolitis, proctitis. With the generalization of the inflammatory process and increasing signs of intoxication, body temperature rises, chills and fever develop.

First signs

There are known early symptoms that are harbingers of the disease. They develop as the concentration of staphylococcus in the blood increases, and appear long before real symptoms appear.

Thus, the development of staphylococcal infection is accompanied by increased heart rate and breathing, trembling in the body, chills, and fever. When walking, increased load, a load on the heart and lungs may be felt, and slight shortness of breath may appear. Headache, migraine, nasal and ear congestion may appear, and, less commonly, tearing, sore and dry throat, dry skin and mucous membranes.

Feelings often appear elevated temperature, however, when measured it remains normal. A person quickly gets tired, performance decreases sharply, irritation, tearfulness, and drowsiness appear. Concentration and ability to concentrate may decrease.

Staphylococcus aureus in a smear

Staphylococcus aureus, S. aureus, is a common causative agent of inflammatory and infectious diseases of the internal organs of humans and animals. More than 100 nosoological forms of diseases caused by this pathogen are known. The pathogenesis of Staphylococcus aureus is based on the whole complex toxic substances and aggression factors, enzymes that are produced by microorganisms. In addition, it has been established that the pathogenicity of the microorganism is due to genetic factors and environmental influences.

It is worth emphasizing that Staphylococcus aureus has multiorgan tropism, that is, it can become a pathogen pathological process in any organ. This is manifested in the ability to cause purulent-inflammatory processes in the skin, subcutaneous tissue, lymph nodes, respiratory tract, urinary system, and even the musculoskeletal system. It is a common causative agent of foodborne diseases. The special significance of this microorganism is determined by its role in the etiology nosocomial infections. Among Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant strains often arise, which are highly resistant to the action of any antibiotics and antiseptics.

It is quite easy to recognize in a smear, since it has the appearance of gram-positive cocci, the diameter of which varies from 0.5 to 1.5 microns, located in pairs, short chains or clusters in the form of a bunch of grapes. Immobile, do not form spores. Grows in the presence of 10% sodium chloride. Surface structures are capable of synthesizing a number of toxins and enzymes that play an important role in the metabolism of microorganisms and determine their role in the etiology of staphylococcal infections.

It is also easy to recognize in a smear by such morphological features as the presence of a cell wall, membrane structures, capsule and flocculent factor. An important role in pathogenesis is played by aglutinogen A, a protein that is evenly distributed throughout the entire thickness of the cell wall and is connected to peptidoglycan by covalent bonds. The biological activity of this protein is diverse and is an unfavorable factor for the macroorganism. It is capable of reacting with mucous immunoglobulin, forming complexes that are accompanied by damage to platelets and the development of thromboembolic reactions. It is also an obstacle to active phagocytosis and contributes to the development of an allergic reaction.

Staphylococcus epidermidis in a smear

For a long time it was believed that Staphylococcus epidermidis was not pathogenic. But recent research has confirmed that this is not the case. It is a representative of the normal microflora of the skin and can cause diseases in some people. This is especially true for people with reduced immunity, after burns, damage to the integrity of the skin, and with various wounds. As a result of the development of staphylococcal infection, a purulent-septic inflammatory process develops quite quickly, zones of necrosis, erosion, ulcers, and suppuration appear.

It is quite easy to recognize in a smear by the formation of pigmented colonies with a diameter of up to 5 mm. They form cocci and can be single or combined into polycompounds resembling bunches of grapes. They can grow in both aerobic and anaerobic conditions.

Hemolytic staphylococcus in a smear

The hemolytic properties of staphylococcus are its ability to lyse blood. This property is ensured by the synthesis of plasmacoagulase and leukocidin - bacterial toxins that break down the blood. It is the ability to split and coagulate plasma that is the leading and constant criterion by which pathogenic staphylococci can be identified quite easily.

The principle of the reaction is that plasmacoagulase reacts with plasma Co-factor, forms coagulazothrombin with it, which converts thrombinogen into thrombin with the formation of a blood clot.

Plasmocoagulase is an enzyme that is quite easily destroyed by proteolytic enzymes, for example, trypsin, chemotrypsin, and also when heated to a temperature of 100 degrees or higher for 60 minutes. Large concentrations of coagulase lead to a decrease in the ability of blood to clot, hemodynamics are disrupted, and oxygen starvation fabrics. In addition, the enzyme promotes the formation of fibrin barriers around the microbial cell, thereby reducing the efficiency of phagocytosis.

Currently, 5 types of hemolysins are known, each of which has its own mechanism of action. Alpha toxin is not active against human erythrocytes, but lyses erythrocytes of sheep, rabbits, pigs, aggregates platelets, and has a lethal and dermonecrotic effect.

Beta toxin causes lysis of human erythrocytes and exhibits a cytotoxic effect on human fibroblasts.

Gamma toxin lyses human red blood cells. Its lytic effect on leukocytes is also known. Does not have toxic effects when administered intradermally. At intravenous administration leads to death.

Delta toxin differs from all other toxins in its thermolability, wide spectrum of cytotoxic activity, and damages erythrocytes, leukocytes, lysosomes and mitochondria.

Epsilon toxin provides the widest possible area of ​​effect, lysing all types of blood cells.

Coagulase-negative staphylococcus in a smear

The importance of coagulase-negative staphylococci in the development of pathology of internal organs is beyond doubt. Researchers believe that this group is responsible for the development of pathology of the urogenital tract in approximately 13-14% of cases. They are causative agents of skin and wound infections, conjunctivitis, inflammatory processes and sepsis in newborns. The most severe form of infection is endocarditis. The number of such complications has especially increased due to the high prevalence of heart surgery when installing artificial valves and bypassing blood vessels.

Considering the biological properties, it is advisable to note that the microorganisms are cocci with a diameter of no more than 5 microns, do not form pigments, and can grow in both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Grows in the presence of 10% sodium chloride. Capable of hemolysis, nitrate reduction, possess urease, but do not produce DNAase. Under aerobic conditions they are capable of producing lactose, sucrose, and mannose. Not capable of fermenting mannitol and trehalose.

The most important is Staphylococcus epidermidis, which is one of the leading clinically significant pathogens. Causes septicemia, conjunctivitis, pyoderma, infections urinary tract. Also among coagulase-negative strains there are many representatives of nosocomial infections.

Staphylococcus saprophyticus, saprophytic in a smear

Refers to coagulase-negative strains that are capable of existing in both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. They actively multiply in the wound surface, in damaged areas of the skin, with severe burns, with a foreign body in soft tissues, in the presence of transplants, prostheses, and during invasive procedures.

Often lead to the development toxic shock. This effect is due to the action of endotoxins. Often develops when using sorbent tampons in women during menstruation, in postpartum period, after abortions, miscarriages, gynecological operations, after long-term use of barrier contraception.

The clinical picture is presented sharp increase fever, nausea, severe pain in muscles and joints. Later, characteristic spotty rashes appear, most often generalized. Developing arterial hypotension accompanied by loss of consciousness. The mortality rate reaches 25%.

Fecal staphylococcus in smear

It is the main causative agent of foodborne diseases. Well preserved in the environment. The main route of transmission is fecal-oral. Released into the environment with feces. It enters the body with poorly cooked food, dirty hands, and unwashed food.

The mechanism of action is due to staphylococcal enterotoxins, which are heat-stable polypeptides formed during the proliferation of enterotoxigenic strains, staphylococci in food, intestines and artificial nutrient media. They exhibit high resistance to the action of food enzymes.

The enteropathogenicity of toxins is determined by their connection with the epithelial cells of the stomach and intestines and their effect on the enzymatic systems of epithelial cells. This, in turn, leads to an increase in the rate of formation of prostaglandins, histamine, and an increase in the secretion of fluids into the lumen of the stomach and intestines. In addition, toxins damage the membranes of epithelial cells, increasing the permeability of the intestinal wall to other toxic products of bacterial origin.

The virulence of fecal enteropathogenic staphylococci is regulated by the genetic apparatus of the bacterial cell in response to environmental factors, which allows the microorganism to quickly adapt to environmental conditions, which allows the microorganism to quickly adapt to changing conditions when moving from one microbiocenosis to another.

Differential diagnosis

When determining the role and significance of various representatives of the genus Staphylococcus in the etiology of human purulent-inflammatory diseases, despite their relative simplicity, their detection is associated with numerous difficulties. This is due to the fact that staphylococcus is a representative of normal microflora that inhabits various biotopes of the human body. It is necessary to clearly distinguish between endogenous staphylococcus, which develops inside the body, and endogenous, which penetrates the body and from the environment. It is also important to understand which of the biotopes of the human body is typical for it, and where it is a representative of the transient flora (introduced by chance).

It is also important to take into account the high variability of the microorganism under the influence various factors, including antibiotics. A wide variety of clinical manifestations and nosological forms are taken into account. Therefore, there is a universal diagnostic scheme for staphylococcal infection. It is easier to study those biological media that are normally sterile (blood, urine, cerebrospinal fluid). In this case, the detection of any microorganism or colony is a pathology. The most difficult is the diagnosis of diseases of the nose, pharynx, intestines, and testing for bacterial carriage.

In its most general form, the diagnostic scheme can be reduced to the correct collection of biological material and its bacteriological primary seeding on an artificial nutrient medium. At this stage, preliminary microscopy can be performed. By studying the morphological and cytological features of the sample, it is possible to obtain certain information about the microorganism and, at a minimum, carry out its generic identification.

Some doctors prefer to use drugs wide range actions, while others prescribe antibiotics to their patients aimed exclusively at eliminating gram-positive infections, including staphylococcus. The choice is determined primarily by the results of antibiotic sensitivity testing, which determines the most effective drug and its optimal dosage is selected.

In some mild cases, antibiotic therapy may not be necessary to correct the condition. It may just be necessary to normalize the microflora. This is observed with dysbacteriosis. In this case, probiotics and prebiotics are prescribed, which normalize the state of the microflora by reducing the amount of pathogenic flora and increasing the concentration of representatives of normal microflora.

Symptomatic therapy is rarely used, since it is usually enough to eliminate the infection, and the accompanying symptoms will disappear on their own. In some cases, additional measures are prescribed, for example: painkillers, anti-inflammatory, antihistamines, antiallergic drugs. For skin diseases, external agents are used: ointments, creams. Physiotherapy, folk and homeopathic remedies may be prescribed.

Vitamin therapy is not carried out, since vitamins act as growth factors for microorganisms. The exception is vitamin C, which must be taken at a dosage of 1000 mg/day (double dose). This will increase immunity, resistance, and resistance of the body to adverse factors.

Medicines

The treatment of infectious diseases must be taken seriously. Self-medication should not be practiced; it often has disastrous consequences. There are many nuances to consider before starting treatment. This can best be done only by a doctor.

It is important to take precautions: do not treat the infection “blindly”, even with a pronounced clinical picture. It is necessary to conduct a bacteriological study, isolate the causative agent of the disease, select the most optimal antibiotic directly for it, and determine the required dosage that will completely suppress the growth of the microorganism.

It is also important to take the full course, even if the symptoms have disappeared. This is because if you stop treatment, the microorganisms will not be completely killed. Surviving microorganisms will quickly acquire resistance to the drug. At reuse it will be ineffective. Moreover, resistance will develop to the entire group of drugs, and to similar drugs (due to the development of a cross-reaction).

Another important precaution is that you should not reduce or increase the dosage on your own. The reduction may not be effective enough: the bacteria will not be killed. Accordingly, they mutate in a short time, acquiring resistance and a higher degree of pathogenicity.

Some antibiotics may also have side effects. The stomach and intestines are especially sensitive to antibiotics. Gastritis, dyspeptic disorders, stool disorders, and nausea may develop. Some have a negative effect on the liver, so they need to be taken together with hepatoprotectors.

Below are antibiotics that have worked well in treating staph infections with minimal side effects.

Amoxiclav is effective in the treatment of staphylococcal infections of any location. It is used in the treatment of diseases of the respiratory tract, genitourinary system, and intestines. Take 500 mg per day for three days. If necessary, the course of treatment is repeated.

Ampicillin is prescribed mainly for diseases of the upper and lower respiratory tract. The optimal dosage is 50 mg/kg body weight.

Oxacillin is effective both in local inflammatory processes and in generalized infections. Is reliable prevention sepsis. Prescribed 2 grams every 4 hours. Administered intravenously.

For purulent-inflammatory skin diseases, chloramphenicol ointment is used externally, applying it thin layer onto the damaged surface. Also, chloramphenicol is taken orally, 1 gram three times a day. With severe generalization of the infectious process, chloramphenicol is administered intramuscularly, 1 gram every 4-6 hours.

Suppositories for Staphylococcus aureus

They are used primarily for gynecological diseases, genitourinary tract infections, and less often for intestinal dysbiosis with inflammation of the rectum. Only a doctor can prescribe suppositories and select the optimal dosage, since if used incorrectly, there is a high risk of complications and further spread of infection. Suppositories are not prescribed without preliminary tests. The indication for their use is exclusively staphylococcus in the smear.

It is important to know!

Staphylococcal laryngitis and laryngotracheitis develop, as a rule, in children aged 1 to 3 years against the background of acute respiratory infections. viral diseases. The development of the disease is acute, with high body temperature and rapid onset of laryngeal stenosis. Morphologically, a necrotic or ulcerative-necrotic process in the larynx and trachea is noted.

Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most problematic microorganisms in medical practice - this is due to its individual biological properties. But at the same time, despite the description of its “terrible” qualities, it is part of the normal microflora of the skin. In fact, this microorganism is considered opportunistic - that is, it is capable of causing disease only under certain conditions.

Normally, control of the reproduction and spread of Staphylococcus aureus is carried out immune system. Therefore, bacteria do not go beyond what is permitted - they will not be able to pass further than the surface of the skin. But with a decrease in the activity of protective factors, microbes are able to quickly realize their pathological properties, causing a real inflammatory reaction in response to the invasion.

In gynecology, recently staphylococci have also become a serious problem, becoming common cause nonspecific infections of the genital organs. Moreover, the peculiarity of their course is surprising - it can be both acute and primarily chronic. Moreover, without specific treatment, such diseases tend to spontaneously transition into a latent state, reminiscent of themselves with regular relapses.

Origin

The mechanism by which staphylococcus penetrates the vagina is, in most cases, ascending and contact in nature. The decisive factor in infection is a decrease in the protective forces of the mucous membrane of the genital organs:

1. First of all, it should be said that Staphylococcus aureus can normally be found among other vaginal microflora. This is facilitated by the absence of anatomical barriers between the skin of the perineum and the vaginal mucosa.
2. But it cannot realize its pathogenic properties under conditions of constant surveillance. Its reproduction is inhibited by nonspecific immune defense and normal microflora (lactobacteria).
3. Therefore, staphylococci can “live” on the vaginal mucosa for some time, after which they are removed from there on their own. The microbe does not want to live in conditions that are unbearable for it.
4. Therefore, the bacterium can settle only in biological environment, which will not interfere with his life. And the first step to colonize it is to weaken the immune defense.
5. This allows us to weaken the dominant position of lactobacilli - they have a rather aggressive neighbor. If protective forces are not restored in a timely manner, then staphylococci remain in their new place for a long time.
6. Considering the properties of these microbes, they simply will not be able to live peacefully - the body will not allow them to occupy the mucous membrane. Therefore, the natural reaction to their existence on the vaginal mucosa is inflammation, which is obvious or hidden.

Depending on the cause that caused dysbiosis in the genital tract, a plan and scope of further treatment are developed.

Flow options

In general, we can distinguish as many as three possible outcomes, which will indicate the colonization of the vaginal mucosa by Staphylococcus aureus. However, not each of them can be accompanied by a bright and characteristic clinic:

• Quite rarely, absolutely asymptomatic carriage of the microorganism is observed, which is detected only by the results of bacteriological examination of smears.
• More often, a primary acute form of microbial introduction occurs. At the same time, manifestations of nonspecific colpitis – inflammation of the mucous membrane of the external genitalia – develop quite rapidly and quickly.
• And the most common course is the chronic form - it can be primary or secondary. Separation according to this principle depends on whether the introduction of the microorganism has manifested itself clinically.

Although in the first and last cases a woman may have no complaints at all, preventive treatment is still being carried out. It is necessary to prevent possible adverse consequences of carriage.

Latent

Relatively hidden variants of the existence of Staphylococcus aureus in the vagina include its carriage and primary chronic course. Their peculiarity is the almost complete absence of clinical manifestations. More precisely, there are symptoms, but women do not always regard them as significant:

• Most often, upon further questioning, it turns out that there is still periodic discomfort in the vagina. Moreover, its appearance or intensification can usually be associated with hygiene procedures, sexual intercourse or a previous general infection.
• The equivalent of this symptom may be a feeling of itching or burning in the genital area.
• Also noteworthy is the change in the nature or amount of discharge. They may become scarce, acquire a specific smell or a slightly different color.

Often the equivalent of staphylococcus carriage is uncomplicated urinary tract infections. Therefore, chronic urethritis or cystitis is often a secondary disease that has developed against the background of existing latent dysbiosis.

Explicit

For acute or secondary chronic course diseases, women are much more likely to consult a doctor. This is due to the development pronounced manifestations, which significantly worsen your well-being. The course of the primary acute and exacerbation of the chronic form usually does not have any special differences:

• The leading symptoms are always signs reflecting local tissue irritation during the inflammatory process. Subjectively, the woman will feel constant itching and burning in the vagina and perineal area.
• Characterized by increased discomfort during sexual intercourse - dyspareunia.
• Also noteworthy is the appearance of swelling and redness in the genital area. By touch it is determined that their temperature and sensitivity are significantly increased.
• Some time after the onset of the disease, vaginal discharge appears. At first they have a cloudy color and liquid consistency, and then become thicker, yellowish or greenish, and may contain streaks of blood.

Most often the transition acute form diseases into chronic ones is caused by independent attempts at treatment. Wherein obvious symptoms are eliminated, but the cause of their occurrence is not.

Diagnostics

For a gynecologist, confirming the diagnosis of nonspecific vaginitis usually does not cause difficulties. To do this, only two criteria are enough - objective and laboratory signs:

• At the first stage, an external examination is carried out aimed at identifying characteristic inflammatory changes. In the case of the primary acute version and exacerbation of the chronic form, a simple examination of the vagina in the speculum is sufficient to see the characteristic signs. If there are doubts, then a simple colposcopy comes to the rescue.
• The second stage is verification of the causative agent of the infection - for this, swabs are taken from the vagina, urethra and cervical canal. Their microscopic and bacteriological examination makes it possible to accurately determine which microorganism caused the inflammatory changes.

Staphylococcus aureus in the vagina is rarely found “alone” - it is characterized by the formation of associations with other microbes. Most often it acts in combination with bacteria of the intestinal group.

Treatment

Despite the identification of several clinical forms, the principles of treatment of nonspecific vaginitis are the same. Their mandatory element is the complex nature of the use of therapeutic factors:

1. At the first stage, antibacterial agents are always used to destroy the main population of microbes and eliminate the manifestations of the disease. Moreover, to increase the effectiveness of therapy, it is practiced to prescribe drugs in local (douches with antiseptics, vaginal suppositories and tablets) and systemic forms. Preference is given to drugs with combined properties that effectively act on both staphylococci and other microorganisms.
2. At the second stage, the search and correction of disorders contributing to the development of vaginal dysbiosis is carried out. These can be various chronic diseases, hormonal disorders, and even banal non-compliance with the principles of hygiene.
3. At the final stage, the normal microflora of the vagina is restored - natural protective factor. For this purpose, preparations of lactobacilli (eubiotics) are used in local form.

After the course of treatment, effectiveness monitoring is required to eliminate the possibility of the disease going into a latent course. To do this, the woman undergoes a repeat examination, which also includes examination and smear taking. If the results are normal, then the patient is given general recommendations, compliance with which minimizes the risk of recurrent infection.