Technology systems in agriculture. Fertile soil: why it’s time to do business in agriculture

Import substitution and rising export prices played into the hands of Russian agricultural producers. The volume of production is growing, but it is still far from a qualitative leap from extensive to intensive development.

Experts from the AgroBioTech&Food track of the GenerationS accelerator assessed the factor of innovation in agricultural development.

Oleg Malsagov

Partner at BOOM Communications, development advisor to the rector of ITMO University

Mutual responsibility

All over the world, agricultural producers are actively introducing innovations. This cannot be said about Russia. Domestic agriculture “rested” for a large amount of time. The low level of workers affected the quality of work in the agricultural sector as a whole. Now the agricultural sector is being created from scratch.

There are several trends that are hindering the development of this area:

1. Lack of understanding of modern technologies in agriculture;
2. Inability to use, implement and benefit from innovations;
3. Lack of prestige of the profession;
4. Lack of communication between representatives of the agricultural sector and technology carriers;
5. Mutual responsibility for theft within agricultural enterprises.

In my opinion, the biggest problem is that the value of the work of farmers and agricultural producers has decreased in the public consciousness. Everyone is accustomed to the fact that technology and professionals are available in the West, but it is not prestigious to be in Russia.

Attempts to popularize the agricultural sector are chaotic; there are not enough professional platforms for communication between industry representatives and target inventors.

At the same time, existing platforms, for example, the AgroBioTech&Food track of the GenerationS accelerator, receive active support from farmers. After all, if agricultural technologies are done correctly, they will open multi-billion dollar markets.

Sanctions as an incentive for development

After the introduction of sanctions, a whole niche in agriculture opened up for domestic producers. Today, technologies related to reproducing food shortages that were previously imported from abroad are very popular. They are starting to be used.

At first, animals were simply brought from abroad, but now Russian developments in artificial insemination for breeding stock are being introduced. Agricultural holdings are also actively looking for developers of new equipment. The Russian inventor becomes relevant, since the cost of foreign equipment exceeds acceptable standards and does not always pay off.

The agricultural market is specific, and the mechanism of its functioning does not correspond to established canons.

To develop technologies in the agricultural sector, you need to be patient, because agriculture is the most closed sector today.

In addition, it is important to build proper communication with owners and directors. These people, in their mentality and views, differ from our idea of ​​an entrepreneur. By enlisting their support, you will gain a tremendous advantage.

Nadezhda Orlova

Director of the Engineering Center "Prombiotech"

Beef versus dairy

The situation with innovation in different sectors of agriculture looks different. The beef cattle sector is developing rapidly. In it, the share of products with an innovative component increased from 0.1% to 7%. In the related sector of dairy farming, this figure is only 1.4% and virtually does not change over time.

In Russia there is still a high proportion of farms where innovation is treated with caution or distrust.

There may be several reasons:

• Low motivation
• Management conservatism
• Fear of experiments

In addition, the development of new projects requires so-called long-term money. Over the past two years, the availability of loans for Russian companies has decreased significantly. The sharp increase in the key rate has led to the fact that only leading players are investing in the industry.

The influence of these factors is well illustrated by dairy farming. Here we see a high degree of management conservatism, the absence of major players and the longest payback period for investment projects compared to other industries.

As a result, the intensity of implementation of innovative technologies is minimal. An opposite example is the poultry farming sector, which is characterized by quick payback and a relatively high concentration of players, large agricultural holdings with modern technology. There are no barriers to innovation in this sector.

Future technologies

• Main trend

The transition from finding solutions to problems to preventing them. In the field of livestock farming, this includes vaccine prevention of diseases, modern technologies for feeding and keeping animals.

In crop production, increasing attention is paid to pre-sowing protection of planting material, increasing fertility and preventing soil depletion by reducing chemical load and improving soil microbiota. The change in models is characterized by greening production and reducing waste, which is a particular problem for agriculture. Modern technologies make it possible to create virtually waste-free production.

• Another important trend

Automation of production processes and elimination of risks associated with the human factor. In the near future, technologies for remote monitoring and process control will be actively introduced. For example, solutions for automatic microclimate control in greenhouses and conservatories, personalized monitoring of animal health and productivity indicators, feeding control and statistical accounting.

Indeed, dramatic changes in the agricultural market will occur with the development of transgenesis and cloning technologies, but in Russia this is a long-term issue.

The main criteria for the success of startups in the field of agriculture are proven economic efficiency, minimization of harm to the environment, logical and effective integration into existing and future technological schemes.

Roman Kulikov

Head of the “Biotechnologies in Agriculture and Industry” direction of the Skolkovo Foundation (Skolkovo Open University – GenerationS partner)

stumbling block

The main problem in agriculture is that large agro-industrial holdings have historically applied Western innovative technologies everywhere.

Now, due to the high cost of technology solutions, more and more agricultural holdings are interested in domestic developments. Russian scientists did not ignore this situation.

Both the production of analogues of foreign products and the creation of new developments and technological processes that are adapted to Russian conditions are underway.

The main limiting factor is the fear of large corporations to use domestic developments, since they have not been properly approved and tested, which means big risks and costs for the company.

On the other hand, the process of agricultural development is hampered by the quality of education factor. To successfully implement the developments of Russian scientists in the agro-industrial sector, highly qualified and highly specialized personnel are needed. The process of training employees requires both time and money. Therefore, not all Russian companies are ready to risk testing domestic developments in their business.

Chipization and precision farming

Among the “breakthrough” developments, it is worth paying attention to chipization and monitoring technologies. This technological process can significantly facilitate and increase production and help respond in a timely manner to various unforeseen situations. Monitoring technologies allow you to track the condition of the livestock, the amount of milk production, and so on.

Among the promising areas, it is also worth highlighting technologies for recycling and waste treatment. Few people succeed in making this cost-effective, but this is a promising direction that can be implemented within several years.

Another growing trend is the use of precision or coordinate farming technologies. Innovations in this area are used for sowing calculations, yield planning, application of fertilizers and plant protection products, and accurate analysis.

In the field of agriculture, we must remember that demand creates supply. You need to build on market expectations at the time of project planning. The project team should pay special attention to patenting intellectual property. Also, do not neglect the correct “packaging” and presentation of your idea to a wide audience.

Ivan Garayev

General Director of the Institute of Organic Agriculture

Agricultural holdings VS farmers

With market development, subsidies and increased profitability due to vertical integration, innovations are most often introduced by large agricultural holdings. But only a few of them finish the job and perfect the technology. You can often see new technological machines that have become rusty and simply do not fit into the general technological cycle. They were bought as a new toy, as a tribute to innovation, but the technological chain was not thought out.

On small farms, the introduction of innovations that require investment is slow or does not occur at all. But they respond very quickly to innovations in agricultural technologies.

In small farms, the owner, who is also the director and also the chief agronomist, often counts every penny and strives to maximize profits and reduce costs. Therefore, he boldly goes for experiments.

Today, the chemical approach prevails in agriculture, but its negative consequences have already become so obvious that agricultural producers themselves are beginning to look for solutions and move away from the chemical paradigm of agriculture. At the same time, the main business of chemical plant protection products, mineral fertilizers and GMOs is concentrated in the hands of a narrow circle of people who, in fact, dictate the principles of agricultural development.

Many farms have long realized that the existing concept, based on simplifying agricultural technology and minimizing costs through unification of processes, leads to the collapse of the entire system of forming a full-fledged food basket and biological diversity on the planet.

Large companies with their interests act as a deterrent. And all over the world, the same biotech companies are actively developing, displacing chemistry and introducing a new paradigm of agriculture, namely smart agriculture, based on integration with the natural mechanisms of plant growth.

GMOs, living organisms and cheap protein

The three driving forces of development in agriculture are GMOs, living organisms and cheap protein.

In these trends, biotechnology was divided into two fronts with diametrically opposed development concepts.

1. Proponents of GMOs seek to control plant development by changing the properties of the plant itself. Supporters of biological development, on the contrary, try to study the principles and mechanisms of the soil biocenosis and stimulate the development of these mechanisms without interfering with their natural component.
2. The second way is complex, labor-intensive, and multifactorial. It requires a lot of knowledge, so it develops slowly. The development trend of living organisms lags significantly behind the GMO trend. GMO unifies all growing processes, reducing the food basket to a minimum set and following the requirements of processors, and then retail chains, which find it easier to sell three types rather than 200 types of products.

The concept of the development of living organisms, on the contrary, develops diversity and strives for high quality without human intervention in the processes of nature. This, in turn, entails not just a variety of products in the consumer basket, but the introduction of knowledge on growing many different varieties, knowledge on working with biotechnologies.

All chemical companies have opened laboratories to study this area, because they understand that managing the world food market only through GMOs can lead to an environmental disaster or a natural dead end.

As for the latest trend, protein takes up a large percentage in our products. It becomes much more profitable to obtain both plant and animal protein without raising animals or traditional crops. And for the end consumer it has long been unimportant whether he eats a cutlet from beef or grasshoppers.

1. The first requirement for new projects is relevance with a horizon of several years. The development should anticipate foreign analogues, and not simply copy them.
2. Secondly, the development must be integrated with existing agricultural technologies without additional investments in this integration and restructuring of the entire technological process.
3. Third, the level of performance and ease of use should not be inferior to current analogues. Fourth, funding should be sufficient not only at the stage of R&D and industrial design, but also for mass implementation in all regions of Russia, in order to carry out mass testing within 1-2 years, build distribution, and support with marketing communications.

Existing agricultural technology with intensive chemicalization reaches a dead end. We see this in reduced soil fertility, reduced yields, and reduced profitability. Startups need a different approach that will change the paradigm in agriculture and provide new technologies for increasing productivity without harming the ecology of soils, the environment and humans.

"NEWTECHNOLOGIES"

MODERN ECONOMY

AGRICULTURE

INNOVATIVE PROJECT “REVIVAL OF AGRICULTURE

ON NEW TECHNOLOGIES"

Krasnoyarsk

ChapterI	Description of the innovative Project
	Target program
	Features of the new management system
	New rural school
	Project Implementation
	Help: suppliers, designers, builders, consultants
ChapterII	Organization of production and stages of Project implementation
	Financial planning
So what reasons are holding back the development of agriculture? Innovative processes in agriculture, as in any economic project, are associated with the organization of processes in real time, with the participation of real people. The only difference is that today in rural areas there is almost a complete lack of qualified personnel and the implementation itself depends on the specifics of agriculture, which is determined by the seasonality of production and changing, often unforeseen conditions. These conditions arise as a result of a mismatch between the production time required to obtain products and the working period, which is shorter in duration and represents the time of direct human impact on the subject of labor (plowing, cultivating crops, harvesting). The gap between them is due to the natural development process of plants and animals. Seasonality of production can be mitigated or weakened, but it cannot be eliminated due to the cyclical nature of plant and animal organisms, and therefore there is no direct functional relationship between the volume of production costs and output (which is usually used in other industries for subsequent control). In addition, work in agriculture is much more difficult than in other industries, as it is associated with various risks, with a large share of manual labor and the performance of many different types of work, technological processes and operations. Limited deadlines for completing work make it necessary to carry out work processes under unfavorable weather conditions, and the seasonal nature of production causes uneven use of labor (excessive workload in some periods and underload in others), and the proportion of labor of elderly people, women and adolescents is high, which is not observed in other sectors of the national economy. In agriculture, the wage level is 2.5-3 times lower than in all other sectors, so wages have ceased to be the main factor of well-being and even a source of simple reproduction of the labor force. This role is played primarily by private farming. Agriculture is also characterized by such features as spatial dispersion of production, volume and perishable nature of products. This causes high transportation costs, increases the cost of production, complicates its sales, requires mainly mobile equipment, a significant amount of time, and causes losses in crop and livestock products. In addition, part of the products produced is annually used by agriculture itself for livestock feed, seeds, and restoration of livestock numbers, which reduces the level of marketability and causes the need for additional funds to create reserve funds for development and storage. Agriculture is also heavily dependent on the market for industrial inputs and their prices. With uneven rates of increase in prices for agricultural products and industrial means of production, energy and services, their multiple disparity arises. This leads to a decrease in the material and technical equipment of farms, prolongation of work schedules, product losses, and weakening of resistance to the adverse effects of the external environment. The lack of government support for domestic producers has resulted in a large influx of imported products, which can only be stopped by creating conditions for the development of the agro-industrial complex. A major role here can be played by the introduction of innovative technologies that will help significantly reduce the cost of agricultural products, facilitate labor and create new ecological food products, help restore livestock numbers, develop industrial production and social infrastructure, which will ultimately provide the rural population with new jobs and increase the price of agricultural labor will increase the demand for labor, especially among young people. All of the above will improve your own well-being and revive the village. II. PERSPECTIVE OF INNOVATION ACTIVITY 1. TERRITORY AND CURRENT STATE OF THE HABITAT OF THE POPULATION All over the world, including Russia, there is a lot of talk about getting out of the environmental and economic crisis, including on the ecology of food, but nowhere has a specific project been proposed for an experimental, that is, pilot territory for testing technologies for sustainable development of the environment and production, since there were no enthusiastic organizers, and few people knew where to start. The organizers inevitably faced questions: what organizational, legal, financial-economic, socio-demographic, pedagogical, spiritual-moral and other mechanisms should be launched so that, within an acceptable time frame, the economy of the pilot territory becomes environment-improving, that is, so that an irreversible improvement in the working environment begins, habitats and lives of people – sustainable development. And another question arose, in a certain sense a key one: whether people living in the planned territory, possessing the inertia of Soviet-era thinking, would agree to participate in the experiment. To answer this question, as well as for the accelerated, economical and safe accumulation of relevant experience from the implementation of an innovative Project, including testing a new model for the development of a rural settlement, a base territory was required. Gaining experience in basic territories is much cheaper than in the territories of an entire region, since smaller productive forces are involved in a small territory, and relatively low inertia allows you to quickly adjust actions and programs, and engage more in training and implementation than research. 2. SHORT INFORMATION ABOUT THE TERRITORY The village of Minushka, Irbeysky district, was chosen as the starting site, located in a beautiful place in the foothills of the Sayan Mountains, in the bend of two fishing rivers Kungus and Yagash, which creates a unique microclimate. The village of Minushka is 140 years old. It was home to 130 families, with a total number of more than 900 people. These were Cossacks and settlers from the central regions of Russia who brought the culture and way of life of their regions to this virgin natural area. They built beautiful houses, which they lovingly decorated with carvings. They themselves burned brick, lime, and various pottery. They grew flax, buckwheat, hemp, and cereal crops. Beekeeping, animal husbandry, and horse breeding were developed. The forests still abound in ferns, mushrooms, berries and other wild plants. Now there are only 12 families left in the village. The village of Minushka is located at a distance of 58 km from the railway station. Irbeyskaya, where the regional center is located. There was a state farm in the village, then it was transferred to the subsidiary farming of a defense enterprise, and now it has been liquidated, as a result of which the population of 26 people (average age 50 years) was left completely unemployed. People live exclusively on their farm. The farm keeps horses, cattle, pigs and other livestock. The village has pastures for 1,000 heads, 1,700 hectares of arable land, which have not been sown for five years. After the liquidation of the subsidiary farm, residents bought ownership of agricultural equipment, which is now almost all sold and consumed. The remaining equipment is in a worn-out condition. There was still quite a lot of different faulty equipment and mechanisms that could have been restored, including a forge, workshops, warehouses, but all this was taken away or sold as scrap. The village has a water well and a 400 kVA substation. Social facilities include a club and a paramedic and midwife station. There are no schools, communications, bus service, or retail outlets. The children study at a boarding school, which is located in a rural administrative center 12 km away, but now the boarding school is closed and the children live in apartments. For four years, explanatory work was carried out with village residents about the goals and objectives of the innovative Project. Gradually, people began to understand the task, but only a few people actively responded, the rest doubted or did not believe, so they were in a wait-and-see state to see what would come of it. It should be noted that during this time the village began to drink less and warmer relations developed between the residents. Therefore, it is better to develop the village of Minushka on the basis of personal farmsteads, which can become production units of the Managing Agro-Industrial Company, as well as a pioneer base for further development. By agreement with the district administration, the base territory becomes an area of ​​72 hectares that disappeared 20 years ago in the village of Galunka, which is located 7 km from the village of Minushka. The district administration leased overgrown farmland on an area of ​​800 hectares for agricultural production for 49 years. The land is not divided into plots and is administered only by the district administration, which contributes to the fulfillment of the goals and objectives of the innovative Project. The pilot site, to which we gave the code name “Life-Giving Source,” contributed in the best possible way to the birth of a full-fledged economic program, which, as it develops, should become completely self-financing, as training, informing, forecasting, managing, consulting, progressive environmental, resource-saving, and environment-improving technologies involved in the innovative Project made it possible to produce competitive material assets and receive income from their sale. Innovative activities in such a territory make it possible to control the implementation of the Project with less risk of errors, loss of funds and time, and a decrease in the quality of life and education. Production of mushrooms and flowers. 2. Planned processing of agricultural products It is planned to introduce the latest technologies for processing the following products : Grains for: flour, confectionery and pasta, cereals, soups, porridges, animal feed. Industrial crops for: vegetable oils, including for the production of biofuel, essential oils and perfumery and cosmetic products, production of various herbal teas, etc. Potatoes, vegetables and melons for: starch, canning, drying, freezing, juice production. Gardening and beekeeping for: honey, propolis, wax, preservation, drying of horticultural products. Cattle breeding, pig breeding, sheep breeding, poultry farming, horse breeding, fur farming and rabbit breeding for: meat, sausages, milk, sour cream, yoghurts, kefir, cottage cheese, butter, etc., tanning hides, sewing winter workwear, etc. 3. Procurement activities for collection and processing of wild plants Purchase of wild plants from the population with further processing (deep freezing, canning, production of preserves, jams, various juices). 4. Planned activities of marketing services and management in Krasnoyarsk · Search and introduction into agricultural circulation of new technologies for growing and processing forgotten agricultural crops, previously traditional for agricultural areas. · Search for new technologies for storing and processing grain, berries, vegetables, fruits, wild plants, obtaining feed for farm animals and introducing them on the basis of existing enterprises or organizing new productions. · Search for new technologies for the processing and storage of livestock products and their implementation on the basis of existing enterprises or the organization of new production facilities. · Search and implementation of promising areas in agricultural energy, such as hydro and wind power, other innovative power plants and heating systems. · Search and implementation of the latest technologies and means of agricultural mechanization. · Organization of timber processing production to meet the needs of the agro-industrial management company. · Development of a marketing service for effective activities in the market for the sale of manufactured products, taking into account the requirements of the consumer and the internal capabilities of agricultural enterprises, the management agro-industrial company and efficient use of natural resources. · Development of management to ensure effective management and improvement of agricultural production management in accordance with the prospects for the socio-economic development of rural areas. · Accumulation of funds and resources to expand the processing of agricultural products, disposal and processing of industrial waste. As a result of weak control, or, more simply, the lack of control on the part of the state in regulating the grain market, the destruction of old and undeveloped new economic relations between farms, producers and consumers of grain in the agro-industrial complex, the tendency towards self-sufficiency in grain has increased to the detriment of the agricultural producers themselves. Many intermediaries have appeared on the grain market, enriching themselves at the expense of the peasants, since the processing of agricultural products by the producers themselves is not developed and there is no organized grain market that would regulate the quality of grain. In the current conditions, the agro-industrial management company, as investment company, carries out not only independent audit control over the financial activities of agricultural enterprises receiving investments, but also legal support agricultural producers before the state, which is obliged to take economic measures as soon as possible: price regulation, effective financial, credit, tax, foreign trade policy, for which it is necessary to return to the Law “On Grain” and other laws in the field of agricultural production. It is necessary to amend and supplement other unrealized legislative acts taking into account the realities that have developed in the agricultural economy, to finalize and adopt targeted programs that are extremely important for the sustainable development of agriculture and the grain market both in the region and in the country as a whole. 8. Remuneration in departments In the traditional sense, wages are not provided. The opportunity is provided for each employee to have the right to sell not labor, but the result of his labor, as a product, which will change the employee’s attitude towards work. This provides that each employee, under a contract, provides some service to production. For this purpose, the charter of the Agro-Industrial Management Company identifies 185 types of economic activities in order to reflect as fully as possible the possible needs for certain services. What causes this? Even 100 years ago, the researcher and practitioner Engeldardt noted that not every peasant can be an owner. “Some people think,” he wrote, “that it is enough to be born a peasant, to be accustomed to peasant work from an early age, in order to be a good owner, a good worker. This is completely false. There are very few good owners, because extremely much is required from a good owner.” Today the wave of intoxication with property ends. It showed that the agro-industrial sector has brought yesterday into the market economy, that is, work the old fashioned way. Hundreds of thousands of farmers went bankrupt, hundreds of the largest collective and state farms turned out to be insolvent, as a result, millions of collective farmers were left without a livelihood, and young people left the village en masse, not seeing any prospects for themselves. The remaining workers (45-50 years old) are waiting for a new “master who will come and judge”, without showing any initiative themselves, as they are accustomed to dependency, therefore it is the younger generation, who did not know the principles of Soviet administrative and command leadership, that needs to be trained and educated in the new market and economic conditions of farming. Today, studying economics means not only mastering economic categories, but also combining the acquired knowledge with the practice of agro-industrial production. The proposed form of payment for a service introduces a person into market relations, and with such an attitude towards work, the worker begins to understand that he works for himself, for his own benefits, that he is the master of his own livelihood and has the right to dispose of his income himself, that is, a worker becomes an individual entrepreneur within the organization. 9. Remuneration in management Managing agro-industrial company Management work is a specific type of human activity. It is associated with forecasting, planning, decision making, control, coordination and regulation of production. The main task of managerial work is to coordinate the joint efforts of the team, its departments and individual employees in order to achieve planned results. Managerial work does not directly create material values, but takes an active part in their creation. In addition, managerial work is a special type of mental work associated with the implementation of executive and administrative functions and the transformation of information. It is characterized by high complexity, intensity, a wide range of tasks, and often requires a creative approach. Therefore, managerial work, like worker labor, is productive. At the same time, the goals and content of management activities have their own characteristics. Thus, the activities of a manager and a worker differ in the subject, means and result of labor. The subject of managerial work, first of all, is the work of the team and its members. In addition, the subject of a manager’s work is information on the basis of which he develops, makes and implements management decisions. The results of the work of managers and specialists are expressed in the results of the activities of the objects and workers subordinate to them. In this regard, the result of the work of the management team will be assessed by labor collectives, that is, labor collectives will make deductions from the funds earned for the maintenance of the Department. Deductions will tie Management to whoever is working. All control and accounting has been transferred down to the producers themselves; as a result, the Department is only concerned with regulating relationships between structures, as well as creating normal conditions for production. All economic issues are considered by the General Director of the Agricultural Management Company, who acts as a legal guarantor and carries out external relations. The functions of the head of a production structure are reduced to organizing production within the structure and ensuring the educational process. At the organizational and first stage, when the Management is created as a project group, which is engaged in organizing the structure of the Agro-Industrial Management Company and developing project programs, payment for specialists is made from allocated or raised funds. It cannot be otherwise, since a temporary creative team is being created that solves specific target problems, for example, personnel selection, explanatory work among rural producers about the introduction of new technologies, working with government agencies on financing an innovative Project, developing marketing for effective activities in the market or other according to the program. 10. New economy for young professionals, graduated from higher and secondary educational institutions It is best to start a new business by attracting young specialists, so as not to introduce into it yesterday, a bygone day, which led us to such disastrous results. It’s one thing when a young specialist goes to work in a dying village where he doesn’t see his future, and it’s a completely different thing when a young specialist has the opportunity to change the entire production process using new technologies and revive the village. Here is his perspective, here is his opportunity to apply his knowledge and all his skills. When a young specialist sees his own prospects, then he will try to attract other young people to this opening prospect, since creative and productive activities open up for many. Creative and productive activities for young people 1. Organization of schools for modern entrepreneurs on the basis of honesty and trust, mutual respect as equal partners, so that Russian spiritual traditions of sacrifice and selflessness in good deeds are revived. 2. Organization of a mobile structure of agricultural production and management, where an assessment is made not of the labor process, but of its result on the basis of dying villages and low-profit industries. 3. Organizing the collection of wild plants around the region, processing and packaging them. 4. Organization of youth production facilities for processing agricultural and livestock products. 5. Organization of youth production for the harvesting and complete processing of timber and the production of products from the resulting forest products. 6. Organization of a youth commercial center for the sale of its own products, products and goods from other regions and countries and a storage base for them. 7. Participation in branches of the Agro-Industrial Management Company as full partners. 8. Organization of youth creative teams for the scientific development of alternative communication systems, heat supply, water supply, electricity supply, and construction technologies for practical application in the cities and villages of the region. 9. Organization of youth project groups for the design of rural industries and settlements. 10. The revival in youth rural settlements of the traditional Russian way of communal-cathedral life, as an example of spiritual unity, in which assistance to the region will be manifested through the solution of various levels of social problems: individual, problems of the family and clan as a whole, the unification of territories on the basis of public territorial self-government (PTS). 11. Involving the TOS population in the development of small business, small entrepreneurship and production based on joint labor, as a means of life and spiritual rapprochement of people of different nationalities and religions, awakening in them the desire for creative activity. 12. Organization of the institution of local self-government and interaction of TPS with government bodies. 13. Formation of alternative forms of production, habitats and networks of their interaction as conditions for a new way of life. 14. Forming a core of the most socially adapted young specialists to involve them in management processes and improve production efficiency, revive the production potential of created youth enterprises and gather under them the social infrastructure of the adjacent territory. 15. Establishing connections with other production and territorial structures to organize joint productions. 16. Formation of a unified policy for the system of accounting, planning, control at the created youth enterprises. 17. Socialization and continuous training of persons who do not have a specialty or retraining directly on the job in specialties and crafts necessary for a high-quality technological process, organizational and management technologies, social orientation and interaction. 18. Organization of legal and socio-psychological consultation centers to defend civil rights and harmonize relations between the population and the authorities. 19. Creation of an independent youth coordination council with the right to consider any youth initiatives aimed at reviving Siberia, providing social and charitable assistance to those in need, developing the educational sphere, from which to take the best organizational forms of work, with the right to reject illiterate or selfishly directed initiatives that could cause harm both the region and the state as a whole. 11. Testing a new model of integrated socio-economic development of agricultural production through the implementation of a starting program for creating a sustainable environment for people to live and live in the ecological and economic base territory We will look at the basic model of rural settlement development, which was not born suddenly, but over the course of ten years, many options were considered, the centuries-old way of life of the rural community was studied, the experience of modern self-governing settlements was developed, and our own was developed. The combination of various experiences made it possible to see how the rural area should develop. In the rural settlement development model, we tried to combine the traditional rural way of life and the modern urban lifestyle as harmoniously as possible. This model does not break the natural state of the rural worker and does not lead to a generation gap, but rather contributes to the revival of the continuity of rural labor and moral traditions, but taking into account the new agricultural economy. The entire base area is divided into three zones by the project. First zone:Rehabilitation of agricultural production. Prevention and rehabilitation of the environment and life. Introduction of the latest research and technologies of science and technology into agricultural production. Purpose of rehabilitation agricultural production is to rehabilitate the rural worker. To show a person the inner satisfaction and joy that he receives from joint agricultural work, despite the difficulty of the work . Show how in a soul exhausted by the contradictions and bustle of everyday life, an island of peace and calm integrity appears, while a person receives new strength and creative inspiration. Agricultural work and farming are truly creative tasks. There is more truth and real success in such creativity than that of the most prominent politician, actor or artist. Every labor is recognized by its fruits, and the fruits of the farmer are simple and obvious. First zone will have a multifunctional purpose: it will be a base platform for introducing the latest research and technologies of science and technology into agricultural production; processing of agricultural products, fruits and vegetables, fish, meat and milk. It will serve as a training and production faculty for the Center for Continuing Education; will be a subsidiary farm for social and healthcare facilities; will be the basis for labor and social rehabilitation of the poor and difficult to educate . The first zone includes the following objects: Agricultural production: crop production, growing vegetables and oilseed crops, a garden on an area of ​​10 hectares with a beekeeper for 500 families; breeding fish in an artificial reservoir; artificial cultivation of mushrooms (champignons, honey mushrooms, oyster mushrooms). Warehouses for storing seeds, a utility yard for parking and storing agricultural machinery and equipment, a fuel and lubricants warehouse for 50 tons. Livestock complex, including: a cattle farm for 400 heads with mini-shops for processing meat and milk, a rabbitry, a sheepfold, a stable; workshop for primary tanning of hides; a workshop for processing manure, plant waste and waste from the processing of meat and milk into vermicompost (worm-based technology). Warehouses for hay, haylage and other livestock feed. Auxiliary production: forge, cooperage and packaging workshops, garage with service for repair and maintenance of machines, tractor equipment and various equipment; workshop for sewing and making equipment for horse-drawn vehicles; sewing workshop for sewing workwear, including winter clothing. Repair and construction complex, including a carpentry workshop with a sawmill and a warehouse for storing round timber, a workshop for the production of bricks, paving and ceramic tiles, tiles, wall, building and foundation blocks, a mortar-concrete unit, a lime burning workshop. Processing of agricultural products: mini-workshop for the production of pasta, cereals and soups, pumpkin juices and other assortments; a workshop for salting and canning vegetable and garden products, wild plants; workshop for the production of essential oils and medicinal herbs; workshop for processing agricultural products: flour, feed, vegetable oils, etc. Warehouses for storing garden and vegetable products, warehouses for finished products. The construction area is 42 hectares. The second zone is residential In the second zone, the latest construction technologies and the latest technologies for manufacturing and products will be introduced. It includes the following objects: Housing – 1st quarter residential buildings – 25 buildings, 2 square meters. residential buildings - 17 buildings, residential building for young professionals with a built-in dining room - 1 building. A total of 47 residential properties. Educational objects – Center for continuing education for 200 people, a comprehensive secondary school with career guidance. Social facilities – a monastery of mercy for children left without parental care and lonely elderly people for 100 people, a day boarding house for preschool children for 25 people. Healthcare facilities – paramedic and midwife station, year-round rehabilitation center for natural medicine and rehabilitation. Postal and trade facilities – a post office with a bank branch, a shopping center, a grocery store with a mini-bakery. Administrative, cultural and community facilities – a building of territorial-public self-government (TPS), a club-cafe, a sports complex, an atelier, consumer service workshops, a race track, a car service center, garages with open parking, a gas station, a guest courtyard, a park area with children's attractions, a temple complex. The estimated population is 500 people. All objects are fully equipped. The construction area is 30 hectares. The main direction was identified from the residential area, which will be the core of the entire program, and the rest will accompany it - this is a new rural school. V. NEW RURAL SCHOOL For a long time we met with the heads of enterprises and institutions of various forms of ownership and talked with them a lot about the revival of Siberia and how this can be done. All the leaders agreed that if we do not want to become aborigines in our country, since emigrants are breeding and multiplying in Russia, and there are fewer and fewer of us Russians, then we must develop the village. And everyone understood perfectly well that only the countryside would enable Russians to survive, could produce healthy offspring, and raise them properly. An example of this is the Old Believers, who survived as a community abroad and not only survived, but also preserved the original Russian culture, which we, unfortunately, were not able to preserve under the Soviet regime. But at the same time, the question was raised that school should become completely different, that it should first of all teach life rules, and not give knowledge that is almost never used in real life. Thus the idea of ​​a new rural school was born. By a new school we mean the creation of a fundamentally different school body, a new organization of all educational tasks for the sake of restoring a full-fledged human personality, the main goal of which is: the formation of a holistic worldview in a child, which would give him the opportunity to really feel the unity of the world, and the interconnectedness of all external and internal processes life. Today the social environment is sick, so the school should not play along, but resist. First of all, in our time, the school must take on the functions that in the recent past were performed by the family and society. Yesterday, parents read books to their child, taught him to be polite, introduced him to work, to charity, etc. Society placed a demand on intelligence, decency, chastity, and so on. Since today the participation of parents in the spiritual development and labor education of the child has sharply decreased, and the social environment teaches the most negative lessons, then in these conditions the new school must take on these functions, while using everything in education three items, namely: 1 . First item unites humanitarian subjects such as history, Russian language, literature, natural history, geography, biology, etc., which permeate each other and are inseparable from each other. This subject gives children a holistic knowledge of human history, starting from the creation of Adam and Eve. We begin to consider the history of mankind from the life of the first people in paradise, the first deviation from the commandment of God, their expulsion from paradise. We are considering the history of the birth of the first people on earth, which began to emerge after the expulsion of the first people from paradise. We consider their way of life, the origin of religion, culture, the first crime on earth, the consequence of which was the division of the first humanity into two peoples, one of which gradually lost the image and likeness of God, becoming the very “primitive man” about which historians write so much, those who don't know God. We are considering the settlement of the first people on earth as a result of which new cities, new peoples were formed, still speaking the same language, but already having a certain cultural identity due to different climatic influences. We look at how the people gradually became corrupted, departing from God; as a result, God divided the first people into different languages ​​and thereby gave birth to civilizations with different cultural levels. And now we begin to consider the development of these civilizations, while for consideration we take a millennium, and not a single century, since different peoples living in the millennium under consideration had their birth and growth, flowering and dying. At the same time, each nation had its own achievements of science and technology, its own culture, religion, way of life, traditions of government, which contributed to the general treasury of human history, reached its flowering and left the historical stage. This approach allows us to see the laws of development that are common to all humanity. We consider how each cultural-historical type did not continue the development of the previous or existing type next to it, but developed its own civilizations peculiar only to it, but at the same time we look at the positive and negative influence of both previous and modern civilizations on one another . Studying the development of human history, getting acquainted with culture, language, science, religion, the way of life of people and the norms of their behavior in the millennium under review, the student will see a motley, colorful picture of options for the development of mankind, each of which had its own advantages and disadvantages, but none of them was not ideal and at the same time he will see the unity of all civilizations, for they were all formed from the same root, from the same ancestors. Such a multidimensional vision of history will allow the development of creative and free thinking, in which the student learns to consider the known as the unknown, discover the depth of what is already known, learns to see that knowledge of a historical event is limitless and has real meaning for us in today's life.

Agriculture at the present stage is experiencing a new boom. The development of new technologies makes it possible to increase productivity, reduce production costs, and improve product quality. In modern agriculture, several areas of technology development and the use of innovation can be distinguished:

• Tillage technologies
• Technologies for the production of agricultural machinery and equipment
• Technologies for raising and keeping livestock
• Soil drainage and irrigation technologies
• Technologies for collecting and preserving products
• Technologies for transportation and sales of products

In addition to these areas, there is a wide range of innovative areas applicable in agriculture.

Issues of producing environmentally friendly products are coming to the fore today. In this regard, technologies that improve the purity of products are in great demand today. The use of modern technology also helps to improve product quality.

And of course, undoubtedly, one of the priority areas was and is everything related to increasing product productivity. Innovations that make it possible to collect several harvests of agricultural products per year successfully complement waste-free production technologies and technologies for competent harvesting and preservation of crops.

In the livestock sector, feed procurement technologies, technologies for keeping and breeding poultry, livestock and previously exotic animals are being developed.

The capabilities of modern agriculture today are no less impressive than the capabilities of the space and computer industries, and the provision of food to the country's population depends on innovations in this area. Effective methods of countering natural disasters and preserving crops and livestock are also priority areas.

In our catalog of scientific and technical portal you can get acquainted with the latest technologies in the field of agriculture. You will gain insight into new ideas, designs, developments, as well as existing and existing models that can improve the technological process and increase the efficiency of food production and other agricultural products. We are confident that you will find ideas worth implementing here.

The invention relates to devices that provide primary processing of clay raw materials and its supply to a production line for the production of ceramic products. A device for loosening and dosed supply of clay raw materials contains a hopper for raw materials, a feeder located underneath it, in the housing of which at least one pair of counter-rotating shafts with loosening elements is installed, and a belt conveyor located under the feeder unloading window, equipped with weighing means. The shaft sections located above the feeder unloading window are made in the form of three- or four-entry augers, the blades of each of which move in the inter-blade spaces of the adjacent auger. The technical result is an increase in dosing accuracy by eliminating the spontaneous loss of material onto the conveyor belt after stopping the shaft rotation drive. 4 salary f-ly, 6 ill.

The invention relates to agriculture and can be used for separating bulk seed mixtures. The device contains a rotating drum made of dielectric, electrodes of alternating polarity, a feeder, and receivers of separation products. The drum is installed horizontally and placed inside an outer hollow stator in the shape of a horseshoe in cross section, which is fixedly fixed and divided into several separation zones along the movement of the material, each of which has a system of electrodes of alternating polarity with a variable pitch. The upper and lower ends of the stator in cross section are offset by an angle of 10° from its vertical axis. Receivers for separation products of coarse and fine fractions are placed in pairs parallel to each other inside a rotating drum in each separation zone. The longitudinal proximal ends of each pair are interconnected and located under the upper end of the stator. Receivers for the coarse fraction are equipped with grain outlets outside the drum, and for the fine fraction - into the next separation zone. The fine fraction receiver, located in the last separation zone, is equipped with grain output outside the drum. The quality of separation improves while reducing energy costs and increasing productivity. 2 tables, 2 ill.

The invention relates to equipment for producing edible vegetable oil in the oil processing industry. An oil press, including a grinding chamber, a screw shaft, an oil-squeezing chamber with a grain cylinder, a mechanism for regulating pressure in the press, a screw, a press feeder, a screw feeder shaft, is characterized in that the oil press consists of two working chambers, the first chamber is a chamber for grinding and heat treating the original oilseed raw materials, and the second is the oil extraction chamber, the raw material grinding and heat treatment chamber consists of three zones, the first zone is the raw material loading zone, the second is the seed moisture treatment zone, the third is the grinding zone, two rotating screws are installed in the raw material grinding and heat treatment chamber towards each other, the heat treatment zone is equipped with a pipe for supplying water, the oil extraction chamber, consisting of a zone for loading and grinding raw materials, which is under vacuum pressure, as well as a zone for pressing oil raw materials, the oil extraction chamber is equipped with a lid in the zone for loading and grinding raw materials, the zone pressing is represented by a grain housing, consisting of trapezoidal-shaped grain plates with two chamfers on the inner surface, the pitch of the screw turns installed in the chamber for grinding and heat treatment of the original oilseed raw material gradually decreases along the entire length. The invention allows us to develop an oil press design that allows us to reduce energy consumption, reduce overall dimensions, as well as carry out operations of grinding and frying the original oilseeds, and increase the oil yield in the heat treatment chamber of the oil press. 3 ill.

A new product on the modern market that will amaze and surprise any gardener! This device is effective when exposed both above and below the ground. With this device you will get rid of annoying pests forever. "Grad A-500" was developed on the basis of modern technologies. It makes sounds that can scare away rodent pests such as shrews, moles, mice, rats and others.

To help farmers optimize their hybrid seed planting efforts, improve seed germination and increase agricultural profitability, Kinze Manufacturing, Inc has created the concept of the world's first electric multi-hybrid seeder.

Mice, rats and other rodents of the mammalian family cause enormous damage to agriculture. Probably every summer resident has thought more than once about an effective method that can permanently expel pests from the site, because they destroy the entire crop in just a few days, and no chemical poison has any effect on them...

The creation and functioning of information systems in economic management is closely related to the development of information technology - the main component of automated information systems.

Automated information technology(AIT) - a set of methods and means of collecting, registering, processing, transmitting, accumulating, searching and protecting information based on the use of software, computer technology and communications, as well as a set of methods by which information is offered to clients.

The demand in market conditions for information and information services has led to the fact that modern information processing technology is focused on the use of a wide range of technical means, computers and communications. On their basis, computer systems and networks of various configurations are created in order to accumulate, store, process information, and bring terminal devices as close as possible to the workplace of a specialist or decision maker.

In modern conditions, making optimal decisions in any area of ​​human activity is based on timely and high-quality information.

Computer technology is a means and tool for processing and storing electronic information. The use of computing technology is based on computer technology, which includes three elements: technology, programs and information. A set of interrelated information (data) stored on computer media is a database, and information located on information media (books, databases, etc.) is information resources.

Information Technology is a set of means and methods of information processes (receipt, processing, storage, transmission of information using hardware and software).

The goal of the information and consulting service of the agro-industrial complex is to achieve the competitiveness of the agricultural sector by assisting agricultural producers in increasing the efficiency of production and marketing of products.

Information and consulting services provide assistance to commodity producers of all forms of ownership in increasing the economic efficiency of production by:

Selection and development of new technologies, new types of equipment, machinery and equipment, varieties of crops and animal breeds.

Development of business plans for obtaining investment and short-term loans.

Determination of optimal programs for feed production and use of feed, preparation of optimal feeding rations for farm animals.

Providing up-to-date information on prices and suppliers of agricultural machinery, equipment, and mineral fertilizers.

Determining the need for fertilizers and optimizing their distribution among crops.

Development of marketing programs and search for markets for agricultural products.

Assistance in solving legal issues, taxation and accounting with elements of economic analysis.

The use of information technology increases the productivity and efficiency of managerial work, allowing us to solve many problems in a new way. For example, electronic equipment and information technologies make it possible to determine the location of any object in space and time, which explains the possibility of their use in “precision (oriented) agriculture.”

Among the tasks of “precision agriculture” are optimization of production in order to obtain maximum profit; rational use of resources, including natural ones; environment protection. Precision agriculture is seen as an integral part of resource-saving and environmentally friendly agriculture. It allows for control of agricultural operations.

The core of precision agriculture is measuring and understanding the probabilities that influence plant growth. "Precision agriculture"- this is the effective, or rational, management of plant growth processes in accordance with their needs for nutrients and growing conditions.

To conduct “precision agriculture” it is necessary to use special devices and technologies, such as:

Receiver antennas of global positioning systems (GPS- GPS or GLONASS), installed on any object (machine, unit, etc.). They take bearings from satellites located in the information reception area. To accurately determine the location of an object in space and time, it is enough to receive signals from 3-4 of the 24 satellites orbiting the globe. The accuracy of determining the location of an object is in the range from several meters to one centimeter;

Geographic information system (GIS) is software that allows you to process and display spatial information, computerize and compile electronic maps. The geographic information system allows you to process and analyze various digitally integrated spatial data;

Sensors for remote measurements and on-board sensors for actuating the actuating parts of a machine unit.

Remote sensors serve for measuring temperature and soil moisture, determining the condition of plants (the presence of weeds, diseases and pests), crop yields, etc. The operation of remote sensors is based on the use of laser radar, ultrasonic, electromagnetic installations, the use of infrared waves, spectrophotometers, visual cameras, atomic resonators, etc.

On-board sensors are used to monitor the crop, determine the seeding rate, apply fertilizers, pesticides, water, lime; location and speed of movement of equipment; measuring technical parameters of vehicle movement (slip, traction, etc.).

Thus, the first Massey-Ferguson combines were equipped with antenna receivers that received signals from satellites and an automatic device for monitoring yields. By combining information about the location of the combine unit and yield monitoring, you can find out the yield at any point in the field at any time.

Agricultural yield in different parts of the same field is not the same. The yield is influenced by factors such as: soil quality (fertility, acidity, mechanical composition); doses and types of fertilizers applied; topography of the area; presence of forest belts; technology of sowing, caring for agricultural crops, harvesting; seed quality; diseases, pests of agricultural plants; weather conditions and much more.

By comparing certain field characteristics with yield maps, farm specialists can identify the reasons for uneven crop yields on the field (certain sections of the field are more productive than others).

Decisions, for example, about the need for additional fertilizer application in a specific area of ​​the field will be based on information obtained using global positional and geographic information systems, traditional sources, as well as on the basis of expert assessments of practitioners and consultants. Knowing the yield maps, soil and other characteristics of the fields, using global positional and geographic information systems, sensors, automatic actuators of working parts of machines, it is possible to draw up a program for the subsequent movement of the machine unit (for example, for the purpose of applying fertilizers) and apply it to a specific area according to given programs fields the appropriate amount of fertilizer with a combination of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the required proportions.

World practice of using “precision (oriented) agriculture”.

In the USA, Japan, China and some European countries (Germany, England, Holland, Denmark), “precision agriculture” began to be practiced in the 80s, in Eastern European countries - from the early 90s of the last century.

Firm " Massey-Ferguson"(Massey Ferguson) is the first company to produce combines with a device for creating and using harvest maps. These combines are equipped with global positional and geographic information systems, have communication with satellites through a receiver-antenna, as well as equipment for monitoring yields. Similar equipment is also produced by John Deere, Klass, New Holland and others.

The costs of “precision agriculture” equipment pay for themselves after 2-4 years of use. In 1999, a set of equipment (antenna, computer device with software) for “precision agriculture” installed on machine units cost approximately $15,000. The recoupment of these costs depends on the time of use of the equipment, the size of the fields on which it is used, and the volume of work performed. The use of “precision agriculture” is most effective in large enterprises.

Research and production centers for “precision agriculture” have been created in the USA, Canada, England, Germany, Holland, Denmark, China and other countries of the world. In 1999, more than 1,500 machines equipped with appropriate systems operated on farms all over the world. More than 4% of US farmers used precision agriculture in their practice.

In October 2000, an international conference on engineering and technological sciences was held in China, which was attended by 2,500 scientists and specialists, various areas of development of sciences and technologies were discussed, including engineering sciences in information technology, sustainable development of agriculture, including “precision agriculture” "

Thus, the practical application of “precision agriculture” has become possible thanks to the widespread use of electronic software, the creation of remote and on-board sensors for actuating automatic executive parts of machines and units. Accelerating solutions to problems of improving management in the agro-industrial complex using electronic technology lies not only in increasing its funding, but also in training personnel capable of creating and applying information technologies in agriculture, including “precision agriculture”. One of the signs of the use of information technology on farms is the presence of computers, as well as their connection to the Internet (Table 1).

An example of the intensive use of information technologies are the countries of the European Union. At the same time, the number of computers in these countries connected to the Internet practically does not exceed 50%. A number of scientists in the field of information technology believe that the current level of use of computer and communication technology in the countries studied is extremely low for the effective use of modern information technologies.

In the information society, a farmer can connect to the Internet from anywhere through powerful wireless communications. It monitors the necessary aspects of the functioning of the farm, since the means of mechanization and animals are equipped with miniature computers connected to the general Internet network. The farmer can install different types of sensors in necessary places and have access to them at any time, so he has access to all the data he needs.

The new century poses new problems for humanity, in particular: to feed the growing population of the planet, to satisfy the demand for quality food products, how to increase labor productivity in agricultural enterprises?

Agriculture- ideal environment for application information Technology(IT). In this regard, for the effective and sustainable functioning of economic entities of the republic in the new conditions, it is necessary to use advanced information technologies that allow identifying their internal reserves, attracting external investments, as well as restructuring organizational structures and reengineering management systems.

The American publication “Science and Technology Indicators” defines IT as a combination of three key technologies: numerical computing, information storage and broadcasting numerical signals over telecommunication networks. In the domestic literature, IT is most often defined as technologies that use microelectronics to collect, store, process, transmit and present data, texts, images and sounds.

Even more significant discrepancies are noted when identifying technical groups included in the IT category. Thus, the following technological components are distinguished: devices that provide human access to information at a distance, processing and storage. At the same time, he identifies completely different groups as the most important, both in number and in nature: semiconductor devices, computers, fiber optics, cellular communications, satellites, computer networks, human-computer interface, digital information transmission systems.

In this regard, classifications of information technologies have emerged, highlighting information technology and products with the help of which IT is implemented. At the same time, software, which is also a product and represents a special group of information technologies, is not separated from programmable computing devices. The classification includes:

basic IT, corresponding to the basis of the entire set of information devices and carrying out all logical operations and transformations. First of all, the IT element base includes microcircuits or integrated circuits, printed circuit boards, magnetic and optical drives, microminiature auxiliary structures, etc.;

primary IT, identified by functional characteristics: computer equipment, television cinema and photographic equipment, copying equipment and communication equipment;

secondary IT, covering all applications of information and computing technology in the sphere of life of society.

The article examines the latter - secondary IT and computer technologies, for which the main processed product is information and which, ultimately, determines the level of informatization of production, industry, economic areas and society as a whole.

In the agricultural sector of developed countries, conditions are increasingly emerging and significant efforts are being made to introduce information technology. The most well-known technologies are implemented within the framework of applied computer programs. These are, first of all, programs for optimizing the placement of agricultural crops in zonal crop rotation systems and animal feeding rations; by calculating doses of fertilizers; carrying out a complex of land management works and land resource management; maintaining the state land cadastre of the history of fields and developing technological maps for cultivating agricultural crops; regulation of plant nutrition and microclimate in greenhouses; control of the storage process of potatoes and vegetables, the quality of grown products and feed, soil pollution; assessing the economic efficiency of production; management of technological processes in poultry houses, production processes in poultry meat processing and storage of products and much more.

One of the current areas of use of IT in the agricultural sector is precision agriculture, which provides a strategy for managing crop yields using a global positioning system (GPS), geographic information systems (GIS) and technologies, and data from multiple sources on the conditions of growth and development of plants and economic the situation of each control unit within a single field.

The lack of interest of agricultural producers in IT is often explained by the low level of education and age of farmers. It is believed that the main reasons for reluctance to use IT are economic. They mainly use conventional (standardized) technological operations for growing agricultural products and relatively cheap plant protection products as the most effective ways to make a profit.

One of the signs of the use of IT in farms is the presence of computers, as well as their connection to the Internet. IT is used mainly for accounting and automation of agricultural processes.

Agricultural management largely involves decision-making under conditions of uncertainty due to three main reasons: lack of current data on the state of nature; lack of knowledge about biological and physical systems; random nature of ongoing processes. The manufacturer uses the perception of the probabilities of future results, based on economically justified decisions, in accordance with possible risks, reducing them mainly by simplifying production systems, using working capital and plant protection, fertilizers, etc., with virtually no restrictions. They, for example, apply chemicals in quantities that minimize the risk of major losses from malnutrition, disease and crop pests, without regard to negative environmental impacts.

The ever-increasing speed and volume of information transmitted through various communication systems will ensure a stable supply of databases to manufacturers. These data must be integrated with the characteristics of biological and physical systems in order to obtain useful knowledge about their current state and predict the results of possible solutions. The introduction of scientific developments through the use of the Internet is extremely important for expanding the functionality of information systems.

Farming in the information society involves continuous receipt of information from external sources (via external Internet networks) at any time from anywhere in the area. For example, constant updates from weather forecasters can be available to farmers throughout the day.

Expansion of information databases- an important, but not sufficient condition for their effective use on farms. The initial information should be convenient for assessing biological and physical systems in order to develop useful knowledge about the current state of farms, as well as predicting the results of various scenarios. The accumulated knowledge in agricultural research over the years must be applied to obtain practically useful information by processing databases. This means that IT is an indispensable source for the implementation of research and development.

The study of global trends in technology development and evaluation of exhibits at international exhibitions indicate that up to 80% of the developments that have received maximum development in recent years, despite the crisis, are associated with intelligent solutions based on the use of information technology. The strategic vector of innovative development of agricultural production is associated with the widespread use of information technologies, electronics, and automated systems. The intellectual basis for this is fundamental innovative solutions in other areas and industries, which are also successfully used in agriculture.

In crop production, precise, precision, or smart farming (Smart Farming) is formed and implemented. It involves managing the productivity of land, crops, labor and financial resources, and the formation of optimal logistics taking into account market conditions. Electronic maps of fields are created, information databases are formed for each field, including area, yield, agrochemical and agrophysical properties (normative and actual), the state of plants in the corresponding phases of the growing season, etc. Software is being developed for analysis and management decision-making, as well as sending commands to chip cards that are loaded into robotic devices and agricultural units for differentiated agricultural operations.

In livestock farming, unified methods and means of animal identification are used as the intellectual basis of a long-term strategy for the organizational and structural development of a farm, complex, and industry as a whole.

As an example, it is advisable to cite the work of the PigWatc system, which implements innovative technology for managing artificial insemination of pigs.

Three infrared sensors monitor the sow's behavior 24 hours a day, seven days of the week. The observation device is installed directly above the sow in an individual pen. All important information can be read at any time on the LED display, for example regarding emptying, insemination status or the need for insemination. The core of this system is a powerful computer that continuously analyzes incoming information about animal behavior in real time, comparing the results obtained with the original data. Based on these calculations, the exact time for artificial insemination of each sow individually is determined. All information on the course of sexual heat is displayed on a connected PC or laptop in the form of accessible diagrams.

In the processing of agricultural products, the most advanced technology is the technology of contactless reading of information from objects and storing REID (Radio Frequency Identification) data, as well as automated production planning and management systems in conditions of rapid changes in volumes and assortment.

Particularly popular is the effective development of the Russian Dairy Machines Design Bureau - an automated control system for technological processes at a milk processing plant.

Based on the technological log and time schedule of equipment operation, the software creates an operation diagram and process protocol, displaying the specified parameters and the sequence of interactions of both individual pieces of equipment and entire production sections.

In the technical service of agricultural machinery, a system for remote monitoring of the state of transport equipment in the agro-industrial complex is successfully functioning. It was developed by GNU GOSNITI based on the Outrak remote diagnostic system. Signals about the status of the MTP are transmitted via mobile communications to the TELEMATIC5 web server, equipped with a software and hardware complex from the Global Automation Systems (GLOSAV) company with the Agroprom industry application.

The effectiveness of the development of the agro-industrial complex is largely determined by the availability of tools and knowledge management technology obtained on the basis of many years of experience in agricultural production. The intuition of individual representatives of the industry and the large amount of know-how created throughout the world over many years of work are of extreme value for the further development of agriculture. The urgent task is to transform tacit knowledge obtained experimentally into explicit knowledge, recording scientific results, which will ultimately improve the quality and efficiency of agricultural and food production. It is advisable to improve communications and exchange of information and knowledge between experts and agricultural producers. The use of cloud computing is of particular practical interest and has significant prospects, which are successfully used in various fields and have a number of advantages: cost reduction; distribution of information resources on demand, without restrictions; maintenance and software updates performed in the background; rapid innovative development, including collaboration with other systems in the cloud; Great opportunities for global development of the services provided.

The cycle of work performed in the process of agricultural production with active support of the cloud service includes four main stages: production and operation planning; execution of work; monitoring and evaluation of results; adjustment of plans.

For each specific agricultural producer, a cloud service is an innovation that allows solving specific, pressing problems:

• production planning, sales, purchasing;
• operational management of production and sales based on automation of collection, receipt and analysis of information;
• communication support with experts (consultants), instruction and timely provision of guidance based on queries to databases;
• management of all types of data related to the cultivated land, including location, land rights, field maps, etc.

Under the WTO conditions, economic indicators such as profit and the level of profitability of production make it possible to assess the effectiveness of an individual agricultural enterprise or industry. The ultimate goal of introducing new information technologies is to maximize indicators. The following mechanisms contribute to achieving this goal:

• Modeling of the production process (drawing up agrotechnological maps, production and business plans and documents based on knowledge management).
• Assessing the risks of each piece of land, calculating costs and benefits, collecting information and sending data to a 3G server using GPS barcode-reading mobile phones.
• Accounting for cultivated land, using and updating databases with information for each land plot (land rights, site characteristics, soil analysis results, production history, etc.).

By receiving information from the cloud service in accordance with a professional profile and individual data, agricultural producers, depending on their geographic location, type of crops, and weather in their region, are provided with information in real time. Information is provided on methods for identifying pests that can destroy crops. In addition, the cloud-based system can provide information with recommendations on the stages of agricultural work, assist in calculating costs and provide the opportunity to become familiar with the approved regulations in a particular region. For producers exporting their goods, the cloud will report prices for products on agricultural markets and help in making decisions: sell their crops or wait for better prices on the world market.

Schematically, the sequence of collecting, storing and analyzing information can be represented in five stages: data collection - storage - visualization - analysis - instruction. The implementation of a full cycle of data processing will make it possible to provide industry workers with relevant, timely, reliable information to increase the efficiency of production and sales of products.

The use of cloud computing allows you to flexibly link together various industry systems, can become one of the fundamental approaches in innovative development and integrate entire information systems:

• business management system;
• a system for performing financial analysis and filing tax reports with the support of tax consultants;
• production history monitoring system, which provides tracking of food movement records, which is safer and more reliable;
• a system of agricultural practices and operational support that effectively manages the safety and quality of agricultural products while maintaining proper levels of farm performance.

The cloud service allows you to provide technical support to millions of users by simply making changes and additions to the program on one system in the center of the cloud. Moreover, in cloud computing there is no difference in the version of software used by different users, resulting in increased usability in addition to reduced operating costs. The benefits of virtualization include optimizing management, increasing data storage security, reducing operating costs, and increasing staff efficiency, which leads to significant savings in time and financial costs.

It becomes practical to connect core authentication and billing functions to process and intelligently analyze GPS data, mapping images, speech and other information, allowing the entire production process to be optimized and executed daily based on accurate and verified data.

Weather information and soil data, GPS data, worker observations, land data can be used to obtain advice and recommendations based on the analysis of these stored data, the formation and development of a knowledge system stored in the cloud.

The process of accumulating and sharing knowledge in the agricultural sector leads to an improvement in overall production efficiency. Agriculture is a generator of a large amount of knowledge and technology and must be ready for further innovative development and improvement. Cloud computing can support this process. The cloud computing mechanism purposefully solves the problem of transferring knowledge to working agricultural producers and subsequent generations of agricultural workers.

Thus, in order to ensure the implementation of the tasks and parameters defined by the State Program for the Development of Agriculture and Regulation of Markets for Agricultural Products, Raw Materials and Food for 2013-2020, it is necessary to intensify work in this direction. They are the intellectual basis for the formation of the fourth and fifth technological structures in Russian agricultural production.

Based on the materials of the article: Fedosenko, V.F. Information technologies in agricultural production / V.F. Fedosenko. - Scientific and technological progress in agricultural production: materials of the International. scientific-technical conf. (Minsk, October 22-23, 2014). In 3 volumes. T. 1. - Minsk: NPC NAS of Belarus for agricultural mechanization, 2014. - 257 p.