Lump on intermediate sphenoid bone. The veins of the foot are divided into

The anatomy of the bones of the foot almost repeats the hand and consists of the following elements:

tarsus;
heel and instep;
five pluses;
14 phalanges of fingers (2 for the first, but 3 for the rest).

Nevertheless, the task of the foot, unlike the hand, is not grasping, but mainly supporting, and this is reflected in its structure.

The bones are rigidly interconnected and have an elastic dome-shaped structure, which is preserved due to their special shape, as well as muscles and ligaments. The plantar ligaments pull together the edges of the foot from below, forcing it to arch upwards in the form of an arch. This structure makes the foot a spring-loaded shock absorber that absorbs pressure surges that act on the legs and spine when moving.

Description of the components

The skeleton of the foot has 52 bones in its structure. The joints are small and have a rather complex structure. The ankle connects the foot to the lower leg, and the small bones of the lower leg are also connected by small joints to each other.

The bases of the phalanges of the fingers and 5 metatarsal bones are held together by the joints of the same name. And each finger consists of 2 interphalangeal joints that hold small bones together. The tarsals are connected to the central skeleton of the foot by the metatarsal and tarsal joints. They are fixed with a long ligament of the sole, which prevents the occurrence of flat feet. The bones of the human foot are made up of three parts: the tarsus, metatarsus, and toes. The composition of the tarsus: behind it is formed by the talus and calcaneus, and in front - by the scaphoid, cuboid and three sphenoid bones. The talus is placed between the leg bone and the calcaneus, playing the role of an adapter from the lower leg to the foot. Along with the talocalcaneal-navicular joint, the joint connects the tarsus and back. With the help of them, the possibilities of movement of the foot increase to 55 degrees.

Movement of the foot relative to the lower leg is provided by two joints:

The ankle joint itself is formed by two tibia and talus bones. It allows you to raise and lower the forefoot.
The subtalar joint is located between the talus and calcaneus. It is necessary for tilting from side to side.

A common injury is an ankle sprain that occurs when the leg is twisted, when a person changes movement abruptly, or on uneven ground. Ligaments are usually injured outer side Feet.

The calcaneus refers to the back of the lower part of the tarsus. It has a long, flattened configuration and is the most impressive in size in comparison with others and consists of a body and a mound protruding backwards. calcaneus. The heel has the articulations necessary to align with the talus above and in front with the cuboid. Inside on the calcaneus is a protrusion that serves as a support for the talus.

The navicular bone is located at the inner edge of the foot. It has joints that connect to adjacent bones.

The cuboid bone is located at the outer edge and connects behind with the calcaneus, inside with the scaphoid, outside with the sphenoid, and in front with the 4th and 5th metatarsal bones.

The toes are built from phalanges. Similar to the structure of the hand, the thumb is built from two phalanges, and the remaining fingers from three.

Separate the phalanges:

proximal
middle,
distal.

The phalanges of the foot are much shorter than the phalanges of the hand, especially distal phalanges. It cannot match the mobility of the hand, but the vaulted structure makes it an excellent shock absorber, softening the impact of the foot on the ground. The ankle of the foot has a structure that provides the mobility needed when walking or running.

Each movement of the foot is a complex interaction of muscles, bones and joints. The signals sent by the brain coordinate the work of the musculature, and its contraction pulls in a specific direction of the bone. This results in flexion, extension, or rotation of the foot. Due to the coordinated work of the muscles in the joint, it is permissible to perform joint movement in two planes. In the frontal plane, the ankle does extension and flexion. AT vertical axis rotation can be made: a little outward and inward.

Over the course of a lifetime, each sole hits the ground an average of more than 10 million times. With each step of a person, a force acts on the knee, often 5-6 times the weight of his body. When he steps on the ground, the anterior calf muscles pull on the tendons attached to the top of the foot and lift it up along with the toes. The heel takes the first hit. When the entire foot is lowered to the ground, the bones of the tarsus form a springy arch, distributing the load from the weight of the body as its pressure moves from the heel to the anterior end of the metatarsus and toes. back muscles shins pull Achilles tendon, which lifts the heel, lifting it off the ground. At the same time, the muscles of the foot and fingers contract, moving them down and back, due to which a push occurs.

Problematic issues and diseases, from corns to arthritis, are dealt with by a podiatrist - a specialist in the treatment of feet. It also helps correct posture and gait. You can learn about everything that happens with the feet from this specialist: hygiene care selection of optimal shoes, fungal diseases, heel pain, arthritis, vascular problems, as well as calluses, bones and ingrown nails.

The podiatrist is also aware of the mechanics of leg movement. For example, if one of the two feet is more flattened than the other, there is a violation balance of the body, which is reflected hip pain, and inflexibility thumb legs can affect the work of the spine.

What is the role of cartilage?

When studying the bone structure of the leg, it is necessary to pay attention to the cartilage. Thanks to them, the joints are protected from excessive loads and friction. Their articulated ends are covered with cartilage with a very smooth surface, which reduces friction between them and absorbs impacts, as a result protecting the joint from damage and wear. The cartilage-covered heads of the bones glide because they are elastic, and the synovial fluid produced by their membrane is the lubricant that keeps the joints in place. healthy. deficit synovial fluid can restrict a person's movement. Sometimes cartilage can also harden. In this case, the movement of the joint is severely disturbed, and bone fusion begins. This phenomenon cannot be ignored, otherwise you can lose mobility in the joints.

The Achilles tendon, or calcaneal tendon, is the longest and strongest tendon in the human body. It connects the lower end of the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles to the posterior tubercle of the calcaneus. As a result, the contraction of these muscles pulls up the heel, allowing you to stand on the toe of your foot and push it off the ground as you move.

Characteristic diseases

Like any part of the body, the bones of the foot are not only exposed to external influences, its condition is affected by a person’s age, when bone structure becomes less strong, and the joints are not as mobile. Consider the most common foot problems.

Bursitis of the big toe.

We are talking about inflammation of the bursa in the metatarsus of the phalangeal joint of the first toe. Women suffer from this disease more often than men, the reason is narrow shoes on high heels, which creates high blood pressure on your toes. This leads to the development of other problems, such as calluses and corns. Pain and discomfort can be alleviated by wearing comfortable, roomy shoes and using soft padding on the bump to protect it from pressure. In advanced cases, surgery is recommended.

Valgus deformity of the thumb.

The disease is manifested by the protrusion of the metatarsus of the phalangeal joint of this finger to the side, which deviates in the opposite direction. Often, but not always, it leads to bursitis and lump formation. Sometimes this problem is passed down through generations and develops already in adolescence. If such a deformity appears only in old age, it is often caused by incipient osteoarthritis.

Flat feet.

Flat feet is a thickening of the arch of the foot. Normally, its inner side between the heel and the metacarpophalangeal joints is curved upwards. If it is not expressed, flat feet are observed. This disease occurs in about 20% of the adult population. Often no treatment is required. Only comfortable shoes with a special insole or instep support under the arch of the foot are recommended. For the elderly, special orthopedic shoes are ordered. And only in the most severe cases, the deformity of the foot is corrected surgically.

Deforming arthrosis.

A disease occurs due to calcium deficiency, injuries, increased loads, thinning of cartilage tissue occurs and bone tissue. Over time, outgrowths appear - osteophytes, which limit the range of motion. The disease is expressed by severe mechanical pains, which increase in the evening, subside at rest and increase with physical exertion. You can slow down the progression of these ailments and ease their symptoms. different ways. These include reducing the load on the affected joint and maintaining its activity. Shoes should be comfortable, well-fitting, with excellent arch support, minimizing shaking as you move.

People should take care of their health. Take small steps that will lead to healing and maintaining bone strength and joint mobility, using moderate physical activity, relaxing massages or various physiotherapy procedures for this. And then health will not let you down and in old age will allow you to maintain an active and active image life.

The long, strong and wide bones of the leg and foot provide stability to the body, support its weight and body stability, support its weight, and distribute the force generated by running and jumping. Each lower limb consists of three parts: thigh, lower leg and foot. (The number of bones of the lower extremities is 30).

Shin

The largest bone in the lower leg is the tibia. It transfers body weight to the foot. The lateral and medial condyles of its proximal end articulate with femur in knee joint, and the distal end, articulating with the talus, forms the ankle joint. The thinner fibula articulates with both ends tibia. Unlike similar bones upper limbs, these connections exclude movement, but provide stability. The lower distal ends of the tibia and fibula are elongated into processes called the medial and lateral malleoli, respectively. They form characteristic bony protrusions on either side of the lower leg.

Foot

The foot carries the weight of the entire body, keeping it in balance and preventing it from falling when walking and standing. In addition, the foot acts as a lifting mechanism that pushes the body upward during movement. Each foot consists of 26 bones (1 bone less than the hand). However, it is much less flexible and mobile than a brush. The bones of the foot are wider and flatter than the bones of the hand. They are connected large quantity strong ligaments that limit movement, but enhance the role of the foot in making body movements and keeping its weight. despite limited mobility. the foot can easily move on both smooth and uneven surfaces.

Like the hand, the foot is made up of three types of bones.
7 bones form the tarsus. The tarsus articulates with the tibia and fibula at the ankle joint. The largest bone of the tarsus - the calcaneus - forms the heel and serves as a fixation point for the calcaneus (Achilles), the tendon that completes the muscles of the back of the leg. In the standing position, the calcaneus and talus bear the entire weight of the body before moving it forward. Other bones of the tarsus include the navicular, cuboid, and medial, intermediate, and lateral cuneiforms.
The 5 bones of the metatarsus form the soles of the foot. With their distal ends, they articulate with the toes and form its bend. I (medial) metatarsal bone is the largest and most of the body weight falls on it. The bones of the tarsus and metatarsus, as well as the tendons and ligaments that connect them, form the arch of the foot, which raises the arch of the foot above the surface. The arched arch of the foot absorbs the forces of walking and running. First, the foot flattens, and then again takes on a curved shape. The bones of the tarsus and metatarsus also act as a lifting mechanism, pushing the body up when walking and running.
The 15 phalanges of the toes are shorter and less mobile than the phalanges of the fingers. Each finger has 3 phalanges, with the exception of the big toe, which has only 2. Functionally, the toes are subordinate to the tarsus and metatarsus, and are used for body stability.

The navicular bone is an integral part of the arch of the foot. Damage to it can lead to impaired movement in the ankle joint and cause severe pain. Therefore, it is important to pay attention timely treatment all the injuries to that little bone. In case of a fracture, it is necessary to impose plaster cast, and in case of dislocation, reduction and tight bandaging with an elastic bandage will help.

The structure of the foot

The navicular bone is one of the smallest of the 26 bones in the foot, but has a very importance. It is to it that the tendon of the posterior tibial muscle is attached, which performs the function of supporting the arch of the foot. The scaphoid belongs to the anterior tarsus and is located next to the cuboid and three cuneiforms, closer to the inner edge. Together they provide support for the foot in the desired position.

Causes of pain

The reason for the appearance discomfort in the area of localization of the navicular part, there are damage to the foot in the form of a fracture or dislocation. They arise as a result of direct (falling of an object on the foot) and indirect injury. Pain also occurs during an accident or prolonged excessive load on the leg, which happens during professional sports. Dislocations of this joint often occur in children, since they have insufficiently developed ossification of the foot. Sometimes discomfort occurs due to the fact that an additional navicular bone grows in the foot. This is a hereditary phenomenon that manifests itself in every generation.

Dislocation of the navicular joint

The joint can be dislocated due to twisting of the foot.

Most often it occurs as a result of tucking the foot. In this case, the talus remains in place, and the scaphoid, along with the cuboid and calcaneus, move. During such injuries, the ligamentous-articular apparatus suffers significantly. There are ruptures of the tendons, the muscles of which are attached to the foot. Is collapsing vascular wall which causes hematoma and bruising.

In a child, the dislocation of this formation is associated with insufficient strength and rigidity of the joints between bone formations lower limb.

Causes and symptoms

As a result of injury, the comparison of the bones with each other is significantly disturbed. This causes severe pain and swelling. Suffer predominantly back departments. This is due to the peculiarities of the localization of the navicular bone. The foot is significantly deformed, acquiring a varus curvature. Passive and active movements in the lower parts of the foot are limited, and often completely impossible. It is associated with strong pain syndrome, which developed due to a violation of the integrity of the ligaments and muscles, as well as due to the developed hematoma of the soft tissues.

Diagnosis and treatment

Before the reduction of the dislocation is done local anesthesia.

Only a doctor traumatologist can carry out the reduction of a dislocation. Before the procedure, the affected area is anesthetized with the help of anesthesia and intraosseous anesthesia. It is important to carry out the intervention as soon as possible after the injury, because the delay will allow the edema and hematoma to increase and capture the entire limb. This will make it much more difficult to compare the bones of the foot with each other.

Fracture of the navicular region

This injury disrupts the function of the entire lower limb, since a small bone is located in close proximity to the ankle joint. She gets hurt frequently winter time years when sliding and unsuccessfully falling. Often this bone grows together incorrectly, which is associated with the frequent absence of adequate diagnosis and inadequate treatment.

Causes and symptoms

The risk group for development and feet include:

elderly people who have impaired trophic bone tissue;
women in the period after menopause;
overweight patients;
young, active people.

After an injury, a protruding bone is noticeable at the site of injury.

When an injury occurs, the foot begins to swell rapidly, and the entire lower limb hurts a lot. At the same time, a bone with a pronounced deformation protrudes at the top of the foot. And also the victim has a significant. Immediately after this, the skin at the site of damage turns blue, and active and passive movements are completely impossible.

The slightest touch to the limb during a fracture causes severe pain.

Methods for the treatment of the navicular bone of the foot

When the navicular bone of the foot is damaged, therapy includes the application of a plaster cast. The procedure is performed in a hospital only by a qualified traumatologist. A month and a half later, a control radiography is performed. It allows you to assess the degree and correctness of bone fusion. You can eliminate pain immediately after an injury with the help of injections of painkillers, which are used if necessary.

Other diseases

The accessory bone, which is located near the scaphoid, is the result of a hereditary anomaly in the structure of the foot. Pathological formations are more often localized in the left leg and sometimes do not cause any discomfort. However, in the case large sizes additional bone or if there are a lot of them, then a person has pain when walking for a long time or wearing uncomfortable shoes.

The bones of the foot are 26 bound friend with other small elements, fractures or bruises of which will harm the entire body. The parts are interconnected by ligaments and have meaningful features. When you first look at a limb after an injury, you can roughly determine which bone is damaged if you know the anatomy.

The structure of the foot

The foot is divided into three parts: tarsus, metatarsus and toes.

Tarsus

This top part, connects with large and small tibia, participates in the formation of the ankle joint and consists of seven bones:

ram;
heel, forming the heel;
cuboid, forming a joint with the fourth and fifth metatarsal bones, located on the outer edge of the foot;
scaphoid;
three wedge-shaped, which are connected to the base metatarsal bones, - medial, intermediate, lateral.

Metatarsus

Located between the tarsus and fingers, it consists of five tubular metatarsal bones, the heads of which are connected to the phalanges.

toes

The five toes of the foot consist of phalanges - the first toe of two, and the rest of three

Foot bone injuries

The bones of the foot are connected by tight joints, therefore sharp turn legs to the right or left side, a strong bend forward or backward can lead to dislocations, fractures, or their joint manifestation.
A fracture of the foot will appear when a massive object falls on the leg or jumps from a great height, hits, or runs over the leg of a car.
Stress fractures of the bones of the foot are found in athletes or people who exercise constantly. physical labor. because of increased load the bones of the foot can crack, this is a non-displaced injury that is difficult to diagnose by appearance, but the damage is clearly visible on x-rays.
The injury occurs with small loads on the legs in the presence of diseases of the musculoskeletal system, for example, with a lack of calcium in the blood, with bone tuberculosis or osteoporosis.

All bone fractures are characterized by crepitation of bone fragments - the appearance of a crunch when turning or moving the injured part.
A fracture of the foot is accompanied by severe pain, when the victim does not allow to touch the limb.
The appearance of swelling at the site of injury. Edema develops due to damage to the blood and lymphatic vessels, fluid from which is poured under the skin. Increases during the day and decreases at night.
Damage to blood vessels causes the development of a hematoma (bruise), the resorption of which is long-term.
A characteristic symptom is the behavior of the patient, who cannot step on the limb.
Deformation of the damaged area.
The patient says that he heard a click or crunch at the time of injury.
With an injury to one of the bones of the tarsus, a characteristic symptom occurs - the spread of edema to the ankle joint and above.
With a fracture of the base of the bones of the metatarsus, a characteristic symptom will be the subsidence of pain after rest and their resumption after physical exertion.
Subungual hematoma with trauma to the phalanges of the fingers.

The signs of a foot fracture are varied, but only one of the symptoms can appear, so put correct diagnosis only a doctor. For example, an injury without displacement will not lead to a violent reaction from the victim.

Always go to the hospital if you suspect a fracture or after a severe injury.

Fracture of the sphenoid bones

The medial sphenoid bone is most commonly injured due to least protection ligamentous apparatus and soft tissues. A fracture of the foot will be accompanied by a dislocation of the metatarsal bones.

The reason is the fall of heavy objects, characteristic symptoms No, the diagnosis is confirmed by x-ray. To restore the functioning of the joints after removing the plaster, it is recommended to wear an arch support for about a year.

Metatarsal fractures

In terms of frequency of occurrence, they take the first place, the reasons are the fall of heavy objects or squeezing. May be single or multiple. The metatarsal bones consist of a head, neck and base, therefore, there are three types of bone integrity violations in accordance with the parts.

Symptoms of a single injury: swelling on the back of the foot, slight pain on palpation.
Symptoms multiple trauma: swelling of the entire foot, strong pain, .

One type of injury to the metatarsal bones is stress fractures, which occur with constant and excessive load, for example, when practicing ballroom dancing, running, football.

Often there is a fracture of the fifth bone - a Jones fracture, which is difficult to diagnose, and wrong treatment will lead to fracture. This type fractures occur during stressful repetitive loads.

Always contact a traumatologist for injuries, do not refuse to conduct x-rays so that the doctor can correctly diagnose.

A fracture of the base of an unprotected bone occurs when the leg is tucked inward, may be accompanied by a sprain, so it is often not noticed. The separation of the bone fragment occurs under the action of traction force from the attached tendons. The base of the bone has a poor blood supply, which ensures prolonged healing and non-union.

Complications

A fracture of the foot with illiterate treatment will lead to foot deformity, the development of arthrosis, the appearance of the following symptoms:

chronic pain when walking;
inability to stand in one place for a long time;
quickly after walking;
difficult to wear tight shoes.

In the absence of medical manipulations, incorrect fusion of bone fragments is possible, which will lead to limitation or total absence movements due to pain and deformity.

Treatment

The most important thing in treatment is rest.
Apply to reduce swelling cold compress and elevate the limb, which will help get rid of unpleasant symptom- hematomas.
Fractures without displacement of bone fragments are treated conservatively - by applying a plaster splint. It protects the foot from movement, from infection and promotes anatomically correct bone fusion. It is forbidden to remove the longuet on your own.
When bone fragments are displaced, it is shown surgical intervention, during which the fragments are compared with each other, avoiding injury to the surrounding tissues. After the procedure, torn tissues, blood vessels and skin are sewn together. A plaster cast is then applied to ensure the immobilization of the limb.
If surgical intervention is not possible due to the health of the patient, then the patient is prescribed an extract, which provides comparison of fragments without the intervention of the surgeon. Longer method.
To improve blood flow in the area of injury and to prevent the development of muscle atrophy, moderate physical activity, physiotherapy and massage. The blood supplies nutrients and oxygen, which contributes to the speedy healing of tissues.
If the bones are not properly fused, the bones are broken again and the fragments are matched correctly, so do not self-medicate.
For better bone fusion, follow a diet: more protein and calcium, vitamin D, water, minerals.

According to the doctor's recommendations, do exercises (10-15 times each exercise):

flexion and extension of the fingers;
sitting on a chair, stand on your toes and lower yourself on your heels;
roll a bottle or stick;
pull your leg over yourself;
pull out socks;
turning the leg to the right;
rotation of the leg in the ankle joint to the left.

A fracture of the foot is characterized by severe pain and limited mobility. There may be fractures of different bones, but they have similar symptoms Therefore, consultation with a traumatologist and orthopedist is always necessary. To prevent fractures, you need to follow one rule - taking care of yourself and loved ones!

If we consider the foot as a whole, then, as in any other part of the human musculoskeletal system, three main structures can be distinguished: the bones of the foot; foot ligaments that hold bones and form joints; foot muscles.

Foot bones

The foot skeleton consists of three sections: tarsus, metatarsus and toes.
Tarsal bones
The posterior part of the tarsus is made up of the talus and calcaneus, the anterior part is the navicular, cuboid and three cuneiforms.

Talus located between the end of the bones of the lower leg and the calcaneus, being a kind of bone meniscus between the bones of the lower leg and the bones of the foot. The talus has a body and head, between which there is a narrowed place - the neck. body on upper surface has an articular surface - a block of the talus, which serves for articulation with the bones of the lower leg. On the front surface of the head there is also an articular surface for articulation with the navicular bone. On the inner and outer surfaces of the body there are articular surfaces that articulate with the ankles; on the bottom surface- a deep groove separating the articular surfaces that serve to articulate it with the calcaneus.

Calcaneus makes up the posterior part of the tarsus. It has an elongated, laterally flattened shape and is the largest among all the bones of the foot. It distinguishes the body and a well-palpable tubercle of the calcaneus protruding posteriorly. This bone has articular surfaces that serve for articulation from above with the talus, and in front with the cuboid bone. There is a protrusion on the inside of the calcaneus - the support of the talus.

Scaphoid located at the inner edge of the foot. It lies in front of the talus, behind the sphenoid and inside the cuboid bones. At the inner edge, it has a tuberosity of the navicular bone, turned downward, which is well palpable under the skin and serves as an identification point for determining the height of the inner part of the longitudinal arch of the foot. This bone is convex anteriorly. It has articular surfaces that articulate with adjacent bones.

Cuboid located at the outer edge of the foot and articulates behind with the calcaneus, inside with the navicular and external sphenoid, and in front with the fourth and fifth metatarsal bones. On its lower surface there is a groove in which the tendon of the long peroneal muscle lies.

Sphenoid bones(, intermediate and) lie in front of the scaphoid, inside of the cuboid, behind the first three metatarsal bones and make up the anterior-internal section of the tarsus.
Metatarsal bones

Each of the five metatarsal bones is tubular in shape. They distinguish between the base, body and head. The body of any metatarsal bone in its shape resembles a trihedral prism. Most long bone is the second, the shortest and thickest - the first. On the bases of the bones of the metatarsus there are articular surfaces that serve for articulation with the bones of the tarsus, as well as with neighboring metatarsal bones, and on the heads there are articular surfaces for articulation with the phalanges of the fingers. All metatarsal bones back side easy to feel, as they are relatively covered thin layer soft tissues. The bones of the metatarsus are located in different planes and form a vault in the transverse direction.
Finger bones

The toes are made up of phalanges. As on the hand, the first toe has two phalanges, and the rest have three. Often, the two phalanges of the fifth finger grow together so that its skeleton can have two phalanges. There are middle and phalanges. Their essential difference from the phalanges of the hand is that they are short, especially the distal phalanges.

On the foot, as well as on the hand, there are sesamoid bones. Here they are much better expressed. They are most common at the junction of the first and fifth metatarsals with the proximal phalanges. Sesamoid bones increase the transverse arching of the metatarsus in its anterior section.

Ligament apparatus of the foot

The mobility of the foot is provided by several joints - ankle, subtalar, talocalcaneal-navicular, tarsal-metatarsal, metatarsophalangeal and interphalangeal.
Ankle joint

The ankle joint is formed by the bones of the lower leg and the talus. The articular surfaces of the bones of the lower leg and their ankles, like a fork, cover the block of the talus. The ankle joint has a block shape. In this joint, around the transverse axis passing through the block of the talus, the following are possible: flexion (movement towards the plantar surface of the foot) and extension (movement towards its back surface). The amount of mobility during flexion and extension reaches 90°. Due to the fact that the block at the back narrows somewhat, when the foot is bent, it becomes possible to some adduction and abduction. The joint is strengthened bundles located on its inner and outer sides. Located on inside the medial (deltoid) ligament is approximately triangular in shape and runs from the medial malleolus towards the navicular, talus, and calcaneus. On the outside, there are also ligaments that run from the fibula to the talus and calcaneus (anterior and posterior talofibular ligaments and calcaneofibular ligament).
One of the characteristic age features This joint is that in adults it has greater mobility towards the plantar surface of the foot, while in children, especially in newborns, it is towards the back of the foot.
subtalar joint

The subtalar joint is formed by the talus and calcaneus, located in their posterior section. It has a cylindrical (somewhat helical) shape with an axis of rotation in the sagittal plane. The joint is surrounded by a thin capsule, equipped with small ligaments.
Talocalcaneal-navicular joint

In the anterior section between the talus and calcaneus is the talocalcaneal-navicular joint. It is formed by the head of the talus, calcaneus (its anterior-superior articular surface) and the scaphoid. The talocalcaneal-navicular joint has spherical shape. Movements in it and in the subtalar joints are functionally linked; they form one combined articulation with an axis of rotation passing through the head of the talus and the calcaneal tuberosity. Around this axis, the foot also occurs; range of motion reaches approximately 55°. Both joints are strengthened by a powerful syndesmosis - the interosseous talocalcaneal ligament.
One of the age-related features of the position of the bones and their movements in the joints of the foot is that with age, the foot becomes somewhat prone and its internal arch drops. The foot of a child, especially the first year of life, has a distinct supinator position, as a result of which the child, starting to walk, often places it not on the entire plantar surface, but only on the outer edge.
Tarsus-metatarsal joints

The tarsal-metatarsal joints are located between the bones of the tarsus, as well as between the bones of the tarsus and metatarsus. These joints are small flat shape with very limited mobility. Ligaments are well developed on the plantar and dorsal surfaces of the foot, among which it is necessary to note a powerful syndesmosis- a long plantar ligament that runs from the calcaneus to the bases of the II-V metatarsal bones. Thanks to numerous ligaments of the tarsal bones (navicular, cuboid and three cuneiform) and I-V bones the metatarsus are almost motionless connected to each other and form the so-called solid base of the foot.
Metatarsophalangeal joints

Metatarsophalangeal joints have a spherical shape, but the mobility in them is relatively small. They are formed by the heads of the metatarsal bones and the bases of the proximal phalanges of the toes. Mostly in them flexion and extension of the fingers are possible.
Interphalangeal joints

The interphalangeal joints of the foot are located between the individual phalanges of the fingers and have a block-like shape; from the sides they are reinforced with collateral ligaments.

Foot muscles

Muscles that are attached by their tendons to various bones foot (anterior tibial muscle, posterior tibial muscle, long peroneal muscle, short peroneal muscle, long extensor muscles and flexors of the toes), but begin in the lower leg, belong to the muscles of the lower leg.

On the rear There are two muscles on the surface of the foot: the short extensor of the fingers and the short extensor of the big toe. Both of these muscles start from the outside and internal surfaces heel bone and are attached to the proximal phalanges of the corresponding fingers. The function of the muscles is to extend the toes.

On the plantar The surface of the foot muscles are divided into internal, external and middle groups.
Internal the group consists of muscles acting on the big toe: the muscle that removes the big toe; flexor pollicis brevis and adductor pollicis muscle. All these muscles originate from the bones of the metatarsus and tarsus, and are attached to the base of the proximal phalanx of the thumb. The function of these muscles is clear from their name.

To outdoor The group includes the muscles acting on the fifth toe: the muscle that removes the little toe and the short flexor of the little toe. Both of these muscles attach to the proximal phalanx of the fifth toe.
Medium group is the largest. It includes: a short flexor of the fingers, which is attached to the middle phalanges of the second to fifth fingers; the square muscle of the sole, attached to the tendon of the long flexor of the fingers; worm-like muscles, as well as dorsal and plantar interosseous muscles, which are sent to the proximal phalanges of the second to fifth fingers. All of these muscles originate on the bones of the tarsus and metatarsus on the plantar side of the foot, with the exception of the vermiform muscles, which originate from the tendons of the long flexor of the fingers. All of them are involved in the flexion of the toes, as well as in their breeding and mixing.

When comparing the muscles of the plantar and dorsum of the foot, it is clearly seen that the former are much stronger than the latter. This is due to the difference in their functions. The muscles of the plantar surface of the foot are involved in holding the arches of the foot and largely provide its spring properties. The muscles of the dorsum of the foot are involved in some extension of the fingers when moving it forward when walking and running.
Fascia of the foot

AT lower section the fascia of the lower leg has a thickening - ligaments that serve to strengthen the position of the muscles passing under them. A ligament is located in front - the upper retainer of the extensor tendons, and at the point of transition to the dorsum of the foot - the lower retainer of the extensor tendons. Under these ligaments are fibrous canals, in which the surrounded tendons of the anterior group of muscles of the lower leg pass.

Between the medial malleolus and the calcaneus there is a groove along which the tendons of the deep muscles of the posterior surface of the lower leg pass. Above the groove, the fascia of the lower leg, passing into the fascia of the foot, forms a thickening in the form of a ligament - the retainer of the flexor tendons. Under this ligament are fibrous channels; in three of them there are tendons of muscles surrounded by synovial sheaths, in the fourth - blood vessels and nerves.
Under the lateral malleolus, the calf fascia also forms a thickening called the peroneal tendon retinaculum, which serves to strengthen these tendons.

The fascia of the foot on the dorsal surface is much thinner than on the plantar. On the plantar surface there is a well-defined fascial thickening - plantar aponeurosis up to 2 mm thick. The fibers of the plantar aponeurosis have an anteroposterior direction and go mainly from the calcaneal tuber anteriorly. This aponeurosis has processes in the form of fibrous plates that reach the bones of the metatarsus. Thanks to the intermuscular septa, three fibrous sheaths are formed on the plantar side of the foot, in which the corresponding muscle groups are located.

Used literature
Human anatomy: textbook. for stud. inst. physical cult. / Ed. Kozlova V.I. - M., "Physical culture and sport", 1978
Sapin M.R., Nikityuk D.K. Pocket atlas of human anatomy. M., Elista: APP "Dzhangar", 1999
Sinelnikov R. D. Atlas of human anatomy: in 3 volumes. 3rd ed. M.: "Medicine", 1967