How to distinguish teething from a cold or other inflammatory diseases? The main factors contributing to the development of chronic pharyngitis. Symptoms of pharyngitis in children

anonymous , Female, 26 years old

There were all the symptoms of teething, a sea of saliva, everything in the mouth, the temperature rose to 39, it calmed down when the gums were smeared with calgel. They treated themselves. The fever persisted for two days. A week later they came to the reception, the doctor diagnosed acute pharyngitis, said that there was no tooth. She prescribed Nurofen 2.5 twice a day, two days along with 1/4 suprastin, but from such a dose of Nurofen, my daughter's temperature drops to 35.2. She also prescribed Viferon suppositories and Miramistin spray. Tell me, is the treatment correct? Since our doctor does not inspire confidence, there are a lot of complaints about her. Thank you!

Hello! Hello! The teeth themselves cannot be the cause of the increase in body temperature. However, the process of teething itself can lead to a decrease in immunity - and this is already "cling" various infections, including SARS. Most likely, at child is such a situation. In such a situation, I would recommend treatment from the very first moment of the onset of symptoms: 1. viferon - correct appointment, since these candles not only have an effect, but also restore the child's immunity, and when teething, this definitely will not hurt 2. Miramistin spray is needed if there is redness in the throat. Here you can also add warm chamomile tea 3. this is not prescribed, it makes sense to take it only when the body temperature rises above 38 All the best to you! Sincerely, Olesya Butuzova

Consultation of a pediatrician on the topic “Hello, the child has been diagnosed with acute pharyngitis for the fifth month” is given for reference purposes only. Based on the results of the consultation, please consult a doctor, including to identify possible contraindications.

About consultant

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Practicing pediatrician.

Interests: proper and healthy nutrition, treatment and prevention of diseases in children from birth to 18 years.
He considers the upbringing of healthy children to be the most important point, therefore he pays great attention to hardening and preventive methods.

Author of books and articles on children's health, upbringing and development, as well as the treatment and prevention of diseases in adult patients. Author of "Modern collection medicines» and other books on medical and pharmaceutical subjects. Collaborates with medical journals and publishers.

Acute pharyngitis- inflammation of the mucous membrane of the pharynx - rarely an independent disease, most often it is combined with acute inflammation upper respiratory tract (flu, acute respiratory infections).

Mucosal inflammation rear wall throat is called pharyngitis (from the Latin word "pharyngs" - throat). Parents usually talk about this condition "red throat". Usually viral in origin, it may also be associated with group A B-hemolytic streptococcus, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, or other pathogens. Various adverse factors- hypothermia, spicy, hot or cold food, gas contamination and dustiness of the air (morbidity in cities is usually higher than in countryside), smoking and alcohol abuse, infectious diseases, decreased body resistance, kidney and blood diseases.

Symptoms of pharyngitis

Pharyngitis is a fairly common disease and occurs in a variety of forms. By localization, it can be superficial - the mucous membrane of the pharynx suffers - this catarrhal form. The defeat of the lymphadenoid elements, located in a deeper layer, under the mucous membrane is another form called granulosa pharyngitis.

Pharyngitis may be limited, for example, to the area of the lateral ridges and more common throughout the posterior pharyngeal wall. The nature of the inflammation can be acute, subacute and chronic. Pharyngitis can be an independent disease (with viral lesions), but much more often in children it develops for the second time, that is, it is a consequence of another underlying disease. Usually such pharyngitis is a symptom of acute or subacute adenoiditis, tonsillitis, exacerbation of chronic tonsillitis.

There are complaints about discomfort in the throat ("tear"), pains, which in most cases are insignificant, but sometimes are very sharp and are accompanied by a rise in body temperature up to 38 ° C.

Acute pharyngitis in children younger age runs hard, high temperature and pronounced general phenomena: adynamia (severe lethargy), lack of appetite, sleep disturbance, increase in ESR up to 25-30 mm/h. However, it must be considered that in these cases the disease should be regarded as acute adenoiditis with related symptoms.

The diagnosis is made on the basis of examination of the pharynx: there is hyperemia (redness), swelling and infiltration of the mucous membrane of the posterior pharyngeal wall, palatopharyngeal arches, and sometimes the soft palate. With lateral pharyngitis, hyperemia and swelling of the lateral folds of the pharynx are determined.

Viral pharyngitis is observed, as a rule, in acute viral respiratory diseases. Extensive bright red hyperemia is characteristic, capturing the palatine tonsils and soft sky. Sometimes red dots (pinpoint hemorrhages) or vesicles appear on the mucous membrane of the posterior pharyngeal wall.

Local sensations are presented for 2-3 days by a dry, irritating cough, which gradually subsides. General manifestations may be missing. When a secondary infection is attached, the signs of the disease change accordingly.

Acute pharyngitis is an acute inflammation of the mucous membrane of the pharynx - a frequent manifestation of acute respiratory diseases. As a rule, with pharyngitis, children complain of pain, discomfort in the throat (burning, itching, itching), coughing, sometimes itching and pain in the ears. Children infancy they cannot complain of malaise, but attentive parents pay attention to restless behavior, sleep disturbance, loss of appetite. Pharyngitis can be combined with other manifestations of acute respiratory infections such as runny nose, cough, fever, conjunctivitis.

It should be noted that acute pharyngitis is rarely an isolated disease. Usually it is combined with other diseases of the upper respiratory tract. In children under 2 years of age, the disease is more severe and often combined with inflammation of the nasopharyngeal mucosa and acute catarrhal rhinitis. In this case, symptoms will be observed acute rhinitis- violation of nasal breathing, abundant mucous or mucopurulent discharge from the nose.

The main factors contributing to the development of chronic pharyngitis:

Constitutional features of the structure of the mucous membrane of the pharynx and the entire gastrointestinal tract;

Prolonged exposure to exogenous factors (dust, hot dry or smoky air, chemicals);

Difficulty nasal breathing(mouth breathing, decongestant abuse);

Allergy;

Endocrine disorders (hypothyroidism, etc.);

Avitaminosis A;

Diabetes mellitus, heart, lung and kidney failure.

Diagnosis of pharyngitis:

examination, if necessary: bacteriological or virological study(smear from throat).

Treatment of pharyngitis

Treatment is carried out by an ENT doctor at a polyclinic or a pediatrician.

Therapeutic measures for pharyngitis include the following manipulations.

For acute and exacerbation chronic pharyngitis, not accompanied by severe disorders general condition, is enough symptomatic treatment, including a sparing diet, hot foot baths, warming compresses on the front of the neck, milk with honey, steam inhalations and gargling.

Exclude irritating food from the diet (hot, cold, sour, spicy, salty), it is recommended to drink plenty of warm drinks - tea with lemon, milk with mineral water and etc.

Gargling with antiseptic, herbal solutions (for example, a solution of 1% chlorophyllipt, rotokan, sea salt, eucalyptus, etc.) 3-4 times a day after meals. True, this is possible only in children older than 2-3 years. Who already know how to gargle.

For gargling, the following herbal preparations are most effective:

1. Calendula flowers, plantain leaves, sage leaf, chamomile flowers.

2. Chamomile flowers, oregano herb, sage leaves, St. John's wort herb

3. Dandelion flowers, plantain leaves, birch leaves, pine buds.

Cooking fees 1-3:

Mix the components in equal parts. 1 tbsp collection, pour 1 cup boiling water, simmer for 3 minutes over low heat, leave for 1 hour, strain.

4. Oak bark - 2 parts, linden branches - 1 part

5. Linden flowers - 2 parts, chamomile flowers - 3 parts

Cooking fees 4-5:

Brew 1 tsp of the mixture in 1 cup of boiling water, strain, cool.

Rinse with warm infusion 5-6 times a day.

Can be used to gargle pharmacy tincture eucalyptus - 20-30 drops in a glass of warm water and Eucalyptus oil- 15-20 drops per glass.

Irrigation of the pharynx with antiseptic or antibiotic-containing aerosols (listed by age below) 2-3 doses 2-4 times a day. Alternate gargling herbal infusions and antiseptic solutions.

Gargling should be combined with inhalations. Infusion can be used for inhalation the following herbs: hypericum herb, mint herb, sage leaves, mother-and-leaves- stepmothers, oregano herb, wild rosemary herb, chamomile flowers, eucalyptus leaves, plantain leaf. It is better to use a mixture of 2-3 herbs. The infusion is prepared as in collections 1-3.

1. Linden flowers, raspberries (if there is no allergy).

2. Raspberries - 2 parts, black currant leaves - 2 parts, coltsfoot leaves - 1 part, oregano grass - 1 part.

3. Plantain leaves, linden flowers, raspberries, anise hearths.

Preparation: pour 1 tablespoon of the collection with 1 cup of boiling water, boil for 3-5 minutes, leave for 30 minutes. Drink a decoction in 2 doses (1/2 cup) with an interval of 2 hours.

Resorption of tablets or lozenges with an antibacterial, analgesic, emollient (pharyngosept, falimint, strepsils, laripront, etc.), in children over 5 years old.

With bacterial pharyngitis, an appointment is necessary systemic antibiotics. Antibacterial therapy is justified only with known or suspected streptococcal etiology diseases. unfounded antibiotic therapy contributes to the development of resistance (resistance) to antibiotics, and can also be complicated by unwanted drug reactions. Antibiotics, if necessary, will be prescribed by a doctor!

Infants and young children cannot gargle or dissolve tablets, so they are only given plentiful drink and irrigation of the pharynx with an antiseptic. It should be noted that all aerosols should be used with caution in children under two years of age due to the possibility of spasm of the glottis.

Gargling method: take one sip of the prepared solution, clearly pronouncing the letter "O" or "E", rinse your throat, then spit out the solution. Rinsing produce 3-4 times a day after meals.

For influenza, rimantadine is prescribed, with herpetic infection- acyclovir.

For bacterial pharyngitis are prescribed antibacterial drugs local action- Bioparox (4 inhalations in the mouth every 4 hours) or Hexaspray (2 injections 3 times a day). The limitation of the use of these funds is the age of up to 2.5 years (laryngospasm may develop).

Good healing effect provides the drug Yoks - otorhinolaryngological disinfectant containing polyvidone iodine, which, upon contact with the mucous membrane, releases active iodine. Iodine, in turn, has a wide spectrum antimicrobial action in addition, iodine accelerates the processes of cleansing the mucous membranes from necrotic tissues (plaques). Yoks also has an anesthetic (pain-relieving) effect.

Prevention: hardening of the body, exclusion of harmful factors, restoration of disturbed nasal breathing, increase defensive forces body (use of immunocorrector drugs)

Chronic pharyngitis is often not an independent disease, but a manifestation of the pathology of the entire gastrointestinal tract: chronic atrophic gastritis, cholecystitis, pancreatitis. The ingress of acidic gastric contents into the pharynx during sleep with gastroesophageal reflux disease and hernias esophageal opening diaphragm is often hidden reason development of chronic catarrhal pharyngitis, and in this case, without eliminating the main cause of the disease, any methods local treatment give insufficient and short-term effect. Smoking (and passive too) and tonsillectomy (removal of the tonsils) lead to the development of atrophic changes in the mucous membrane of the pharynx.

Pharyngitis often develops with constantly difficult nasal breathing. It can be caused not only by the transition to breathing through the mouth, but also by the abuse vasoconstrictor drops, which drain from the nasal cavity into the pharynx and have an unnecessary anemic effect there. Symptoms of pharyngitis may be present in the so-called postnasal drip (the English term is “postnasal drip”). In this case, discomfort in the throat is associated with the flow of pathological secretions from the nasal cavity or paranasal sinuses along the back of the pharynx. Apart from persistent cough given state can cause wheezing in children, which requires differential diagnosis with bronchial asthma.

Local antibacterial agents can be widely used in the treatment of pharyngitis. The choice of the optimal drug is determined by the spectrum of its antimicrobial activity, the absence of allergenicity and toxic effect. Of course, the most effective local preparations will not completely replace the need for systemic administration of antibiotics for angina and pharyngitis caused by beta-hemolytic streptococcus. On the other hand, due to the non-bacterial etiology of many forms of pharyngitis, the appearance of all more resistant strains of bacteria, and unwanted effects general antibiotic therapy local administration of drugs with a wide spectrum of antimicrobial activity in many cases is the method of choice.

home remedies for pharyngitis

Gargle with fresh potato juice or do inhalations with potato steam for pharyngitis.

Peel and finely chop fresh garlic. Put 0.5 cups of cooked garlic in an enamel pan and pour fresh buckwheat (dark) honey. The honey should completely cover the garlic. Then put the pan on a low heat and heat, stirring constantly, for about 20 minutes, until all the garlic has dissolved. Let it cool slightly under the lid, and then put it back on the fire and stir constantly so that the syrup does not burn. You can add a little distilled or melted water to this syrup. Store the filtered syrup in the refrigerator. Take for cough, laryngitis, tonsillitis and pharyngitis: children - 1 teaspoon, adults - 1 tablespoon every hour until complete recovery.

Grind the head of garlic to a pulp, pour 1 liter of wine or apple cider vinegar, insist in a dark, cool place for 2 weeks, shaking the contents periodically, strain. Dissolve 0.5 teaspoon in 1 glass of infusion table salt. Gargle with pharyngitis with infusion 2-3 times a day until complete recovery.

Lubricate the tonsils with propolis infusion. Mix 1 part of 10% alcohol extract of propolis with 2 parts of glycerin or peach oil. Use to lubricate the posterior pharyngeal wall in chronic pharyngitis, as well as painful points in ulcerative stomatitis. It can also be instilled into the nose for chronic rhinitis.

Treatment of pharyngitis with herbs

Rinse the mouth and throat with a decoction of a blackberry leaf for inflammation of the oral mucosa, tonsillitis, pharyngitis, bleeding gums.

Methodology of doctors L.A. Bochkova and I.G. Nepomniachtchi for the treatment of pharyngitis

The first 10 days: crush 2 healthy cloves of garlic, without green sprouts, pour 1 cup of boiled warm milk, strain. Lying on your back, carry out a deep warm (non-hot) rinse at least 4 times a day. Use at least 1 cup of milk with garlic at a time.

Next 10 days: Pour 1 tablespoon of calendula flowers with 1 cup of boiling water, leave for 20 minutes, strain. Rinse with warm (non-hot) infusion at least 4 times a day. Use at least 1 glass of infusion at a time.

The next 10 days: dry potato flowers (1 tablespoon) pour 1 cup of boiling water, boil for 3-5 minutes, leave for 20 minutes, strain. Lying to carry out a deep warm rinse 2-4 times a day. Use 1 glass of decoction at a time. Rinse for 10 days, then replace the rinse with garlic.

See also recipes in topics Angina, Chronic tonsillitis, Cold.

Pharyngitis is an inflammatory process localized on the back wall of the pharynx. main symptom this disease that a child may complain to parents is pain and discomfort in the throat. In most cases, pharyngitis develops against the background of acute respiratory infections, together with other catarrhal processes in the nasopharynx and upper respiratory tract, much less often as an independent pathology. It occurs in children of all ages. How less baby, the more severe the course of the disease and harder choice medicines.

Content:

Causes of the disease

Pharyngitis in children can develop as independent disease or be the result of something else. In most cases, inflammation of the pharynx occurs against the background of damage to the body by acute respiratory infections. viral infections(influenza virus, parainfluenza, adenovirus, rhinovirus, coronavirus) and other viruses (cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus). Less commonly, bacterial pathogens (streptococci, staphylococci, hemophilic and diphtheria bacillus, meningococci). The greatest risks the appearance of pharyngitis exists in children attending kindergartens and schools in the autumn-winter period during seasonal epidemics of influenza and other acute respiratory viral infections.

The following factors can contribute to the development of the inflammatory process on the back of the pharynx:

difficulty in nasal breathing, leading to inhalation of cold, unpurified air through the mouth and drying of the mucous membrane of the mouth and throat;
posterior rhinitis, in which infected mucous secretions do not exit through the nasal passages when blown out, but flow down;
hypothermia;
weakening local immunity;
frequent use vasoconstrictor drops in the treatment of rhinitis, flowing down from the nasal cavity, irritating the mucous membrane of the posterior pharyngeal wall and reducing it protective properties;
exacerbation of some chronic diseases(rhinitis, adenoiditis, tonsillitis, sinusitis, stomatitis, caries);
removal palatine tonsils accompanied by atrophic changes mucous tissue of the pharynx;
lack of vitamins (A and group B);
gastroesophageal reflux, as a result of which the contents of the stomach often enter the pharynx, which has an irritating effect on its mucous membrane.

Sometimes the causes of pharyngitis are allergic reactions that occur in response to an allergen entering the mucous membrane of the throat. Can cause inflammation of the pharynx and mechanical damage her mucosa foreign bodies or surgical operations, exposure to chemical solvent vapors, dust, tobacco smoke, hot air. Also, inflammation of the pharynx develops as a result of eating too hot, rough, spicy or sour food.

Types of pharyngitis

Taking into account etiological factor pharyngitis in adults and children can be infectious (viral, bacterial, fungal), traumatic, allergic or caused by contact of the pharyngeal mucosa with annoying factors. Treatment of the disease directly depends on its type.

By the nature of the course, the disease occurs in acute or chronic form. In the first case, children have acute inflammation of the pharyngeal mucosa. Chronic pharyngitis is a sluggish inflammatory process lasting several months or more and characterized by phases of remissions and exacerbations. Most often, it occurs as a result of not fully cured acute pharyngitis or as an independent disease due to prolonged irritation of the pharyngeal mucosa by aggressive factors.

Depending on the severity of the inflammatory process, chronic pharyngitis is:

simple, or catarrhal, manifested as hyperemia of the pharyngeal mucosa;
granulosa, or hypertrophic, accompanied by the growth of tissues affected by the inflammatory process;
atrophic, accompanied by drying out or thinning of inflamed tissues;
mixed, in which there are simultaneously present on the back of the throat pathological changes mucosa, characteristic of the hypertrophic and atrophic types.

Symptoms

Symptoms of pharyngitis in children differ depending on the form of the disease and the severity. characteristic feature acute inflammation is:

redness and swelling;
sharp pain in the throat, markedly worse when swallowing, especially hard and hot food;
an increase in body temperature up to 38 ° C;
hoarseness of voice;
coughing due to a sensation of perspiration and soreness on the pharyngeal mucosa;
irradiation of pain in the ears (if the inflammation affects the tubopharyngeal ridges).

In chronic pharyngitis, the symptoms are less pronounced, there is dryness and sore throat. This form of inflammation is not characterized by an increase in temperature and a change in the general condition and activity of the child. However, during exacerbations, the symptoms of chronic pharyngitis intensify and are similar in clinical picture to acute pharyngitis.

With granular chronic pharyngitis, a viscous plaque accumulates on the back of the pharynx thick mucus, red swollen plaques form, may be enlarged and painful on palpation submandibular lymph nodes, be present nagging pain in the back of the head.

The atrophic form of chronic pharyngitis in children is diagnosed extremely rarely. It is characterized by pallor and dryness of the throat mucosa, the formation of crusts on it, which are dried mucus, and the appearance of a vascular pattern on the back of the pharynx.

Features of symptoms depending on the cause

With pharyngitis that occurs against the background of SARS, the inflammatory process spreads to the entire pharynx, including tonsils and soft palate. It is often accompanied by a runny nose, conjunctivitis, cough, gastrointestinal disorders.

pharyngitis caused by pathogenic bacteria, characterized by a long course, headache, fever, tonsillitis. When the throat is affected by fungi, cracks and erosions form on its mucosa and in the corners of the mouth, a characteristic white curdled coating appears on the back of the pharynx, and the posterior cervical lymph nodes increase.

If the cause of pharyngitis is an allergen on the mucous membrane of the throat, then it manifests itself in the form of a dry cough, not accompanied by fever and severe sore throat.

Features of symptoms in young children

Parents can suspect pharyngitis in infants who cannot yet express themselves and show where they hurt, according to the following signs:

capriciousness, tearfulness;
anxiety and bad dream;
occasional coughing;
loss of appetite and regurgitation after feeding;

For young children less than 2 years of age, acute pharyngitis is difficult. If it is caused by SARS, then it is combined with acute inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nasal cavity and nasopharynx, runny nose, cough, accompanied by a rise in body temperature, general weakness and lethargy, loss of appetite.

Diagnosis of the disease

If pharyngitis is suspected in children, parents should consult a doctor. Self-diagnosis and self-treatment are fraught with complications, and what younger child the more serious they may be. Confirmation of the presence of an inflammatory process on the mucosa of the posterior pharyngeal wall, as well as its form and causes, is established on the basis of:

complaints of the child or parents, if the child is small;
examination of the oral cavity and throat (pharyngoscopy);
palpation of the lymph nodes in the neck;
results bacteriological culture throat swab.

With pharyngitis, there is moderate redness, swelling and infiltration of the posterior pharyngeal wall, palatopharyngeal arches, and less often the soft palate.

A sore throat can be a symptom of not only pharyngitis, but also tonsillitis, measles, scarlet fever. Unlike pharyngitis, angina is characterized by rapid development clinical picture. Appears the next day purulent plaque and plugs on the tonsils, their redness and increase in size are observed, the body temperature rises sharply to 40 ° C.

Treatment of pharyngitis

Preparations and procedures for the treatment of pharyngitis in children should be prescribed by the local pediatrician or pediatric otolaryngologist, taking into account the age of the patient, the cause of the disease and the severity of the patient's condition. Treatment is carried out at home. In uncomplicated forms of the disease occurring against the background of SARS, the inflammatory process subsides on its own within a few days.

Medications

In acute pharyngitis and exacerbation of chronic pharyngitis in children, the following drugs are used for treatment:

preparations for the preparation of solutions for gargling (rotokan, furatsilin, chlorophyllipt);
solutions for lubricating the inflamed mucosa (protargol, Lugol's solution);
lozenges and lozenges with antiseptic, emollient and analgesic effects (lysobact, septefril, pharyngosept, strepsils, imudon);
sprays and aerosols for irrigation of the pharynx (hexaspray, inhalipt, yox, tantum verde, cameton, miramistin);
antibacterial drugs locally, less often systemically (with precisely established bacterial etiology diseases and determining the sensitivity of the pathogen to specific antibiotics);
immunomodulatory drugs for pharyngitis against the background of acute respiratory viral infections (viferon, laferobion, immunoflazid, aflubin);
solutions for inhalation (soda-buffer, decasan, physiological saline);
antipyretics based on paracetamol or ibuprofen when the temperature rises above 38 ° C.

For the treatment of pharyngitis in a child under 3 years old, sprays and aerosols are not used, since they, when injected, can provoke a reflex spasm of the larynx and an asthma attack, as well as gargling due to the complexity self-fulfillment this procedure for babies.

At fungal pharyngitis in children, treatment consists in treating the throat with topical antifungal drugs. Inflammation of the throat caused allergic reaction treated with antihistamines in the form of tablets, drops or syrups (Fenistil, Erius, Zyrtec, Cetirizine, Zodak).

Folk remedies

From folk methods treatment for pharyngitis after consultation with a doctor, children can do steam inhalation and gargling with decoctions medicinal plants(chamomile, sage, calendula, eucalyptus, St. John's wort, oak bark), which have antiseptic, anti-inflammatory and healing effects. For rinsing also use a simple saline solution(1 tsp. salt per glass of water).

At night, you can give the patient warm milk with honey or mineral water, which will have a warming and softening effect. However, before using these folk remedies treatment, you should make sure that the child is not allergic to the herbs and honey used.

Features of patient care

Great value for get well soon the child has a plentiful warm drink ( mineral water without gas, tea, compote, berry fruit drinks) and fresh moist air, for which Special attention the well-known pediatrician Komarovsky E.O. turns parents. All this will contribute to effective moisturizing and cleansing of the affected pharyngeal mucosa.

To reduce injury and irritation of the inflamed throat mucosa during the period of illness, the child should follow a sparing diet. It is not recommended to give him too rough, hard, spicy, salty, sour, hot or cold food.

Video: Children's ENT about the symptoms and treatment of pharyngitis

Possible complications and prevention

In the absence of timely and proper treatment, acute pharyngitis in children can lead to complications, the main of which are:

disease transition to chronic form;
the spread of infection to the lower organs of the respiratory system (laryngitis, tracheitis, bronchitis);
peritonsillar and retropharyngeal abscess;
autoimmune diseases (rheumatism);
angina.

To reduce the risk of pharyngitis in children in acute or chronic form, it is necessary to follow simple preventive measures that are aimed primarily at increasing immunity and minimizing contact with potential pathogens. These include regular walks fresh air, good nutrition and rest.

Hypothermia should be avoided. In the room where the child lives, it is important to create normal level humidity and temperature regime(cool moist air), avoid contact with polluted air, tobacco smoke, dust. It is necessary to treat rhinitis, sinusitis, adenoiditis in a timely manner to prevent prolonged nasal congestion and forced breathing through the mouth, as well as to prevent contact with sick people during seasonal SARS epidemics.

Teething is a physiological act and, as a rule, is not accompanied by any pathological phenomena, neither general nor local. However, there is still an idea among the population and some doctors that a number of disorders occur during teething in children: convulsions, diarrhea, bronchitis, pneumonia, skin rash, fever, etc. This point of view is rejected by modern researchers.

The old term dental fever”, widely used in the past as an indicator feverish state associated with teething is currently considered untenable. Arising in early age during teething common diseases should be seen as a coincidence and not as a consequence of this process. Most diseases have nothing to do with teething. They are the result of malnutrition, toxic dyspepsia, latent spasmophilia, any common infection etc. The diagnosis of “complications of teething” can bring great harm, because sometimes it makes it difficult to diagnose serious illnesses. Often, the coincidence of some diseases with eruption is the result of the fact that it occurs during the feeding period, when the protective effect is excluded. mother's milk, there is a deficiency of vitamins, in connection with which the child's susceptibility to various diseases, including infectious diseases.

In fact, in so-called teething diseases, attentive, experienced doctor more or less easily finds any independent disease. Such diseases are tonsillitis, retronasal pharyngitis, otitis media, etc. Often, diseases gastrointestinal tract are associated not with teething, but with the beginning of feeding the child and the errors made at the same time, most often with overfeeding.

It is not uncommon for mothers to soothe a cranky baby by breastfeeding more than they should, which also leads to gastrointestinal disorders. The fact that children at this age take various objects, often contaminated, infected, into their mouths is also important. TO local symptoms that are incorrectly associated with teething include salivation. Meanwhile, an increase in salivation during the eruption of milk teeth is associated with the following circumstances: a) in this period due to common development child, as well as with complementary feeding and transition to solid food the function of the salivary glands is enhanced; b) oral cavity in infants is not deep; c) the child has not yet learned to swallow saliva, in connection with which it accumulates and flows out; d) a certain role is played by something unusual for the child vertical position to which he is accustomed at this time; e) it is also important to keep in the mouth toys, orris root and other objects that are supplied to the child to eliminate, as they think, itching in the gums. Biting these objects reflexively irritates the sensitive endings of the trigeminal and glossopharyngeal nerves, which leads to increased salivation.

Question about itching and pain in the gums during teething must be decided on the basis of theoretical considerations only. Since eruption is associated with the passage of the tooth through periodontal tissues, innervated by branches of easily excitable at an early age trigeminal nerve, some authors allow the occurrence of itching, confirmed, in their opinion, by the fact that the child seeks to calm him by biting hard objects. However, during the eruption of milk molars that appear in the oral cavity at the 2nd and 3rd year of a child's life, there is virtually no itching in the zone of innervation of the branches of the same trigeminal nerve. When teething permanent teeth during the period of a child's conscious life, none of the children notes itching or pain in the gums. Teething proceeds completely imperceptibly for a child, teenager or adult.

An undoubted complication associated with increased salivation are colds that occur due to the wetting of the child's underwear with saliva flowing out, which leads to cooling.

TO local complications associated with the eruption of milk teeth, should be attributed rare cases inflammation of the gums. When eruption of milk molars, the anterior masticatory tubercles first appear, then the posterior ones. Sometimes on chewing surface between the tubercles, a gum bridge is preserved, around which food remains are retained and in which, in case of injury and infection, an inflammatory process can develop. Inflammation of the gums also occurs due to trauma to it and infection with hard objects that the mother gives to the child. In addition, children grab all kinds of contaminated objects and pull them into their mouths, often injuring the mucous membrane. At the same time, inflammation of the gums can lead to inflammation of other parts of the mucosa, spread to the upper Airways and cause the development of laryngitis, bronchitis, etc.

Complications associated with teething include purple protrusions that are extremely rare on the mucous membrane of the gums. These formations appear 2-3 weeks before teething on the corresponding dental mounds and resemble hematomas or ecchymosis with scurvy. In fact, they are bubble-like changes in the gums filled with bloody fluid. These changes, apparently, are associated with the pressure of the erupting crown on the mucous membrane and, as a consequence, with vascular disorders. We observed 3 children aged 8-10 months with the described changes in the gums in the area where the upper central milk incisors were to erupt. Gradually, the mucous membrane in these places turned pale and the teeth erupted painlessly. A similar picture is observed extremely rarely and during the eruption of permanent teeth.

After the eruption of the lower milk incisors, ulcers sometimes appear on the tongue. During breast sucking, the tongue comes into contact with the sharp edges of the teeth. As a result, the integrity of the mucous membrane is damaged and infection occurs. More or less severe inflammatory infiltration and ulceration occur. In these cases, it is necessary to file the sharp edges of the teeth.

Pharyngitis is an inflammation of the mucous membrane of the pharynx. Usually the disease is combined with acute respiratory infections and diseases of the upper respiratory tract. At proper treatment relief in children comes immediately. Symptoms recede on the fourth day, and full recovery seen after a week.

With timely intervention, pharyngitis can be cured in a week.

Types of pharyngitis

According to the nature of the manifestation, three types of pharyngitis are distinguished:

Spicy, with severe symptoms. With adequate treatment, the disease quickly passes and does not return.

Acute pharyngitis looks intimidating, but passes quickly.

Subacute, with the fading of signs of acute.
Chronic due to constant irritation of the pharyngeal mucosa. It is characterized by alternating periods of exacerbation and remission. But it cannot be cured forever.

According to the degree of tissue damage, the following classification is adopted:

catarrhal- covers only the mucous membrane.
granulosa- affects the lymphoid follicles.
atrophic- accompanied by depletion of mucous, lymphoid and glandular tissues.

In any situation, it is best to consult a doctor.

Depending on the localization, two more types of pharyngitis are distinguished: limited and widespread. The first type of the disease is characterized by damage to the pharynx within the lateral ridges. With a common form of the disease, inflammation covers the back and side walls of the pharynx.

Causes

For the development of pharyngitis, three factors must work simultaneously:

hypothermia;
weakening of the immune system;
getting an infection.

When a child’s immunity is weakened, various diseases “stick” to him.

The baby can supercool during a walk or at home in a draft. And immunity weakens in the off-season, when there are frequent outbreaks flu and colds. In the spring, the situation is aggravated by the scarcity of the diet.

According to the type of pathogen in children, there are:

Viral pharyngitis. It develops when the mucosa is damaged by viruses. Adenovirus - excite adenoviruses, rhinovirus - rhinoviruses, herpetic - herpes virus.
Bacterial, which develops when bacteria are retained in the pharynx.
Fungal pathogens are fungi.

Other causes of the development of the disease are:

Allergy. If the air contains an allergen and the child breathes with open mouth, then the mucous membrane of the pharynx is in constant irritation. Allergic pharyngitis develops.

Allergens can also provoke the development of pharyngitis.

Foreign body in the throat(mechanical irritation).
Chemical irritation.

The development of chronic pharyngitis is promoted by diseases of the digestive system of the child. These include atrophic gastritis, cholecystitis and pancreatitis.

Symptoms of pharyngitis in children

With inflammation of the pharyngeal mucosa, the baby complains of sore throat when swallowing food. During drinking and the rest of the time, discomfort, perspiration are felt, but pain missing.

Visual inspection reveals the following symptoms:

redness of the back and / or side walls of the pharynx;
tonsils are not enlarged;
with a granular form of the disease, a granular surface is observed;
copious mucus and/or purulent discharge.

Attention! To examine the throat at home, use a teaspoon. Ask the child to open his mouth. Press the end of the spoon on the tongue and ask the baby to take a deep breath. The pharynx will open well, and you will be able to assess the condition of its shell.

A sign of an independent course of the disease is a body temperature of up to 38 degrees. But if pharyngitis is combined with acute respiratory infections or influenza, then the temperature rises higher. The child coughs, his voice is hoarse, and there are enlarged lymph nodes on his neck.

The disease may be accompanied by a rather high temperature.

Babies can't complain. Therefore, they have pharyngitis except visual inspection can only be diagnosed by indirect signs. This lack of appetite, anxiety, crying, unwillingness to sleep. If it is painful for the baby to swallow, then he refuses to drink, drools. This condition is often confused with by parents.

How to treat pharyngitis in children?

The tactics of treating pharyngitis depends on the type of pathogen:

A viral infection is difficult to treat. So with her children's body must fight on his own. The doctor can only help the baby cope with unpleasant symptoms.
Bacterial infection succumbs. The doctor will additionally prescribe drugs to combat pain and sore throat.
Fungal infection is eliminated with antifungal drugs. The pediatrician will also prescribe symptomatic treatment.

Attention! Self-medication is fraught with the development of complications and / or the transition of the disease to a chronic form. Contact your pediatrician to determine the cause of pharyngitis and adequate selection of medications.

Worried parents, in search of an answer to the question of how to treat a child, forget about three rules:

Diet. Exclude from the child's diet everything that irritates the mucous membrane: seasonings, fried, smoked, sour, bitter, hot and cold.
Plentiful drink. Dehydration complicates treatment. Therefore, give your baby fruit drinks, decoctions of medicinal herbs, compotes and.
Air humidity. Buy a humidifier or place a wide container of water near the radiator. But creating a steam room at home is also not worth it.

If a child suffers chronically from diseases of the ENT organs, one cannot do without a humidifier in the house.

With pharyngitis appoint:

Syrups, medicines or cough tablets (, Broncholitin, Pertusin,).
Aerosols for pain (Kameton, Proposol).
Tablets, syrups or suspensions for temperature ( Children's paracetamol, Ibuprofen, Nurofen).

Medicines can only be prescribed by a specialist.

Homeopathic preparations and immunomodulators (Aflubin, Anaferon).
Mineral-vitamin complexes (Complivit, Alphabet) and vitamin C to improve the body's resistance to infections.

Attention! With allergic pharyngitis, eliminate the contact of the baby with the allergen.

Dr. Komarovsky claims that you can quickly eliminate the symptoms of pharyngitis with the help of folk remedies:

Gargling with salt water (gargle as often as possible). For a glass warm water- a teaspoon of salt.

Frequent rinsing promotes active recovery.

Rinse with chlorhexidine.
Rinse with decoctions of chamomile, calendula.
Mustard in socks (feet must be dry).

Inhalations made with help help. Babies put on a mask during sleep, older children are offered to inhale vapors using a special mouthpiece. Decoctions of chamomile and calendula are suitable as an inhalation agent (anti-inflammatory effect). Antiseptic property possess: chlorhexidine, miramistin. Solutions with essential oils of mint and juniper have analgesic and disinfectant properties.

Unfortunately, many kids suffer from ENT diseases today. The crisis falls on autumn-winter. In order not to stuff children with medicines, many doctors prescribe to children for the treatment and prevention of respiratory diseases. This has a positive effect on respiratory system and renders beneficial effect on the organism as a whole.

Consequences and complications

With improper and untimely treatment of pharyngitis, the infection passes into the lower respiratory tract. Develops bronchitis. As the disease progresses, the lungs become inflamed.

If the disease affects the lungs, children may be sent to the hospital.

Consequences in the absence of treatment: atrophy of the mucous, glandular and lymphoid tissues. Surgery will be required to restore health. In advanced cases, children are treated in a hospital.

Prevention of pharyngitis

For the prevention of pharyngitis:

Enrich your child's diet with foods high content vitamins;
in winter and early spring, give vitamins;
walk dressed for the weather;

Long walks harden kids and strengthen immunity.

ventilate the children's room;
maintain air humidity within 50-70%;
temper your baby from birth.

Since pharyngitis in most cases has infectious nature Avoid contact with sick children. And if your baby is sick, arrange a quarantine.

Moms share experiences

Ksenia, 31 years old:

“Daughter is 2 years old. She lost her appetite, her sleep was disturbed, she often cried. Since she still could not express her condition in words, I transferred all the arrows to her teeth. And they began to erupt late - by the year. But the condition only worsened, and appeared. She called the doctor to the house. It turned out - pharyngitis! After passing the smear of the pharynx, it turned out that the disease had viral nature. The doctor prescribed a list of medicines, and a week later the daughter recovered. Moms! Do not be afraid to consult a doctor, the health of children is more important.

Natalia, 35 years old:

“Every summer, my son (now he is 3 years old) has been suffering from streptoderma since birth. The immune system is probably weak. Streptococcus and throat struck - pharyngitis developed in the middle of summer. The pediatrician recommended an antibiotic: Flemoxin Solutab. Expensive but has good reviews. Bought. My son took pills for a whole week. During this time, the symptoms of pharyngitis and streptoderma were eliminated. And there was no dysbacteriosis at all - this fact was a pleasant surprise.

Valentina, 46 years old:

“I am against taking medications, because I am sure that they treat one thing and cripple another. Therefore, in her children, she treated a cold with pharyngitis exclusively folk ways. Helps very well with a spoon butter and honey at night. And at the first symptoms of the disease, I make the children inhale the aroma of chopped onions. They won't even sneeze the next day."

Pharyngitis is no worse than a simple cold that goes away in just a week. But at improper treatment or its absence develop serious complications up to pneumonia and destruction of the tissues of the pharynx. Therefore, it is important to constantly monitor the health of the child and consult a doctor at the first symptoms of the disease.

Alisa Nikitina