Natural immunity is developed. Vaccination - "just an injection" or loss of immunity? Innate immune defense

Immunity It is the immunity of the body to pathogens.

Leukocytes(white blood cells) provide immunity: protect the body from microorganisms and foreign particles.

phagocytes- These are leukocytes that devour foreign particles. The phenomenon of phagocytosis was discovered by I.I. Mechnikov.

Antibodies are proteins secreted by leukocytes (B-lymphocytes).

Antibodies coincide in shape with foreign particles, attach to them, thereby making it easier for phagocytes to destroy them.
In order to work out enough antibodies against a new (unfamiliar) pathogen, B-lymphocytes need 3-5 days.
The presence in a person's blood of antibodies to a particular virus (for example, HIV) indicates that the person is infected.

Types of immunity

Natural passive(congenital)

From birth, a person has ready-made antibodies against many diseases. For example, a person is not sick canine distemper
The child receives ready-made antibodies from mother's milk. Conclusion: breastfed babies get sick less.

natural active- at the end of the disease, memory cells remain in the body that remember the structure of antibodies. When the same pathogen re-enters, the release of antibodies does not begin after 3-5 days, but immediately, and the person does not get sick

artificial active appears after vaccination - the introduction of the vaccine, i.e. preparation of killed or weakened pathogens. The body conducts a complete immune response, memory cells remain.

artificial passive- appears after the introduction of serum - a preparation of ready-made antibodies. The serum is administered during illness to save the person. Memory cells are not formed.

Choose the one most correct option. Injection into the blood of serum containing antibodies against pathogens certain disease leads to the formation of immunity
1) active artificial
2) passive artificial
3) natural congenital
4) natural acquired

Answer

Choose one, the most correct option. Which Russian scientist discovered the process of phagocytosis
1) I.P. Pavlov
2) I.I. Mechnikov
3) I.M. Sechenov
4) A.A. Ukhtomsky

Answer

Choose one, the most correct option. The vaccine contains
1) poisons secreted by pathogens
2) weakened pathogens
3) ready-made antibodies
4) killed pathogens

Answer

Choose one, the most correct option. Passive artificial immunity occurs in a person if he is injected into the blood

2) ready-made antibodies
3) phagocytes and lymphocytes
4) substances produced by pathogens

Answer

Choose one, the most correct option. A person with diphtheria should be given
1) vaccine
2) serum
3) antigens
4) saline

Answer

Choose one, the most correct option. Anti-tetanus serum contains
1) weakened pathogens
2) antibiotics
3) antibodies
4) bacteria that feed on tetanus bacteria

Answer

Choose one, the most correct option. Active artificial immunity
1) a person receives at birth
2) occurs after an illness
3) is formed after a preventive vaccination
4) is formed after the introduction of serum

Answer

Choose one, the most correct option. Passive immunity develops in humans
1) use of antibiotics
2) the presence of fibrinogen protein in the plasma
3) the introduction of therapeutic sera
4) an excess of vitamins of group C

Answer

Match between protective property of the human body and the type of immunity: 1) active, 2) passive, 3) innate. Write the numbers 1, 2 and 3 in the correct order.
A) the presence of antibodies in the blood plasma, inherited
B) obtaining antibodies with therapeutic serum
C) the formation of antibodies in the blood as a result of vaccination
D) the presence in the blood of similar proteins - antibodies in all individuals of the same species

Answer

Choose one, the most correct option. Vaccination of the population is
1) treatment of infectious diseases with antibiotics
2) strengthening immune system stimulants
3) Introduction healthy person weakened pathogens.
4) the introduction of antibodies to the causative agent of the disease to a sick person

Answer

Establish the sequence of steps in the preparation of antidiphtheria serum. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) obtaining diphtheria poison
2) the development of stable immunity in the horse
3) preparation of antidiphtheria serum from purified blood
4) purification of the horse's blood - removal of blood cells, fibrinogen and proteins from it
5) multiple introduction diphtheria poison horses at regular intervals with increasing doses
6) blood sampling from a horse

Answer

Choose three correct answers from six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated. Medicinal serums are characterized by the fact that
1) are used to prevent infectious diseases
2) contain ready-made antibodies
3) contains weakened or killed pathogens
4) antibodies do not last long in the body
5) used to treat infectious diseases
6) after the introduction cause diseases in a mild form

Answer

1. Establish a correspondence between the type of immunity 1) natural, 2) artificial - and the way it appears. Write the numbers 1 and 2 in the correct order.
A) inherited, congenital
B) occurs under the influence of a vaccine
C) is acquired by injecting therapeutic serum into the body
D) is formed after the illness

D) is passed through breast milk

Answer

2. Establish a correspondence between the features and types of immunity: 1) natural, 2) artificial. Write down the numbers 1 and 2 in the order corresponding to the letters.
A) human immunity to distemper affecting dogs
B) immunity to measles after vaccination
B) occurs after the administration of serum
D) is produced after the introduction of drugs containing antibodies
D) inheritance of immunity to infections

Answer

Establish a correspondence between characteristic and type medicinal product: 1) vaccine, 2) healing serum. Write down the numbers 1 and 2 in the order corresponding to the letters.
A) contains killed or weakened viruses or bacteria
B) contains ready-made antibodies
B) can cause mild disease
D) is administered, as a rule, to a sick person or if infection is suspected
D) participates in the formation of passive artificial immunity
E) forms active artificial immunity

Answer

Choose three correct answers from six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated. What is characteristic of human natural immunity?
1) is inherited
2) is produced after transfer infectious disease
3) is produced after the introduction of toxins into the body
4) is produced after the introduction of weakened microorganisms
5) is provided by the transfer of antibodies from the mother's blood to the fetal blood
6) is formed after the introduction of serum to a person

Answer

The human body has a complex multi-level defense system that protects it from the effects of an aggressive environment, destruction by pathogenic microorganisms, and mutations of its own cells.

This protection is called immunity.

In the classification system, it is divided into different types, depending on the origin, speed of the immune response, location and other features.

The concept of the immune system

Immunity, otherwise resistance, is designed to ensure the constancy, integrity of the internal environment of the body.

How it works immune defense:

recognizes foreign agents that can cause harm and destroys them;
remembers antigens;
creates individual antibodies to specific antigens.

The immune system is constantly improving, along with changes in the environment and human living conditions. It is able to recognize different antigens - pathogenic microflora, poisons, allergens, implants. Even one's own cells or a fetus in the womb can become an object of rejection.

The immune response differs in the mechanisms of action of immunity:

specific recognizes and destroys a specific antigen;
non-specific provides protection against any potential pest;
humoral prevents the antigen from entering the liquid media of the body;
cellular is a complex consisting of different cells, each of which has its own function.

The immune system is able to perceive a potentially dangerous element as its own. In this case, we talk about tolerance.

Main

Human immunity is a complex system, with interdependent work of individual links. If one part fails, the whole system suffers. For the convenience of identifying violations and eliminating them, resistance is classified according to different features: origin, varieties, direction or speed of action, location.

Immune protection is divided into two large groups:

congenital with a non-specific mechanism of action;
acquired, which is characterized by a specific immune response.

Congenital and acquired types of immunity belong to the natural type of resistance. There are also artificial immune defenses. It is formed by introducing into the body vaccines containing weakened, dead pathogenic microorganisms or sera obtained from the blood of infected animals. In the first variant they speak of active immunity, and in the second of passive.

Innate immune defense

Congenital or nonspecific resistance- This is the main type of immunity, which is formed in the body at the genetic level. First, specific cells are formed from stem cells in the embryo - phagocytes, which have the ability to absorb foreign elements. The spleen then produces protein cells which is part of the immune system.

This type of immune defense exists even before contact with various foreign agents. It already includes immunity to certain types of infection. At the local level, the body is protected by mucous membranes, skin, mucus, acid, cough reflexes. In the internal environment, protection is carried out immune cells.

Characteristics:

formed in the process of evolution;
is hereditary;
each person is determined at the genetic level, is not subject to change;
resistance has a specific character;
foreign elements are removed independently;
immediately reacts to antigens and instantly destroys them;
has no immune memory.

Acquired

Specific immune protection is also based on stem cells. However, for the final formation, they enter another organ - thymus. There, the cells are transformed into immunoglobulins, each of which acts only on a specific antigen. When the antigen hits again, the antibody immediately destroys it, so the person cannot get sick again, or the disease is cured faster. Vivid examples- measles, chickenpox.

Characteristics:

is formed individually for each person;
improves throughout life;
does not have a hereditary character;
specific antibodies are produced for each antigen;
recognizes any potential hazardous elements;
able to destroy the antigen a few days after it enters the body;
foreign agents are removed by cells innate immunity;
remembers antigens that have entered the body at least once.

Other varieties

Types of immunity have a wide list.

According to the mechanism of formation, it is included in one of two groups:

natural, which is formed by the body itself;
artificial, formed by introducing certain elements into the body.

According to the direction of action, immune defense is:

antitoxic;
infectious.

Antimicrobial resistance is divided into the following varieties:

sterile if there is resistance, but there is no antigen in the body;
non-sterile in the presence of an infectious agent.

Non-infectious immune defense can be:

reproductive, when immune cells react to the fetus, in which there are antigens transmitted through the paternal line;
transplantation - someone else's blood, transplants are perceived as alien, dangerous elements;
antitumor, when the body defends itself against pathological cells;
autoimmune, if there was a failure in the system and immune cells began to recognize the body's own cells as foreign ones.

According to the site of action, resistance is divided into:

local - protection in the area of the skin, mucous membranes;
general - protection of the internal environment.

According to the timing of immune memory resistance is:

lifetime - remains for life;
short-term - valid for several months;
long-term - protects for ten or more years;
transient - disappears immediately after the disappearance of the antigen from the body.

According to the speed of the immune response, acquired resistance is classified into:

primary - a slow response, since antibodies are just being formed;
secondary - a quick reaction, since immunoglobulins have already been formed.

Active and passive immunity: a description of the varieties

The immune system has two lines of defense. Local interaction with an antigen implies the body's resistance to the environment through mucous membranes, skin, mucus, Gastric acid, tears. Normal microflora The body also fights off pathogens. If a gap has appeared in some place and the disease-causing agent has penetrated into the liquid medium of the body, then the second line begins to work, which ensures the protection of the internal environment.

When antigens enter bloodstream, active and passive immunity begins to form. Pests are eliminated with the help of lymphocytes, macrophages, immunoglobulins, killer cells and other elements of the system.

Active type of immune defense

Such resistance is developed by the active introduction of antigens into the body. After the agents enter the bloodstream, with the help of lymphocytes, antibodies begin to be produced, designed to destroy harmful elements. It may take five days to two weeks for identical antibodies to form. With the subsequent invasion of the same antigens, the immunoglobulins are immediately put into action.

Natural immunity has a very powerful potential, therefore, when normal functioning able to cope with almost any infection. However, the modern lifestyle, where there are stresses, low-quality food, bad ecology, significantly undermines the state of the immune system.

When natural defenses fail and malicious agents infiltrate internal environment active or passive immunity. It can be artificial or acquired. In the first case, resistance is formed with the help of human activities (vaccination), and in the second case, bacteria penetrate through damaged membranes.

Passive type of immune defense

Passive immunity is different from active short term actions. He is present naturally in newborns. Antibodies from the mother are passed to the fetus through the placenta, and then to the baby during breastfeeding. If a child is transferred to artificial nutrition immediately after birth, then such protection already gone after a few months. That's why all doctors recommend breastfeeding your baby for as long as possible until his immune system becomes more stable.

Passive artificial protection occurs if a person is injected with ready-made antibodies. Its duration is not more than one month.

Natural and artificial immunity: a description of the varieties

Innate or acquired immunity is able to destroy almost any pathogen. However, if the immune system malfunctions or if a person suffers chronic diseases that weaken the resistance, it may not be able to cope, and the infection will begin to spread from high speed. Help to deal with the problem artificial stimulation the body's natural defenses.

In conditions modern reality, almost every person has two types of immunity: natural and artificial. The first is formed by human interaction with environment, and the second through vaccines and sera. Thus, humanity manages to avoid serious epidemics.

Natural immune defense

congenital protective system has two varieties:

absolute resistance - the disease cannot manifest itself under any conditions;
relative resistance - there is a possibility of getting sick in the presence of provoking factors.

Acquired natural immunity can be:

passive - immunoglobulins are formed for five or more days;
active - antibodies are delivered immediately to the bloodstream and the immune system begins to actively act within a few hours.

Artificial immune defense

Unlike natural immunity, artificial immunity is aimed solely at stimulating the resistance system.

Artificial protection of the body against pathogenic microflora is formed if the following elements are introduced into the bloodstream:

dead infectious agents;
synthesized elements extracted during cell division of pathogens;
small doses of toxins;
weakened bacteria and viruses that are unable to resist immune cells.

It also distinguishes between active and passive forms of resistance. Active is formed by vaccinations with vaccines, and passive - by sera.

Serums are:

homologous - the blood of people;
heterologous - the blood of animals.

specific immunity subdivided into congenital (species) and acquired .

innate immunity inherent in a person from birth, inherited from parents. Immune substances pass through the placenta from mother to fetus. A special case of innate immunity can be considered the immunity received by a newborn with mother's milk.

Acquired immunity arises (acquired) in the process of life and is divided into natural and artificial.

Natural acquired immunity occurs after the transfer of an infectious disease: after recovery, antibodies to the causative agent of this disease remain in the blood. Often people who have been ill in childhood, for example, with measles or chicken pox, in the future, they either do not get sick with this disease at all, or they get sick again in a mild, erased form.

Artificial immunity is developed through special medical measures, and it can be active and passive.

Active artificial immunity occurs as a result of protective vaccinations, when a vaccine is introduced into the body - or weakened pathogens of a particular disease ("live" vaccine), or toxins - waste products of pathogenic microorganisms ("dead" vaccine). In response to the introduction of the vaccine, a person, as it were, falls ill with this disease, but in a very mild, almost imperceptible form. His body actively produces protective antibodies. And although active artificial immunity does not appear immediately after the introduction of the vaccine (it takes a certain time to produce antibodies), it is quite strong and lasts for many years, sometimes for life. The closer the vaccine immunopreparation is to the natural causative agent of infection, the higher its immunogenic properties and the stronger the resulting post-vaccination immunity. Vaccination with a live vaccine, as a rule, provides complete immunity to the corresponding infection for 5-6 years, vaccination with an inactivated vaccine creates immunity for the next 2-3 years, and the introduction chemical vaccine and toxoid provides protection for the body for 1-1.5 years. At the same time, the more purified the vaccine, the less likely it is to cause unwanted adverse reactions to its introduction into the human body. As an example of active immunity, one can name vaccinations against poliomyelitis, diphtheria, whooping cough.

Passive artificial immunity occurs as a result of the introduction into the body of serum - defibrinated blood plasma, already containing antibodies to a particular disease. Serum is prepared either from the blood of people who have recovered from this disease, or, more often, from the blood of animals that are specially vaccinated with this disease and in whose blood specific antibodies are formed. Passive artificial immunity occurs almost immediately after the introduction of serum, but since the introduced antibodies are inherently foreign, i.e. possess antigenic properties, over time, the body suppresses their activity. Therefore, passive immunity is relatively unstable. Immune serum and immunoglobulin, when introduced into the body, provide artificial passive immunity that retains a protective effect for a short time (4-6 weeks). The most characteristic example of passive immunity is anti-tetanus and anti-rabies serum.

The bulk of vaccinations are carried out in pre-school and preschool age. At school age, revaccination is carried out, aimed at maintaining the proper level of immunity. An immunization schedule is a rule-prescribed sequence of vaccinations with a specific vaccine, when the age of the child to be immunized is indicated, the number of vaccinations against a given infection is prescribed, and certain time intervals between vaccinations are recommended. There is a special, legally approved immunization calendar for children and adolescents (the general schedule of immunization schemes). The administration of sera is used in cases where the likelihood of a disease is high, as well as in the early stages of the disease, to help the body cope with the disease. For example, vaccinations against influenza in case of an epidemic threat, vaccinations against tick-borne encephalitis before leaving for field practice, a bite from a rabid animal, etc.

Natural immunity is a competent idea of mother nature to preserve the viability of the body. Think about how long a person who does not have natural protection could live? The answer is clear: not at all. Microbes will immediately "eat" it, leaving no chance of salvation.

It is the immune system that protects us from various infections providing resistance to disease.

Types of protection

The human immune system, which includes the work of many organs, creates a barrier against cells unusual for the body: bacteria, fungi, viruses. This barrier can form different ways. Depending on the origin, there are two types:

congenital;
acquired.

Innate Defense

This species is a "gift from the ancestors" and is inherited from generation to generation. It can be absolute, that is, completely excluding the possibility of a certain disease, and relative, when the disease can still pose a threat under certain conditions.

For clarity, we give examples. Under no circumstances can a person get sick with plague cattle with absolute immunity to this disease. But the resistance of the body of birds to anthrax completely destroyed by artificially lowering the body temperature of birds.

Acquired Protection

Acquired immunity develops throughout a person's life and is not passed on to the next generation. This species is divided into subspecies:

artificial active;
artificial passive;
natural active;
natural passive.

Natural and acquired immunity is formed after foreign cells enter the body in the usual way. Active immunity arises as a result of a disease transferred by a person.

Passive defense appears during intrauterine development child and persists for some time after his birth.

Artificial acquired immunity is created in a person after medical intervention. Active immunity is the result of vaccination. In response to the vaccine, the body begins to produce antibodies.

Passive artificial immunity means that the production of antibodies in the body is not required; they are in the serum introduced during inoculation already in finished form.

What you need to know about the passive view

So in in general terms You already have an idea of what passive immunity is. However, to complete the picture, we advise you to replenish your knowledge base about it with some useful information to be fully equipped.

The passive type of protection assumes that the body's own immune system agents do not take part in its formation, that is, a person in this case must receive antibodies from the outside. At the same time, passive immunity tends to weaken some time after receiving antibodies, but quickly creates an effective protective barrier(literally immediately after the introduction of a special serum).

Natural passive immunity is formed in the fetus in the womb by the transfer of antibodies through the placenta, it is called transplacental. Passive immunity, obtained naturally, continues to function in a child up to 6 months, its effect is prolonged if the mother feeds the baby with breast milk. It is for this reason that modern pediatricians are so advocating for breastfeeding.

The fact is that breast milk contains in its composition lacto- and bifidobacteria, due to which in the intestines of the baby is formed correct microflora. No adapted milk formula can completely replace breast milk for an infant.

Artificial passive immunity involves the introduction of ready-made antibodies into the body. They are contained in the composition of the serum, which is obtained from the blood of donors who are immune to the disease. These donors may include:

animals (the resulting serum is called heterologous);
immunized volunteers (serum is called homologous).

Heterological sera allow the body to protect itself against diphtheria, tetanus, botulism, gas gangrene. And homologous ones protect against measles, viral hepatitis and a number of other infectious diseases.

Passive artificially created protection operates while the injected antibodies (gamma globulins) circulate in the body, this period lasts about a month.

Serums can be applied to persons infected with a long-term infectious disease, and to people who are in the foci of infection.

Thus, passive immunity allows you to acquire a short-term, but very effective protection from diseases. Therefore, one should not neglect breastfeeding your baby, nor prevention dangerous ailments. As they say, the disease is easier to prevent than to spend a lot of money and your precious time to get rid of the disease.

The human body is a mystery, especially for people who are far from medicine. It is not always possible to understand what is happening under the beautiful shell of our body. Despite the fact that the body often does not give any cause for concern, a disease can arise in it that a person does not even suspect.

congenital and acquired

Nature considered that the body should be able to defend itself against diseases. on their own. Still on stage embryonic development the immune system is being built up. innate immunity It is inherited and serves to protect the body from various ailments.

However, during life, the human body acquires its own protection. In this case, immunity is produced by the body itself in response to changing environmental conditions, viruses and infections living in it.

This species is called acquired, it is not inherited by subsequent generations. This type can be active (its production occurs after an illness or when a vaccine is administered) or passive (resulting from the administration of serum or when antibodies enter the child's body through the placenta or breast milk).

Innate immunity cannot protect a person from all diseases, so acquired immunity comes to the rescue. Often, this causes an increase in body temperature, so the body fights pathogenic viruses, activating all the forces of the immune system. In this regard, it is not recommended to bring down the temperature to 38º.

active view

Active immunity assumes that the fight against the disease occurs on its own by the body's immune system. This type of immunity is characterized by long formation and even longer functioning.

Active immunity (and passive too) can be of two types:

natural;
artificial.

natural immunity

Natural active immunity occurs as a result of an infectious disease in which hostile antigens enter the body through water, air or food. This type of protection is also called post-infection. It is divided into sterile and non-sterile.

Sterile immunity persists throughout a person's life. Non-sterile - only as long as the pathogen is in the body of the patient.

Artificial active immunity is produced after the introduction of a vaccine (microbial antigen). It is also called post-vaccination. Let's talk about what post-vaccination immunity is in more detail.

Introduced into medical conditions The vaccine contains pathogens in a weakened or killed form. However, the body cannot help but react to the appearance of foreign objects and begins to produce antibodies. They can persist throughout life, excluding the possibility of disease upon repeated contact with the causative agent of the disease (for example, with chickenpox or rubella).

Sometimes after vaccination it is possible to observe post-vaccination reaction. She may be:

local, when inflammation is created at the injection site;
general, which is expressed by general malaise, elevated temperature, joint or headaches.

The reaction is a purely individual phenomenon, depending both on the characteristics of the organism and on side effects an administered vaccine that must be created under certain conditions. Instead of the desired active artificial immunity, one can also obtain big problems with health - this risk has not been canceled.

The immune system will not be able to fully function without taking care of it. Be attentive and careful to your own health, do not forget about the scheduled examination and medical examination, and all ailments will bypass you!