Small human organs. Skin is the largest human organ

The human body is a complex and intricate system that has been studied by the best minds for several millennia. And this is an extremely interesting fact, because, despite this, our body is capable of surprising even doctors, not to mention people without deep anatomical knowledge.

Brain

Impulses from receptors to the brain arrive at an amazing speed of 275 kilometers per hour.

To function, our brain needs energy comparable to the energy of an ordinary light bulb.

Electronic equivalent memory capacity human brain can reach thousands of terabytes.

About 20% of the air is from blood flow goes to brain function.

The brain is more active at night when we sleep than during the day when we are awake.

The higher the intelligence, the more dreams you see.

Neurons and brain tissue are capable of regeneration throughout our lives.

Different types of neurons transmit information at different rates.

The brain is unable to feel pain; it lacks pain receptors.

Four-fifths of brain tissue is fluid.

Nails and hair

Women's hair is on average two times thinner than men's; in addition, the thickness and coarseness of hair depends on race.

The beard and mustache grow faster than all other hair.

The average hair can support the weight of a hundred gram chocolate bar.

Toenails grow 4 times slower than fingernails.

Every day a person loses from fifty to a hundred hairs.

For blondes greatest number hair, but they are thinner.

The nail on the middle finger grows the fastest, probably because it is the longest finger.

There is a lot of hair on the human body, as much as our closest primate relatives, but not all of it is so clearly visible.

One hair can remain in place for an average of three to seven years.

Human hair decomposes so slowly that it is virtually indestructible.

Before baldness becomes noticeable to others, a person loses more than 50% of his hair.

Internal organs

The heartbeat generates enough pressure to force blood to flow over a distance of 9 meters.

The small intestine is the most voluminous internal organ in the human body.

The surface area of ​​one human lung is approximately one-fifth of a football field.

Stomach acid can dissolve thin blades.

total length circulatory system person is 96,500 kilometers. For comparison: the circumference of the Earth is only 40,000 kilometers.

The gastric mucosa is renewed every three to four days.

Women's heart rates are faster than men's.

Scientists have counted about 500 useful functions, which are performed by the liver.

The diameter of the aorta is the same as the diameter of a garden hose.

The left lung is slightly smaller than the right due to the fact that the heart is located on the left side.

A person is able to survive without a huge part of his internal organs, such as the spleen, 75% of the liver, 80% of the intestines, stomach, kidney, lung and all organs pelvic area. Of course, living without most of the internal organs is not easy, but it is possible.

The adrenal glands change their volume throughout a person’s life.

Basic body functions

The air flow during a sneeze moves at a speed of 160 kilometers per hour.

During a cough, the speed of air movement decreases to 95 km/h.

Full bladder matches the size of a large grapefruit.

Almost 75% of feces consists of water.

Women blink twice as often as men.

Earwax is produced to keep the ears healthy.

There are about five hundred thousand on the feet sweat glands, which are capable of secreting half a liter of sweat daily.

Over the course of a lifetime, a person secretes so much saliva that it can fill two Olympic swimming pools.

The average person experiences bouts of flatulence about 14 times a day.

Reproduction

The largest cell in the human body is the egg, and the smallest is the sperm.

Teeth begin to appear six months before the baby is born.

Fingerprints appear on the embryo at three months.

Pregnant women at the beginning of pregnancy see frequent dreams about frogs, house plants and worms.

Almost all babies are born with blue eyes.

On a comparative weight basis, a newborn baby is stronger than an ox.

One in two thousand babies is born with a tooth already grown.

Each of us spent half an hour of our existence in the form of a single-celled creature.

Most men experience erections several times a night.

Sense organs

After a heavy meal, hearing becomes worse.

About one third of humanity has perfect vision.

Unlike men, women have a more developed sense of smell.

If a product is not able to dissolve in saliva, we are not able to taste it.

A person can remember about 50 thousand different smells.

Even the slightest noise causes the pupils to dilate slightly.

Each person has their own scent that is completely unique; Only twins don't have it. Identical twins smell identical.

Old age and death

The ashes of a cremated body weigh on average 4 kilograms.

Nails and hair do not grow after death; they appear longer because the muscles and skin dry out.

By age 60, people lose about half of all their taste buds.

The size of the eyes does not change at all, but the nose and ears do not stop growing until death.

By the age of 60, more than half of men and slightly less than half of women begin to snore in their sleep.

A person remains conscious for 20 seconds after decapitation.

Disease

Most often, according to statistics, heart attacks occur on Monday.

A person can survive without food longer than without sleep.

An ordinary, mild sunburn can cause serious damage. blood vessels.

Almost 90% of diseases can be either caused or complicated by stress.

Muscles and bones

To smile you need to use 17 muscles, and to frown - 43.

In the morning we are 1 cm taller than before going to bed, due to the fact that vertical position contributes to pressure on the spine.

At birth, the number of bones is 300. Over time, some of them fuse, and in an adult there are fewer of them - 206.

The hardest bone is the jaw.

The strongest muscle in the human body is the tongue.

To take one step, a person must use 200 different muscles.

The tooth is the only part of the body that cannot heal itself.

It takes twice as long to lose newly acquired muscle mass as it does to gain muscle mass.

Bone is stronger than some steel alloys.

Of the 206 bones in the human body, 52 are in the feet.

Cells

About 16 million bacteria live on every square centimeter of skin.

The outer skin of a person is renewed every 27 days.

Every day human organ ism produces 300 billion cells.

About 300 million cells die every minute in our body.

We shed about half a million pieces of dead skin every hour.

The imprint of a person's tongue is as unique as fingerprints.

There is enough iron in the human body to fuse a nail 7 centimeters long.

The most common blood type is first. About half of the world's population has this type of blood.

The color of the lips is so bright because the capillaries in them are located directly under thin layer skin.

Miscellaneous

The size of a baby's head is 25% of the length of his entire body. The head size of an adult is only one-eighth of height.

The colder your bedroom, the more likely you are to have a nightmare.

Tears and mucus contain an enzyme that can destroy the membranes of many bacteria, thus protecting us from infection.

In half an hour, the human body produces enough energy to bring 4 liters of water to a boil.

Our ears produce more wax when we are scared.

It is impossible to tickle yourself.

Arm span usually matches height.

Humans are the only representatives of the animal kingdom capable of crying due to emotions.

According to statistics, right-handers live 9 years longer than left-handers.

Women burn calories slower than men.

Koalas and primates also have unique fingerprints.

The depression between the nose and upper lip called the philtrum. Scientists have not yet determined what it is for us.

When asked which human organ is the largest, everyone would probably answer, brains, liver or something else. In fact, the largest human organ is the skin. Its mass is approximately twenty percent of body weight. If smoothed out, it can cover up to two square meters of space.

Skin is the most unique organ, which has its own physiology and anatomy. U different people it differs in color, moisture, density, fat content.

What is leather

This is the outer covering of the body of all vertebrates, including humans. It is designed to protect the body from external influences. In addition, he participates in a number of important processes, for example, breathing, thermoregulation, etc.

Skin is made up of three elements: epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous fat. The outer shell, the epidermis, provides skin elasticity and protects it from bacteria and fungi. One of the layers of this element is keratinized dead cells. They reliably protect against various types of influences.

The dermis consists of two elements: thin upper layer connective tissue and a thick lower one with horizontal bundles of collagen fibers. The dermis contains blood vessels and nerve endings that respond to external factors– touch, temperature, pain, itching. The dermis is the flexibility, elasticity and sensitivity of the skin.

Subcutaneous fat consists of adipose tissue, which is distributed into separate lobules. This layer is known as subcutaneous fat. It completely protects hair roots, sebaceous and sweat glands.

Most large organ a person has a huge number of functions. The skin participates in water-salt metabolism, removes metabolic products and medications from the body, extra salt. This is one of the main human senses. By and large, this is a receptor field through which the body interacts with the environment. It contains a huge amount nerve endings. The skin is very easy to hurt, and there are a number of skin diseases.

Peculiarities

For one square centimeter The largest human organ has five thousand sensory points, six million cells, one hundred sweat glands and fifteen sebaceous glands. On the soles the skin thickness reaches five millimeters, on the eyelids - about one.

First of all, skin is defense mechanism, which protects not only from various influences, but also from germs, dirt, harmful chemical substances, ultraviolet radiation.

Thanks to the most sensitive nerve endings located in the skin, a person is able to touch. Under the influence of time, the skin ages and comes off in the form of scales. Eighteen kilograms of skin changes during a person's life.

Skin protects our health. The condition of the whole organism depends on it. Besides appearance Skin plays an important role in your business career and personal life.

Photos from open sources

The human body is an incredibly complex and intricate system that still baffles doctors and researchers, despite the fact that it has been studied for hundreds of years. It is therefore natural that body parts and normal bodily functions may surprise us. From sneezing to growing nails, here are 98 of the weirdest and most interesting facts about... human body.

Brain

The brain is the most complex and least studied human organ. There is a lot we don't know about him, but nevertheless, here are some facts about him.

1. Nerve impulses moving at a speed of 270 km/h.

2. The brain requires as much energy to function as a 10-watt light bulb.

3. A human brain cell can store five times more information than any encyclopedia.

4. The brain uses 20% of all oxygen that enters the circulatory system.

5. The brain is much more active at night than during the day.

6. Scientists say that the higher the IQ level, the more often people dream.

7. Neurons continue to grow throughout a person's life (controversial statement)

8. Information passes through different neurons at different speeds.

9. The brain itself does not feel pain.

10. 80% of the brain consists of water.

Hair and nails

In fact, these are not living organs, but remember how women worry about their nails and hair, how much money they spend on caring for them! On occasion, you can tell your lady a couple of such facts, she will probably appreciate it.

11. Hair grows faster on your face than anywhere else.

12. Every day a person loses an average of 60 to 100 hairs.

13. Diameter women's hair half that of men.

14. Human hair can bear 100g weight.

15. The nail on the middle finger grows faster than the others.

16. There is as much hair on a square centimeter of a human body as on a square centimeter of a chimpanzee's body.

17. Blondes have more hair.

18. Fingernails grow about 4 times faster than toenails.

19. Average duration The life of a human hair is 3-7 years.

20. You need to be at least half bald for it to become noticeable.

21. Human hair practically indestructible.

Internal organs

We don’t remember the internal organs until they bother us, but it is thanks to them that we can eat, breathe, walk and all that stuff. Remember this the next time your stomach growls.

22. The largest internal organ is the small intestine.

23. Human heart creates pressure that is enough for blood to spray seven and a half meters forward.

24. Stomach acid can dissolve razor blades.

25. The length of all blood vessels in the human body is about 96,000 km.

26. The stomach is completely renewed every 3-4 days.

27. The surface area of ​​a person’s lungs is equal to the area of ​​a tennis court.

28. A woman’s heart beats faster than a man’s.

29. Scientists say that the liver has more than 500 functions.

30. The aorta has a diameter almost equal to the diameter of a garden hose.

31. The left lung is smaller than the right - so that there is room for the heart.

32. You can remove most of the internal organs and move on with your life.

33. The adrenal glands change size throughout human life.

Organism's functions

We don't really like to talk about them, but we have to deal with them every day. Here are some facts about the not so pleasant things that concern our body.

34. The speed of sneezing is 160 km/h.

35. The speed of coughing can even reach 900 km/h.

36. Women blink twice as often as men.

37. A full bladder is the size of a softball.

38. Approximately 75% of human waste products consist of water.

39. There are approximately 500,000 sweat glands on the legs, they can produce up to a liter of sweat per day!

40. Over the course of a lifetime, a person produces so much saliva that it can fill a couple of swimming pools.

41. The average person passes gas 14 times a day.

42. Earwax is essential for healthy ears.

Sex and procreation

Sex is a largely taboo but very important part of human life and relationships. Continuation of the family line is no less important. Perhaps you didn't know a few things about them.

43. Every single day, 120 million sexual acts occur in the world.

45. During the first trimester of pregnancy, women most often see frogs, worms and plants in their dreams.

46. ​​Teeth begin to grow six months before birth.

47. Almost all children are born with blue eyes.

48. Children are strong as bulls.

49. One in 2,000 children is born with a tooth.

50. The fetus acquires fingerprints at the age of three months.

51. Each person was a single cell for half an hour of his life.

52. Most men have an erection every hour or every hour and a half during sleep: after all, the brain is much more active at night.

Feelings

We perceive the world through our senses. Here Interesting Facts about them.

53. After a hearty lunch, we hear worse.

54. Only one third of all people have one hundred percent vision.

55. If saliva cannot dissolve something, you will not feel the taste.

56. From birth, women have a better developed sense of smell than men.

57. The nose remembers 50,000 different aromas.

58. Pupils dilate even due to slight interference.

59. All people have their own unique smell.

Aging and death

We age throughout our lives - that’s how it works.

60. The mass of the ashes of a cremated person can reach 4 kg.

61. By the age of sixty, most people have lost about half of their taste buds.

62. Eyes remain the same size throughout your life, but your nose and ears grow throughout your life.

63. At age 60, 60% of men and 40% of women will snore.

64. A child’s head is a quarter of his height, and by the age of 25, the length of the head is only an eighth of the entire length of the body.

Diseases and injuries

We all get sick and injured. And this is also quite interesting!

65. Most often, heart attacks occur on Monday.

66. People can go much longer without food than without sleep.

67. When you sunburn, it damages your blood vessels.

68. 90% of diseases occur due to stress.

69. Human head remains conscious for 15-20 seconds after being cut off.

Muscles and bones

Muscles and bones are the frame of our body, thanks to them we move and even just lie.

70. You tense 17 muscles to smile and 43 to frown. If you don't want to strain your face, smile. One who often walks for a long time with with a sour expression, knows how hard it is.

71. Children are born with 300 bones, but adults have only 206.

72. In the morning we are a centimeter higher than in the evening.

73. The strongest muscle of the human body is the tongue.

75. To take a step, you use 200 muscles.

76. Tooth - the only organ, incapable of regeneration.

77. Muscles shrink twice as fast as they build.

78. Some bones are stronger than steel.

79. The feet contain a quarter of all the bones of the human body.

At the cellular level

There are things that you cannot see with the naked eye.

80. There are 16,000 bacteria per square centimeter of the body.

81. Every 27 days you literally change your skin.

82. Every minute 3,000,000 cells die in the human body.

83. Humans lose about 600,000 pieces of skin every hour.

84. Every day, the adult human body produces 300 billion new cells.

85. All tongue prints are unique.

86. There is enough iron in the body to make a 6 cm nail.

88. Lips are red because there are many capillaries under the skin.

Miscellaneous

A couple more interesting facts

89. The colder the room where you sleep, the higher the likelihood that you will have a nightmare.

90. Tears and mucus contain the enzyme lysozyme, which destroys the cell walls of many bacteria.

91. In half an hour, the body releases as much energy as it takes to boil one and a half liters of water.

92. Ears highlight more earwax when you are afraid.

93. You can't tickle yourself.

94. The distance between your arms outstretched to the sides is your height.

95. Man is the only animal that cries because of emotions.

96. Right-handers live on average nine years longer than left-handers.

97. Women burn fat slower than men - by about 50 calories per day.

98. The pit between the nose and lip is called the nasal philtrum.

Good afternoon! If you think about it, the human body is thought out to such smallest detail that it causes surprise and admiration. Plus, as we know, it also has such incredible capabilities that it really fascinates!

Also, in addition to the structure and hidden capabilities, there are also quantitative indicators that are no less interesting. What is the largest human organ? What is total length capillaries? How long does it take for a person to completely renew the Earth's population? If you want to find out, then the following is a small selection of facts especially for the inquisitive person, as well as a short video telling about other possibilities of our body.

And a few facts that were not included in the video. They are interesting because they allow you to compose general idea about what happens to our own body while we walk, eat, sleep, argue with our bosses at work or surf the Internet:

1. In a day, a person sheds more than 14 million particles of his own skin, and their total weight over a person’s entire life is almost 50 kg.
2. Being in calm state, a person takes about 12-15 inhalations and exhalations per minute. And the breathing rate itself depends on age and slows down significantly with age.
3. Organs such as the nose and ears grow throughout life.
4. Despite the fact that the body consists of billions of cells, its main component is water.
5. The eye is hundreds of times faster than even the most advanced modern video cameras. In other words, the eye resolution is approximately 576 megapixels.
6. Compound gastric juice so caustic that it can burn if it comes into contact with the skin. Hence, our stomach secretes a substance that can even dissolve zinc, then its walls are completely renewed in about three days.
7. Everyone has heard that fingerprints are unique. But not only the prints are unique, but also the “pattern” on the tongue, as well as lip prints.
8. About a quarter of everything consumed by the body, which is oxygen, food, etc., is used by the brain.
9. With such a seemingly ordinary blink, however, about two hundred muscles are involved!
10. About one drop human blood contain more than 250 million cells.
11. If anyone is interested, after cutting off the head from the body, the person (or the head?) remains conscious for about another 20 seconds. So, all those who died in “Game of Thrones” in this way, it turns out, lived twenty seconds more.
12. Red blood cells, which, as you remember, are called “erythrocytes” are able to “cross” the body from “A” to “Z” in just 20 seconds.
13. As “measurements” have shown, when a person sneezes, he throws out air up to 166 km/h. An impressive figure!
14. Tooth enamel, which is so advised to be strengthened with specially developed toothpastes, is the most durable substance in the world!
15. Nails and hair do not grow after death. This impression is based on the fact that the body itself begins to dry out. That is, no mysticism!
16. With age, many human bones fuse, thus reducing their total number from 350 to 206. At the same time, starting from the age of two, two very important bones- kneecaps.
17. It turns out that not only the taste buds on the tongue determine the taste of food - very important role Saliva also plays a role in this, being a kind of catalyst. In other words, if there is no saliva, there will be no taste of food.
18. Fingerprints appear on the fetus already in the third month of its development.
19. If a person healthy liver, then per day it passes through itself 720 liters of blood. Take care of your liver!
20. Immediately after a heavy meal, a person’s hearing decreases significantly.
21. Our blood contains enough iron to make a 7.5 cm nail.
22. per day, healthy person The body produces almost 200 billion red blood cells per day.
23. How many people have wondered what a heartbeat is? We answer: this sound is made by working heart valves during their closure.
24. A fact familiar to all of us in practice: during low temperature environment a person begins to think better and his memory becomes sharper. In other words, the ancestral home of man is the North, not Africa.)))
25. Thanks to various biochemical processes, walking in a person’s body every second of his life, it has a faint glow. In other words, a person glows in the dark, but this bioluminescent glow is so weak that untrained eyes cannot see this radiation - special training is required here.

Despite the fact that, quantitatively, our body has been studied quite well, as evidenced by the above facts, the mechanism of operation itself is still largely unknown. In other words, the very body to which a person pays very little attention, paying more attention to the outside world, still has many surprises in store.

The 21st century in world science can rightfully be considered the century of tissue engineering and synthetic biology. A huge breakthrough in the field of stem cell research, the invention of all kinds of biomarkers to track hidden processes in the body, work to recreate the finest structure of cells and tissues, huge achievements in the field of transplantology.

The first attempts to preserve samples of living human skin outside the body were made back in the 19th century. In a nutrient liquid based on salts, blood plasma and glucose, a piece of human skin could remain alive for some time, and then take root well on old place. The difficulty was in obtaining a large enough skin sample (in cases of severe loss skin), as well as in skin transplantation from one patient to another, since in this case a reaction of immune rejection of a foreign object inevitably followed.

Scientists have been able to solve this difficult problem only in our time: synthetic skin samples (artificial epithelium) are successfully used in burn medicine (combustiology), becoming a real salvation for huge amount patients.

In April 2016, Japanese biomedical scientists managed to grow a sample of artificial skin that has functioning glands and even grows hair. But, alas, synthetic leather grown in vitro, although it could repeat the structure of the skin of an experimental animal down to the smallest detail, its properties were still not identical to human ones.

Russian scientists (Novosibirsk), in November 2016, announced that they had mastered a technology that allows a patient to receive for transplantation samples of his own living skin grown in vitro based on his own cells. The exact timing of the launch of this technology “into wide production” is not yet known - there is more to come a large number of research work, although doctors already have experience in implanting test-tube grown skin into humans and are considered successful.

So why, with all the revolutionary discoveries and breakthroughs in science that began to occur all over the world since the 19th century, with all the technological possibilities, are scientists only now beginning to find an “approach” to the skin? Is living human skin really such a complex mechanism?

Human skin

The largest and most multifunctional organ in the human body, essential element immune system. She never sleeps, never stops dying and being reborn, and always stands guard over our body. The skin analyzes thousands of incoming signals, constantly evaporates, absorbs, heats, cools, moisturizes and “resets” something. Depending on the impact, the skin can bristle, turn red, sweat, flake off, and can become hard, thick, oily and rough - all these are its ways of protecting our body from all the dangers to which it is exposed.

With the help of receptors in the skin, we are able to sense the world. We are dressed in leather all our lives, this is our “protective suit” that grows with us.

In adulthood, the skin occupies an area of ​​2 m2, second in area only to the lungs, and reaches several kilograms in weight.

The skin is not only the largest human organ, but also the heaviest. You can hypothetically weigh our natural suit by using a simple formula: divide your weight by 16 - this is the approximate weight of your skin.

The thinnest skin is on our eyelids - about 0.2 mm, the thickest is on our feet, its thickness is about 1.5 mm. The fabric of leather is more intricately woven than one might imagine.

Why does skin weigh so much?

One square centimeter of skin can consist of millions of cells, 600 sweat glands, 90 fat (sebaceous) glands, 19,000 receptors and several meters the finest vessels(they are also called “capillary miles”).

The top layer of skin, or epidermis . It is believed that this is the “dead” layer of skin - it is the first to be “consumed”, often renewed and exfoliated, protecting the deeper layers. The epidermis also contains, which is responsible for skin color and tanning effect.

Ninety percent of the skin's weight and thickness comes from dermis – average of three layers, representing connective tissue, permeated with collagen fibers, capillaries, nerve endings and other types of cells.

The deepest, subcutaneous layer is called hypodermis and consists of collagen and fat cells. The hypodermis contains blood vessels, nerve fibers, hair follicles and fat cells. The hypodermis serves for additional protection of internal organs and is responsible for the mechanism of thermoregulation. It is in adipose tissue that our body “stores” nutrients.

Women's skin is a third thinner than men's. The thinner the skin, the earlier wrinkles and signs of aging appear.

The vascular system of the skin transports 1.6 liters of blood, which is one third of all blood circulating in the body.

Each area of ​​our skin has different elasticity and strength, for example, the skin on the knees has different elastic properties from the skin on the stomach.

Hair, nails, sweat and sebaceous glands considered appendages of the skin.

Why do we need leather?

The main “professional responsibilities” of the skin include: protective, thermoregulatory, metabolic, receptor, secretory functions, participation in water-salt metabolism.

Skin protects our internal organs from physical damage, dirt, germs, chemical and mechanical factors, covers the body from ultraviolet rays sun, loss of excess water.

Due to the evaporation of sweat and radiation of heat, the skin is responsible for maintaining optimal temperature body, necessary for the functioning of organs. By the way, normal temperature our body is 37-38 o C inside and 36.6 o C outside.

The secretory function of the skin is responsible for water-salt metabolism, as well as the removal through sweat of metabolic products, waste, “unnecessary” substances for the body.

The skin can perform endocrine function. The deep layers of the skin are responsible for the accumulation of certain hormones, as well as the synthesis and storage of vitamin D.

The skin has bactericidal and sterilizing properties. The bactericidal capacity of the skin varies in different areas: it is greatest on the skin of the fingers, and on the back and forearm it is much less.

One of essential functions skin - receptor. Thanks to the presence of a huge number of nerve endings and receptors in the skin, we feel everything that happens to us: heat, cold, pain, pleasant sensations, tickle, texture and taste (there are about 2,000 taste buds on the skin of the tongue). At the very beginning of life, tactile sensations play a huge role.

Our skin is also responsible for immunity, capturing, transporting and processing antigens that provide an immune response.

The skin protects us from fungi and other pathogenic “invasions” by producing about 20 g of fat every day, which, when mixed with sweat, forms a protective lipid film. Due to lipids - our natural fats - outer layer skin remains hydrated and healthy. By the way, detergents and alcohol destroy lipids.

Quantity sebaceous glands varies by different areas bodies. For example, on the back of the hands there are few of them, but on the scalp, in the ears, on the chest and between the shoulder blades there are from 400 to 900 per 1 cm2. We can also observe intensive work of the sebaceous glands in the so-called “T-zone” of the face (forehead-nose-chin).

Why is the skin this color?

The color and shade of our skin depends mainly on two factors: on the condition and location of the capillaries relative to its surface and the amount of brown pigment contained in it (mainly) - melanin.

Information about the amount of melanin in the skin is passed on to us by inheritance. Even after getting a tan, our skin, being renewed, returns to its previous color, “written” in the DNA.

Men's skin is on average 3-4% darker than women's. In this sense, men are a little closer to their ancestors than women: after all, humanity was originally dark-skinned. Dark color skin is considered the most resistant to the amount of ultraviolet radiation that the hot African sun “gave” to our distant ancestors.

The number of microbes and harmful pathogens that can penetrate the skin also depends on the permeability of the epidermis and its ability to regenerate. The bactericidal properties of the skin vary in different areas and depend on the intensity of metabolism, the content of acids in sweat and sebum, in particular lactic acid, as well as our “natural” antibiotic lysozyme. How cleaner skin, the more lysozyme is formed in it. By the way, a large amount of this substance is contained in breast milk- hence the doctors’ recommendations to keep children breastfed for the first time.

Fingerprints

Fingerprints, familiar to everyone from detective films, are nothing more than our device for better adhesion of the skin on our fingers to surfaces. Each person has a unique finger pattern. Moreover, the fingerprints of the left and right hand completely different. Therefore, fingerprints can be considered our unique “company logo”.

Why does skin wrinkle from water?

In its own way chemical formula(H 2 O) water is a light solvent. And anyone who likes to lie in the bath longer can feel this effect: the skin on the fingers and toes swells and wrinkles. This means that the water managed to dissolve the lipid (extracellular fat) layer, and the water gained access to the skin cells. There is no danger that the water will “pass further”, since the lipid layer is far from the only one in the arsenal protective functions our skin.

Most moles are “programmed” genetically even before we are born. There can be from a couple of dozen to several hundred of them on the body. Moreover, it is believed that people who have a large number of moles are long-lived, they look much younger than their peers and are less likely to suffer from age-related diseases.

People with moles should remember that technically a mole is a new growth on the skin that can behave in the most unexpected ways, so when staying in the open sun they should be careful and.

Freckles

If we do not have people in our family with a red (red) phenotype, freckles may appear not from birth, but at adolescence, but by the age of thirty it will almost completely disappear. Freckles come in yellowish, brown and even red colors.

In winter, freckles fade, and all because in winter we spend less time in the sun. Freckles most often appear in people with fair skin. People with freckles should use sunscreen and carefully protect their skin from the sun.

What does our skin say?

If the eyes are the mirror of the soul, then the skin is the mirror of the body. Skin can say a lot about our health and even our attitude towards ourselves. If we are sick, it turns pale; if we don’t get enough sleep, it “slides” off the face. If we have serious violations metabolism or chronic disease - the skin will let you know about it.

There are some signs that indicate specific diseases. For example, skin in the folds of the neck may indicate diabetes mellitus; too dry or moisturized skin - o possible violation functions thyroid gland. The first symptom of many dangerous diseases can be a common rash.

Now scientists are increasingly saying that the condition of the skin also speaks about a person’s subconscious attitude towards himself. Skin problems may be caused by psychological state, For example, . If a person has experienced severe stress, the skin may react by developing psoriasis.

Short rays (UVB) are captured by epidermal cells. They cause redness and sunburn, and can also become the main culprits of neoplasms and age spots on the skin. About 10% of short UV rays penetrate the dermis and destroy elastin fibers.

By the way, they are especially susceptible to sunburn, therefore, it is better to hold off on traveling to hot countries in this situation: more likely get burned, not to mention the fact that the sun has a bad effect on skin elasticity.

Smoking .Dryness, constant skin irritation, uneven tone, loss of elasticity - these are at least three reasons to quit smoking today. First of all tobacco smoke with those contained in it toxic substances“treats” the skin from the outside.

In addition, the process of collagen destruction “turns on” in the body of smokers, as a result of which the skin becomes flabby, wrinkles appear earlier and the complexion deteriorates.

It is known that smoking has a bad effect on blood vessels, disrupting their function. This is especially true for small capillaries located in the skin - they lose their ability to pass blood in the same volume - hence pale color smokers' faces.

.We will not talk about the fact that during a tattoo session, if sterility conditions are not observed, you can get an infection - this is clear. The list of dangers does not end there. Very often, the danger can be posed by the composition of the ink, which may include: carcinogens (benzopyrene), causing cancer leather, salt heavy metals(titanium, lead, cadmium, nickel), which tend to penetrate deeper into tissues, as well as paraphenylenediamine, which causes complex allergic reactions. In addition, tattooed skin really does not like straight lines. sun rays, having the ability to react to them in the most unpleasant way (itching, eczema, etc.).

. Almost everyone does hair removal now. One way or another, but this is the most effective way getting rid of excess hair on the body. Just like a tattoo, hair removal affects the deeper layers of the skin - the dermis. The purpose of hair removal is destruction hair follicle, which means that the elements of the skin communicating with it are also damaged, for example, if the intensity of exposure of the photoepilator to the skin is incorrectly chosen, burns may remain after the procedure.

In addition, there are a number of contraindications to hair removal, such as sunburn, sharp or chronic diseases skin, presence large quantity moles, influenza, ARVI and other infections in acute stage, varicose veins veins, pregnancy, tendency to allergies, age before puberty

Chlorine, phosphates, surfactants (surfactants), emulsifiers, parabens and dioxins - all this not only dissolves fats and organic compounds, which form the basis of dirt in everyday life, but also our skin, therefore, in direct contact with household chemicals Be sure to use protective cream and rubber gloves.

Ecology. Dust, smog, exhaust fumes, hard water- all this affects the condition of the skin, settling on it, destroying the epidermis and clogging pores. Alas, technical progress has a detrimental effect on our beauty. The skin of the face especially “suffers” when going outside, which we cannot protect from the outside, in fact, with anything other than cream.

5 best friends of our skin

Most effective method restore skin tone and give it strength to fight harmful factors from the inside – this is a responsible approach to your nutrition. The simplest and at the same time the best thing we can do for the skin is to add to our daily diet fruits and vegetables.

Here are a few of them that are the most friendly to our skin.

Kiwi . One kiwi contains almost all daily norm vitamin C. Freshly squeezed kiwi juice helps restore skin cells, strengthens capillaries, and most importantly, stimulates collagen synthesis. Collagen is also an essential element for the health of our skeletal and muscular systems.

Tomato juice . A glass of this juice a day - and you can forget about skin problems. Lycopene contained in tomatoes protects the skin from harmful effects sun rays and unfavorable environmental factors. Lycopene is also thought to reduce the likelihood of cancer diseases. Lycopene from tomatoes is better absorbed if in a glass tomato juice add a little olive oil.

Pomegranate . Powerful antioxidants anthocyanins contained in pomegranate protect the skin from dryness, the appearance of premature wrinkles, and slow down the aging process of the skin. The high content of vitamin C in pomegranates promotes the production of collagen in our body, which is necessary for skin elasticity.

Carrot . Vitamin A contained in carrots is useful not only for vision, but also for the beauty of the skin - it helps regulate the production of sebum and fat in our skin, helps prevent clogged pores and acne. Vitamin A also reduces the risk of developing skin cancer.

Grape . Some of the most powerful antioxidants - proanthocyanidins, which grapes are rich in, prevent the destruction of collagen and elastin - two important proteins for healthy and youthful skin. Grape juice considered a champion for skin hydration and preservation. If it scares you high content sugar in grapes - you can replace the juice with oil from grape seeds, which can be applied either directly to the skin (cosmetic) or added to salads (it is usually sold in supermarkets and costs a little more than olive oil).