What are the reasons for increasing the role of physical culture. Health-improving and preventive effect of physical culture

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Introduction

Conclusion

Sources and literature

Introduction

The influence of unfavorable factors on the state of health of the human body is quite large and voluminous, therefore, often internal protective functions the body is not able to cope with them. Experience shows that the best counteraction to them is regular physical exercise, which helps restore and strengthen health, adapt the body to environmental conditions.

Physical exercises are of great educational importance - they help to strengthen discipline, increase a sense of responsibility, develop perseverance in achieving the goal. This equally applies to all involved, regardless of their age, social position, professions.

Currently, human physical activity during the day is minimized. Automation, electronics and robotics in production, cars, elevators, washing machines in everyday life have increased the deficit of human motor activity to such an extent that it has already become alarming. Adaptation mechanisms human body work both in the direction of increasing the efficiency of its various organs and systems (in the presence of regular training), and in the direction of its further decrease (in the absence of the necessary motor activity). Consequently, urbanization and technization of life and activity of life and activity of modern society inevitably entail hypodynamia, and it is quite obvious that it is fundamental to solve the problem of increasing the regime of people's motor activity, bypassing the means physical culture impossible.

The purpose of the abstract: the study of the role of physical culture in human life.

Object of study: the essence of physical culture.

Subject of research: concept, signs, structure and functions of physical culture, its significance in society.

To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:

1) consider the theoretical foundations of physical culture;

2) explore the role of physical culture in human life.

Theoretical foundations of the study: works of domestic scientists and specialists in the theory and practice of physical culture.

The first chapter deals with the theoretical foundations of physical culture. It reveals the concept and signs of physical culture, defines the structure and identifies the functions of physical culture.

In the second chapter, a study was made of the place of physical culture in human life. It reveals the reasons for the emergence of physical culture in society, defines the role of physical culture in modern society.

Chapter 1. Theoretical foundations of physical culture

1.1 The concept and signs of physical culture

Physical culture is a complex social phenomenon that is not limited to solving the problems of physical development, but also performs other social functions of society in the field of morality, education, and ethics. It has no social, professional, biological, age, geographical boundaries.

The concept of physical culture in the Russian Federation is enshrined in law: in accordance with Art. 2 of the Federal Law "On Physical Culture and Sports in the Russian Federation", physical culture is a part of culture, which is a set of values, norms and knowledge created and used by society for the purpose of physical and intellectual development of a person's abilities, improving his motor activity and forming a healthy image life, social adaptation through physical education, physical training and physical development.

The theory of physical culture proceeds from the main provisions of the theory of culture and is based on its concepts. At the same time, it has specific terms and concepts that reflect its essence, goals, objectives, content, as well as means, methods and guidelines. The main and most general is the concept of "physical culture". As a kind of culture, in general social terms, it is a vast area of creative activity to create people's physical readiness for life (health promotion, development of physical abilities and motor skills). In personal terms, physical culture is a measure and a way of a person's comprehensive physical development.

The sphere of physical culture is characterized by a number of features inherent only to it, which are usually combined into 3 groups:

1) active motor activity of a person. Moreover, not any, but only organized in such a way that vital motor skills and abilities are formed, the natural properties of the body are improved, physical performance is increased, and health is strengthened. The main means of solving these problems are physical exercises;

2) positive changes in the physical condition of a person - an increase in his working capacity, the level of development of the morphological and functional properties of the body, the quantity and quality of mastered vital skills and skills in performing exercises. improving health indicators. The result of the full use of physical culture is the achievement of physical perfection by people;

3) a complex of material and spiritual values created in society to meet the need for the effective improvement of a person's physical capabilities. Such values include various types of gymnastics, sports games, sets of exercises, scientific knowledge, methodology for performing exercises, material and technical conditions, etc.

Thus, physical culture is a kind of culture of a person and society. These are activities and socially significant results to create people's physical readiness for life; this, on the one hand, is a specific progress, and on the other, it is the result of human activity, as well as the means and method of physical perfection. Physical culture is a part of the general culture of the individual and society, which is a combination of material and spiritual values created and used for the physical improvement of people.

Physical culture as part of the general culture of society reflects the methods of physical activity, the results, the conditions necessary for cultivation, aimed at mastering, developing and managing the physical and mental abilities of a person, strengthening his health, increasing efficiency.

Physical culture is an element of personality culture, the specific content of which is a rationally organized, systematic activity used by a person to optimize the state of his body.

Thus, physical culture is a kind of culture, which is a specific process and result of human activity, a means and a way of physical improvement of a person to fulfill social duties.

1.2 Structure and functions of physical culture

physical culture man society

The structure of physical culture includes such components as physical education, sports, physical recreation (rest) and motor rehabilitation (recovery). They fully satisfy all the needs of society and the individual in physical training.

Physical education is a pedagogical process aimed at the formation of special knowledge, skills, as well as the development of versatile physical abilities of a person. Like education in general, it is a general and eternal category social life individual and society. Its specific content and direction are determined by the needs of society in physically prepared people and are embodied in educational activities.

Sport - game competitive activity and preparation for it; based on the use exercise and is aimed at achieving the highest results, revealing reserve capabilities and identifying the maximum levels of the human body in physical activity. Competitiveness, specialization, focus on the highest achievements, entertainment are specific features sports as part of physical culture.

Physical recreation (rest) - the use of physical exercises, as well as sports in simplified forms for active recreation of people, enjoying this process, entertainment, switching from ordinary activities to others. It is the main content of mass forms of physical culture and is a recreational activity.

Motor rehabilitation (recovery) is a purposeful process of restoration or compensation of partially or temporarily lost motor abilities, treatment of injuries and their consequences. The process is carried out in a complex under the influence of specially selected physical exercises, massage, water and physiotherapy procedures and some other means. This is a restoration activity.

Physical training is a type of physical education: development and improvement of motor skills and physical qualities required in a specific professional or sports activity. It can also be defined as a type of general training of a specialist (professional) or an athlete (for example, the physical training of a gymnast).

Physical development is the process of changing the forms and functions of the body under the influence of natural conditions(food, work, life) or purposeful use of special physical exercises. Physical development is also the result of the impact of these means and processes, which can be measured at any time (the size of the body and its parts, indicators of various qualities, the functionality of the organs and systems of the body).

Physical exercises - movements or actions used to develop physical qualities, internal organs and systems of motor skills. This is a means of physical improvement, transformation of a person, his biological, mental, intellectual, emotional and social entity. It is also a method of human physical development. Physical exercises are the main means of all types of physical culture.

The most important specific function of physical culture as a whole is to create the possibility of satisfying the natural needs of a person in physical activity and on this basis providing the necessary physical capacity in life.

In addition to performing this important function, individual components of physical culture are aimed at solving specific functions of a particular nature. These should include:

1) educational functions, which are expressed in the use of physical culture as a subject in the general education system in the country;

2) applied functions that are directly related to the improvement of special training for labor activity and military service by means of professional and applied physical culture;

3) sports functions, which are manifested in achieving maximum results in the implementation of the physical and moral-volitional capabilities of a person;

4) reactive and health-improving-rehabilitation functions that are associated with the use of physical culture for organizing meaningful leisure, as well as for preventing fatigue and restoring temporarily lost functionality of the body.

Among the features inherent common culture, in the implementation of which the means of physical culture are directly used, it is possible to note educational, normative, aesthetic, etc.

All the functions of physical culture in their unity participate in the solution of the central task of the all-round harmonious development of a person. Each of its constituent parts (components) has its own characteristics, solves its particular tasks and therefore can be considered independently.

Conclusions on chapter 1.

Chapter 2. Physical culture in human life

2.1 Reasons for the emergence of physical culture in society

Physical culture, along with the material and spiritual types of culture, is an extremely versatile phenomenon and has always occupied an important place in people's lives. There is even an opinion that it is physical culture that is the very first type of culture of an individual and society, representing a basic, fundamental layer, an integrating link of a common culture. The validity of this opinion is confirmed by the facts that testify that its various elements took place and played an important role at all stages of the origin and development of mankind, starting from the most ancient times.

The information available to scientists allows us to conclude that physical culture arose about 40 thousand years BC. The very fact of the origin and subsequent development of its elements in the life of primitive people long before the appearance state forms physical education (their appearance dates back to the first millennium BC), indicates an urgent need, objective necessity physical culture in the life of primitive society. It is of great importance in life. modern people. Now it is difficult to imagine a civilized society in which great importance would not be attached to the physical education of the younger generations, the most various kinds sports, sports competitions, mass physical culture and sports events, etc. were not held.

Already on the most initial stages the existence of people, there are means, methods and techniques by which the experience of previous generations in improving the tools of labor, overcoming the forces of nature, subordinating them to the will of man, etc., was passed on to the younger generations. These means, methods and forms formed the basis for the emergence of organized forms of education and upbringing.

On early stages development of human society, such education was predominantly physical. His main tool was physical exercise. The emergence and purposeful use of physical exercises contributed to an increase in the efficiency of labor and military activities and, thus, was the main factor in the survival and development of primitive man. Their appearance marks the very first and most significant step in the birth of physical culture in the society of primitive people.

In connection with this circumstance, the question of the origin of physical exercises is a key one in understanding the role and significance of physical culture in the life of human society. It is no coincidence that he has always occupied the attention of many scientists: educators, sociologists, politicians, etc., acquiring serious philosophical significance. At the same time, many philosophers and authors international works in the history of physical culture, adhering to idealistic positions, came to the conclusion that the problem of the origin of physical exercises can be considered based on three hypotheses: from the theory of the game, from the theory of excess energy and from the theory of magic. Some of them consider main reason the emergence of physical exercises and the driving force behind the development of physical culture given to man by nature is the instinct of exercise, or the desire for gaming activity in childhood. In their view, physical education appears as a purely biological phenomenon, not arising from the social needs of people. Others consider the main reason for the emergence of exercises (especially sports) to be the inherent human nature desire to fight, compete with other people. Still others associate the appearance of physical exercises with religion, with the traditions of performing all kinds of motor actions during cult and religious rites, etc.

However, it is possible to correctly understand the causes of the emergence of physical exercises and the place of physical education in people's lives only from the standpoint of dialectical materialistic views on nature and society.

In accordance with these views, the starting point for the emergence of physical exercises, and with them physical culture as a whole, is the moment when primitive people realize the effect of exercise. It was at the moment when the primitive man first realized that the preliminary performance of labor motor actions (for example, throwing a spear at a rock drawing of an animal) helps to increase the effectiveness of the labor process (the hunt itself), and physical exercises arose. Realizing the effect of exercising, a person began to imitate the actions necessary for him in his labor activity. And as soon as these actions began to be applied outside of real labor processes, they began to directly affect not the object of labor, but the person himself and, thereby, turned from labor actions into physical exercises. Now motor actions turned out to be aimed not at the production of material values, but at improving the properties of the human body itself (development of strength, accuracy, dexterity, dexterity, etc.), its human nature. This is the main difference between physical exercises and labor, household and any other motor actions.

Thus, consideration of the issue of the emergence of physical exercises, physical culture, sports from idealistic positions on the basis of, supposedly, human from the nature of the desire for gaming and competitive activities, for aggressive rivalry, etc., is fundamentally wrong.

The true reason for their emergence and development was the objectively existing urgent needs of society, associated with the need to prepare a person for a more successful labor and military activity. We can safely say that physical exercise and physical education were the main factors that contributed to the survival of mankind at the dawn of its development.

2.2 The role of physical culture in modern society

Physical education, physical culture, sports are of no less importance at the present time. This is due to the following circumstances.

The World Health Organization (WHO) defines health as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being.

Good health contributes to the success of any kind of activity, including mental. Special studies have shown that poor health is the main reason for low academic performance in 85% of students in general education schools. Memory, attention, perseverance and the effectiveness of mental activity largely depend on the general state of health and physical capabilities of a person.

Movement, muscle tension, physical work have been and remain the most important condition for maintaining normal state human body. Famous aphorisms: “Movement is life”, “Movement is the guarantee of health”, etc., reflect the universal recognition and indisputability of the importance of physical activity for human health.

At the same time, in the process of its species development, a person in many respects became a human being (Homo sapiens - a reasonable person) due to the fact that, like other animals, he did not follow the path of only passive adaptation to the conditions of existence. At a certain stage of his development, a person began to actively protect himself from the influence of the environment (clothing, housing, etc.), and then adapt it to his needs. Until a certain time, this played a positive role. However, more and more data is now accumulating, indicating the perniciousness of this method of adaptation. The fact is that, by creating at the expense of their intellect the optimal environment for their existence by improving comfort, medicines, household chemicals etc., a person gradually accumulates the potential for degeneration in his gene pool. There is evidence that of all the mutations that currently accompany the evolutionary development of man as species, only 13% go with a plus sign, and the remaining 87% go with a minus sign. In addition, a sharp decrease in motor activity caused by the comfort of living conditions and other consequences of the scientific and technological revolution has a huge destructive effect on the human body. The fact is that the human body is programmed by nature for systematic and intense motor activity. This is due to the fact that for thousands of years a person was forced to exert all his strength in order to survive or provide himself with the most necessary. Back in the 19th century, 95% of the total gross product produced by mankind was obtained from muscular energy, and only 5% - due to the mechanization and automation of labor processes. Currently, these figures have already changed to the exact opposite. As a result, the body's natural need for movement is not satisfied. This leads to damage to its functional systems, especially the cardiovascular system, the emergence and increasing spread of previously unknown diseases. Consequently, while improving the comfort of the environment of his existence, a person, figuratively speaking, digs for himself an ever deeper ecological hole, which can potentially become a grave for humanity.

The situation is even more complicated by the fact that in the environment of existence artificially created by man, the possibilities for preventing his involution into a less perfect being are extremely limited. And here any achievements of scientific and technological progress are powerless. They are more likely to exacerbate the situation than to improve it. Life has shown that even the most outstanding achievements modern medicine are unable to fundamentally change the process of human physical degradation. At best, they can only slow it down.

Against this rather gloomy background, there is only one encouraging circumstance that can prevent a catastrophe. This is an intensive and purposeful use of the means of physical culture to meet the natural need of the human body to move.

Simon Andre Tissot, the famous French doctor of the 18th century, pointed out the amazing effectiveness of physical exercises and their extremely beneficial effect on a person. It belongs to him, amazing in depth and insight, to say that movement as such can, in its effect, replace any means, but all the healing remedies of the world cannot replace the action of movement. Now, at the turn of the third millennium, in conditions of flourishing physical inactivity and epidemics of previously unknown diseases, these words sound extremely convincing and timely.

The above ideas are the most weighty and convincing argument that testifies to the exceptional role played by physical culture in the life of modern man and society. In addition, it should be noted the healing effect of systematic physical exercise, which consists mainly in the following:

1) physical activity delays the development of coronary atherosclerosis and, thereby, prevents the occurrence of many heart diseases;

2) the vital capacity of the lungs (VC) increases, the elasticity of the intercostal cartilages and the mobility of the diaphragm increase, the respiratory muscles develop and, as a result of all this, the process of gas exchange in the lungs improves;

3) under the influence of training, the function of the pancreas, which produces insulin, a hormone that breaks down glucose, improves. Thanks to this, the conditions for the accumulation and rational use of the body's energy are improved;

4) improves the functioning of the liver - the main biochemical laboratory of the body. The production of enzymes and other important biologically active substances is activated, the cleansing of the body from toxins formed in the process of life is accelerated;

5) the content of cholesterol in the blood decreases. Under the influence of training, fats are not deposited in the vessels or subcutaneous tissue as a dead weight, but are consumed by the body.

Systematic physical exercises can correct many physical defects of the human body, both congenital and acquired.

There are many other useful consequences from regular physical exercises that affect health promotion, prevention of many diseases, active, creative longevity.

Conclusions on chapter 2.

1. The fact of the origin and subsequent development of the elements of physical culture in the life of primitive people testifies to the urgent need, the objective necessity of physical culture in the life of primitive society. The emergence and purposeful use of physical exercises contributed to an increase in the efficiency of labor and military activities and, thus, was the main factor in the survival and development of primitive man. Physical exercise and physical education were the main factors that contributed to the survival of mankind at the dawn of its development.

2. At present, physical culture has at least importance in human life, since in the process of technological development the natural need of the body for movement is not satisfied, which can lead to damage to the functional systems of the body, primarily the cardiovascular system, the emergence and spread of previously unknown diseases. It should also be noted the healing effect of systematic exercise. There are many other beneficial consequences of regular exercise that affect health promotion, prevention of many diseases, active, creative longevity.

Conclusion

The study of the literature and sources on the chosen topic in the abstract allows us to draw the following conclusions.

1. Physical culture is a part of culture, which is a set of values, norms and knowledge created and used by society for the purpose of physical and intellectual development of a person’s abilities, improvement of his physical activity and formation of a healthy lifestyle, social adaptation through physical education, physical training and physical development.

The sphere of physical culture is characterized by a number of features inherent only to it, which are usually combined into 3 groups: active motor activity of a person; positive changes in the physical condition of a person; a complex of material and spiritual values created in society to meet the need for the effective improvement of a person's physical capabilities.

2. The structure of physical culture includes such components as physical education, sports, physical recreation (rest) and motor rehabilitation (recovery). They fully satisfy all the needs of society and the individual in physical training.

The most important specific function of physical culture is to create the possibility of meeting the natural needs of a person in motor activity and on this basis providing the necessary physical capacity in life.

In addition to performing this important function, individual components of physical culture are aimed at solving specific functions of a particular nature. These include: educational functions; application functions; sports functions; reactive and health-improving and rehabilitation functions.

3. The fact of the origin and subsequent development of the elements of physical culture in the life of primitive people testifies to the urgent need, the objective necessity of physical culture in the life of primitive society. The emergence and purposeful use of physical exercises contributed to an increase in the efficiency of labor and military activities and, thus, was the main factor in the survival and development of primitive man. Physical exercise and physical education were the main factors that contributed to the survival of mankind at the dawn of its development.

4. At present, physical culture is no less important in human life, since in the process of technological development the body's natural need for movement is not satisfied, which can lead to damage to the body's functional systems, primarily the cardiovascular system, the emergence and increasing spread of unknown earlier diseases. It should also be noted the healing effect of systematic exercise. There are many other beneficial consequences of regular exercise that affect health promotion, prevention of many diseases, active, creative longevity.

Sources and literature

the federal law dated December 4, 2007 No. 329-FZ “On physical culture and sports in the Russian Federation” (as amended on December 6, 2011 No. 413-FZ).

2. Ashmarin B.A. Theory and methods of physical education. Textbook. - M.: Enlightenment, 1990. - 287 p.

3. Yerkomaishvili I.V. Fundamentals of the theory of physical culture: a course of lectures. - Ekaterinburg: UGTI, 2004. - 191 p.

4. Ilyinich V.I. Physical culture of the student: Textbook. - M.: Gardariki, 1999. - 448 p.

5. Lukyanenko V.P. Physical culture: basics of knowledge: Tutorial. Stavropol: SSU Publishing House, 2001. - 224 p.

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Doing

The scientific and technological revolution has introduced into the way of life of a person, along with progressive phenomena, a number of unfavorable factors, primarily hypodynamia and hypokinesia, nervous and physical overload, professional and domestic stress. All this leads to metabolic disorders in the body, predisposition to cardiovascular diseases, overweight body, etc.

The influence of unfavorable factors on the state of health of a young organism is so great and voluminous that the internal protective functions of the organism are not able to cope with them. The experience of tens of thousands of people who have experienced the impact of such adverse factors shows that the best counteraction to them is regular exercise, which helps restore and improve health, adapt the body to environmental conditions.

Physical Culture is a complex social phenomenon that is not limited to solving the problems of physical development, but also performs other social functions of society in the field of morality, education, and ethics. It has no social, professional, biological, age, geographical boundaries.

More recently, millions of people went to and from work on foot, in production they were required to use great physical strength, in everyday life. Currently, the volume of movement during the day is minimized. Automation, electronics and robotics in production, cars, elevators, washing machines in everyday life have increased the deficit of human motor activity to such an extent that it has already become alarming. The adaptive mechanisms of the human body work both in the direction of increasing the efficiency of its various organs and systems (in the presence of regular training), and in the direction of its further decrease (in the absence of the necessary physical activity). Consequently, urbanization and technization of life and activity of life and activity of modern society inevitably entail hypodynamia, and it is quite obvious that it is fundamental to solve the problem of increasing the regime of people's motor activity, bypassing the means of physical

The negative impact of physical inactivity affects all contingents of the population and requires the use of all means, forms and methods of physical culture and sports in the fight against it.

Functions of physical culture

In addition to performing this important function, individual components of physical culture are aimed at solving specific functions of a particular nature. These should include:

educational features, which are expressed in the use of physical culture as a subject in the general education system in the country;
application functions directly related to the improvement of special training for labor activity and military service by means of professional and applied physical culture;
sports features, which are manifested in achieving maximum results in the realization of the physical and moral-volitional capabilities of a person;
reactive and health-improving and rehabilitation functions, which are associated with the use of physical culture for the organization of meaningful leisure, as well as for the prevention of fatigue and the restoration of temporarily lost functionality of the body.

Among the functions inherent in the general culture, in the performance of which the means of physical culture are directly used, one can note educational, normative, aesthetic, etc.

The modern role of physical culture

In conditions modern world With the advent of devices that facilitate labor activity (computer, technical equipment), the motor activity of people has sharply decreased compared to previous decades. This ultimately leads to a decrease in human functionality, as well as to various kinds diseases. Today, purely physical labor does not play a significant role, it is replaced by mental labor. Intellectual work sharply reduces the working capacity of the body.

But physical labor, characterized by increased physical activity, can in some cases be considered from the negative side.

In general, the lack of energy consumption necessary for a person leads to a mismatch between the activity of individual systems (muscular, bone, respiratory, cardiovascular) and the body as a whole with environment, as well as a decrease in immunity and a deterioration in metabolism.

In the same time harmful and overload. Therefore, both with mental and physical labor, it is necessary to engage in health-improving physical culture, to strengthen the body.

Physical culture has a healing and preventive effect, which is extremely important, since today the number of people with various diseases is constantly growing.

Physical culture should be included in the life of a person with early age and not leave it until old age. At the same time, the moment of choosing the degree of stress on the body is very important, here you need individual approach. After all excessive loads on the human body, both healthy and with any disease, can harm it.

Thus, physical culture, the primary task of which is the preservation and promotion of health, should be an integral part of the life of every person.

Health-improving and preventive effect of physical culture

The health-improving and preventive effect of physical culture is inextricably linked with increased physical activity, strengthening of the functions of the musculoskeletal system, and activation of metabolism. The teachings of R. Mogendovich about motor-visceral reflexes showed the relationship between the activity of the motor apparatus, skeletal muscles and autonomic organs.

As a result of insufficient motor activity in the human body, the neuro-reflex connections laid down by nature and fixed in the process of severe physical labor, which leads to a disorder in the regulation of the activity of the cardiovascular and other systems, metabolic disorders and the development degenerative diseases(atherosclerosis, etc.).

For normal functioning the human body and maintaining health requires a certain "dose" of physical activity. In this regard, the question arises about the so-called habitual motor activity, i.e. activities performed in the process of everyday professional work and in everyday life. The most adequate expression of the quantity produced muscle work is the amount of energy consumption. The minimum amount of daily energy consumption required for the normal functioning of the body is 12-16 MJ (depending on age, sex and body weight), which corresponds to 2880-3840 kcal. Of these, at least 5 - 9 MJ (1200 - 1900 kcal) should be spent on muscle activity; the remaining energy costs support the vital activity of the body at rest, the normal activity of the respiratory and circulatory systems, and the body's resistance.

In economically developed countries over the past 100 years, the proportion of muscle work as a generator of energy used by humans has decreased by almost 200 times, which has led to a decrease in energy consumption for muscle activity to an average of 3.5 MJ. The deficit of energy consumption necessary for the normal functioning of the body, thus, amounted to 2 - 3 MJ (500 - 750 kcal) per day. The intensity of labor in the conditions of modern production does not exceed 2 - 3 kcal / min, which is 3 times lower than the threshold value (7.5 kcal / min), which provides a health-improving and preventive effect. In this regard, in order to compensate for the lack of energy consumption in the course of work, a modern person needs to perform physical exercises with an energy consumption of at least 350-500 kcal per day (or 2000-3000 kcal per week).

According to Becker, at present, only 20% of the population of economically developed countries are engaged in sufficiently intense physical training, providing the necessary minimum energy consumption, the remaining 80% of the daily energy consumption is much lower than the level required to maintain stable health.

A sharp limitation of motor activity in recent decades has led to a decrease in the functional capabilities of middle-aged people, which is why physical education is so important from an early age and in adolescence.

Thus, most of the modern population of economically developed countries has a real danger of developing hypokinesia, i.e. a significant decrease in human motor activity, leading to a deterioration in the reactivity of the body and an increase in emotional stress. The syndrome, or hypokinetic disease, is a complex of functional and organic changes and painful symptoms that develop as a result of a mismatch between the activities of individual systems and organisms as a whole and the external environment. The pathogenesis of this condition is based on violations of energy and plastic metabolism (primarily in the muscular system).

Mechanism protective action intense physical exercise is embedded in the genetic code of the human body. Skeletal muscles, on average, making up 40% of body weight (in men), are genetically programmed by nature for heavy physical work. “Motor activity is one of the main factors that determine the level of metabolic processes of the body and the state of its bone, muscle and cardiovascular systems,” wrote Academician VV Parin (1969). Human muscles are a powerful generator of energy. They send a strong stream of nerve impulses to maintain the optimal tone of the central nervous system, facilitate the movement of venous blood through the vessels to the heart (“muscle pump”), and create the necessary tension for the normal functioning of the motor apparatus. According to the "energy rule of skeletal muscles" by I. A. Arshavsky, the energy potential of the body and functional state of all organs and systems depends on the nature of the activity of skeletal muscles. The more intense the physical activity within the boundaries of the optimal zone, the more fully the genetic program is implemented and the energy potential, functional resources of organisms and life expectancy increase.

There are general and special effects of physical exercise, and there is also their indirect effect on risk factors.

The overall effect of physical training is in energy consumption, in direct proportion to the duration and intensity of muscle activity, which makes it possible to compensate for the energy deficit. Of great importance is also the increase in the body's resistance to the action of adverse environmental factors: stressful situations, high and low temperatures, radiation, injuries, etc. As a result of an increase in non-specific immunity, resistance to colds also increases.

The special effect of health training is associated with an increase in the functionality of the cardiovascular system. It consists in economizing the work of the heart at rest and increasing the reserve capacity of the circulatory apparatus during muscle activity. One of the most important effects of physical training is a decrease in heart rate (HR) at rest (bradycardia) as a manifestation of the economization of cardiac activity and a lower myocardial oxygen demand. Increasing the duration of the diastole (relaxation) phase provides more blood flow and a better supply of oxygen to the heart muscle. In people with bradycardia, cases of coronary heart disease (CHD) are much less common than in people with a fast pulse.

With an increase in the level of fitness, myocardial oxygen demand decreases both at rest and at submaximal loads, which indicates the economization of cardiac activity. This circumstance is a physiological rationale for the need for adequate physical training for patients with coronary artery disease, so, as fitness increases and myocardial oxygen demand decreases, the level of threshold load increases, which the subject can perform without the threat of myocardial ischemia and an attack of angina pectoris ( angina pectoris- the most common form of coronary artery disease, characterized by bouts of compressive chest pains). The most pronounced increase in the reserve capacity of the circulatory apparatus during intense muscular activity: an increase in maximum heart rate, systolic and minute blood volume, arterio-venous oxygen difference, a decrease in total peripheral vascular resistance (OPVR), which facilitates the mechanical work of the heart and increases its productivity.

Evaluation of functional reserves of blood circulation during extreme physical exertion in persons with different levels physical condition (UFS) shows: people with an average UFS (and below average) have minimal functionality bordering on pathology. On the contrary, well-trained athletes with a high FFS meet the criteria of physiological health in all respects, their physical performance reaches or exceeds optimal values.

Adaptation of the peripheral link of blood circulation is reduced to an increase in muscle blood flow at maximum loads (maximum 100 times), an arteriovenous difference in oxygen, the density of the capillary bed in working muscles, an increase in the concentration of myoglobin and an increase in the activity of oxidative enzymes. protective role in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases also plays an increase in blood fibrinolytic activity during health training (maximum 6 times). As a result, the body's resistance to stress increases. In addition to a pronounced increase in the reserve capacity of the body under the influence of health training, its preventive effect is also extremely important, associated with an indirect effect on risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. With the growth of fitness (as the level of physical performance) there is a clear decrease in all major risk factors, blood cholesterol, blood pressure and body weight. B. A. Pirogova (1985) in her observations showed: as UFS increased, the cholesterol content in the blood decreased from 280 to 210 mg, and triglycerides from 168 to 150 mg%. Special mention should be made of the influence of health-improving physical culture on the aging organism.

Physical culture is the main means of delaying age-related deterioration of physical qualities and a decrease in the adaptive abilities of the organism as a whole and the cardiovascular system in particular, which are inevitable in the process of involution. Age-related changes are reflected both in the activity of the heart and in the state of peripheral vessels. With age, the ability of the heart to maximum stress decreases significantly, which manifests itself in an age-related decrease in the maximum heart rate (although resting heart rate changes slightly). With age, the functionality of the heart decreases even in the absence of clinical signs of coronary artery disease. So, the stroke volume of the heart at rest at the age of 25 by the age of 85 decreases by 30%, myocardial hypertrophy develops. The minute volume of blood at rest for the specified period decreases by an average of 55 - 60%. Age-related limitation of the body's ability to increase stroke volume and heart rate at maximum effort leads to the fact that minute volume blood at maximum load at the age of 65 is 25-30% less than at the age of 25. With age, changes also occur in the vascular system, the elasticity of large arteries decreases, and the total peripheral vascular resistance increases. As a result, by the age of 60–70, systolic pressure rises by 10–40 mm Hg. Art. All these changes in the circulatory system, a decrease in the performance of the heart entail a pronounced decrease in the maximum aerobic capacity of the body, a decrease in the level of performance and endurance.

Opportunities deteriorate with age respiratory system. The vital capacity of the lungs (VC), starting from the age of 35, decreases by an average of 7.5 ml per 1 m 2 of the body surface per year. There was also a decrease in the ventilation capacity of the lungs - a decrease maximum ventilation lungs. Although these changes do not limit the aerobic capacity of the body, they lead to a decrease in life index(the ratio of VC to body weight, expressed in ml / kg), which can predict life expectancy.

Metabolic processes also change significantly: glucose tolerance decreases, the content of glucose increases. total cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood, this is typical for the development of atherosclerosis (chronic cardiovascular disease), the state of the musculoskeletal system worsens: rarefaction occurs bone tissue(osteoporosis) due to loss of calcium salts. Insufficient physical activity and lack of calcium in the diet exacerbate these changes.

Adequate physical training, health-improving physical culture classes are capable of to a large extent stop age-related changes various functions. At any age, with the help of training, you can increase aerobic capacity and the level of endurance - indicators of the biological age of the body and its viability.

For example, in well-trained middle-aged runners, the maximum possible heart rate is about 10 bpm more than in untrained ones. So physical culture plays a big role in human development, and hence in the development of human culture.

Efficiency in educational activities to a certain extent depends on personality traits, typological features of the nervous system, and temperament. Along with this, it is influenced by the novelty of the work performed, interest in it, setting to perform a certain specific task, information and evaluation of the results in the course of the work, perseverance, accuracy, and the level of physical activity.

The importance of the health factor for successful educational work with the lowest psycho-emotional and energy costs is great. The formation of health can be successfully carried out only in the conditions of organizing a healthy lifestyle, which is possible only when a person has a competent physical culture.

Research results indicate that human health is directly related to its performance and fatigue.

The success of educational and future production activities largely depends on the state of health.

conclusions

Human life and health are closely related to physical culture. It is she who helps to cure many diseases and prolongs life. Physical Culture is an integral part of human life. Every person who devotes time to physical activities improves their health. Improving the health of each person leads to an improvement in the health of society as a whole, an increase in the standard of living and culture.

The information available to scientists allows us to conclude that physical culture arose about 40 thousand years before our era. The very fact of the origin and subsequent development of its elements in the life of primitive people long before the appearance of state forms of physical education (their appearance dates back to the first millennium BC) testifies to the urgent need, the objective necessity of physical culture in the life of primitive society. It is of great importance in the life of modern people. Now it is difficult to imagine a civilized society in which great importance would not be attached to the physical education of the younger generations, a wide variety of sports would not be cultivated, sports competitions, mass physical culture and sports events, etc. would not be held.

In nature, there is no such phenomenon, the essence of which can be understood without understanding the reasons for its occurrence. Therefore, for a correct understanding of the role and significance of physical culture, it is of great importance to consider the question of the reasons for its origin in the depths of primitive society. They are closely related to the problems of education and are as follows.

One of the main conditions for the successful development of society at any stage of its existence is the process of transferring accumulated experience from generation to generation. Otherwise, each new generation would be forced to reinvent the bow and arrow again and again. However, such experience cannot be inherited biologically (as, for example, signs of similarity are inherited from parents to children). Therefore, humanity needed fundamentally different suprabiological mechanisms of social inheritance. This mechanism has become in about with p and t and and and e.

Already at the very initial stages of human existence, means, methods and techniques appear, with the help of which the experience of previous generations in improving the tools of labor, overcoming the forces of nature, subordinating them to the will of man, etc., was passed on to the younger generations. These means, methods and forms formed the basis for the emergence of organized forms of education and upbringing.

In the early stages of the development of human society, such education was predominantly f and z and h e with k and m. His main tool was physical exercise. The emergence and purposeful use of physical exercises contributed to an increase in the efficiency of labor and military activities and, thus, was the main factor in the survival and development of primitive man. Their appearance marks the very first and most significant step in the birth of physical culture in the society of primitive people.

In connection with this circumstance, the question of the origin of physical exercises is a key one in understanding the role and significance of physical culture in the life of human society. It is no coincidence that he has always occupied the attention of many scientists: educators, sociologists, politicians, etc., acquiring serious philosophical significance. At the same time, many philosophers and authors of international works on the history of physical culture, adhering to idealistic positions, came to the conclusion that the problem of the origin of physical exercises can be considered based on three hypotheses: game theory, from the theory of excess energy and from the theory of magic. Some of them consider the main reason for the emergence of physical exercises and the driving force behind the development of physical culture, the instinct of exercise given to a person by nature, or the desire for play activities in childhood. In their view, physical education appears as a purely biological phenomenon, not arising from the social needs of people. Others consider the main reason for the emergence of exercises (especially sports) to be the inherent human nature desire to fight, compete with other people. Still others associate the appearance of physical exercises with religion, with the traditions of performing all kinds of motor actions during cult and religious rites, etc.

In accordance with these views, the starting point for the emergence of physical exercises, and with them physical culture as a whole, is the moment when primitive people realize the effect of exercise. It was at the moment when the primitive man first realized that the preliminary performance of labor motor actions (for example, throwing a spear at a rock drawing of an animal) helps to increase the effectiveness of the labor process (the hunt itself), and physical exercises arose. Realizing the effect of exercising, a person began to imitate the actions necessary for him in his labor activity. And as soon as these actions began to be applied outside of real labor processes, they began to directly affect not the object of labor, but the person himself and, thereby, turned from labor actions into physical exercises. Now motor actions turned out to be aimed not at the production of material values, but at improving the properties of the human body itself (development of strength, accuracy, dexterity, dexterity, etc.), its human nature. This is the main difference between physical exercises and labor, household and any other motor actions.

Thus, consideration of the issue of the origin of physical exercises, physical culture, sports from idealistic positions on the basis of the desire inherent in man by nature for gaming and competitive activities, for aggressive rivalry, etc., is fundamentally wrong.

Physical education, physical culture, sports are of no less importance at the present time. This is due to the following circumstances.

In the process of its species development, a person in many respects became a person (Homo sapiens - a reasonable person) due to the fact that he did not go, like other animals, along the path of only passive adaptation to the conditions of existence. At a certain stage of his development, a person began to actively protect himself from the influence of the environment (clothing, housing, etc.), and then adapt it to his needs. Until a certain time, this played a positive role. However, more and more data is now accumulating, indicating the perniciousness of this method of adaptation. The fact is that by creating an optimal environment for his existence due to his intellect by improving comfort, medicines, household chemicals, etc., a person gradually accumulates the potential for degeneration in his gene pool. There is evidence that of all the mutations that currently accompany the evolutionary development of man as a biological species, only 13% are with a plus sign, and the remaining 87% are with a minus sign. In addition, a sharp decrease in motor activity caused by the comfort of living conditions and other consequences of the scientific and technological revolution has a huge destructive effect on the human body. The fact is that the human body is programmed by nature for systematic and intense motor activity. This is due to the fact that for thousands of years a person was forced to exert all his strength in order to survive or provide himself with the most necessary. Even in the last (XIX) century, 95% of the total gross product produced by mankind was obtained from muscular energy, and only 5% - due to the mechanization and automation of labor processes. Currently, these figures have already changed to the exact opposite. As a result, the body's natural need for movement is not satisfied. This leads to damage to its functional systems, especially the cardiovascular system, the emergence and spread of previously unknown diseases. Consequently, while improving the comfort of the environment of his existence, a person, figuratively speaking, digs for himself an ever deeper ecological hole, which can potentially become a grave for humanity.

The situation is even more complicated by the fact that in the environment of existence artificially created by man, the possibilities for preventing his involution into a less perfect being are extremely limited. And here any achievements of scientific and technological progress are powerless. They are more likely to exacerbate the situation than to improve it. Life has shown that even the most outstanding achievements of modern medicine are not able to fundamentally change the process of human physical degradation. At best, they can only slow it down.

Against this rather gloomy background, there is only one encouraging circumstance that can prevent a catastrophe. This is an intensive and purposeful use of physical culture to meet the natural needs of the human body in motion.

The above ideas are perhaps the most weighty and convincing argument that testifies to the exceptional role played by physical culture in the life of modern man and society.

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The article defines the role of physical education in the development of personality and the formation of a person.

Physical culture and sport is a multifaceted social phenomenon that performs social, political and economic functions, as well as an integral part of human culture.

And physical education is a concept arising from physical culture and sports, which means such a type of education, the content of which is the training of movements, the education of physical qualities, the mastery of special physical education knowledge and the formation of a conscious need for physical education knowledge.

The emergence of physical education is associated with the earliest period in the history of mankind, with primitive society, when people got their own food, hunted and built their dwelling, in the course of this there was an improvement in their physical abilities, or rather strength, endurance and speed.

Gradually, in the course of the development of history, people paid attention to those who lead an active lifestyle, who are hardy and hardworking. This is what led to a conscious understanding of exercise, which became the basis of physical education.

The purpose of the physical education of a person as a pedagogical process is the teaching of movements, that is, motor actions, and the education, that is, development management, of the physical qualities of a person.

To implement all the above goals, it is necessary to solve a set of specific and general pedagogical tasks. Health-improving, educational and upbringing tasks are also carried out in the process of physical education.

Specific tasks are directly related to the optimization of the physical development of a person and to special general educational tasks.

Optimization of the physical development of a person is:

in the comprehensive development of physical qualities, which is of the greatest importance in human life;
in improving the physique;
in strengthening health and hardening the body;
in the correction of body defects, including the education of correct posture, the proportional development of all parts of the body, maintaining optimal weight, and much more;
in the long-term preservation of a high level of overall performance.

Special general educational tasks imply the formation of vital skills and abilities and the acquisition of basic knowledge of a scientific and practical nature (physical exercise techniques, patterns of formation of motor skills and abilities, education of physical qualities, knowledge about the essence of physical culture and its significance for the individual and society, knowledge of physical culture and hygienic nature, strengthening health and maintaining it for many years).

General pedagogical tasks are connected with the formation of the personality of a person. And physical education should fully contribute to the development of moral qualities in the mind and behavior of a person, the development of intellect and psychomotor function.

In the process of physical education, the tasks of forming the ethical and aesthetic qualities of a person are also solved, because the spiritual and physical principles in human development constitute an inseparable whole.

Education of the physical qualities of a person is an essential part of physical education.

Mastering various physical movements that are important both for sports and for life, those involved acquire knowledge, skills and abilities to fully and rationally demonstrate their physical qualities, in parallel with this, they also learn the patterns of movement of their own body.

Management of the development of strength, endurance, speed and other various physical qualities concerns the complex of natural properties of the organism.

All the physical qualities that a person has are innate, they are given to him in the form of natural inclinations that need to be improved and developed.

When the process of natural development of a person becomes specially organized, that is, acquires a pedagogical character, then it is not about the development of physical qualities, but about their upbringing.

Thus, we can conclude that physical education is a process of certain educational and educational tasks for the development of the individual, which is characterized by a pedagogical character.

A distinctive feature of physical education is that it provides a systematic formation of motor skills, abilities and knowledge, a directed development of a person's physical qualities, the totality of which generally determines his physical capacity.

Arisova M.S.

Cheboksary branch " Russian Academy national economy and public service under the President of the Russian Federation"

THE SIGNIFICANCE OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORTS IN HUMAN LIFE
Physical culture and sport is one of the most important factors in strengthening and maintaining health.

Modern society is interested in maintaining and improving the physical and mental health of a person, increasing his intellectual potential. This is especially important today, in the face of a sharp decrease in physical activity. The understanding that the future of any country is determined by the health of members of society has led to the strengthening of the role of physical culture and sports in strengthening the state and society and the active use of physical culture and sports in maintaining and strengthening the health of the population.

That is why in recent years the place of sport in the system of values of modern culture has increased dramatically.

In accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation, issues of physical culture and sports are the subjects of joint jurisdiction of the Russian Federation and the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, and the highest executive agency state power the subject of the Russian Federation participates in the implementation of a unified state policy in the field of physical culture and sports.

Currently, the Russian Federation has Federal Law No. 329-FZ dated December 4, 2007 “On Physical Culture and Sports in the Russian Federation”, and is also implementing Government program Russian Federation "Development of physical culture and sports".

Concern for the development of physical culture and sports is the most important component social policy a state that ensures the implementation of humanistic ideals, values and norms, opening up wide scope for identifying people's abilities, satisfying their interests and needs, and activating the human factor.

Historically, physical culture was formed under the influence of the needs of society in the physical preparation of the young generation and the adult population for work.

At the same time, as the systems of upbringing and education evolved, physical culture became the basic type of culture that forms motor skills and abilities. Physical culture should accompany a person throughout his life.

21st century - a time of global change in many areas of society. The scientific and technological revolution, along with progress, brought to life a number of unfavorable factors, such as physical overload associated with the study and mastery of modern technology, stress, metabolic disorders, overweight, cardiovascular diseases, etc.

The influence of these factors on the body is so great that the internal protective functions of a person cannot cope with them. Regular exercise can help. Systematic physical culture or sports cause adaptation (specific adaptation) of the body to significant physical exertion, which leads to an improvement in various body functions.

Physical education is necessary for a person in all periods of his life. In childhood and adolescence, they contribute to the harmonious development of the body.

Improve in adults morphofunctional state increase performance and maintain health. In the elderly, along with this, adverse age-related changes are delayed.

Systematic physical education and sports help people of all ages to use their energy most productively. free time, and also contribute to the rejection of socially and biologically harmful habits such as drinking and smoking.

One of the tasks of physical education in our country is the comprehensive, consistent development of the human body.

A person must be strong, dexterous, hardy in work, healthy, hardened.

Regular exercise or sports increase the activity of metabolic processes, maintain at a high level the mechanisms that carry out the metabolism and energy in the body.

Insufficient amount of motor activity or impairment of body functions with limited motor activity adversely affect the body as a whole. People can live with restriction of movements, but this will lead to muscle atrophy, a decrease in bone strength, a deterioration in the functional state of the central nervous, respiratory and other systems, a decrease in the tone and vital activity of the body.

Purposeful physical training improves the circulatory system, stimulates the activity of the heart muscle, increases the blood supply to the muscles, and improves the regulation of their activity by the nervous system.

In the process of physical culture and sports, the number of heart contractions decreases, the heart becomes stronger and begins to work more economically, pressure normalizes.

All this contributes to the improvement of metabolism in tissues. Scientists have found that after intensive physiological expenditure, recovery processes follow.

During physical activity, body functions can be selectively improved, both motor (increased endurance, muscle strength, flexibility, coordination of movements) and vegetative (improvement of the respiratory and other body systems, improved metabolism).

Physical education and sports contribute to the expansion of blood vessels, normalize the tone of their walls, improve nutrition and increase metabolism in the walls of blood vessels.

All this leads to an increase in the elasticity of the walls of blood vessels and normal operation cardiovascular system, which is an important component of the human body. Also, moderate physical activity has a positive effect on the kidneys: they are relieved of stress, which leads to their better functioning.

Particularly beneficial effect on blood vessels provide classes in such types of physical exercises as swimming, running, skiing, cycling. Regular exercise helps to safely strengthen the articular-ligamentous apparatus. Prolonged moderate physical activity makes the ligamentous and articular tissues more elastic, protecting it from tears and sprains in the future. In the course of any activity, a person becomes tired and overtired.

However, the implementation of even short-term complexes of physical exercises leads to an effective restoration of both physical and mental performance, as well as the removal of neuro-emotional overstrain.

It should also be noted that systematic physical activity dramatically reduces the incidence of the population, has a positive effect on the human psyche - on his thinking, attention, memory, contributes to effective education personal qualities, namely perseverance, will, diligence, collectivism, sociability, forms an active life position.

During physical culture and sports, moral development involved. This development is aimed at establishing a socially valuable qualities, which form his attitude to other people, to society, to himself and represent what is commonly called moral education.

This characteristic is the most important in determining personality. Its content is determined by the norms of morality, which are the main ones in society.

Thus, sports and physical culture are a multifunctional mechanism for improving people's health, self-realization of a person, his self-expression and development. Therefore, recently the place of physical culture and sports in the system of human values and modern culture has increased dramatically.

List of sources and literature

The Constitution of the Russian Federation: adopted by popular vote on December 12, 1993 // Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation.
- 1994. - No. 8. – Art. 801.
Andreeva, G. M.
Social psychology: a textbook for higher educational institutions / G.M. Andreeva. - M .: Aspect Press, 2005. - 127 p.
Kuramshin, Yu. F. Theory and methods of physical culture: textbook / Yu. F. Kuramshin. - M .: Soviet sport, 2010. - 320 p.
Skobeleva, A. S. Physical culture and its influence on decision social problems/ A. S. Skobeleva // International student scientific bulletin. – 2015. – № 4-4.;
Shiryaeva, E. A. Physical culture and sport in modern Russia/ E.
A. Shiryaeva // Successes modern natural science. - 2013. - No. 10. - P. 193-194;

Physical culture and sports in our life are of such serious and visible importance that there is simply no need to talk about it. Everyone can independently analyze and evaluate the importance of physical education and sports in their own lives. But at the same time, we must not forget that physical education and sports are of national importance in our life, this is truly the strength and health of the nation.

Physical education and sports in our lives - the education of craving for them should begin from childhood, continue throughout life and be passed on from generation to generation.

At a minimum, daily gymnastics, even if only 15 minutes at any time convenient for you, should become the same habit as morning washing. Maximum: try to spend all your time in motion. In your free time, play outdoor games with your children or your favorite animal, tense and relax your body muscles while traveling in public transport, and take an active break every two hours at work.

Try to become more active and you will immediately feel what physical education and sports mean in our life.

It's no secret that most of us are ordinary people, and by no means athletes. So what are the benefits of physical education and sports in our lives? Firstly, they make it easy to cope even with significant physical and moral, mental stress, which one way or another we all encounter.

An untrained person, even if he is young and healthy, has few advantages over an athletic person, even an elderly one. Let's take a simple example: climbing stairs.

If you always take the elevator, then such a rise will make you short of breath, increase your heart rate, and in general will be very tiring. And if you are used to walking, then run up the stairs without thinking. You can also easily cope with any other action that is inaccessible to those who deny the importance of physical education and sports in our lives.

Here's another example: you suddenly and urgently needed to make a report. A trained person will pull himself together, focus his attention, and get the job done in the shortest amount of time.

A person who is accustomed to spending his free time watching TV, of course, will also do the job. But he will have to be distracted often and for a long time in order to drive away drowsiness and fatigue. And perhaps he will even have to take advantage of some doping in the form of, for example, coffee.

Secondly, physical education and sports in our life train our muscles, circulatory system, strength, endurance of the body.

And consequently, in a positive way affect immunity, health, youth and beauty, retain the ability to work and active image life for many, many years. In particular, the performance of the heart, the main "culprit" of our vitality, directly depends on the strength and development of the muscles. The heart is also a muscle that can and should be trained.

Thirdly, physical education and sports in our lives are useful for people who do both mental and physical labor.

The former often lead a “sedentary lifestyle”, which leads to various deformations of the skeleton and spine, a decrease in metabolic rate, and, ultimately, to the development of diseases.

Physical education and sports in our lives will always help them to be in good shape. The latter often involve only certain muscle groups in their work. Physical education and sports in our lives will help them balance the load and prevent the asymmetric development of the muscles of the body.

Conclusion

At present, an active interest in a healthy lifestyle is being formed in our country.

In fact, we can say that a new social phenomenon is emerging in Russia, which is expressed in the acute economic interest of citizens in maintaining health as the basis of material well-being.

It is necessary to preserve and restore the best traditions of the domestic physical culture and sports movement and continue the search for new highly effective physical culture, health and sports technologies aimed at maximizing the involvement of all segments of the population in active physical culture and sports.

It is important to take into account not individual facts concerning the impact of sports (competitions) on a person and relations between people, but all their diversity.

Sport is a multifaceted active life activity that has entered a person's life as one of the main factors of their influence.

Sport is both leisure, and a spectacle, and business, and health, and protection. Sports and physical culture have become a part of every person's life, which allows us to relax, have fun, relax, improve our own health, earn money and protect ourselves and loved ones.

Sport has firmly established itself in our lives, every person is already thinking about the benefits of sports, the development of sports is becoming a priority task for many states. Sport has become the impetuous force that develops the public perception of the world in the direction of a healthy lifestyle.

Sport and physical culture, of course, must develop and become the engines of social progress, with the help of which a person will become natural way health.

Literature

1. Vinogradov P.A., Dushanin A.P., Zholdak V.I. Fundamentals of physical culture and a healthy lifestyle. - M .: Soviet sport, 1996.

2. Lubysheva L.I. social role sport in the development of society and the socialization of the individual // Physical Culture and Sport.

3. Physical culture: A textbook for university students. — M.: SportAcademPress, 2003

4. Encyclopedia of physical training. — M.; FiS, 2004. - 232 p.

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Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine

Cherkasy State Technological University

By physiotherapy exercises on the topic of:

"The role of physical culture in the life of society"

physical health rehabilitation

Physical culture is a social phenomenon that is closely related to the economy, culture, socio-political system, the state of health care, and the education of people.

Physical culture is part of the general culture of society, reflecting the level of purposeful use of physical exercises to improve health and harmonious development of the individual. Physical culture was formed in the early stages of the development of human society, and its improvement continues to the present. The role of physical culture has especially increased in connection with urbanization, environmental degradation, and automation of labor, which contributes to hypokinesia.

In our country, there is a state structure for the organization of physical culture and sports, a system of medical support for physical culture and sports has been created in the form of medical and sports dispensaries. Physical culture is introduced in children's preschool institutions, in schools, colleges, technical schools, institutes, enterprises in the form of industrial gymnastics, as well as in general physical training sections at the place of work or residence, sports and recreation centers and voluntary sports societies.

Physical education -- organized process influence on a person through physical exercises, hygiene measures and natural forces of nature in order to form such qualities and acquire such knowledge, skills and abilities that meet the requirements of society and the interests of the individual.

Physical education, which has an applied focus on preparing for a certain labor or other activity, is commonly called physical training. The result of physical training, respectively, is physical fitness. Physical training and its result can be general character(general physical training, OFP), and deeply specialized, causing special physical performance in the process of a certain activity (for example, physical training of a geologist, assembler, astronaut). Physical culture should be an organic component of the lifestyle of every person from birth to old age. Healthy newborns begin physical exercise at 11/2 months of age. in order to promote proper physical development, while passive muscular work should be accompanied by massage. Children who undergo such procedures improve faster in acquiring the correct motor skills (turning, holding the head, sitting, standing and starting to walk). In the future, physical exercises in childhood and adolescence can provide proper development body, increase immunity, promote adaptation to increasing school loads.

Physical exercises are of great educational importance - they help to strengthen discipline, increase a sense of responsibility, and develop perseverance in achieving the goal. This equally applies to all involved, regardless of their age, social status, profession.

The negative impact of physical inactivity affects all contingents of the population and requires the use of all means, forms and methods of physical culture and sports in the fight against it.

1. Functions of physical culture

In addition to performing this important function, individual components of physical culture are aimed at solving specific functions of a particular nature. These should include:

educational functions, which are expressed in the use of physical culture as a subject in the general education system in the country;

applied functions that are directly related to the improvement of special training for labor activity and military service by means of professional and applied physical culture;

sports functions, which are manifested in achieving maximum results in the implementation of the physical and moral-volitional capabilities of a person; reactive and health-improving-rehabilitation functions that are associated with the use of physical culture for organizing meaningful leisure, as well as for preventing fatigue and restoring temporarily lost functionality of the body.

2. Modern role of physical culture

In the conditions of the modern world, with the advent of devices that facilitate labor activity (computer, technical equipment), the physical activity of people has sharply decreased compared to previous decades. This, ultimately, leads to a decrease in the functional capabilities of a person, as well as to various kinds of diseases. Today, purely physical labor does not play a significant role, it is replaced by mental labor. Intellectual work sharply reduces the working capacity of the body.

But physical labor, characterized by increased physical activity, can in some cases be considered from the negative side.

In general, the lack of energy consumption necessary for a person leads to a mismatch between the activity of individual systems (muscular, bone, respiratory, cardiovascular) and the body as a whole with the environment, as well as a decrease in immunity and a deterioration in metabolism.

At the same time, overload is also harmful. Therefore, both with mental and physical labor, it is necessary to engage in health-improving physical culture, to strengthen the body.

Physical culture has a healing and preventive effect, which is extremely important, since today the number of people with various diseases is constantly growing.

Physical culture should enter a person's life from an early age and not leave it until old age. At the same time, the moment of choosing the degree of stress on the body is very important; an individual approach is needed here. After all, excessive loads on the human body, both healthy and with any disease, can harm it.

Thus, physical culture, the primary task of which is the preservation and promotion of health, should be an integral part of the life of every person.

3. Health-improving and preventive effect of physical culture

As a result of insufficient motor activity in the human body, the neuroreflex connections laid down by nature and fixed in the process of hard physical labor are disrupted, which leads to a disorder in the regulation of the activity of the cardiovascular and other systems, metabolic disorders and the development of degenerative diseases (atherosclerosis, etc.) .

For the normal functioning of the human body and the preservation of health, a certain “dose” of physical activity is necessary. In this regard, the question arises about the so-called habitual motor activity, i.e. activities performed in the process of everyday professional work and in everyday life. The most adequate expression of the amount of muscular work performed is the amount of energy consumption. The minimum amount of daily energy consumption required for the normal functioning of the body is 12 - 16 MJ (depending on age, sex and body weight), which corresponds to 2880 - 3840 kcal. Of these, at least 5 - 9 MJ (1200 - 1900 kcal) should be spent on muscle activity; the remaining energy costs support the vital activity of the body at rest, the normal activity of the respiratory and circulatory systems, and the body's resistance.

In economically developed countries over the past 100 years, the proportion of muscle work as a generator of energy used by humans has decreased by almost 200 times, which has led to a decrease in energy consumption for muscle activity to an average of 3.5 MJ. The deficit of energy consumption necessary for the normal functioning of the body, thus amounted to 2 - 3 MJ (500 - 750 kcal) per day. The intensity of labor in the conditions of modern production does not exceed 2-3 kcal/min, which is 3 times lower than the threshold value (7.5 kcal/min), which provides a health-improving and preventive effect. In this regard, in order to compensate for the lack of energy consumption in the course of work, a modern person needs to perform physical exercises with an energy consumption of at least 350-500 kcal per day (or 2000-3000 kcal per week).

The mechanism of the protective action of intense physical exercise lies in the genetic code of the human body. Skeletal muscles, on average, making up 40% of body weight (in men), are genetically programmed by nature for hard physical work. “Motor activity is one of the main factors that determine the level of metabolic processes of the body and the state of its bone, muscle and cardiovascular systems,” wrote Academician VV Parin (1969). Human muscles are a powerful generator of energy. They send a strong stream of nerve impulses to maintain the optimal tone of the central nervous system, facilitate the movement of venous blood through the vessels to the heart (“muscle pump”), and create the necessary tension for the normal functioning of the motor apparatus. According to the "energy rule of skeletal muscles" by I. A. Arshavsky, the energy potential of the body and the functional state of all organs and systems depend on the nature of the activity of skeletal muscles. The more intense the physical activity within the boundaries of the optimal zone, the more fully the genetic program is implemented and the energy potential, functional resources of organisms and life expectancy increase.

There are general and special effects of physical exercise, and there is also their indirect effect on risk factors.

With an increase in the level of fitness, myocardial oxygen demand decreases both at rest and at submaximal loads, which indicates the economization of cardiac activity. This circumstance is a physiological rationale for the need for adequate physical training for patients with coronary artery disease, so, as fitness increases and myocardial oxygen demand decreases, the level of threshold load increases, which the subject can perform without the threat of myocardial ischemia and an attack of angina pectoris (angina pectoris is the most common form of coronary artery disease, characterized by bouts of compressive chest pains). The most pronounced increase in the reserve capacity of the circulatory apparatus during intense muscular activity: an increase in maximum heart rate, systolic and minute blood volume, arterio-venous oxygen difference, a decrease in total peripheral vascular resistance (OPVR), which facilitates the mechanical work of the heart and increases its productivity.

Evaluation of the functional reserves of blood circulation during extreme physical exertion in individuals with different levels of physical condition (PFS) shows that people with average PFS (and below average) have minimal functional capabilities bordering on pathology. On the contrary, well-trained athletes with a high FFS meet the criteria of physiological health in all respects, their physical performance reaches or exceeds optimal values.

Adaptation of the peripheral link of blood circulation is reduced to an increase in muscle blood flow at maximum loads (maximum 100 times), an arteriovenous difference in oxygen, the density of the capillary bed in working muscles, an increase in the concentration of myoglobin and an increase in the activity of oxidative enzymes. A protective role in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases is also played by an increase in blood fibrinolytic activity during health-improving training (maximum 6 times). As a result, the body's resistance to stress increases. In addition to a pronounced increase in the reserve capacity of the body under the influence of health training, its preventive effect is also extremely important, associated with an indirect effect on risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. With the growth of fitness (as the level of physical performance increases), there is a clear decrease in all major risk factors, blood cholesterol, blood pressure and body weight. B. A. Pirogova (1985) in her observations showed: as UFS increased, the cholesterol content in the blood decreased from 280 to 210 mg, and triglycerides from 168 to 150 mg%. Special mention should be made of the influence of health-improving physical culture on the aging organism.

Physical culture is the main means of delaying age-related deterioration of physical qualities and a decrease in the adaptive abilities of the organism as a whole and the cardiovascular system in particular, which are inevitable in the process of involution. Age-related changes are reflected both in the activity of the heart and in the state of peripheral vessels. With age, the ability of the heart to maximum stress decreases significantly, which manifests itself in an age-related decrease in the maximum heart rate (although resting heart rate changes slightly). With age, the functionality of the heart decreases even in the absence of clinical signs of coronary artery disease. So, the stroke volume of the heart at rest at the age of 25 by the age of 85 decreases by 30%, myocardial hypertrophy develops. The minute volume of blood at rest for the specified period decreases by an average of 55 - 60%. Age-related limitation of the body's ability to increase stroke volume and heart rate at maximum effort leads to the fact that the minute volume of blood at the maximum load at the age of 65 is 25-30% less than at the age of 25 years. With age, changes also occur in the vascular system, the elasticity of large arteries decreases, and the total peripheral vascular resistance increases. As a result, by the age of 60-70, systolic pressure rises by 10-40 mm Hg. Art. All these changes in the circulatory system, a decrease in the performance of the heart entail a pronounced decrease in the maximum aerobic capacity of the body, a decrease in the level of performance and endurance.

With age, the capabilities of the respiratory system also deteriorate. The vital capacity of the lungs (VC), starting from the age of 35, decreases by an average of 7.5 ml per 1 m2 of body surface per year. There was also a decrease in the ventilation capacity of the lungs - a decrease in the maximum ventilation of the lungs. Although these changes do not limit the body's aerobic capacity, they lead to a decrease in the vital index (VC ratio to body weight, expressed in ml / kg), which can predict life expectancy.

Metabolic processes also change significantly: glucose tolerance decreases, the content of total cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood increases, this is typical for the development of atherosclerosis (a chronic cardiovascular disease), the state of the musculoskeletal system worsens: bone tissue thins (osteoporosis) due to salt loss calcium. Insufficient physical activity and lack of calcium in the diet exacerbate these changes.

Adequate physical training, health-improving physical culture can largely stop age-related changes in various functions. At any age, with the help of training, you can increase aerobic capacity and endurance levels - indicators of the biological age of the body and its viability.

Research results indicate that human health is directly related to its performance and fatigue.

The success of educational and future production activities largely depends on the state of health.

List of consequences of not exercising regularly

well-being

Fitness not only helps you live longer, it makes you feel younger too. "Regular exercise can be the equivalent of ten years younger," says researcher dr Roy Shepard from the University of Toronto.

lack of energy

In people who lead a sedentary lifestyle, the indicator of effective lung volume (VO2 max) decreases by 1% per year, starting at the age of 25.

A trained heart needs to produce fewer beats per minute to do the same job. A wellness program can lower your resting heart rate by about 5-15 beats per minute, and the lower your heart rate, the healthier you are. This means that you will recover faster after the effort, heart rate and breathing will return to normal values faster, and you will have more energy.

When you are healthy, your cells use oxygen more efficiently, which again means you have big amount energy and recover faster after physical activity.

Loss of flexibility

Due to insufficient use of connective tissues associated with a sedentary lifestyle, ligaments, articular bags, tendons lose their mobility.

Lifespan

Regular exercise can lengthen your life. Athletic fitness has been found to be directly related to mortality rates. A moderate level of training intensity, which is called "acceptable for most adults", appears to be sufficient protection against early death.

Fitness helps to avoid the damaging effects of many age-related diseases.

Many of the problems that come with age are not related to disease, but to the loss of physical fitness.

A study of 10,224 men and 3,120 women conducted at the Aerobics Research Institute in Dallas over an 8-year period showed that the mortality rate was highest in the least trained group and lowest in the most trained group.

The cardiovascular system

Insufficient physical activity is one of the cornerstones in the prevention of cardiovascular and other diseases, including coronary heart disease, stroke, high blood pressure, non-insulin-dependent diabetes, osteoporosis. Low physical activity or a sedentary lifestyle is a proven risk factor for their occurrence and development.

According to one study published in the journal Circulation, people who do not exercise are at the same risk of heart disease as smokers who smoke one pack of cigarettes a day or those with cholesterol levels of 300 or more.

In another study, a group led by Dr. Ralph S. Puffenbarger, Jr. examined the relationship between lifestyle and longevity among 16,936 Harvard graduates. It turned out that the more physical activity in your life, the longer you can live.

In addition to performing this important function, individual components of physical culture are aimed at solving specific functions of a particular nature.

These should include:

educational functions, which are expressed in the use of physical culture as a subject in the general education system in the country; applied functions that are directly related to the improvement of special training for labor activity and military service by means of professional and applied physical culture; sports functions, which are manifested in achieving maximum results in the implementation of the physical and moral-volitional capabilities of a person; reactive and health-improving-rehabilitation functions that are associated with the use of physical culture for organizing meaningful leisure, as well as for preventing fatigue and restoring temporarily lost functionality of the body.

Among the functions inherent in the general culture, in the performance of which the means of physical culture are directly used, one can note educational, normative, aesthetic, etc.

PROFESSIONALLY-APPLIED PHYSICAL CULTURE.

Professional-applied, or industrial, physical culture is aimed at solving the problems of developing and improving professionally significant qualities and skills, at improving the preparation of people for specific activities. It is due to the influence of the characteristics of professional work on a person and is directly dependent on its specifics.

Professional-applied physical culture can both precede the lesson professional labor and carry out in the form of an organized and purposeful process of physical education in vocational schools, technical schools, universities and other special educational institutions, and be carried out at the enterprise during the working day (physical education breaks, industrial gymnastics, etc.) or in free time (recovery Events).

Scientific research has established that a high professional level of specialists requires a significant general, and sometimes specific physical fitness. A direct dependence of production indicators on its level was also found. So, people who regularly engage in physical education and sports are much less likely to get sick, get less tired by the end working week and the working day, and consequently, the productivity of their labor is much higher.

One of the varieties of professionally applied physical culture is physical training in the army and navy. Despite the fact that for the majority of military personnel, except for regular officers, military service is not a professional activity and military personnel of private and non-commissioned officers after demobilization return to their civilian specialties, this type of physical culture, for a number of reasons, must be considered as an integral part of professionally applied physical education. culture.

Firstly, preparation for the defense of the Fatherland is one of the main tasks of physical culture.

Secondly, service in the Armed Forces is the constitutional duty of every male citizen.

Thirdly, physical training in the army and navy has a special focus, reflecting not only the specifics of the Armed Forces as a whole, designed to protect the country from a possible attack, including atomic aggression, but also individual types: the air force, motorized rifle troops, missile, air defense, etc. and the mastery of a specific military specialty is possible only with the help of means and methods of physical culture.

The main goal of physical training in the Armed Forces is to achieve a high level of readiness of personnel in a short time and with the greatest efficiency to solve a combat mission.

HEALTH AND REHABILITATION PHYSICAL CULTURE.

This type of physical culture is a set of measures aimed at treating or restoring the functional capabilities of the human body in connection with a disease or temporary loss of working capacity caused by significant fatigue. The most important part of this type is exercise therapy.

Therapeutic physical culture is a medical and pedagogical process that provides for the conscious and active implementation by the patient of the recommended physical exercises and prescribed procedures.

It has a wide arsenal of means and methods of influencing the body, such as physiotherapy, hygienic gymnastics, swimming, various motor modes, etc.

The use of certain means and methods, their dosage are scientifically substantiated, and in some cases - with especially serious illnesses, such as a heart attack, - treatment is carried out according to a specific scientifically developed program.

BASIC PHYSICAL CULTURE.

This part of physical culture is included in the system general education as one of academic disciplines providing versatile physical training.

The importance and high significance of this type of physical culture in the life of every person can not be overestimated. What and how is laid from childhood in the human body in the form of a foundation of health largely determines not only his physical condition in the future, but also his mental state, mental activity, active creative longevity.

It is impossible not to recall the words of M.I. Kalinin: “Why did I put physical education on a par with the Russian language and mathematics? Why do I consider it one of the main subjects of education and upbringing?

First of all, because I want all of you to be healthy Soviet citizens. If our school will turn out people with broken nerves and upset stomachs, who need annual treatment at the resorts, then where is this good? It will be difficult for such people to find happiness in life. What can be happiness without good, good health? We must prepare ourselves a healthy shift - healthy men and healthy women.

Basic physical culture is the main link in the system of physical education and accompanies almost all periods creative life of a person, ranging from classes in preschool institutions to classes in health groups in old age.

The most important form of basic physical culture is school, which is the implementation in pedagogical process the main tasks of physical education in the form of training sessions.

In addition to the school uniform, physical culture includes other types of organized sectional or independent classes that contribute to general physical fitness. The basic physical culture also partially includes sports, namely in its mass forms within the 2nd sports category of the Unified Sports All-Union Classification.

Human life and health are closely related to physical culture. It is she who helps to cure many diseases and prolongs life. Physical education is an integral part of human life. Every person who devotes time to physical activities improves their health. Improving the health of each person leads to an improvement in the health of society as a whole, an increase in the standard of living and culture.

List of used literature

1 "Popular Medical Encyclopedia". Editor-in-Chief Academician B.V. Petrovsky. Moscow. 1981.

2 “Life and culture”. Compiled by F.A. Alexandrov. Editor N. Sultanova. Moscow. 1978.

3 Kots Ya. M. Sports physiology. M.: Physical culture and sport, 1986

4 Rafin A. Ya. Physical culture. M., 1989

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