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The main social problems of modern Russian society. Types of social problems and their place in social work

Evdokimov Viktor

Research work on the topic: "The main socially significant problems of modern society"

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Introduction 3

1. Poverty, poverty of the population 7

2. Labor market and unemployment: results of 2015 and forecasts for the future 9

3. Alcoholization of the population, drunkenness 12

4. Distribution of drugs, drug addiction 14

5. HIV/AIDS epidemic 17

6. Population extinction. Demographic problem 19

7. Social orphanhood 23

8.Corruption 28

Conclusion 30

List of used literature 33

Appendix 35

Introduction

“Everyone talks about bad weather, but no one tries to change it.” The same vein can be expressed about social problems in Russia: everyone says that in our society they exist and there are many of them, but most of them remain unresolved, and some are only getting worse. This is especially true for the last decade. Moreover, there is no consensus as to which problems of society are the most acute today, requiring urgent solutions and government spending, and which can wait without being particularly dangerous.

Mark Twain

The relevance of the chosen topic lies in the fact that at present the global social danger is the threat of impoverishment of the population, unemployment, economic and social instability, unrealizable hopes.Drunkenness and alcoholism is not only a problem of one specific person who has fallen into the network of addiction. It also concerns his immediate environment, and the production environment, and family relationships. Alcoholism as a social problem has a huge impact on society as a whole, destroying the very basis of its prosperous existence. Each person is an integral part of the whole society, the level of development of which directly depends on the health of people, their psychological maturity, responsibility and striving for excellence. Thus, a patient with alcoholism not only falls into the abyss himself, but also pulls the whole society along with him.

Drug addiction is a serious social disease of our time, which takes a huge number of people to the grave, mostly young people. That's whyaddiction treatment This is a public problem and cannot be overestimated.

Orphanhood as a social phenomenon exists as long as human society, and is an integral element of civilization. At all times, wars, epidemics, natural disasters, and other causes led to the death of parents, as a result of which children became orphans. Apparently, with the emergence of a class society, the so-called social orphanhood also appears, when children are deprived of parental care due to their unwillingness or inability to fulfill their parental duties, as a result of which the parents abandon the child or are removed from his upbringing.

Corruption remains one of the most acute problems of modern Russia and is fraught with a national threat. It is about corruption and its unacceptably high level that representatives of the executive and legislative authorities and public organizations have been talking more and more often at the highest level lately.

The role of new technologies, innovations, the human factor (human) as the main productive force of society is rapidly increasing. It is the population, the conditions of its life, the level of well-being and education, health and demographic characteristics that are the basis for the development and prosperity of any state.

For several years now, the fact of the extinction of the Russian population has been ascertained: high mortality and low birth rates. Representatives of the authorities regularly talk about the inviolability of the state's social programs, even in conditions of an economic crisis: the fight against unemployment, raising pensions, raising the living standards of the population.

Public opinion in the country is formed mainly by the media. Limited personal experience often saves people from facing many pressing social issues, and if they are not covered by the media, then many of their existence are not even aware. As a result, the picture in the minds of the population is incomplete and distorted.

This is how, according to the VTsIOM poll, which resulted in 1,600 people being interviewed in 140 settlements in 42 regions, territories and republics of Russia, the ratings of the significance of the main social problems of modern Russia look like. (see appendix 1)

In this list of burning issues, what worries people personally differs significantly from what they imagine is important for the country as a whole (these perceptions are made up of statements by officials in the media). According to this criterion, the ratings presented in the 2nd and 3rd columns of the table differ. The rise in prices is seen as equally significant for itself and for the country; alcoholism and drug addiction in surveys are merged into one problem. The population itself assesses the standard of living more negatively than this indicator looks like according to official estimates, at the same time, demographic problems - low birth rate and high mortality - are difficult for people to individually try on themselves: people do not put these problems very high in their personal rating and refers to the problems of the whole society.

If we study the issue according to statistical data, the picture is different. The list of real problems of society over the past ten years is as follows - although it is difficult to say which of them are the most acute and which are less. It should be noted that the ranking of social problems - an assessment of relative importance, severity - is a very complex process, since most of the problems are interdependent, follow one from the other, some are of a short-term nature, others are long-term or historically inherent in our people. In this regard, in my research work, I could not dwell on any one problem, and considered the most significant ones.

Obviously, the poverty of the population is in the lead in one of the richest countries in the world. Probably one of the reasons for this is corruption. Next, we should name the alcoholization of the country, the spread of drugs, the HIV / AIDS epidemic, unemployment, child homelessness and, in general, the extinction of the population. Let's take a closer look at the issues listed above.

1. Poverty, poverty of the population

In the list of problems identified by the population, poverty is in the lead; in public opinion polls, people indicate it as the most acute. The growth in incomes of the entire population “on average” over the past ten years was ensured by the growth in the income of the richest fifth of the population and, above all, the very top of society, which is half a percent. Three quarters of the population during this time only became poorer, only 15-20% of the population can be reckoned with the slowly growing “middle class”. According to the UN criteria, 20-30% of the population live in poverty, three-quarters of the population of Russia live in poverty.

The main causes of poverty, which often overlap, reinforce and complement each other, are:

Economic (low labor productivity, low wages and high wage differentiation, unemployment, non-competitiveness of a number of industries, the existence of low-paid jobs, unskilled or low-skilled labor, the preservation of unprofitable enterprises);

Socio-medical (disability, old age, poor health, high morbidity, as well as child neglect and homelessness, which can be attributed to manifestations of poverty);

Demographic (single-parent and large families, families with a high dependency load);

Socio-economic (low level of social guarantees and ratio of minimum social payments to the subsistence level);

Educational and qualification (low level of education, insufficient level of vocational training, the situation of "not being in demand" for the proposed education and qualifications in demand in the regional labor market);

Political (rupture of existing interregional ties, military conflicts, forced migration);

Regional and geographical (uneven development of productive forces, large differences in the economic potential of the regions, which led to the presence of depressed monoeconomic territories, subsidized regions with low economic potential, northern regions dependent on centralized supplies of food and resources).

The cause of poverty is obviously not the poverty of the most mineral-rich country, but the economic policy of the ruling class. Over the past ten years, the main "impoverishing" parameters of economic policy have been mothballed. First of all, the official level of the minimum wage, the minimum wage, is set at a level ten times lower than in developed countries: we have this minimum of 70 euros, in France - 1200 euros, in Ireland - 1300 euros. Benefits, benefits, fines, average salaries and pensions are calculated from this modest base.

The main shameful feature of Russian poverty is the adult able-bodied people, employed or unemployed, whose salaries and benefits are below the subsistence level, they make up 30% of all the poor. In addition, Russian poverty has a “childish face”: 61% of all poor families are families with children. With all the calls from the authorities to young families to give birth to more children, in reality the birth of a child, and even more so two, plunges a young family into a state of poverty or poverty.

Sustained economic growth is a necessary prerequisite for reducing poverty and social inequality.

2. Labor market and unemployment: results of 2015 and forecasts for the future

The All-Russian Public Opinion Research Center (VTsIOM) presents survey data on the level of unemployment among respondents, how they evaluate their own employment opportunities upon dismissal, whether they save money in case of job loss.

By the end of 2015, the urgency of the problem of unemployment for Russians, in relation to the beginning of the year, had grown significantly: if in January the index*, demonstrating the significance of this issue, was -44 points, then in December it was equal to -28 points (with a range of -100 to 100). In recent months, close thirds of respondents have been unemployed (33% said this, including 9% - four or more).More often than the average for the sample, such cases are observed among 35-44 year olds (39%), people with low incomes (43%).

The indicator reflecting assessments of one's own employment opportunities** fluctuated within the range of 43-50 percentage points during the year, and in December amounted to 49 percentage points (with a possible minimum of 10 and a maximum of 90). Thus, it can be noted that there was no significant increase in fears and tensions regarding the situation in the labor market among working respondents.

According to the latest data, every fifth employee (22%) is convinced that in the event of dismissal, he will find an equivalent job without any difficulties. Every fourth (25%) believes that, with little effort, they will also be able to get a similar job - the minimum value for the year (from 35% in January). 32% of the respondents expect great difficulties, and 17% (annual maximum) think that it will be practically impossible for them to find a job without losing their position or salary.

The share of those who make savings in case of job loss has not changed much over the year - it is about a quarter of all respondents (24% in December).First of all, residents of metropolitan megacities (39%), people with high incomes (37%) resort to this measure. Also, there are no significantly more or less of those who declare their intention to start saving (14% in December).About a third of respondents (31%) do not make such savings and do not intend to.

* Unemployment indexdemonstrates the urgency of the problem of unemployment. The indicator is calculated as the difference between positive and negative answers to the question "How many people among your relatives, acquaintances have lost their jobs over the past 2-3 months?". The index is measured in points and can range from -100 to 100. The higher the index value, the higher the relevance of the problem for the respondents.

**Index of employmentdemonstrates the respondents' subjective assessment of the situation on the labor market. The index is based on the question: "If you lose your job, do you think it will be easy for you to find an equivalent job?". Responses are assigned coefficients from 0.1 to 0.9. The index is measured in points and can range from 10 to 90. The higher the index value, the more pessimistic the respondents' forecasts.

An initiative all-Russian poll by VTsIOM was conducted on December 26-27, 2015. 1600 people were interviewed in 130 settlements in 46 regions, territories and republics of Russia. Statistical error does not exceed 3.5%. (see appendix 2)

In November 2015, according to the results of a sample survey of the population on employment issues, 4.4 million people, or 5.8% of the economically active population, were classified as unemployed (in accordance with the methodology of the International Labor Organization). 0.9 million people were registered as unemployed in state institutions of the employment service, including 0.8 million people receiving unemployment benefits.

Unemployment rateNovember 2015 amounted to 5.8% (excluding seasonal factor). (see appendix 3)

Average age of the unemployed in November 2015 was 35.6 years. Young people under 25 make up 24.3% of the unemployed, persons aged 50 and over - 19.3%.

3.Alcoholism of the population, drunkenness

Alcoholization of the population is a recognized national problem. According to the UN, the per capita consumption of 8 liters of alcohol per year is already leading to the degradation of the nation, in our country this consumption, according to official estimates, has reached 18 liters, and according to unofficial estimates, more than 20 liters. The people are dying to a large extent from the general alcoholism. Over 80% drink alcohol, a third regularly drink vodka, there are 3 million registered alcoholics in the country, 25-30 million dependent on alcohol, 75 thousand die annually from alcohol poisoning, every fifth crime is committed on the basis of drunkenness. These facts are already recognized by everyone, but the causes and measures of struggle are called very different. .

One of the factors in the growth of alcoholism is “leftist”, shadow, vodka, produced without paying excise and other taxes, sold illegally and bringing producers 2–3 billion dollars a year. The production of counterfeit vodka is growing all the time, which gives rise to a “statistical paradox” - over the past twenty years, the official production of vodka has not been growing or has been declining, while sales, from unknown sources, have been increasing. But such vodka, at least, as a rule, is not poisoned, people die from surrogates - solutions of household chemicals based on technical alcohol, which are “tinted” with whatever they have to.

4. Distribution of drugs, drug addiction

A problem no less acute than alcoholism is the spread of drugs. Everyone knows that there is such a problem, the first persons of the state call it a “drug problem”, declared to the country . Drug trafficking is driven by the interests of powerful criminal forces, whose income from the illegal sale of drugs is over $15 billion a year. In ten years, drug use in Russia has increased tenfold, while in the United States it has halved during this time. The number of drug addicts registered in dispensaries is 550,000, and it is estimated that 5 million people regularly use drugs, or, according to social surveys, more than 7% of the population aged 11–40 years. This is eight times more than in the EU countries. In addition, injecting drug users are the main source of HIV infection: among this group, 18% are affected by HIV, 80% by hepatitis C and 27% by hepatitis B. In the structure of registered crime, drug trafficking ranks second not only in terms of volume and intensity, but also in terms of their growth rate. .

According to the results of monitoring conducted by the State Anti-Drug Committee, the drug situation in Russia is still assessed as difficult, however, as a result of the activities of the federal executive authorities with the coordinating role of the Federal Drug Control Service of Russia, there have been trends to reduce the negative impact of drug expansion on the socio-demographic situation in the country.

Illicit drug trafficking is a complex, multifactorial process that includes the organization of channels for the supply of prohibited substances across the state border of the Russian Federation (or their production directly in Russia), the distribution of drugs throughout the country, the organization of distribution networks, and the development of schemes for the legalization of criminal proceeds. Such actions in the aggregate can only be carried out by organized criminal groups.

The most important factor determining the vector of development of the modern drug situation in the Russian Federation continues to be the deadly traffic of opium drugs from Afghanistan.

According to the results of 9 months of 2015, seizures of heroin by drug control authorities reached 1.2 tons. It should be noted that against the background of a decrease in the total mass of seized heroin, its significant increase is observed in the regions of the Southern Federal District, which indicates an increase in the intensity of heroin drug trafficking along the northern branch of the Balkan route » through the Caucasus region towards the central regions of Russia.

Along with the global trafficking of Afghan heroin, a significant threat to society is the flood of synthetic drugs that has swept over Russia, including their new varieties.

If in 2012 the proportion of synthetic drugs in the total mass of narcotic drugs seized by all law enforcement agencies of the country was a little more than 3%, then in 2013 this figure exceeded 5%, in 2014 it reached 13%, and following the results of 9 months of 2015 it amounted to 15%. % .

Among the crimes related to drug trafficking, 96.9% were facts of illegal production, sale, shipment, acquisition, storage, transportation, manufacture, processing, as well as violations of the rules for the circulation of narcotic drugs or psychotropic substances. (see appendix 4)

January-November 2015 of the registered crimes, the criminal cases of which were completed by investigation, 30.5 thousand crimes were committed in a state of drug intoxication, which is 1.6% more than in the corresponding period of the previous year, their share in the total number of investigated crimes was 2, 7%. The number of crimes committed while intoxicated increased by 12.1% and amounted to 363.9 thousand (31.7%) 3 .

5.HIV/AIDS epidemic

No less acute social and medical problem, about which society is practically unaware, is the problem of the spread of HIV/AIDS infection in the country. The situation is characterized as an epidemic: The total number of Russians infected with HIV, registered in the Russian Federation as of November 1, 2015, was 986,657 people. According to the monitoring form of Rospotrebnadzor "Information on measures to prevent HIV infection, hepatitis B and C, identify and treat patients with HIV" in the Russian Federation as of November 1, 2015, 205,538 HIV-infected people died of various causes, incl. 20,612 in 2015 (up 16.6% over the same period in 2014).

For 10 months of 2015, the territorial centers for the prevention and control of AIDS reported 73,777 new cases of HIV infection among citizens of the Russian Federation (according to preliminary data), excluding those identified anonymously and foreign citizens, which is 12% more than in the same period. period of 2014. The incidence rate in 2015 was 50.4 per 100 thousand 9 . population. In 2015, in terms of incidence in the Russian Federation, the leaders were: Kemerovo region (195.6 new cases of HIV infection were registered per 100,000 population), Sverdlovsk region (152.2), Novosibirsk region (124.8), Tomsk region (122.5 ) regions, Altai Territory (111.8), Chelyabinsk (109.2), Samara (94.8) regions, Perm Territory (89.0), Orenburg Region (85.4), Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug (84, 4).

Cases of HIV infection have been registered in all subjects of the Russian Federation. High prevalence of HIV infection (more than 0.5% among the total population) in 2015 was registered in 26 regions, where 41.5% of the country's population lived.

As of November 1, 2015, the prevalence of HIV infection was 534.0 per 100,000 population of Russia. The most affected subjects of the Russian Federation (according to preliminary data) include: Sverdlovsk (1511.0 registered people living with HIV per 100 thousand population), Irkutsk (1503.7), Kemerovo (1448.2), Samara (1373.5), Orenburg (1128.2), Leningrad (1116.3) regions, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug (1094.9), Tyumen (1093.9), Chelyabinsk (943.7) regions, St. Petersburg (941.3 ).

In the Russian Federation in 2015, men still predominated among HIV-infected people (63.0%), most of them became infected through drug use. By November 1, 2015, more than 364,000 HIV-infected women were registered in Russia, who were mainly infected through sexual contact with men.

Among those newly identified in 2015 HIV-positive with established risk factors for infection, 53.6% were infected through drug use with non-sterile instruments, 42.8% - through heterosexual contacts, 1.5% - through homosexual contacts, 2.1% were children infected from mothers during pregnancy, childbirth and breastfeeding .

Thus, in the country in 2015, the epidemic situation of HIV infection continued to worsen. The high incidence of HIV infection persisted, the total number of patients and the number of deaths of HIV-infected people increased, and the emergence of the epidemic from vulnerable groups of the population into the general population intensified.

6. Population extinction. demographic problem

The demographic phenomenon, which in sociological terminology is called the “Russian cross”, was recorded in Russia in 1992, when the curve depicting mortality went up sharply and crossed the birth rate line. Since then, the death rate has exceeded the birth rate, at times one and a half times: we have become a country with a European birth rate and an African death rate. According to official forecasts, by 2025 the population will decrease to 120 million people, and according to some estimates, to 85 million. Russia is the only developed country that is dying out in peacetime. The main causes of record deaths are diseases, including socially determined ones, murders and suicides, deaths on the roads, alcohol poisoning .

Over the past two decades, there has been a decrease in the demographic potential of the country not only in quantitative terms (an absolute decrease in the number of women of reproductive age, the total fertility rate does not even ensure simple reproduction of the population), but also in qualitative terms - a decrease in the number of healthy women of reproductive age and healthy men, capable of producing offspring. In 2010, the total fertility rate (the number of births per 1 woman) was 1.59 (this is the best indicator for the last almost 20 years), while in order to ensure simple reproduction of the population (simple replacement of generations), it must be at least 2 ,15. A sharp decline in the birth rate began at the turn of the 1990s. and continued for the next decade.

In the meantime, the UN medium-term and long-term demographic forecasts for our country are far from optimistic: according to the medium variant of the medium-term forecast, its population in 2020 will be 135.4 million people, according to

there were 146.5 million people).

According to the estimate, the permanent population of the Russian Federationas of November 1, 2015 amounted to 146.5 million people. Since the beginning of the year, the number of Russian residents has increased by212.6 thousand people, or by 0.15% (as of the corresponding date of the previous year, there was alsoan increase in the population by 264.4 thousand people, or by 0.18%).

Population increase in January-October 2015 formed due to natural and migration gains. At the same time, migration growth amounted to 90.1% of the total population growth. 3 . (see appendix 5)

January-October 2015 in Russia, there was a decrease in the number of births (in 61 subjects of the Russian Federation) and an increase in the number of deaths (in 43 subjects).

In general, in the country in January-October 2015. the number of births exceeded the number of deaths

by 21.1 thousand people (in January-October 2014 - by 37.1 thousand people). At the same time, in 42 constituent entities of the Russian Federation there is an excess of the number of deaths over the number of births, of which in 9 constituent entities of the Russian Federation this excess amounted to 1.5-1.7 times 3 . (see appendix 6)

Low life expectancy, especially for men, and their high mortality in working age is also one of the most acute problems of the current demographic situation. According to the Ministry of Health and Social development of Russia, of men who are currently 20 years old, only 60% will live to 60 years (40% will die), and over the next 5 years of the remaining 60-year-old men, another 20% will die.

A separate and increasingly acute problem is the decline in the reproductive capabilities of young people, especially men, due to bad habits (excessive alcohol consumption, smoking), unhealthy lifestyles (sedentary lifestyle, lack of sufficient physical activity), poor nutrition and an ever-deteriorating environment.

According to the Research Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, currently 18% of women of reproductive age (seven million) and four million men suffer from infertility.

These demographic barriers (changes) can lead to a slowdown in the socio-economic development of the country (reduction in employment and production, slowdown in economic growth, etc.), as well as the emergence of internal and external threats to the existence of the state.

What is the reaction of the Russian authorities to these demographic challenges?

The priority tasks of the demographic policy were, as is known, formulated in the Presidential Message to the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation on May 10, 2006: reduction of mortality, effective migration policy, increase in the birth rate. With good reason, they can be called the demographic platform for Russia's development, which organically fit into the priority national projects "Education", "Health", "Affordable and comfortable housing". In the development of this platform, as already mentioned, the Concept of the Demographic Policy of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2025 was developed.

(2007) and Implementation Action Plan 2008-2010. this Concept (2008). The practical implementation of the new demographic policy began with the introduction in 2006-2008. a number of new, hitherto unprecedented social guarantees (monetary benefits) for large-scale state support for families with children aimed at increasing the birth rate, especially for the birth of second and subsequent children as the basis for overcoming the demographic crisis. This is a state certificate for maternity (family) capital; birth certificate; a one-time allowance for the pregnant wife of a conscripted military serviceman; monthly allowance for the child of a military serviceman who is in military service by conscription; a one-time allowance for the transfer of a child to be raised in a family; monthly payments for the maintenance of the child in the family of the guardian. Significantly (many times) increased such types of benefits for children as a monthly allowance for the birth of a child and a monthly allowance for the period of parental leave until the child reaches the age of one and a half years (both for the first child, and for the second and subsequent children). A new type of remuneration has been introduced as the remuneration of foster parents. Most of these guarantees are indexed annually.

In this context, positive motivation is very important, propaganda in the Russian media of the value of a large family and those parents who want and are able to give birth to a second, third and subsequent children, regardless of the types and forms of marital (marriage) unions, and even more so have the opportunity to provide financially.

7. Social orphanhood

As the birth rate rises, other problems arise. Due to the growing alcoholism of fathers, family breakdown and poverty, many mothers still in the hospital abandon their children, in addition, parents who are alcoholics and criminals are deprived of parental rights. So-called social orphanhood arose: orphans with living parents. There are now more than 700,000 such social orphans. Of the 800,000 orphans, more than 80% are social orphans.

But many children living in families have a sad fate. Conflicts in families and divorces, alcoholism of parents, poverty force many children to run away from home and wander around the country. There are about 1 million such homeless children - no one knows the exact number. Even more - up to 2 million - are neglected, those who only spend the night at home, but during the day remain without parental supervision and are brought up on the street. As a result, about 330 thousand crimes are committed by teenagers per year, 2 thousand children commit suicide .

About half of orphanage graduates disappear for society: some become alcoholics, others become criminals. At the same time, the state does not solve the problem of adoption and guardianship. Bureaucracy and low material support for families who have adopted a child for upbringing create insurmountable difficulties for them.

In such circumstances, increasing the birth rate is of dubious value. Radical transformations in all spheres of Russian society that began at the end of the 20th century led to a number of significant changes in the social life of society, in particular, they led to an increase in crisis processes in the institution of the family, manifested in the weakening of parental functions, the reduction of parental responsibility for the maintenance and upbringing of children. . In addition, society has become highly polarized due to social stratification. All this provokes social and psychological maladjustment of people, contributes to the deterioration of the public health of the nation. The lifestyle that many parents lead forces state and municipal authorities to restrict or deprive them of parental rights, and for children to choose the appropriate form of arrangement. In 2012, the number of children taken from parents deprived of parental rights amounted to 64.7 thousand people. Recently, Russia has been acquiring yet another paradoxical characteristic - it is turning into a country that exports its children. A lot of young Russians got into the zone of social trouble. The number of children engaged in vagrancy has increased. According to statistics, 16% of Russian citizens under the age of 16 live in families with incomes below the subsistence level. In them, children are deprived of a balanced diet, the ability to meet the simplest basic needs. In addition, more than 80% of children do not have parental care - although these are not orphans in the truest sense of the word. Unfortunately, the younger generation is losing qualitative characteristics that reflect the level of physical, mental and moral health. Various forms of deviant behavior are common among adolescents: alcoholism, drug addiction, crime. The processes noted above take place in almost all regions of Russia.

Today, two concepts are widely used in theoretical studies: "orphan" ("orphanhood") and "social orphan" ("social orphanhood").Social orphan- this is a child who has biological parents, but for some reason they do not raise the child and do not take care of him. In this case, society and the state take care of the children.social orphanhood- a social phenomenon due to the presence in society of children left without parental care due to the deprivation of their parental rights, the recognition of their parents as incapacitated, missing, etc. A qualitatively new phenomenon was also discovered - "hidden" social orphanhood, which is spreading under the influence of the deterioration of the living conditions of a significant part of families, the fall of the moral foundations of the family.

The above facts confirm that the problem of social orphanhood of children in Russia is aggravated, becoming the object of increased attention not only from society, but also from the President of the Russian Federation. According to Pavel Astakhov, Commissioner for Children's Rights under the President of the Russian Federation, "as of January 1, 2015, there are 106,000 orphans and children left without parental care in the state data bank." Despite the fact that every year this figure decreased - by 7-8%, and in 2014 - by 14%, almost half of the children in our country continue to be at social risk. Social orphanhood is a multifaceted concept, including several categories of children, which can be conditionally systematized according to the following indicators: by place of stay; residential institutions; street (homeless children, runaway children); family (neglected children).

The sharp change in value orientations taking place in modern society, the psychological maladaptation of a significant part of the population, and the decline in moral standards have a negative impact on the process of socialization of children and adolescents. Today there is a dysfunctional family - a family in which the structure is broken, the basic family functions are devalued or ignored, there are obvious or hidden defects in education, as a result of which "difficult children" appear. Measures to prevent social orphanhood should include work with this category of families. The cruelty of the attitude towards children in families leads to terrible consequences. Often children find themselves in the walls of state institutions that are not able to replace their family. In modern realities, the spectrum of causes of children's trouble is very wide. Crisis phenomena in the family should be singled out among the significant factors:

violation of its structure and functions;
an increase in the number of divorces and the number of single-parent families;
antisocial lifestyle of a number of families;
falling living standards;
worsening conditions for children;
an increase in psycho-emotional overload in the adult population, which directly affects children;
prevalence of child abuse in families.

Prevention of social orphanhood and work with dysfunctional families are carried out by guardianship and guardianship authorities. However, this system cannot be said to work effectively.

With the emergence of a class society, social orphanhood occurs when children are deprived of parental care due to the unwillingness or impossibility of the parents to fulfill their duties, abandoning the child or removing him from his upbringing. The most common reasons for abandoning a child are his serious illness (60%), as well as difficult material and living conditions of the family (about 20%). Thus, most often the refusal of parents is caused by the need to place a seriously ill child in full state care.

I conducted a social survey in our city. The survey included 140 parents and 90 teenagers. They were asked the question “What is the reason for the emergence of social orphanhood?” (3 answers were chosen). (see appendix 7)

As we can see from the survey, the main cause of social orphanhood is the crisis in the family (growth of divorces, incomplete families) 68.5%, followed by an equally important reason is the spread of alcoholism, drug addiction and crime 63.2%.

It is characteristic that, among other reasons, the respondents name “a certain indifference on the part of the state”, “disunity of interests between the government and the people”, “weakening of Russia”, “dissoluteness”, “there is no order in the country”, etc. These answers confirm the specifics of social mood. The survey showed that a quarter of the respondents link the emergence of social orphans with insufficiently adjusted policy of the state and regions, 12% believe that the poor economic situation of individual regions is to blame, 9% say that the reason is the lack of a clear legislative framework, 54% of respondents justify the emergence of social orphanhood all of the above circumstances 12 .

8.Corruption

It is one of the major problems in the country. Although the level of corruption has decreased dramatically over the past decade, a significant part of the Russian economy is still in the black or gray zone. Because of this, many processes associated with significant government spending are seriously hampered: such as large construction projects or large-scale purchases. Corruption also harms the growth of some business sectors. Ordinary citizens have faced corruption less frequently in recent years: a driver who respects the rules or an honest representative of a small business can work for years without handing over any envelopes to anyone.

According to the head of the Investigative Committee of the Prosecutor's Office A. Bastrykin, the amount of harm caused by corrupt officials, customs officers, prosecutors and policemen - this is only in the case of investigated criminal cases - approached 1 trillion rubles. At the same time, the largest number of corruption-related crimes was committed in the areas of law enforcement, control and auditing activities and in local governments. According to K. Kabanov, Chairman of the National Anti-Corruption Committee, the total amount of real corruption damage is 9-10 trillion rubles. in year. This is what concerns corruption in the upper echelons of power 13 .

According to the head of the Investigative Committee of Russia Vladimir Markin, the damage from corruption crimes in Russia is about 40 billion rubles a year, which is much less thanin the European Union . In the first half of 2015, about 11.5 thousand cases were initiated in Russia on charges of corruption, and about 6.5 thousand were sent to court.

The damage from corruption represents the amounts illegally received by officials and the profits of businessmen as a result of the transaction. But in practice, the vast majority of funding for solving social problems comes from the budgets of the state at various levels and, according to numerous estimates, as a result of competitions and tenders for the distribution of these funds, half of them are “kicked back” to corrupt businessmen and officials. It turns out that half of the social part of the state budget does not reach its intended purpose, i.e. plundered.

It is not surprising that representatives of all, without exception, socially oriented sectors of the economy speak of "underfunding" of their areas of activity, it would be reasonable to add - "and embezzlement of public funds."

Conclusion

Socio-economic problems of modern society: do they exist at all?

The answer is obvious. Bad habits, alcohol, drugs, various diseases, population extinction, social orphanhood, crime, bribery, corruption, unemployment, etc. It seems that this list can be listed for a very long time and stubbornly.

There are a lot of questions, but there are not very many answers why things are like this today. The most terrible, probably, is the issue of juvenile delinquency and homelessness. Cause? Unfavorable families, social environment, character laid down at the gene level, the spread of alcoholism and drugs, etc. Often, the most cruel are abandoned children who are offended by the whole world for the reigning chaos in their lives. Accustomed to surviving in shelters and on the streets, they learn not from curricula, but from street laws that change their views and priorities. Families and friends cannot be blamed for crime and immorality. Here it is worth paying attention to politics, as well as to monetary relations. Homelessness is a threat to future generations.

The main ways to overcome social orphanhood in society: stabilization of socio-economic and political processes in society; the revival of the spiritual culture of the nation; economic, legislative, social support for the family, motherhood and childhood; improvement of the system of placement of orphans. Unfortunately, this work is not carried out everywhere. Thus, the problem of social orphanhood in Russia should be resolved in stages, with the involvement of various services and departments, including through the implementation of legislative initiatives.

Poverty is the most acute problem of modern society. Adult able-bodied people, employed or unemployed, have salaries and benefits below the subsistence level, they make up 30% of all the poor. Poor families with children 61%.

With all the calls from the authorities to young families to give birth to more children, in reality the birth of a child, and even more so two, plunges a young family into a state of poverty or poverty. As studies show, not only monetary (material) incentives are important for increasing the birth rate and strengthening the motivation for the birth of a second and subsequent children. An equally significant role is played by non-monetary incentives and factors, such as, for example, historical, socio-cultural traditions and the mentality to create a large family.

Employment. Perhaps the eternal problem of mankind. There are many such people in our country. Often, problems with finding a job lead to very detrimental consequences.

On the part of the state, there should be an active policy in the labor market and support for effective employment, namely:

Reduction of low-paid employment and marginal jobs, implementation of a set of measures to create new, highly paid and protected jobs that guarantee wages not lower than the minimum wage of the able-bodied population;

Strengthening the relationship between the labor market and vocational education, adapting vocational education to the needs of the labor market, the diversity of educational programs, training and retraining of citizens in integrated professions (specialties);

Implementation of preventive measures against unemployment and social protection of youth from unemployment;

Development of small and medium business, entrepreneurship and self-employment;

The development of the agro-industrial complex, and especially enterprises for the processing of agricultural products, employment in non-agricultural work is the main way to create new jobs, expand employment and, consequently, increase incomes and reduce rural poverty;

Since occupational diseases and injuries in the workplace increase the risk of the whole family falling into a state of poverty, improving working conditions (health and safety at work, improving labor protection) is important.

Protection of the income of the population - salaries, pensions, allowances, scholarships:

Increasing the size of the basic social guarantees established by Russian legislation, primarily aimed at supporting children, mothers, families, students, pensioners, low-paid workers.

Modern problems of youth and the whole society as a whole are not a problem of today, but of tomorrow. After all, every day the situation will only worsen. Today it's bad habits like nicotine and alcohol, tomorrow it's theft and murder, and after tomorrow it's drugs and AIDS.

State policy should be aimed at giving people equal opportunities from a very early age and creating a motivational mechanism for leading a healthy lifestyle (proper nutrition, physical education and sports, etc.), helping to overcome bad habits (smoking, alcoholism, consumption drugs).

The development of children at an early age, quality education and nutrition at school, benefits for large families, policies regarding street and neglected children, programs to combat marginalization (vagrancy, begging, drug addiction, crime) are important tools for the social protection of children, lay the foundations for educational and labor potential of the younger generation.

Bibliography

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3. Federal State Statistics Service. Socio-economic situation January-November 2015

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Application

Annex 1

VTsIOM poll results

Which of the following problems do you consider the most important for yourself personally, for the country as a whole:	For myself	For the country
Inflation, rising prices for goods and services
unemployment
Alcoholism, drug addiction
Corruption and bureaucracy
Standards of living
crime
The health situation
Pension provision
The situation in the field of housing and communal services
Economic crisis
Youth situation
Delays in payment of wages
Demographic situation (birth, death)
The influence of the oligarchs on the economic and political life of the country
Russia's position in the world
National security
The situation in the field of education
Democracy and human rights
terrorism
The state of morality and morality
The situation in the army
Ecology and state of the environment
Relations with CIS countries
Interethnic and interfaith relations
Implementation of national projects
Extremism, fascism
Difficult to answer

Note: no more than seven answers are allowed per given closed question.

Annex 2

How many people among your relatives, acquaintances lost their jobs during the last 2-3 months?

(open question, one answer, %)

ІІ

ІІІ

VII

VIII

XII

Many (4 people or more)

2-3 persons

There are no such

Difficult to answer

Unemployment index*

Application ending 2

Initiative all-Russian poll of VTsIOM

If you lose your job, do you think it will be easy for you to find an equivalent job?

(closed question, one answer, % of working respondents)

ІІ

ІІІ

VII

VIII

XII

I can easily find an equivalent job

I think that with a little effort I will find an equivalent job

I think that I will be able to find an equivalent job with great difficulty.

I think it's almost impossible

. Social problems: specifics, levels and solutions.

Issues for discussion:

The concept of a social problem and its origins.

Approaches to the definition of the concept of "social problem".

Types and levels of social problems.

Ways to solve social problems.

Technology for solving problems in social work.

The technological task of social work is to

identification of a social problem and with the help of the available

disposal of social services tools and funds

timely adjustment of the actions of a social worker

and behavior of the object of social work to provide

him social assistance. Character social problem is

the most important factor on which the determination

work with the client.

social problem - this is a challenging learning task.

whose solution leads to significant theoretical

or practical results . To solve it

appropriate information about the object of social

impact, conditions, circumstances and other

factors affecting his life, condition and

behavior.

Social problems can be global in nature,

affecting the interests of a significant part of humanity. So,

demographic, ecological, technogenic, food,

energy and other problems at present

time acquire a global character, and their resolution

requires the participation of most of the states of our planet. Social

problems may concern the interests of individuals or

multiple social systems. For example, social crises

extending to individual countries, national

ethnic communities, associations, blocs or groupings.

Problems can spread to certain areas

life of a group of people or individuals. It may

be problems covering the socio-economic, socio-

political, spiritual or actually social

areas of human life.

For social work, they are of particular importance

personal problems arising in the process of interaction

personality and social environment. The social environment is

all factors that activate (or block) protection

social interests of the individual, the realization of his needs.

One of the most important conditions for solving a social problem

is its exact formulation. If problem Right

formulated, this, firstly, allows

search for missing information in the right direction;

secondly, it ensures the choice of the optimal toolkit

social impact, and therefore efficiency

social work. One of the most important requirements for

the formulation of a social problem is its validity.

It must be based on real needs and

prerequisites. Lack of connection with real practical

or theoretical needs makes the problem arbitrary,

far-fetched.

A well-formulated problem is the starting point,

the initial link in a complex cognitive-analytical

activities of social services and organizers of social

Practical need and significance of the social problem

not only activate the activities of social

services, mobilize their intellectual, organizational

and physical potential, but also give the search for technological

creative, innovative solutions.

In relation to the practice of social work, the concept of "social problem" can be defined as follows: this is a mismatch of expectations, needs, interests, etc. specific social subject with similar characteristics of other social subjects.

In the real practice of social life, social problems can be

view as existing on the following organizational levels :

- at the level of society as a whole, where society, as a phenomenon, is one

temporarily both the carrier of a specific problem and the subject of its solution,

for example, the problem of the transition of economic life;

- at the level of social community(group, layer), when the carrier of problems

we are a specific social community, for example, the problem is sharply

th decrease in the standard of living of the middle class;

- at the level of personality when the carrier of the problem is a specific person

lovek, personality, for example, problems of communication, relationships with the environment

The area of competence of social workers includes, first of all,

problems of the second and third levels of the organization. Solving social problems at the macro level is the task of social policy.

As a rule, a social worker deals with more than one social

problem, but with a whole "bouquet", a complex of such problems. For their successful solution, it is necessary to correctly prioritize, i.e., if possible, determine the degree of significance of these problems for a person or group.

Thus, it can be argued that the solution of a social problem begins with analysis of the social situation of the subject, which is understood as the allocation of parties, aspects of social reality associated with a specific situation and a specific problem field of a person or group with whom a social worker interacts. With such an approach, it is possible to consider in detail the entire set of issues related to a particular subject.

The results of the analysis of the social situation of the subject allow

They make an adequate decision regarding the timing, ways, methods and ways of solving those problems that complicate the process of the subject's life. In the very process of solving social problems, a number of technological stages.

First– collection, processing and comprehension of information about a person or

a group who are faced with a problem and need the help of a social worker for this reason. This stage necessarily includes activities to find and select the most appropriate and efficient methods for obtaining and processing such information.

Second - methodical, involving the formulation of the main goals

lei that can and should be achieved in the process of providing social assistance, determining the ways, methods and means of the proposed activity, which will be aimed at resolving a specific problem.

And finally third, final is it practical or procedural

a stage that involves the direct implementation in practice of those decisions that were made in the previous two stages. This is actually the solution of the conscious problem of a particular social subject.

Consistent implementation by specialists of each of the above

stages of activity involves the use of various social technologies. In this case, it becomes possible to classify them as follows:

Firstly, these are technologies of social analysis and social research

which allow you to deeply and in detail study a specific social situation, analyzing it at various levels. The main levels of analysis of the social situation are: individual level or level

small groups, the level of large social groups and strata, the level of territorial communities of various sizes, the national-state level, and, finally, the transnational or global level.

Such a “multi-layered” analysis allows not only to compare different

vision and perception of a social problem by subjects of varying degrees

complexity, but also to identify its roots, the main causes of occurrence, point out the factors that complicate the problem, reveal some trends in its functioning and development, as well as general directions for its solution.

Secondly, it is necessary to indicate such a class of social technologies,

as technologies of social impact, which involve the organization and implementation of activities to directly address a specific problem. These include universal social technologies (social diagnostics, social therapy, social adaptation, etc.). In addition to universal technologies, this class includes private social technologies designed to solve the problems of specific social actors (children, the disabled, the poor, etc.). If social research technologies can be effectively used at the first stage of solving a social problem, then social impact technologies are effective and efficient at the second and third stages of activity. Consideration of these technologies will be the subject of subsequent sections of the tutorial.

Technology for solving social problems. When diagnosing a social problem, one must keep in mind the stages of its development: emergence, exacerbation, resolution. In the process of diagnosis, it is necessary to determine how deep the problem is, and, depending on this, assess its importance for society, as well as justify the directions for its solution. It should be emphasized that the consequences of solving the problem, depending on what stage of development it is at, are not the same. If, in the process of purposeful influence, the problem is solved at the very beginning of its formation, then it is possible to limit the realization of the potential of its stimulating, healthy impact on society. If the problem is solved at the stage of its self-resolution, then, in fact, it is necessary to overcome its negative consequences. The threads of purposeful influence on it will be largely lost. The positive aspects of the initial existence of the problem will be covered by its negative consequences. Therefore, to solve the problem, it is important to justify the stage at which it will be most effective.

In the process of diagnosis, it is necessary to take into account the dialectical relationship between social problems. This means that the solution of this problem results in the emergence of a new or even several problems, that is, its solution is relative. For example, the solution of the problem of unemployment in the USSR in the early 1930s resulted in the emergence of such problems as inefficient employment, the problem of manual labor, the problem of discipline, etc. Moreover, practice shows that social problems cannot be solved forever. In particular, the problems that arise as a result of the operation of the law of rising needs are constantly renewed, and in this sense they are eternal. As social development through the resolution of contradictions through social management or spontaneously, problems are removed, but at the same time they are reproduced at a qualitatively new level.

Diagnostics involves an assessment of the degree of severity of a given social problem, when, on the basis of analysis, the relationship of different problems is established and among them the key one is found out, the elimination of which leads to the solution of many problems. For example, when developing the first Soviet GOELRO plan, experts came to the conclusion that solving the problem of electrification would significantly reduce the cost of human labor and free up time for the actual social development of society, improve the qualitative characteristics of human labor (its productivity, quality of education, skill level of workers) to significantly change the way of life both in the city and in the countryside, to raise the cultural and educational level of the population. Therefore, it was assessed as a key one, and the electrification program was defined as the leading link in the plan.

The identification of a fundamental, key problem in the process of diagnosing, respectively, requires the concentration of resources for its solution. At the same time, it is necessary to distribute resources in such a way that would ensure, although perhaps at a slower pace, the solution of other problems associated with the key one.

Raising the question of the priority and complexity of solving a particular problem, it is necessary to correlate the costs and losses that society may incur if social problems are not resolved on time. The most striking example of a society suffering great losses is juvenile delinquency. Today, the state spends huge amounts of money on the maintenance of various types of correctional institutions for adolescents (colonies, special schools, etc.) and disproportionately little on the prevention of offenses, the creation of various teenage clubs, circles, etc.

As methods of diagnostics, one can use well-known and positively proven methods, such as observation (visual, statistical, sociological); building a problem tree; ranking problems according to the degree of relevance and significance; conducting an applied sociological study of a problem situation, including the analysis of social statistics, economic parameters, materials of empirical surveys (questionnaires, interviews, etc.). Methods of forecasting, programming and planning can be used to diagnose social problems. Such, for example, as the Delphi method and program-target. Diagnosing problems, you can use the method of social samples, analogies, comparisons, historical parallels.

The problem in a broad sense is a complex theoretical or practical issue that requires study and resolution.

A fairly large sector of consideration of social problems is associated with the so-called spheral approach. The peculiarity of this approach is Firstly, in the fact that in the usual word usage called “social sphere”, “sphere of production”, etc., they mean complexes that include various, albeit internally similar types of activities, controlled by a number of governing bodies . Secondly, certain types of social services are implemented not only within the framework of one department responsible for them according to their intended purpose, but also within the framework of a number of others: for example, not only institutions of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation are engaged in educational activities, but also the same structures of the Ministry of Health and Social Development, the Ministry of Culture, etc., not to mention non-state organizations, whose role has been growing in recent years.

The problems of children in one way or another affect the activities of many, if not all, elements of the social complex. Finally, Thirdly, there are departments that do not formally belong to the social sphere (for example, the Ministry of Internal Affairs), but their activities are also of great importance precisely for social development and solving emerging social problems.

The spheral approach covers the entire life of society and all the functions of the state, and a number of elements within the framework of such a structure are “borderline”, lie at the junction of the social sphere and related areas of activity. Within the framework of the spheral approach, one can consider such urgent social problems as problems in the field of social and labor relations, in the field of public health, socio-ecological problems, problems in the field of education, culture and leisure, social protection of the population, etc.

Problems in the sphere of social and labor relations.

The most important place in social work should be occupied by the problem of maintaining and ensuring social and labor relations. Labor must be given its place as a basic social value.

In this direction, the social worker implements measures to promote employment of the population. In modern conditions, this activity is possible only within the framework of the principle of social partnership, that is, on the basis of cooperation with entrepreneurs (employers) and trade unions (associations of employees). The formation and maintenance of social partnership between all participants in social and labor relations, the organization of the activities of tripartite commissions are an integral part of social management.

In addition to maintaining existing and creating new jobs, one way to find “income-generating employment” is to promote self-employment, starting small businesses on a family or neighborhood basis. The predominance of commercial or simple service enterprises among them at present is not a pattern, but evidence of the initial level of small business development. World practice shows that he is capable of both intellectual services and the development of new technologies. Of course, the main thing in such activities is the individual initiative of potential entrepreneurs, however, the regional administration can support it by providing the most favorable starting conditions, creating a positive regulatory and investment climate, protecting against criminals, providing regional social orders.

Recognized throughout the world as a social technology to help an unemployed individual is additional training or retraining in order to acquire a new specialty or specialization that is more appropriate to the requirements of the time. Employment services actively implement this type of social support. Unfortunately, in the context of a deep systemic crisis that has engulfed our country, it is sometimes difficult to identify what promising professions can guarantee employment for people sent for retraining. There are no reliable data showing what proportion of people who have received retraining find work in accordance with the profession they have received.

The specificity of the current level of socio-economic development both in the Russian Federation as a whole and in individual regions is the fact that employment, the presence of paid work do not guarantee an income equivalent not only to the minimum consumer budget, but even per capita subsistence level. That is, a person who works and receives a salary does not always earn enough to provide for himself, not to mention dependents. Supplementation to the subsistence level can be achieved through overemployment (second job, one and a half, double rate, etc.), obtaining food from the garden, minimizing consumption, selling personal belongings, selling an apartment, giving, etc. Finally, applying to the social protection authorities can provide a person (family) with targeted social assistance.

Overemployment leads to intense and sometimes irreparable expenditure of strength and health of individuals, a lack of attention to the family and children. The most productive option both for the individual species and for society as a whole is an increase in the level of wages, an increase in labor security. Within the framework of this direction, such methods are used as the coordination and adoption of higher tariffs and wage rates (in a market economy, only on the basis of an agreement between the main agents of labor relations); ensuring the timely payment of wages and punishment for selfish delays by employers; the introduction of certain regional (sectoral) allowances for certain categories of workers (for special working conditions, due to high social significance, to attract personnel).

Finally, the function of labor protection, which has always been one of the most important areas of state activity, but in the face of the emergence of many private employers, has become especially acute. At present, the desire for momentary savings, the weakening of the controlling role of the state sometimes lead to the fact that labor protection is not given due attention, outdated and dangerous equipment is slowly being replaced by new ones. This requires not only constant inspections, joint control with trade unions, but also regional stimulation of employers who implement technologies that increase labor safety, promotion of labor protection measures, and training of personnel in such knowledge and technologies.

Although labor is a source of life-supporting resources for individuals and for society as a whole, other social problems are no less important.

Health problems.

The world community is increasingly recognizing that health is one of the main and irreplaceable social values. Its deficiency or absence cannot be fully compensated by any other values or benefits. The rights of individuals in the field of health protection are recognized by international legislation. Thus, article 12 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights states that the participating States recognize the right of every person to the highest attainable level of physical and mental health, for which specific measures must be taken within the framework of the policy in the field healthcare. These measures concern medicine, environmental hygiene, anti-epidemic protection of the territory, conditions for normal nutrition and healthy development of children. That is, health policy can also be carried out exclusively by the entire system of government, and not just by health authorities.

The fundamentals of the legislation of the Russian Federation on the protection of the health of citizens establish the right to health protection (Article 17) and medical and social assistance (Article 20), and they are provided not only by measures to develop health care in general and medicine in particular but also the protection of the environment, the creation of favorable working conditions, life, recreation, education and training of citizens, the production and sale of good-quality food, as well as the provision of affordable medical and social assistance to the population. This approach reflects the complex, not only medical, but also the social nature of the health phenomenon.

An important factor in health is the level and quality of nutrition, which should be rational, balanced, meet the individual characteristics of individuals, their age and the nature of their activities. However, in our modern conditions, the carbohydrate type of nutrition is associated primarily with low-income citizens. Even the food part of the subsistence minimum is calculated mainly on the basis of such products as bread, potatoes, pasta, cereals. Deficiency of protein and vitamins reduces the ability to work and resistance to diseases, negatively affects the development of children.

Important factors in the activities of a social worker in the field of health protection are the sanitary condition of the territory and the quality of health care. The problems of sanitary protection are a management function, including protection against infectious diseases, quarantine weeds and pests. The weakening of controllability at all levels, the loss of control over the observance of public service standards and the quality of products lead to a constant increase in infectious diseases in general and individual outbreaks of such diseases.

Socioecological problems.

A very important and large-scale factor of health is the state of the environment in the aggregate of its natural and anthropogenic conditions.

The vital activity of society is impossible without any impact on the environment, emissions, waste, pollution. However, the primitive technologies used before made it possible for nature to assimilate anthropogenic influences, although the first ecological catastrophes date back to antiquity. High technologies are developed a priori in order to minimize industrial emissions and eliminate their adverse impact on the environment. The most harmful consequences are industrial technology and household waste from large cities and towns. The scale of their pollution is so great that it requires large investments, the development of special processes, and sometimes the creation of industrial waste disposal facilities.

It is necessary to develop and implement a social policy in the field of ecology (socioecological policy) in an anti-crisis version. It is possible that the curtailment of heavy industry in a number of cases makes it possible to optimize the economic structure of territories for the benefit of both the social sphere and nature: the development of recreational activities and social tourism has enabled many countries to find a way out of the crisis they are experiencing and achieve a high standard of living for the population.

An integrated approach to relationships with the environment, the inadmissibility and impossibility of a complete cessation of anthropogenic impact on nature, the need to combine the development of employment and environmental protection determine the fact that socio-ecological policy is also a common function of state (primarily regional) management . Within its framework, a balance must be constantly maintained between the conservation of nature and its use.

Problems in the field of education.

Education is one of the essential attributes of modern society, its adequate level determines the degree of opportunity for an individual to succeed, to fully participate in social development. The scientific and technological revolution that has unfolded in the world makes high demands both on the initial education of children and youth, and on the continuous subsequent increase in the initial level, additional training and retraining of adults. Education makes a major contribution not only to the dissemination of knowledge, but also to the formation of the personality of students, the upbringing of individuals who meet the needs of society.

Our country has accumulated rich traditions in the development of education at different levels. In the conditions of the current socio-economic crisis in Russia, the development of education, its adaptation to the requirements of social reality and, at the same time, the preservation of the traditions of fundamental education accumulated over decades and centuries of previous history, are among the most important areas of social work.

The policy of the constituent entities of the Federation in the field of education is determined by both federal and regional legislation and should be based on regional educational standards that meet the specific territorial specifics.

The educational structure itself is a rather complex phenomenon, since it includes state, municipal and non-state institutions. Their goal is both to provide children and adults with educational opportunities and their professional training. The system of educational institutions covers various elements: from preschool education to postgraduate levels. In addition, there are various types of additional education.

Problems in the field of culture and leisure.

For many years of the history of the Soviet Union, the development of cultural and leisure activities was carried out on the basis of the postulate, formulated at the time by K. Marx, that the free time of the individual is the space of its actual development.

Therefore, the leisure infrastructure was aimed not only at recreation, restoration of the forces expended during working hours, entertainment, but, first of all, at education and upbringing of the population. The commercial success of leisure activities was secondary. On the contrary, the state allocated significant funds for the creation and maintenance of theaters and the film industry, stadiums and libraries, museums and cultural centers. Most of them provided their services free of charge or for an affordable fee for the population.

It would be a mistake to assume that such a principle of activity was typical only for our country. Most states, called social and caring about the development of their human potential, make a distinction between culture and education as areas of concern for the state and society, which should maximize the access of citizens to cultural values, and show business as a branch of commercial activity , the main purpose of which is to generate income. For children, pensioners, and disabled people, programs are being implemented for free or preferential introduction to culture in the form of using libraries, museums, and information networks.

In addition, the development of mass physical culture for all segments of the population, including the poor, is also part of the social policy of modern states. Sports or art circles are actively organized at the municipal or community level as a form of social work with children and youth, a way to displace the anti-social, criminal influence of the street.

Insufficient attention in the last decade to the cultural and educational, non-profit side of leisure activities, the commercialization of this branch of the social sphere has led to the fact that the population of our country is experiencing certain difficulties in accessing a good rest. The very ratio of busy and free time has changed in an unfavorable direction: people who have a job tend to keep it or find additional income. Therefore, the opportunity to relax on weekends, to fully use the vacation, is reduced. The unemployed or those who are formally employed, but do not have a work load, cannot consider their time free, it is not filled with quality. In addition, such a state leads to material difficulties, psychological disorders.

The structure of spending free time has changed. People of the older age groups (40 years and above) began to spend more time working in the garden (dacha) plot, acquiring an additional source of income (sewing, knitting, embroidery, various types of repair work, etc.). They have significantly reduced the time spent on the consumption of spiritual goods (visiting theaters, concerts, museums, exhibitions, etc.), home board games, daytime sleep, etc.

Sports competitions, discos, interest clubs, bars, cafes and other entertainment resources remain popular among people aged 16 to 30 inclusive. The number of young people interested in art, engaged in applied arts, reading newspapers and magazines, and fiction has decreased. At the same time, a “prosperous” layer of young people and middle-aged people aged 25 to 40 years has appeared, who can afford collecting, visiting restaurants, bars, gambling and entertainment establishments.

The decrease in economic opportunities for recreation among the majority of the population is also associated with the reduction of traditional recreational areas due to the loss of resort areas in the Baltic States, Ukraine and Transcaucasia. The loss of state or trade union funding entails an increase in prices for recreational services of Russian institutions. The refusal of a number of enterprises to finance their recreation and health centers, the closure of many leisure facilities lead to a reduction in the recreation infrastructure as a whole.

Meanwhile, recreation is one of the most important functions of social life. Without the restoration of the expended forces, it is impossible to maintain labor activity, creativity, or social development. Rest can also be considered as a means of reducing social tension, a factor in the prevention of interpersonal group conflicts.

The solution of housing problems is the most important element in ensuring social development, to a serious extent connected not only with the economy, but also with the ideology of the socio-economic orientation of the country's movement. The definition of the goals of housing policy, means and methods of achieving them depends on the adoption of this or that ideology, this or that direction of development. The planned economy has repeatedly proclaimed the goal of providing each family with a separate dwelling. However, within its framework there was an unremovable contradiction: the guaranteed provision of housing was associated with the duration of its waiting and modest quality indicators.

An unregulated market economy rejects the obligations of the state to citizens to provide housing, but makes it possible to purchase it on market conditions, and in such terms and of such quality as the consumer can afford. The contradiction of this housing policy model lies in the fact that the vast majority of the population has incomes that absolutely do not allow satisfying housing needs on a market basis. It should be noted that most types of social states pursue a housing policy that stipulates the provision of low-income citizens with cheap municipal housing.

In addition to the spheral approach, the problems of social work can also be built on the basis of its focus on socio-demographic groups of the population: the problems of children and adolescents, the social problems of youth, women, the elderly, and so on. This approach makes it possible to concentrate in a single substantive and organizational block all the problems relating to a given socio-demographic group, and to outline ways to resolve them.

The presidential program “Children of Russia”, the federal programs “Older Generation”, “Family Planning”, “Prevention of neglect and juvenile delinquency” are built on this principle.

However, the allocation of individual blocks in the structure of social problems has its own difficulties. It is assumed that the object of social work in this case are the most needy categories of the population: vulnerable, socially “weak”. However, the subjective idea of social “weakness” does not always coincide with the objective content of this concept, especially at the present time, when it is difficult to single out a socially “strong” category in our country.

Thus, it is customary to form a special approach towards women, and this is absolutely fair: women are in a difficult social situation due to the need to combine their family and non-family roles, motherhood and out-of-home employment. This is a worldwide problem, which is solved in its own way in different societies, but has not yet found an optimal solution anywhere. However, at present, men are becoming a very vulnerable socio-demographic category in our country, with their extremely low average life expectancy, high mortality from unnatural causes, especially in the working and childbearing age range of 20-40 years, unfavorable lifestyle and health conditions.

The problems of the elderly population of Russia remain complex; The situation of the elderly has a shocking emotional and psychological impact on every person.

However, a close study of this issue shows that, objectively, the most vulnerable category in Russia is the children's generation, whose difficult social situation leaves an imprint on the process of their development and, then, on their entire future life.

Of course, the focus on one category of citizens in need or on a small number of them is caused to a large extent by the lack of socio-economic resources, the impossibility of organizing an all-encompassing social policy, and the desire to ensure the survival of especially vulnerable layers. However, such an approach, situationally explicable in a crisis and even productive, from the point of view of concentrating the resources of various departments on the problem of a certain social group, may result in the absence of a unified social policy, fragmentation of social efforts in separate areas, which limits their effectiveness.

Therefore, when planning social events for the elderly and the elderly, we must not forget that the problems of the older generation are laid in childhood, take root in a mature, working age, in order to manifest themselves later in retirement years. Trying to influence only the last link of this inextricable chain would be inappropriate. In addition, this approach determines activities based on the principles of social response: certain activities or sets of activities in response to existing difficulties. The desire to prevent the appearance of these difficulties is less expressed. It can be said that such an approach is more focused on the survival of certain groups of the population than on the social development of the whole society.

Questions and tasks

1. Expand the problems in the field of social labor relations.

2. What problems are typical in the field of health protection?

3. Name the socio-ecological problems of our time.

4. What problems exist in the field of education, culture and leisure?

5. Name the problems in the housing and communal sector.

6. Describe current demographic problems.

In the first place put the poverty of the population. This problem is presented in percentage terms of the ratio of the rich, middle and poor, including according to the UN criteria: 20-30% of the population live in poverty, three-quarters of the population live in poverty.

And the gap between the richest layers (10%) and the poorest (10%) is 15-20 times. When comparing the level of the minimum wage in Russia with the same indicator in developed countries, a difference of 10 times is revealed. Adult able-bodied people make up 30% of all the poor, and 61% of poor families are families with children. The main cause of poverty is corruption and the economic policies of the ruling class.

Alcoholism is a no less acute problem of modern Russia, leading to the degradation and extinction of the population. According to the UN, the per capita consumption of 8 liters of alcohol per year is already leading to the degradation of the nation, in Russia this consumption, according to official estimates, has reached 18 liters, and according to unofficial estimates, more than 20 liters. Over 80% of the population drink alcohol, a third regularly drink vodka, there are 3 million registered alcoholics in the country, 75 thousand die annually from alcohol poisoning, every fifth crime is committed on the basis of drunkenness. Exacerbates the problem of "left", shadow, vodka sold illegally. But the greatest danger to the drinking population is represented by all kinds of surrogates based on technical alcohol. According to the survey, 47%. population call the cause of drunkenness poverty, unemployment, disorder. The author states that the state does not have a long-term, understandable to the population strategy to combat alcoholism.

As for drug addiction, over the past ten years, drug use in Russia has increased tenfold, while in the United States it has halved during this time. According to social surveys, 5 million people regularly use drugs, more than 7% of the population aged 11-40 years. This is 8 times more than in the EU countries.

In addition, injecting drug users are the main source of HIV infection: among this group, 18% are affected by HIV, 80% by hepatitis C and 27% by hepatitis B. One of the reasons for the growth of drug addiction is insufficient funding. Thus, 3.09 billion rubles were allocated for the Federal Target Program "Comprehensive Measures to Combat Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking for 2005-2009", while in the USA 34 billion dollars are spent annually for these purposes. Other reasons - shortcomings in the legislative and regulatory framework and drug corruption in the authorities.

The spread of HIV infection and tuberculosis in the country is becoming an epidemic. In 2014, the increase in HIV incidence was 10% compared to the previous year. And 25,000 people die from tuberculosis every year. In 2008, only 67% of the adult population underwent preventive examinations for the early detection of tuberculosis, and in a number of subjects of the Federation this figure does not exceed 50%. As a result, the number of severe and moderate forms of tuberculosis is growing, representing the greatest epidemiological danger to others. The rise in the incidence of tuberculosis is due to

firstly, the destruction of the Soviet health care system, and secondly, the lack of funds, medicines, tuberculosis beds in hospitals, and medical personnel. In 2008, only 76% of the registered foci of tuberculosis infection were provided with the necessary amount of means of current disinfection. And in the whole country, only 86% of patients with active tuberculosis were hospitalized. The forecast for the coming years is disappointing.

In January-July 2014, 1119.7 thousand children were born. According to the Ministry of Labor and Social Protection of the Russian Federation, an increase in the birth rate was noted in 57 regions, a decrease in the number of deaths was registered in 55 regions. In July 2014, 187.2 thousand children were born - 2.5 thousand or 1.3% more than in July 2013. At the same time, 1124.7 thousand people died in January-July this year, which is 8.9 thousand people or 0.8% less than in the corresponding period of 2013.

Corruption hinders the successful solution of many social problems. According to K. Kabanov, chairman of the National Anti-Corruption Committee, the total amount of real corruption damage is 9-10 trillion. R. in year. Considering that the vast majority of funding for solving social problems comes from the budgets and most often as a result of competitions and tenders for the distribution of these funds, half of them go to “kickbacks” to corrupt businessmen and officials.

It turns out that due to corruption, half of the social part of the state budget does not reach its intended purpose, which leads to underfunding of socially oriented sectors of the economy.

From the previous review of articles, we can conclude that all of the listed social problems, one way or another, worsen the demographic situation in Russia. The solution of these problems, of course, can improve the demographic situation, but will not solve it completely, moreover, it is a rather lengthy process.

V. Tretyakov in the article “Demography and Revolution” proposes a new revolutionary demographic policy for implementation:

Legislative declaration of all children as a national treasure of Russia with the imposition of obligations for their preservation, upbringing, education and material support in all cases when parents cannot do this, on the state. Introduction of the institution of public children.

The birth of children - in marriage or out of wedlock - is proclaimed the main social purpose and duty of a woman. Payments and benefits related to the birth of children are being increased to the maximum possible level. An incomplete family should receive material assistance that fully compensates for the absence of one of the parents.

A complete ban on artificial termination of pregnancy, if there are no medical or serious psychological indications.

All medical care related to pregnancy and childbirth becomes completely free.

A sharp increase in criminal liability for illegal abortions. Increasing criminal liability for violence against children, and especially for their murder.

The introduction of a tax on childlessness, which is fully accumulated in a special Federal Children's Fund.

Recognition for any woman who has given birth to the right of free (without explanation) refusal of a born child and its official transfer at state expense to orphanages. At the same time, every mother should have the right to return her child to herself within one and a half years from the date of birth. If in a year and a half the mother did not want to return the child, then she completely and forever loses parental rights to him.

Instant start of the program for the construction of lyceum-type educational homes, the material security of which should not be inferior to ordinary schools, but surpass them.

Preservation of the accrual system, the so-called maternity capital (and other forms of birth support in established families). Modernization of this system in relation to the institution of state children that has arisen: all funds received in the form of a tax on childlessness should go to registered inalienable accounts of state children from the moment they are transferred to state custody.

After state children reach the age of 18, they must receive new separate housing in their ownership.

The author confirms the effectiveness of the proposed program with a simple calculation: In 2008, 1.7 million children were born in Russia and 1.2 million abortions were registered. If, by means of a ban, the number of abortions is reduced to 200,000 (medical indications), then the very next year Russia will cease to die out.

In 2014, the result of the proposed program is visible, this is confirmed by the data of the Minister of Labor and Social Protection. According to their data, 1 million 947 thousand children were born in the country in 2014.

. Social problems: specifics, levels and solutions.

Issues for discussion:

1. The concept of a social problem and its origins.

2. Approaches to the definition of the concept of "social problem".

3. Types and levels of social problems.

4. Ways to solve social problems.

5. Technology for solving problems in social work.

The technological task of social work is to

identification of a social problem and with the help of the available

disposal of social services tools and funds

timely adjustment of the actions of a social worker

and behavior of the object of social work to provide

him social assistance. Character social problem is

the most important factor on which the determination

work with the client.

social problem - this is a challenging learning task.

whose solution leads to significant theoretical

or practical results . To solve it

appropriate information about the object of social

impact, conditions, circumstances and other

factors affecting his life, condition and

behavior.

Social problems can be global in nature,

affecting the interests of a significant part of humanity. So,

demographic, ecological, technogenic, food,

energy and other problems at present

time acquire a global character, and their resolution

requires the participation of most of the states of our planet. Social

problems may concern the interests of individuals or

multiple social systems. For example, social crises

extending to individual countries, national

ethnic communities, associations, blocs or groupings.

Problems can spread to certain areas

life of a group of people or individuals. It may

be problems covering the socio-economic, socio-

political, spiritual or actually social

areas of human life.

For social work, they are of particular importance

personal problems arising in the process of interaction

personality and social environment. The social environment is

all factors that activate (or block) protection

social interests of the individual, the realization of his needs.

One of the most important conditions for solving a social problem

is its exact formulation. If problem Right

formulated, this, firstly, allows

search for missing information in the right direction;

secondly, it ensures the choice of the optimal toolkit

social impact, and therefore efficiency

social work. One of the most important requirements for

the formulation of a social problem is its validity.

It must be based on real needs and

prerequisites. Lack of connection with real practical

or theoretical needs makes the problem arbitrary,

far-fetched.

A well-formulated problem is the starting point,

the initial link in a complex cognitive-analytical

activities of social services and organizers of social

Practical need and significance of the social problem

not only activate the activities of social

services, mobilize their intellectual, organizational

and physical potential, but also give the search for technological

creative, innovative solutions.

In relation to the practice of social work, the concept of "social problem" can be defined as follows: this is a mismatch of expectations, needs, interests, etc. specific social subject with similar characteristics of other social subjects.

In the real practice of social life, social problems can be

view as existing on the following organizational levels :