Vitamin b12 in the analysis. Analysis for folic acid and vitamin B12
Protein S, like its cofactor, protein C, is an anticoagulant clotting factor. These two proteins mutually reinforce and complement each other.
The rate of protein S in the blood depends on the presence of vitamin K in the body and controls the processes of blood clotting. This is extremely important to prevent massive blood loss in the event of injury or surgical intervention. However, if the blood coagulates too actively, this will lead to the formation of blood clots in the veins and arteries (thrombosis), which can also be extremely dangerous for human life. That is why the blood contains both coagulants and anticoagulants. Coagulants promote clotting, while anticoagulants make sure that the blood stays thin and does not clot unnecessarily. Protein S is an anticoagulant. Deficiency of this protein leads to increased risk thrombus formation.
The norm of protein S in the blood. Result interpretation (table)
A blood test for protein S is performed if the patient has blood clots of an unknown nature that occur without apparent reason or thrombosis is a hereditary pathology in this family.
Also, blood testing for the level of protein S may be needed to screen relatives of a patient with a deficiency of this protein or to find out the cause of habitual miscarriages. Typically, a blood test for protein S is done at the same time as a blood test for protein C and possibly other blood clotting factors.
The material for analysis is taken from a vein.
The norm of protein S in the blood ordinary people and pregnant women.
If protein S is elevated, what does it mean?
An increase in the level of protein S in the patient's blood is not of clinical interest and is not used in diagnosis. However, it must be understood that high performance protein C can lead to intractable bleeding. Protein S levels increase with age, but this does not cause any health problems.
If protein S is low, what does that mean?
Protein S deficiency can lead to excessive blood clotting. while blood clots tend to form in the veins rather than in the arteries.
Protein S deficiency may be acquired or may be hereditary. A decrease in the level of protein S is observed during pregnancy, as well as due to certain diseases, namely:
- DIC syndrome,
- liver disease,
- AIDS.
Protein S deficiency can also be caused by the use of certain medical preparations such as long-acting antibiotics or warfarin.
For diseases of the kidneys, liver, endocrine system, infectious processes determination of blood protein is shown. This analysis is part biochemical research. C-reactive protein - an indicator of the activity of the inflammatory process, is used in the diagnosis, determining the effectiveness of therapy, the risk of cardiovascular disease. C and S proteins reflect the anticoagulant system of the blood.
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Definition of terms
A blood test for protein content is part of a biochemical study. It is prescribed for many diseases. To understand the main names that are found in the results obtained, you need to know the meaning of some terms:
- protein total, protein total is the sum of albumin and globulin content, total concentration proteins;
- C-reactive protein (pronounced "c")- an indicator of the intensity of the inflammatory process;
- C protein- inhibits the formation of blood clots, has an effect opposite to coagulation factors (proteins that thicken the blood);
- S protein- enhances the activity of C-protein;
- blood for eosinophilic cationic protein study at allergic diseases for diagnosis and determination of severity.
Blood protein analysis
Plasma protein is represented mainly by albumins and globulins. The first are formed by the liver and make up about 60% of the total blood protein. Globulins, in addition to the liver, are produced by cells immune system. A surgeon, cardiologist and nephrologist can issue a referral for analysis. General content blood protein is part of a standard biochemical study.
Indications and conduct
Pathological conditions in which the content of proteins in the blood may be of diagnostic value, are:
- frequent subcutaneous hemorrhages, tendency to bleeding;
- the appearance of blood in the stool;
- decreased urine output, swelling of the legs, pain in the lower back, bones;
- starvation, emaciation;
- suspicion of oncological and autoimmune processes;
- insufficiency of liver and kidney function;
- infectious diseases;
- burns.
Blood test from a vein For analysis, venous blood is needed, taken after a 10-hour break in eating. In the morning on the day of the study, you can drink only clean water.
The norm when lowered and increased in the blood
The results of the analysis for the content of blood protein are compared with the tables, which indicate the values corresponding to age. So, for example, for newborns, from 45 to 67 g / l is considered the norm, and for adults - 64 - 84 g / l. The indicators are increased when:
- dehydration (severe diarrhea or vomiting, extensive thermal burn, ketoacidosis in diabetes, hyperosmolar coma);
- acute and chronic infections;
- diseases connective tissue(lupus erythematosus, scleroderma, rheumatism);
- myeloma.
A decrease in the concentration of proteins in the blood can be for the following reasons:
- lack of intake during starvation, acute pancreatitis, bowel diseases, parenteral nutrition;
- liver damage - cirrhosis, tumor, hepatitis, poisoning;
- loss due to bleeding, nephritis, amyloidosis of the kidneys, nephropathy, burns;
- protein breakdown at prolonged fever, injuries, thyrotoxicosis, excessive physical exertion, oncology;
- abundant administration of solutions during infusion therapy;
- long-term use steroid hormones, anabolics;
- the transition of blood plasma into the pleural, abdominal or pericardial cavity with significant effusion (exudation).
Blood consists not only of well-known cells - erythrocytes, leukocytes, but also various organic compounds that are related in their structure to protein substances When is a protein C and protein S test needed?
One of the main factors of the anticoagulant system of the body is protein C. It prevents the formation blood clot. Its cofactor, protein S, also has diagnostic value. This protein enhances the action of protein C and maintains blood fluidity. They are formed in the liver, their synthesis depends on the content of vitamin K in the body and the intake of drugs that act on thrombosis.
Indications for the diagnosis of these indicators are:
- frequent venous or arterial thromboses in young patients;
- miscarriage;
- treatment with anticoagulants (before use);
- postoperative period;
- suspicion of hereditary thrombophilia;
- liver disease.
Normal levels of protein C for children under 1 year old and adults are from 70 to 140 percent, and protein S is 20 - 25 mg / l. The study of these indicators is usually carried out during the coagulogram.
These values decrease when:
- congenital deficiency ();
- violation of the liver;
- high consumption in case of intravascular coagulation;
- infections, including HIV;
- kidney disease;
- malignant neoplasms.
C-protein is always reduced against the background of application. Increasing the level of this protein diagnostic value does not have.
C-reactive protein - a marker of inflammation
After the penetration of a foreign protein (virus, bacterium), the formation of C-reactive protein in the liver increases. In the early days, it can exceed the norm by tens and even hundreds of times. This protein is "good" (increases immune defense) and "bad" (violates the state of the inner lining of blood vessels, stimulates spasm,).
Indications for analysis:
For all age categories the concentration of this protein should not exceed 5 mg/l. During pregnancy, an increase of up to 20 mg / l is allowed. For pathological conditions important to consider dynamic changes indicator, as they reflect the deterioration or improvement of the patient's condition. High values of C-reactive protein occur with:
- diseases of the digestive system;
- acute and chronic inflammation;
- rheumatism and autoimmune diseases;
- amyloidosis;
- transplant rejection;
- malignant neoplasms and metastases;
- viral and bacterial infections;
- septic process;
- deep burns;
- after operations;
- tuberculosis;
- meningitis.
Description
Method of determination Automatic analyzer of the parameters of the coagulation system ACL TOP, method - immunoturbidimetry.
Material under study Plasma (citrate)
Natural anticoagulant, protein C cofactor.
Protein S is a cofactor of protein C (see test), which enhances its anticoagulant and profibrinolytic effects. This is vitamin K, a dependent protein synthesized in the liver. In blood plasma, it is present in two forms - free and associated with C4-BP (complement C4b - binding protein). biological activity exhibits only the free form, the bound form is functionally inactive, so the definition free form more informative. The content of protein S depends on sex, hormonal background, changes with age. Free protein S deficiency can be congenital or acquired. Congenital deficiency type I - classic - decreased levels of total and free protein S, decreased functional activity; type II - a decrease in functional activity with a normal level of total and free protein S; type III - selective reduction in the level of free form. Like other types of thrombophilia, the heterozygous variant of protein S deficiency manifests itself in adulthood in the form of thromboembolism. Homozygous variants and combinations with other thrombophilias usually present in the neonatal period as fulminant purpura. Acquired deficiency can be observed during pregnancy, while taking oral anticoagulants, using oral contraceptives, in patients with liver pathology, in newborns, and in other clinical setting. A decrease in free S protein may be associated with an acute phase inflammatory response (an increase in C4-BP levels leads to an increase in protein S binding and a decrease in its free form level). It is preferable not to test during acute thrombotic episodes (although normal level protein S under these conditions essentially eliminates protein S deficiency).
Literature
Preparation
Blood sampling is preferably carried out in the morning on an empty stomach, after 8-14 hours of the night fasting period (you can drink water), it is permissible in the afternoon 4 hours after easy reception food.
On the eve of the study, it is necessary to exclude increased psycho-emotional and physical stress ( sports training), drinking alcohol.
Indications for appointment
Interpretation of results
The interpretation of test results contains information for the attending physician and is not a diagnosis. The information in this section should not be used for self-diagnosis or self-treatment. Accurate Diagnosis puts the doctor, using both the results of this examination¤, and the necessary information from other sources: anamnesis, results of other examinations, etc.
Units of measurement in the Independent laboratory INVITRO: %. Reference values:
- children 1 day - 12 weeks: 15 - 55%
- children 12 weeks - 6 months: 35 - 92%
- children 6 months - 12 months: 45 - 115%
- children 1 year - 5 years: 62 - 120%
- children 5 years - 9 years: 62 - 130%
- children 9 years old - 17 years old: 60 - 140%
- women: 54.7 - 123.7%
- men: 74.1 - 146.1%
- congenital deficiency or defect of Protein S;
- decrease in the synthetic function of the liver;
- reception medicines(anticoagulants, oral contraceptives);
- pregnancy;
- acute phase inflammatory diseases.
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Period of execution
The analysis will be ready within 1 day, excluding Saturday and Sunday (except for the day of taking the biomaterial). You will receive results by email. email as soon as it's ready.
Deadline: 1 day, excluding Saturday and Sunday (except for the day of taking the biomaterial)Preparation for analysis
Limit fatty and fried foods for 24 hours, exclude alcohol and heavy physical exertion, as well as radiography, fluorography, ultrasound and physiotherapy.
From 8 to 14 hours before donating blood, do not eat, drink only clean water.
Discuss with your doctor the medications you are taking and the need to stop them.
Analysis Information
Index:
Vitamin B12 is involved in the body in the synthesis of the amino acid methionine, the oxidation of proteins and fats. The analysis allows you to assess the deficiency of a vitamin in the body, due to dietary habits or absorption problems
Appointments:
Vitamin B12 deficiency may result from wrong diet(vegetarianism), as well as during pregnancy and lactation. Also, such diseases as gastritis A, cirrhosis of the liver, cancer or polyps in the stomach, and other pathologies can lead to a violation of the concentration of this substance in the body.
Specialist:
It is prescribed by a therapist or gastroenterologist.
Important:
The level of vitamin B12 decreases with its lack in food (vegetarianism) and alcohol abuse.
Research method — Chemiluminescent immunoassay.
Material for research — Blood serum.
Vitamin B12 (cobalamin, cyanocobalamin, antianemic vitamin, cobalamin, cyanocobalamin)
Learn more about popular analyses:Vitamins B12 unite a group of cobalt-containing biologically active substances called cobalamins. These include hydroxycobalamin, cyanocobalamin, and two coenzymatic forms of vitamin B12 (methylcobalamin and 5-deoxyadenosylcobalamin). In a narrower sense, vitamin B12 is called cyanocobalamin, since it is in this form that the main amount of the vitamin enters the human body. Cobalamins consist of a corrin ring surrounding a central cobalt atom and differ in the arrangement of the side groups attached to the cobalt atom. Serum contains a coenzyme form of vitamin B12 - methylcobalamin, in cells vitamin B12 is represented by 5-deoxyadenosylcobalamin. Cyanocobalamin is used as a control compound used in measuring serum cobalamin concentrations, as it is a more stable form.
Vitamin B12 enters the human body with animal food, including fish, meat, dairy products, eggs. Cyanocobalamin is absorbed in the lower part ileum, its absorption is influenced by the internal factor of Castle, a protein produced by the cells of the stomach. Cobalamins accumulate in the liver and, as needed, enter the plasma, where they are in a protein-bound form (transcobalamins). Vitamin B12 is involved as a coenzyme in two important metabolic reactions: the conversion of L-methylmalonyl-CoA to succinyl-CoA, and the conversion of the amino acid homocysteine to methionine. These processes are necessary for normal growth cells and their synthesis of deoxyribonuleic acid (DNA). A lack of this vitamin can lead to megaloblastic anemia, and ultimately to serious neurological disorders. Megaloblastic anemia is characterized by a slowdown in the maturation of hematopoietic cells - the S phase is lengthened, which is morphologically expressed in the delay in the maturation of the nucleus during normal hemoglobinization, as well as in large sizes blood cells and the preservation of the elements of the nucleus in mature (in the cytoplasm) erythrocytes. This occurs predominantly as a result of a decrease in the ability of cells to synthesize DNA.
Folic acid and vitamin B12 affect the process of synthesis of methionine, therefore, with a deficiency of one or another of the substances, this metabolic process is disturbed and this can lead, in the future, to similar disturbances in the work of the vital important organs and systems. Usually when clinical examination(blood test for vitamin content) it is necessary to determine the concentration of both vitamins with subsequent treatment depending on the deficiency of one or the other.
Causes of vitamin B12 deficiency: Insufficient absorption of vitamin B12 due to impaired secretion of intrinsic factor Castle. This process causes pernicious anemia and is more common after 50 years of age. gastrectomy, insufficient absorption vitamin as a result of surgical resection of the intestine, as well as various infectious diseases or inflammatory processes that have an impact on small intestine. Dietary vitamin B12 deficiency is rare and may only become apparent after abstaining from all animal products for several years. Vitamin B12 deficiency may also be due to increased production of antibodies to internal factor or congenital intrinsic factor deficiency.
When taking a blood test for vitamins, there may be an increase in the concentration of vitamin B12 during pregnancy, the use of oral contraceptives and multivitamins, as well as in myeloproliferative diseases (chronic myelocytic leukemia and myelomonocytic leukemia). Clinical disorders caused by an increased concentration of vitamin B12 is still unknown.
Interpretation of the results of the study "Vitamin B12 (cobalamin, cyanocobalamin, antianemic vitamin, cobalamin, cyanocobalamin)"
Attention! The interpretation of test results is for informational purposes, is not a diagnosis and does not replace the advice of a doctor. Reference values may differ from those indicated depending on the equipment used, actual values will be indicated on the results sheet.
The concentration of vitamin B12 in the blood serum from 107.0 to 133.0 pmol/l is regarded as reduced level, and the concentration of less than 107.0 pmol / l - as a deficiency of vitamin B12.
Unit: pmol/l
Reference values: 148 – 664 pmol/l
Boost:
Reduction:
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At healthy person blood composition is about the same. But when it appears various pathologies and diseases quality and quantitative ratio substances in biological fluids changes. To control the state of the body is carried out laboratory analysis venous or capillary blood samples. One type of examination is an analysis for the content of vitamin B12.
The fact that vitamins are necessary for health is known even to pupils kindergarten. Inadequate intake of these substances can lead to the development various diseases. Cyanocobalamin performs many important functions, it is necessary to ensure the functions of hematopoiesis and normal operation nervous system. Deficiency of this substance is fraught with serious consequences.
What is the substance?
Water-soluble vitamin B12 is an essential nutrient for good health. It has complex structure, scientists have so far failed to synthesize the molecule artificially. Vitamin B12 is not produced in human organs; the source of its intake is products, mainly meat and dairy products.
Advice! Newborn babies receive vitamin B12 from mother's milk. IN breast milk women, the substance is contained in the most easily digestible form.
The intake of vitamin with food is carried out according to the following scheme:
- the vitamin forms an unstable complex with a special protein produced in the human stomach;
- V complex form it enters the small intestine, where it breaks down and the released vitamin reconnects with another type of protein that performs transport functions;
- the formed complex spreads throughout the body, entering the organs and tissues;
- the metabolism of cyanocobalamin requires a lot of time, reserves in healthy body, as a rule, is enough for at least a year.
Normally, vitamin B12 interacts with folic acid. Both of these substances are essential for metabolic processes carbohydrates, fats and proteins. With a lack of cyanocobalamin in the tissues Negative consequences noted in:
- bone marrow;
- mucous membranes of the mouth, tissues of the tongue.
As a result of a deficiency of a substance, it is noted:
- violation of hematopoiesis, a change in the composition of the blood, expressed in a decrease in the production of red blood cells;
- the appearance of malabsorption in the gastrointestinal tract;
- metabolic disorder;
- the appearance of ulcers in the oral cavity with stomatitis;
- the appearance of neurological symptoms.
Deficiency is especially dangerous nutrients and vitamins during pregnancy, this condition is equally dangerous for both women and the fetus.
Advice! Vitamin B12 deficiency during pregnancy can lead to fetal abnormalities. In women during pregnancy with this condition, the stability of the nervous system is disturbed.
The daily norm of cyanocobalamin is about 3 mcg, but for women during pregnancy, the vitamin is required more, for them the norm is 1 mcg more.
Indications
When can a blood test for vitamin B12 be ordered? Main renderings for analysis:
- diagnosis of some types of anemia;
- malformations or inflammatory diseases that affect the tissues of the small intestine;
- gastritis in atrophic form(this disease is more common in older patients);
- detection of congenital syndromes in which the absorption of cyanocobalamin is impaired;
- diagnostic examinations of people who adhere to strict diet, excluding the use of animal food;
- examinations with often recurrent stomatitis, glossitis;
- monitoring the health status of women and fetal development during pregnancy.
The order of the procedure
If a blood test for the content of cyanocobalamin is prescribed, the patient must be warned about the need to prepare for the examination.
Since the results can be affected by the use of many drugs, it is necessary to find out if the patient is undergoing treatment. If possible, the drug should be stopped at least a week before the date for which the analysis is scheduled.
If drug withdrawal is not possible (the course cannot be interrupted), this should be taken into account when evaluating the results. The day before blood sampling, it is recommended to refrain from:
- enhanced physical activity(training in the gym, etc.);
- alcohol intake.
At least one hour before taking blood samples, you must stop smoking. Pass the analysis on an empty stomach, at least 12 hours must pass since the last meal. Before taking blood samples, you can only drink water, tea, coffee and other drinks - you can’t. Approximately 5 ml is required to carry out the analysis. venous blood, to obtain the material, venipuncture is performed.
Normal indicators and deviations
When evaluating results, attention should be paid to reference values indicated in the laboratory form, since due to different methods of analysis, the norm indicators can differ significantly when conducting analyzes in different laboratories.
In most cases, the norm for vitamin B12 is as follows (in pmol / l):
- for babies - 118 - 960;
- for adults, including for women during pregnancy - 148 - 615;
- for people over the age of 60 - 80 - 567,
Low content
If the analysis showed that the level of cyanocobalamin is low, then this condition may be due to:
- insufficient intake of vitamin in the body;
- malabsorption.
Insufficient intake of the vitamin in the body, in turn, may be due to:
- strict vegetarian diet. Vegetarianism is not recommended for women during pregnancy. If it is impossible to refuse a diet, it is necessary to prescribe an additional intake of vitamins during pregnancy (in the form of tablets or injections);
- in babies for breastfeeding vitamin deficiency is due to insufficient content of the substance in mother's milk;
- frequent use of alcohol;
- the use of drugs that change acidity gastric juice towards decreasing.
Violation of the absorption of the vitamin and, as a result, a reduced level of cyanocobalamin, can cause the following reasons:
- malabsorption of nutrients in small intestine(malabsorption). This condition may be due to congenital syndromes(for example, celiac disease - gluten intolerance) or diseases (for example, SPRU);
- atrophic changes in the gastric mucosa (gastritis with mucosal atrophy, malformations of the small intestine);
- worm infections;
- Addison-Beamer syndrome (in this disease, the stomach does not produce enough protein necessary for the primary binding of cyanocobalamin);
- Immrslund-Gresbeck disease (reduced intensity of transport protein synthesis due to which the vitamin does not enter into enough in tissue).
Enhanced Level
If an increase in the content of cyanocobalamin is detected, then the causes of this condition may be as follows:
- liver diseases, with such pathologies, the increase in the level is significant, it exceeds the norm by several tens of times;
- severe renal or heart failure;
- increased transport protein synthesis in the small intestine.
So, a vitamin B12 study might be in progress. preventive examination or for diagnosis. It is especially important to control the content of the vitamin in the blood during pregnancy. If the analysis shows that the rate is reduced, then appropriate treatment will be required. Enhanced Level this substance indicates serious illness.
