How is mental disorder expressed? Mental disorders: various disorders of the human psyche

Mental disorders are a heterogeneous group pathological conditions, different from the generally accepted norm. Mental disorders are characterized by changes in the areas of feelings and perceptions, thinking, drives and behavioral reactions. Many of them also cause somatic disorders.

Correction of most mental illnesses involves long, regularly repeated courses basic therapy in combination with the elimination of symptoms of the disease.

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  Prevalence

  Experts have noticed that mental illness and disorders are slightly more common in women (7%) than in men (3%).

  Clinicians associate this feature with the presence more provoking factors in the fairer sex:

  • pregnancy and difficult childbirth;
  • perimenopausal period;
  • menopause, menopause.

  Classification of organic mental disorders

  The term “organic” refers to mental disorders, the occurrence of which is explained by independent cerebral or systemic diseases. The term “symptomatic” refers to disorders that occur secondary to systemic extracerebral disease.

  Organic mental disorders(including symptomatic mental disorders) is a group of conditions that represent the consequences of organic brain damage.

  When diagnosing the described disorders, three criteria play a role:

  • the fact of undergone exogenous pathogenic influence;
  • the presence of specific psychopathological symptoms characteristic of certain cerebral dysfunctions;
  • the possibility of objective diagnosis of cerebral pathomorphological substrate.

  The modern international classification of diseases describes the group of mental disorders as follows:

  Class according to ICD-10	Group of diseases
  F00-F09	Organic mental disorders, including symptomatic ones
  F10-F19	Mental and behavioral disorders associated with the use of psychotropic chemicals
  F20-F29	Schizophrenia, schizophrenia-like, schizotypal and delusional disorders
  F30-F39	Mood disorders (affective disorders)
  F40-F48	Disorders provoked by stress (neurotic, somatoform)
  F50-F59	Syndromes relating to behavioral disorders caused by physical factors and physiological disturbances
  1.7 F60-F69	Personality and behavioral disorders in adulthood
  1.8 F70-F79	Mental retardation
  1.9 F80-F89	Psychological development disorders
  1. 10 F90-F98	Behavioral and emotional disturbances debuting in childhood and (or) adolescence
  1.11 F99	Mental disorders not otherwise specified

  

  Clinical

  The clinical classification identifies the following diseases in the group of organic mental disorders:

  Group of diseases	Diagnoses
  Dementia	Dementia due to Alzheimer's disease; vascular dementia; dementia in diseases specified in other headings; unspecified dementia
  Deficiency disorders	Organic amnestic syndrome; mild cognitive impairment; organic emotionally labile disorder; postencephalitic syndrome; post-concussion syndrome
  Organic psychotic disorders	Delirium not provoked by alcohol or other psychoactive substances; organic hallucinosis; organic catatonic disorder; organic delusional disorder
  Affective disorders	Organic mood disorders; organic anxiety disorder
  Organic personality disorders	Dissociative disorder; personality disorder of organic origin; other behavioral and personality disorders of an organic nature, provoked by damage, trauma or dysfunction of the brain (this group also includes personality changes in epilepsy of traumatic origin)

  

  Etiological

  Based on their origin, all mental disorders are usually divided into the following two types:

  • Exogenous - arising in connection with factors influencing from the outside (reception toxic substances, exposure to industrial poisons, drug addiction, radiation exposure, the influence of infectious agents, cranial and psychological trauma). A type of exogenous disorders are psychogenic diseases, the occurrence of which is interconnected with emotional stress, the impact of social or intrafamily problems.
  • Endogenous - actually mental disorders. Etiological factors in this case there are internal reasons. Examples - chromosomal disorders, diseases associated with gene mutations, diseases with a predisposition transmitted by inheritance, developing if the patient has an inherited damaged gene. Hereditary forms of neuropsychiatric diseases manifest themselves in the event of exposure to a powerful provoking factor (trauma, surgery, serious illness).

  Functional disorders

  Functional disorders should be distinguished from organic mental disorders - disorders the occurrence of which is caused by the influence of psychosocial factors. These disorders develop in people who are predisposed to their occurrence. Researchers include in this group of illnesses, for example, postpartum psychosis with decreased appetite, anxiety, and a desire for isolation.

  Violations of this group are most typical for the following categories of people:

  • unbalanced, with a flexible psyche;
  • those in a state of chronic stress;
  • suffering asthenic syndrome, which is a consequence of the weakening of the body by serious illness, injury, chronic fatigue, and systematic lack of sleep.

  The psychological characteristics of such people contain indications of emotional lability, excessive impressionability, and unhealthy ideas of a depressive nature.

  Prevention of disorders in people with unstable mental health can include:

  • healthy lifestyle;
  • specialized psychological trainings;
  • if necessary, individual sessions with a psychotherapist.

  Clinical manifestations

  For each type of disease mental sphere characteristic unique features clinical picture, determining the patient’s behavior, the severity of his condition and influencing the choice of medical tactics.

  Clinical manifestations are superimposed on the personality characteristics of a person who has mental problems. Therefore, the description of the symptoms of the same disease in different patients may vary. Collecting a family history and talking with the patient’s immediate circle helps to distinguish pathological manifestations from personality traits.

  Researchers have noticed some patterns in the formation of symptoms, depending on the gender of the patient. For example, phobic disorders, sleep disturbances and decreased resistance to stress are more common in women.

  Dementia

  Dementia, or acquired dementia, in psychiatry is a disorder manifested by impoverishment mental activity and gradual loss of a number of higher cortical functions (cognitive and mental processes, emotional reactions, systems of behavior and motivation).

  The group of dementias is heterogeneous - that is, the disorder may have various etiologies and other features that are used when differential diagnosis. Dementias arising from various diseases have different character course: from chronic, with a gradual decline in the functions of the central nervous system, to lightning fast.

  Patients with dementia are often prone to depression. In this case it is required differential diagnosis with corresponding pathologies.

  Features of the subtypes of pathology are described in the table:

  Etiology of dementia	Characteristic manifestations
  Alzheimer's dementia syndrome	Gradual and smooth start. No other reasons for developing dementia
  Vascular dementia	Availability of diagnostic data confirming insufficient blood supply to brain tissue. A history of transient ischemic episodes or cerebral infarctions. The predominance of disorders related to the intellectual-mnestic sphere (decreased memory, impoverished level of judgment, amnestic aphasia, emotional weakness). Duration of preservation of the personality core
  Dementia in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease	A triad of symptoms is typical: fleeting devastating dementia; gross pyramidal and extrapyramidal disorders; triphasic electroencephalogram
  Dementia in Huntington's disease	Progressive dementia is accompanied by mental disorders (in the form of depression, dysphoria, paranoid phenomena), choreiform hyperkinesis and characteristic personality changes
  Dementia in Parkinson's disease	The course of dementia is characterized by disorders in the system of formation of emotions and motivation, emotional poverty, and a tendency to exhibit depressive and hypochondriacal reactions.

  Deficit violations

  The group of deficiency pathologies includes conditions characterized by a decrease or loss of any mental function. They are described in detail in the table:

  Disorder	Character traits
  Amnestic syndrome	The predominance of loss of memory of recent events, anterograde and retrograde amnesia, consistent decay of memory. Sometimes there are confabulations. At the same time, automated knowledge must be retained for a long time
  Organic emotionally labile disorder (asthenic)	Cerebrostenia. Constant emotional incontinence. Rapid depletion. Hyperesthesia to various physical sensations. Autonomic disorders
  Mild cognitive impairment	Decreased productivity of mental activity due to memory impairment, difficulty concentrating, and situational mood disorders. Feelings of mental fatigue and subjective learning problems are typical
  Postencephalitic syndrome	Neurosis-like syndrome in the form of sleep and appetite disorders. High fatigue, mental exhaustion. Increased irritability, tendency to conflicts. Difficulties with learning and work. The fundamental difference from organic personality disorders is the reversibility of the process
  Post-concussion (post-concussion) syndrome	Vegetovascular disorders. Fatigue and irritability. Difficulty solving mental problems and concentrating. Memory impairment. Reduced resistance to stress. Insomnia. Emotional excitement. Possible development of depression and phobia of unfavorable outcome

  Organic mental disorders

  Conditions classified in this category have the following characteristic features:

  • hallucinatory syndrome, characterized by confusion;
  • predominance of true hallucinations;
  • acute development of disorders;
  • figurative delirium;
  • motor excitement;
  • disruption of sleep structure and sleep-wake cycles;
  • disturbance of consciousness - from excitement to stupor.

  The clinical picture of organic hallucinosis is characterized by a combination of visual, auditory, olfactory, tactile hallucinosis, including Kandinsky-Clerambault syndrome (obsessive sensation of foreign influence from the outside and an acute desire to get rid of it).

  This mental disorder does not exclude the patient’s sanity. INIn some cases, such a person may be the first to realize that he is sick and deliberately hide the symptoms from loved ones. In this case, it is difficult for others to recognize the patient. The patient, as a rule, remains critical of his condition. Against the background of preserved consciousness, disturbances may well be perceived by the patient as hallucinations (not always).

  For catatonic disorder, the signs of catatonia accompanying hallucinosis (waxy flexibility, impulsivity) are typical. Polar psychomotor disorders (stupor and agitation) can alternate with any frequency.

  In medicine, it is still a debatable question whether the development of such a disorder against the background of clear consciousness is possible.

  Schizophrenia-like disorder has characteristic features in the form of dominance of stable recurrent delusional ideas of various structures, accompanied by hallucinations and thinking disorders. When diagnosing, attention is paid to the absence of memory and consciousness impairment.

  Organic affective disorder

  Organic mood disorder has a wide range of manifestations, always accompanied by a change in the general level of activity.

  Affective disorders are usually divided into:

  • monopolar (depressive and manic);
  • bipolar (manic-depressive).

  Personality disorder

  Diagnostic criterion personality disorder is a violation of the integration between the memory of the past and awareness of oneself as an individual in the present day. Characterized by disturbances in direct sensations and control of body movement.

  Organic personality disorder is manifested by a significant disruption of the lifestyle and behavior habitual before the illness. This is especially clearly expressed in the sphere of emotions (severe emotional lability, euphoria, irritability, aggression). There is a violation of needs and motivations. In patients it decreases cognitive activity, the function of planning and foresight disappears. Sometimes the formation of extremely valuable ideas occurs.

  Treatment

  When providing medical care For patients with mental disorders, it is important to determine the place of treatment (whether hospitalization is necessary). The choice is made taking into account the patient's condition individually in each case. Sometimes the issue of hospitalization in a psychiatric hospital is resolved in court.

  Indications for hospitalization in a mental health facility are:

  • psychotic disorders of acute or subacute course;
  • disturbance of consciousness;
  • state of psychomotor agitation;
  • identification of suicidal tendencies and intentions;
  • any other mental disorder that is not self-limiting outpatient setting(violation of desires, violent acts, convulsive attacks).

  

  Relanium (diazepam) is a drug from the category of benzodiazepine derivatives

  The goal of therapy in a hospital setting is to relieve acute symptoms, normalization of behavioral reactions, selection of effective therapy that the patient will receive in the future, as well as solving social issues.

  

  The drug Velafax is a representative of the group of antidepressants

  Treatment of mental disorders is carried out comprehensively using all available therapeutic agents, which are described in the table:

  Syndrome	Pharmacotherapeutic group and list of drugs
  Depressive state	Antidepressants: Venlafaxine, Velafax, Lenuxin, Elitsey, Venlaxor, Brintellix; Neroplant, Heparetta, Adepress, Amitriptyline, Framex, Paxil. Anxiolytics (anti-anxiety drugs): Grandaxin, Atarax, Alprox
  Anxiety, obsessive fears	Anxiolytic drugs
  Psychomotor agitation	Tranquilizers (anxiolytics). Benzodiazepine sedatives: Diazepam, Nozepam, Phenazepam. Neuroleptics: Sulpiride, Quentiax, Tiapride, Ketilept, Olanzapine, Ariprizole, Betamax
  Sleep disorders	Herbal sleeping pills. Benzodiazepine derivatives
  Delirium, hallucinatory syndrome	Neuroleptics. Tranquilizers
  Dementia	Nootropic drugs: Piracetam, Phenotropil, Noopept, Cereton, Bilobil, Combitropil. Cerebroprotectors: Celebrolysin. Antioxidants: Mexidol. Vasodilators; Cavinton, Vinpocetine
  Convulsive syndrome	Anticonvulsants: Carbamazepine, Convulsan, Convulex, Depakin. Benzodiazepine drugs

  The list of medications used to treat mental disorders is quite long. From all the variety, you should choose the ones that have the least amount side effects and minimum spectrum drug interactions. Another mandatory rule is to start therapy with minimal dosages - especially in cases where continuous treatment is required over a long period of time.

  The success of therapy for patients with mental disorders is due to the complexity of the approach. If possible, the impact is carried out simultaneously to eliminate the causes of the disease, the mechanisms of its development and eliminate the symptoms of the disorder:

  Focus of therapy

There are a lot of classifications of mental illnesses; almost every psychiatric school and every country uses its own methods of dividing mental illnesses. At the same time, according to A.V. Snezhnevsky (1983), all existing classification systems include three main groups of mental pathology:

1) a group of endogenous diseases resulting from internal causes (most often hereditary): schizophrenia, manic-depressive psychosis, etc.;

2) a group of exogenous diseases, their occurrence involves external “harm”: intoxication, infections, injuries, somatic diseases;

3) a group of mental disorders caused by mental development disorders: mental retardation, personality disorders.

The World Health Organization (WHO) strives to achieve uniformity in the diagnosis and statistics of mental disorders in different countries of the world, so from time to time its experts propose classifications of mental disorders that could be applied in most countries. Since 1997, Russia has introduced the “Classification of Mental and Behavioral Disorders” of the International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision (ICD-10) instead of the ICD-9 taxonomy that has been in force in our country since the early 80s.

The basic principles of the modern classification of mental disorders are divided into the following diagnostic categories:

F0 - organic, including symptomatic, mental disorders;

F1 - mental and behavioral disorders due to the use of psychoactive substances;

F2 - schizophrenia, schizothymic and delusional disorders;

F3 - affective mood disorders;

F4 - neurotic, stress-related, and somatoform disorders;

F6 - disorders of mature personality and behavior in adults;

F7 - mental retardation.

There are other headings in this classification, which, like heading 5, do not have forensic psychiatric significance.

28. Main types of mental processes. Psychopathological symptoms, their grouping and features

2.1. Symptoms of mental disorders

With the help of mental processes, our consciousness displays the existing objective reality independently of us and outside of us - everything around us and ourselves as part of this reality. Thanks to mental processes, we understand the world: with the help of the senses, in the act of perception, we reflect objects and phenomena in our consciousness; with the help of the thinking process we learn the connections between objects and phenomena, really existing patterns; Memory processes are aimed at fixing this information, contributing to the further development of cognition. Thus, perception, thinking and memory constitute the process of cognition. However, mental activity is not limited to knowledge of the world. Part of the mental act is our attitude to the outside world and to everything that happens in it - emotions. Mental phenomena include volitional processes: attention, desires, drives, facial expressions, pantomimes, individual actions and holistic human behavior.

Thus, the main types of mental processes, which together constitute the normal functioning of the human psyche, are: perception, thinking, memory, emotions, volitional processes.

The peculiarities of the course of mental processes, their strength, balance, mobility, direction are purely individual, determined by the biological properties of each person and his social experience. The relationship between the biological and the social in a person constitutes a single, unique personality. Personality is determined by such properties as character, temperament, abilities, and attitudes.

Normally, in a mentally healthy person, all mental processes are harmoniously connected, adequate to the environment and correctly reflect what is happening around. In mental illnesses, this harmony is disturbed, individual mental acts suffer or pathological process covers all mental activity in a generalized manner; The most severe mental illnesses affect a person’s personality and affect his human essence.

Mental illness- the result of complex and varied disturbances in the activity of various systems of the human body with predominant damage to the brain.

The most important information for recognizing mental illness can be obtained by identifying, recording and analyzing the clinical signs of a mental disorder - symptoms. Symptoms are derivatives of the disease, part of it. They are generated by the same reasons as the disease in general. Therefore, with their characteristics, symptoms reflect both the general properties of the disease itself and its individual qualities.

The history of the development of the disease not only in the past, but also in the future is created by the dynamics of symptoms. Based on knowledge of the patterns of symptom formation, their content, combinations, and sensitivity to therapeutic effects, one can not only successfully diagnose a mental illness, but also judge the trends in its further course and outcome. Symptoms can only be considered in conjunction with other symptoms and associated signs of the disease.

The diagnostic significance of a symptom is determined by the degree of its specificity. Depletion of attention, insomnia, irritability, headache can be symptoms of both mental illness and severe somatic and neurological diseases. Hallucinations are characteristic of a limited number of mental illnesses.

The same psychopathological symptoms appear differently in different diseases because there are differences in pathogenesis. At the same time, united by a unity of origin, all the symptoms of the same disease have common features.

Psychological diseases are caused various factors nervous and mental systems body.

The first factor - productive - lies in the normal mental activity of a person (the appearance of ideas that partially or completely surround a person’s attention; the patient listens and feels something that is not really there).

The second factor - negative - lies in general changes leading to a weakening of a person’s nervous activity.

Types of diseases

Types of psychological diseases are divided into two categories:

• exogenous;
• endogenous.

Analyzing in detail the list of human psychological diseases, it is taken into account that exogenous mental disorders include psychoses that arose under the pressure of factors external environment. Examples of psychoses: effects various kinds infections on the bark ( Gray matter) the main organ of the body - the brain - and the brain as a whole, intoxication with chemicals that have penetrated into the internal part of the body, diseases internal organs(kidneys, liver and heart muscle), endocrine diseases. A separate group of diseases - exogenous mental disorders - can include reactive psychoses, the causes of which are severe mental and emotional trauma and a constant depressing mental influence on a person.

Endogenous mental disorders include causes of hereditary factors. Such factors can go completely unnoticed by a person, but can result in such a serious list of psychological diseases as: schizophrenia (psychosis in which consciousness and intelligence are preserved, but there is a clear deviation in the psyche), MDP (manic-depressive psychosis - passing from one in other periods of joyful and depressed mood), schizophrenic psychosis (is an intermediate stage between MDP and schizophrenia).

Causes

Often a person’s thinking leads to the question of the psychological causes of illness. These include huge variety various factors. They all depend on what exactly the person is sick with. Taking apart psychological problems diseases and their causes, we always come to one human organ, which is responsible for our psyche. This is the brain, any violation of which leads to unstable work our thinking and unstable mental state.

Fully psychological reasons diseases have not been studied, but with complete confidence it can be noted that the psychological causes of mental diseases are influenced by biological, social, and also psychological factors that violate correct work nervous system. They also include situations hereditary factor and deep stress in the body.

Resistance to the above reasons is determined physical feature man as an individual and his common mental development generally. All people can react completely differently to the same type of situation. Some can easily survive failure and draw a conclusion and try to move forward again, while others fall into depression and, sitting still, depress an already difficult situation. What will lead to disruption of their nervous system and reveal the psychological prerequisites for the disease?

Headache? Learn about the symptoms of increased intracranial pressure from our. Read about the manifestations of various thyroid diseases.

Almost all symptoms of psychological illnesses can be detected with the naked eye of a qualified doctor. There can be a huge variety of symptoms. Patients do not attach much importance to some of them and do not seek qualified help from professionals.

Psychological diseases and their symptoms include receptor disorders:

Treatment of psychological diseases

It is quite difficult to treat human psychological diseases, but it is fully possible and effective. With such treatment, it is very important to determine the names of psychological diseases so that you can know with confidence what and for what to treat the patient.

Basically, all treatment involves a detailed study of the main psychosomatic symptoms. All mental illnesses and disorders are treated in psychological clinics experienced specialists and safe drugs for patients.

The probability of recovery of patients in our time is very high, but we should not put off the treatment of mental disorders for a long time. If there are psychological preconditions for illnesses, immediate appeal Seeing a psychiatrist is the best option in this case!

Mental illnesses are characterized by changes in the consciousness and thinking of the individual. At the same time, a person’s behavior, his perception of the world around him, and emotional reactions to what is happening are significantly disrupted. A list of​ ​common​ ​mental​ ​diseases​ ​with​ ​descriptions illuminates possible reasons the occurrence of pathologies, their main clinical manifestations and methods of therapy.

Agoraphobia

The disease belongs to anxiety-phobic disorders. Characterized by a fear of open space, public places, crowds of people. Often the phobia is accompanied by autonomic symptoms (tachycardia, sweating, difficulty breathing, chest pain, tremors, etc.). Possible panic attacks, which force the patient to abandon their usual way of life for fear of a recurrence of the attack. Agoraphobia is treated with psychotherapeutic methods and medication.

Alcoholic​ ​dementia

It is a complication of chronic alcoholism. At the last stage, without therapy it can lead to the death of the patient. The pathology develops gradually with the progression of symptoms. There are memory impairments, including memory failures, isolation, loss intellectual abilities, control of your actions. Without medical care, personality decay, speech, thinking, and consciousness disorders are observed. Treatment is carried out in drug treatment hospitals. Refusal of alcohol is required.

Allotriophagy

A mental disorder in which a person strives to eat inedible things (chalk, dirt, paper, chemical substances and others). This phenomenon occurs in patients with various mental illnesses (psychopathy, schizophrenia, etc.), sometimes in healthy people(during pregnancy), in children (aged 1-6 years). The causes of the pathology may be a lack of minerals in the body, cultural traditions, or the desire to attract attention. Treatment is carried out using psychotherapy techniques.

Anorexia

A mental disorder resulting from a disruption in the functioning of the food center of the brain. It manifests itself as a pathological desire to lose weight (even at low weight), lack of appetite, and fear of obesity. The patient refuses to eat, uses all sorts of ways to reduce body weight (diet, enemas, inducing vomiting, excessive load). Arrhythmias and disturbances are observed menstrual cycle, spasms, weakness and other symptoms. In severe cases, irreversible changes in the body and death are possible.

Autism

Childhood mental illness. Characterized by impaired social interaction, motor skills, and speech dysfunctions. Most scientists classify autism as a hereditary​ ​mental ​disease. The diagnosis is made based on observation of the child's behavior. Manifestations of pathology: the patient’s unresponsiveness to speech, instructions from other people, poor visual contact with them, lack of facial expressions, smiles, delayed speech skills, detachment. Methods of speech therapy, behavioral correction, drug therapy.

White fever

Alcoholic psychosis, manifested by behavioral disturbances, anxiety of the patient, visual, auditory, tactile hallucinations, due to dysfunction metabolic processes in the brain. Delirium is caused by sudden interruption long drinking bout, large single volume of alcohol consumed, low-quality alcohol. The patient has body tremors, heat, pallor skin. Treatment is carried out in a psychiatric hospital and includes detoxification therapy, taking psychotropic drugs, vitamins, etc.

Alzheimer's disease

It is an incurable mental illness, characterized by degeneration of the nervous system and gradual loss of mental abilities. Pathology is one of the causes of dementia in older people (over 65 years old). It manifests itself as progressive memory impairment, disorientation, and apathy. In the later stages, hallucinations, loss of independent thinking and motor abilities, and sometimes convulsions are observed. It is possible that disability due to mental illness Alzheimer's will be granted for life.

Pick's disease

A rare​ ​mental​ ​disease with a predominant localization in the frontotemporal lobes of the brain. Clinical manifestations of pathology go through 3 stages. At the first, antisocial behavior is noted (public implementation of physiological needs, hypersexuality and the like), decreased criticism and control of actions, repetition of words and phrases. The second stage is manifested by cognitive dysfunction, loss of reading, writing, counting skills, and sensorimotor aphasia. The third stage is deep dementia (immobility, disorientation), leading to the death of a person.

Bulimia

A mental disorder characterized by uncontrollable overconsumption food. The patient is focused on food, diets (breakdowns are accompanied by gluttony and guilt), his weight, and suffers from bouts of hunger that cannot be satisfied. In the severe form, there are significant weight fluctuations (5-10 kg up and down), swelling of the parotid gland, fatigue, tooth loss, and irritation in the throat. This mental​ ​disease often occurs​ ​in​ ​adolescents, people under 30 years of age, mainly in women.

Hallucinosis

A mental disorder characterized by the presence of various types of hallucinations in a person without impairment of consciousness. They can be verbal (the patient hears a monologue or dialogue), visual (visions), olfactory (sensation of smells), tactile (the feeling of insects, worms, etc. crawling under the skin or on it). The pathology is caused by exogenous factors (infections, injuries, intoxications), organic brain damage, and schizophrenia.

Dementia

A severe​ ​mental​ ​illness characterized by progressive degradation of cognitive function. There is a gradual loss of memory (up to complete loss), thinking abilities, and speech. Disorientation and loss of control over actions are noted. The occurrence of pathology is typical for elderly people, but is not normal condition aging. Therapy is aimed at slowing down the process of personality disintegration and optimizing cognitive functions.

Depersonalization

According to medical reference books and the international classification of diseases, pathology is classified as neurotic disorders. The condition is characterized by a violation of self-awareness, alienation of the individual. The patient perceives the world, your body, activity, thinking unreal, existing autonomously from it. There may be disturbances in taste, hearing, pain sensitivity, etc. Periodic similar sensations are not considered a pathology, however, treatment (medication and psychotherapy) is required for a protracted, persistent state of derealization.

Depression

A serious​ ​mental​ ​illness characterized by depressed mood, lack of joy, positive thinking. In addition to the emotional signs of depression (sadness, despair, guilt, etc.), there are physiological symptoms(appetite disturbance, sleep disturbance, pain and other discomfort in the body, digestive dysfunction, fatigue) and behavioral manifestations (passivity, apathy, desire for solitude, alcoholism, etc.). Treatment includes medications and psychotherapy.

Dissociative fugue

An acute mental disorder in which the patient, under the influence of traumatic incidents, suddenly renounces his personality (completely losing memories of it), inventing a new one for himself. The patient must leave home, and mental capacity, professional skills and character are preserved. The new life can be short (a few hours) or last a long time (months and years). Then there is a sudden (rarely gradual) return to the previous personality, while the memories of the new one are completely lost.

Stuttering

Committing convulsive actions of the articulatory and laryngeal muscles when pronouncing speech, distorting it and making it difficult to pronounce words. Typically, stuttering occurs at the very beginning of phrases, less often in the middle, while the patient lingers on one or a group of sounds. The pathology may rarely recur (paroxysmal) or be permanent. There are neurotic (in healthy children under the influence of stress) and neurosis-like (in diseases of the central nervous system) forms of the disease. Treatment includes psychotherapy, speech therapy for stuttering, and drug therapy.

gambling addiction

A mental disorder characterized by addiction to games and a desire for excitement. Among the types of gambling addiction there are pathological addiction to gambling in casinos, computer games, network games, slot machines, sweepstakes, lotteries, sales on foreign exchange and stock markets. Manifestations of pathology include an irresistible constant desire to play, the patient withdraws, deceives loved ones, mental disorders and irritability are noted. Often this phenomenon leads to depression.

Idiocy

Congenital mental illness characterized by mental retardation severe course. It is observed from the first weeks of a newborn’s life and is manifested by a significant progressive lag in psychomotor development. Patients lack speech and its understanding, ability to think, and emotional reactions. Children do not recognize their parents, cannot master primitive skills, and grow up absolutely helpless. Often the pathology is combined with anomalies in the physical development of the child. Treatment is based on symptomatic therapy.

Imbecility

Significant mental retardation (moderate mental retardation). Patients have weak learning abilities (primitive speech, however, it is possible to read syllables and understand counting), poor memory, and primitive thinking. There is an excessive manifestation of unconscious instincts (sexual, food), and antisocial behavior. It is possible to learn self-care skills (through repetition), but such patients are not able to live independently. Treatment is based on symptomatic therapy.

Hypochondria

A neuropsychic disorder based on the patient’s excessive worries about his health. In this case, manifestations of pathology can be sensory (exaggeration of sensations) or ideogenic (false ideas about sensations in the body that can cause changes in it: cough, stool disorders, and others). The disorder is based on self-hypnosis, its main cause is neurosis, sometimes organic pathologies. An effective method of treatment is psychotherapy with the use of medications.

Hysteria

Complex neurosis, which is characterized by states of passion, pronounced emotional reactions, and somatovegetative manifestations. There is no organic damage to the central nervous system, the disorders are considered reversible. The patient strives to attract attention, has an unstable mood, and may experience motor dysfunction (paralysis, paresis, unsteadiness of gait, head twitching). A hysterical attack is accompanied by a cascade of expressive movements (falling on the floor and rolling on it, tearing out hair, twisting limbs, etc.).

Kleptomania

An irresistible urge to steal someone else's property. Moreover, the crime is committed not for the purpose of material enrichment, but mechanically, with a momentary impulse. The patient is aware of the illegality and abnormality of addiction, sometimes tries to resist it, acts alone and does not develop plans, does not steal out of revenge or for similar reasons. Before the theft, the patient experiences a feeling of tension and anticipation of pleasure; after the crime, the feeling of euphoria persists for some time.

Cretinism

The pathology that occurs with thyroid dysfunction is characterized by retardation of mental and physical development. All causes of cretinism are based on hypothyroidism. It can be a congenital or acquired pathology during the development of the child. The disease manifests itself as retarded growth of the body (dwarfism), teeth (and their replacement), disproportionality of the structure, and underdevelopment of secondary sexual characteristics. There are impairments of hearing, speech, and intelligence varying degrees gravity. Treatment consists of lifelong use of hormones.

"Cultural" shock

Negative emotional and physical reactions provoked by a change in a person’s cultural environment. At the same time, a collision with a different culture, an unfamiliar place causes discomfort and disorientation in the individual. The condition develops gradually. At first, a person perceives new conditions positively and optimistically, then the stage of “culture” shock begins with awareness of certain problems. Gradually, the person comes to terms with the situation, and depression recedes. The last stage is characterized by successful adaptation to the new culture.

Mania​ ​of persecution

A mental disorder in which the patient feels being watched and threatened with harm. The pursuers are people, animals, unreal beings, inanimate objects, etc. The pathology goes through 3 stages of formation: initially the patient is worried about anxiety, he becomes withdrawn. Further, the symptoms become more pronounced, the patient refuses to go to work or close circle. At the third stage, a severe disorder occurs, accompanied by aggression, depression, suicide attempts, etc.

Misanthropy

Mental disorder associated with alienation from society, rejection, hatred of people. It manifests itself as unsociability, suspicion, distrust, anger, and enjoyment of one’s state of misanthropy. This psychophysiological personality trait can turn into antrophobia (fear of a person). People suffering from psychopathy, delusions of persecution, and after suffering attacks of schizophrenia are prone to pathology.

Monomania

Excessive obsessive commitment to an idea, a subject. It is a single-subject insanity, a single mental disorder. At the same time, safety is noted mental health in patients. In modern classifiers of diseases this term missing because it is considered a relic of psychiatry. Sometimes used to refer to psychosis characterized by a single disorder (hallucinations or delusions).

Obsessive states

A mental illness characterized by the presence of persistent thoughts, fears, and actions regardless of the will of the patient. The patient is fully aware of the problem, but cannot overcome his condition. Pathology manifests itself in obsessive thoughts (absurd, scary), counting (involuntary recounting), memories (usually unpleasant), fears, actions (their meaningless repetition), rituals, etc. Treatment uses psychotherapy, medications, and physiotherapy.

Narcissistic​ ​personality disorder

Excessive personal experience of one’s importance. Compatible with requirement increased attention to yourself, admiration. The disorder is based on the fear of failure, the fear of being of little value and defenseless. Personal behavior is aimed at confirming one’s own value; a person constantly talks about his merits, social, material status or mental, physical abilities, etc. Long-term psychotherapy is required to correct the disorder.

Neurosis

A collective term characterizing a group of psychogenic disorders of a reversible, usually not severe, course. The main cause of the condition is stress and excessive mental stress. Patients are aware of the abnormality of their condition. Clinical signs of pathology are emotional (mood swings, vulnerability, irritability, tearfulness, etc.) and physical (cardiac dysfunction, digestion, tremor, headache, difficulty breathing, etc.) manifestations.

Mental retardation

Congenital or acquired in early age mental retardation caused by organic damage to the brain. It is a common pathology, manifested by impairments of intelligence, speech, memory, will, emotional reactions, motor dysfunctions of varying severity, and somatic disorders. The thinking of patients remains at the level of children younger age. Self-care abilities are present, but reduced.

Panic​ ​attacks

A panic attack accompanied by severe fear, anxiety, and vegetative symptoms. The causes of the pathology are stress, difficult life circumstances, chronic fatigue, the use of certain medications, mental and somatic diseases or conditions (pregnancy, postpartum period, menopause, adolescence). Besides emotional manifestations(fear, panic), vegetative ones are present: arrhythmias, tremors, difficulty breathing, painful sensations V various parts body (chest, abdomen), derealization, etc.

Paranoia

A mental disorder characterized by excessive suspicion. Patients pathologically see a conspiracy, evil intent directed against them. At the same time, in other areas of activity and thinking, the patient’s adequacy is fully preserved. Paranoia can be a consequence of certain mental illnesses, brain degeneration, or medications. Treatment is predominantly medicinal (neuroleptics with anti-delusional effect). Psychotherapy is ineffective because the doctor is perceived as a participant in the conspiracy.

Pyromania

A mental disorder characterized by irresistible craving patient to arson. Arson is committed impulsively, in the absence of full awareness of the act. The patient experiences pleasure from performing the action and observing the fire. At the same time, there is no material benefit from arson, it is committed confidently, the pyromaniac is tense, fixated on the topic of fires. When observing the flame it is possible sexual arousal. Treatment is complex, since pyromaniacs often have serious mental disorders.

Psychoses

A severe mental disorder is accompanied by delusional states, mood swings, hallucinations (auditory, olfactory, visual, tactile, gustatory), agitation or apathy, depression, aggression. At the same time, the patient lacks control over his actions and criticism. The causes of pathology include infections, alcoholism and drug addiction, stress, psychotrauma, age-related changes (senile psychosis), dysfunction of the central nervous and endocrine systems.

Self-injurious​ ​behavior​ ​(Patomimia)

A mental disorder in which a person intentionally causes damage to himself (wounds, cuts, bites, burns), but their traces are defined as a skin disease. In this case, there may be a tendency to injure the skin and mucous membranes, damage to nails, hair, and lips. Neurotic excoriation (skin scratching) is often encountered in psychiatric practice. Pathology is characterized by the systematicity of causing damage using the same method. To treat pathology, psychotherapy with the use of medications is used.

Seasonal​ ​depression

Mood disorder, its depression, a feature of which is the seasonal frequency of the pathology. There are 2 forms of the disease: “winter” and “summer” depression. Most common pathology acquires in regions with a short duration daylight hours. Manifestations include depressed mood, fatigue, anhedonia, pessimism, decreased libido, thoughts of suicide, death, and vegetative symptoms. Treatment includes psychotherapy and medication.

Sexual perversions

Pathological forms of sexual desire and distortion of its implementation. Sexual perversions include sadism, masochism, exhibitionism, pedo-, bestiality, homosexuality, etc. With true perversions, a perverted way of realizing sexual desire becomes the only possible way for the patient to obtain satisfaction, completely replacing normal sexual life. Pathology can form due to psychopathy, mental retardation, organic lesions of the central nervous system, etc.

Senesthopathy

Unpleasant sensations of varying content and severity on the surface of the body or in the area of ​​internal organs. The patient feels burning, twisting, pulsation, heat, cold, burning pain, drilling, etc. Usually the sensations are localized in the head, less often in the abdomen, chest, and limbs. At the same time, there is no objective reason, a pathological process that could cause such feelings. The condition usually occurs against the background of mental disorders (neurosis, psychosis, depression). Therapy requires treatment of the underlying disease.

Negative Twin Syndrome

A mental disorder in which the patient is convinced that he or someone close to him has been replaced by an absolute double. In the first option, the patient claims that a person exactly identical to him is to blame for the bad actions he has committed. Delusions of a negative double occur in autoscopic (the patient sees the double) and Capgras syndrome (the double is invisible). Pathology often accompanies mental illness (schizophrenia) and neurological diseases.

Irritable bowel syndrome

Dysfunction of the large intestine, characterized by the presence of symptoms that bother the patient a long period(more than six months). The pathology is manifested by abdominal pain (usually before defecation and disappearing after), bowel dysfunction (constipation, diarrhea or their alternation), and sometimes autonomic disorders. A psycho-neurogenic mechanism for the formation of the disease is noted; intestinal infections, hormonal fluctuations, and visceral hyperalgesia are also identified among the causes. Symptoms usually do not progress over time and there is no weight loss.

Syndrome​ ​chronic​ ​fatigue

Constant, long-term (more than six months) physical and mental fatigue, which persists after sleep and even several days of rest. Usually starts with infectious disease, however, it is also observed after recovery. Manifestations include weakness, periodic headaches, insomnia (often), impaired performance, possible weight loss, hypochondria, and depression. Treatment includes stress reduction, psychotherapy, and relaxation techniques.

Syndrome​ ​emotional​ ​burnout

A state of mental, moral and physical exhaustion. The main reasons for the phenomenon are regular stressful situations, monotony of actions, tense rhythm, feeling of underappreciation, undeserved criticism. Manifestations of the condition include chronic fatigue, irritability, weakness, migraines, dizziness, and insomnia. Treatment consists of observing a work-rest regime; it is recommended to take a vacation and take breaks from work.

Vascular​ ​dementia

Progressive decline in intelligence and disruption of adaptation in society. The cause is damage to areas of the brain due to vascular pathologies: hypertension, atherosclerosis, stroke, etc. The pathology is manifested by a disorder cognitive abilities, memory, control over actions, deterioration of thinking, understanding of spoken speech. In vascular dementia there is a combination of cognitive and neurological disorders. The prognosis of the disease depends on the severity of brain damage.

Stress​ ​and​ ​disorder​ ​adaptation

Stress is the reaction of the human body to excessively strong stimuli. Wherein this state can be physiological and psychological. It should be noted that with the latter option, stress is caused by both negative and positive emotions strong degree expressiveness. Adaptation disorder is observed during the period of adaptation to changing living conditions under the influence of various factors (loss of loved ones, serious illness, etc.). At the same time, there is a connection between stress and adaptation disorder (no more than 3 months).

Suicidal behavior

A pattern of thoughts or actions aimed at self-destruction in order to escape life's problems. Suicidal behavior includes 3 forms: completed suicide (ended by death), attempted suicide (not completed by various reasons), suicidal action (committing actions with a low probability of lethality). The last 2 options often become a request for help, rather than in a real way leave this life. Patients must be under constant supervision and treatment is carried out in a psychiatric hospital.

Madness

The term means severe mental illness (insanity). Rarely used in psychiatry, usually used in colloquial speech. By the nature of its impact on the environment, madness can be useful (the gift of foresight, inspiration, ecstasy, etc.) and dangerous (rage, aggression, mania, hysteria). According to the form of the pathology, they distinguish between melancholy (depression, apathy, emotional distress), mania (hyperexcitability, unjustified euphoria, excessive mobility), hysteria (reactions of increased excitability, aggressiveness).

Tafophilia

A disorder of attraction, characterized by a pathological interest in the cemetery, its paraphernalia and everything connected with it: tombstones, epitaphs, stories about death, funerals, etc. There are varying degrees of craving: from mild interest to obsession, manifested in a constant search for information, frequent visits to cemeteries, funerals, and so on. Unlike thanatophilia and necrophilia, with this pathology there are no addictions to dead body, sexual arousal. Funeral rites and their paraphernalia are of primary interest in taphophilia.

Anxiety

An emotional reaction of the body, which is expressed by concern, anticipation of troubles, and fear of them. Pathological anxiety can occur against a background of complete well-being, may be short-lived or be a stable personality trait. It manifests itself as tension, expressed anxiety, a feeling of helplessness, loneliness. Physically, tachycardia, increased breathing, and growth may be observed. blood pressure, hyperexcitability, sleep disturbances. Psychotherapeutic techniques are effective in treatment.

Trichotillomania

A mental disorder that refers to neurosis obsessive states. It manifests itself as a urge to pull out one’s own hair, and in some cases, to subsequently eat it. It usually appears against a background of idleness, sometimes during stress, and is more common in women and children (2-6 years). Hair pulling is accompanied by tension, which then gives way to satisfaction. The act of pulling out is usually done unconsciously. In the vast majority of cases, pulling is carried out from the scalp, less often - in the area of ​​eyelashes, eyebrows and other hard-to-reach places.

Hikikomori

A pathological condition in which a person renounces social life, resorting to complete self-isolation (in an apartment, room) for a period of more than six months. Such people refuse to work, communicate with friends, relatives, are usually dependent on loved ones or receive unemployment benefits. This phenomenon is common symptom depressive, obsessive-compulsive, autistic disorder. Self-isolation is developing gradually; if necessary, people still go out into the outside world.

Phobia

Pathological irrational fear, reactions to which worsen when exposed to provoking factors. Phobias are characterized by an obsessive, persistent course, while the person avoids frightening objects, activities, etc. The pathology may be varying degrees severity and is observed both in minor neurotic disorders and in serious mental illnesses (schizophrenia). Treatment includes psychotherapy with the use of medications (tranquilizers, antidepressants, etc.).

Schizoid disorder

A mental disorder characterized by unsociability, isolation, low need for social life, and autistic personality traits. Such people are emotionally cold and have a weak ability for empathy and trusting relationships. The disorder begins in early childhood and continues throughout life. This personality is characterized by the presence of unusual hobbies (scientific research, philosophy, yoga, individual sports, etc.). Treatment includes psychotherapy and social adaptation.

Schizotypal​ ​disorder

A mental disorder characterized by abnormal behavior and impaired thinking, similar to the symptoms of schizophrenia, but mild and unclear. There is a genetic predisposition to the disease. The pathology is manifested by emotional (detachment, indifference), behavioral (inappropriate reactions) disorders, social maladjustment, the presence of obsessions, strange beliefs, depersonalization, disorientation, and hallucinations. Treatment is complex and includes psychotherapy and medication.

Schizophrenia

A severe mental illness of a chronic course with a violation of thought processes, emotional reactions, leading to the disintegration of personality. The most common signs of the disease include auditory hallucinations, paranoid or fantastic delusions, speech and thinking disorders, accompanied by social dysfunction. The violent nature of auditory hallucinations (suggestions), the patient’s secrecy (devotes only to those closest to him), and chosenness (the patient is convinced that he has been chosen for the mission) are noted. For treatment, drug therapy (antipsychotic drugs) is indicated to correct symptoms.

Selective​ ​(selective)​ ​mutism

A condition in which a child lacks speech certain situations with proper functioning of the speech apparatus. In other circumstances and conditions, children retain the ability to speak and understand spoken speech. IN in rare cases the disorder occurs in adults. Typically, the onset of pathology is characterized by a period of adaptation to kindergarten and school. At normal development In a child, the disorder resolves spontaneously by the age of 10 years. Most effective treatment Family, individual and behavioral therapy are considered.

Encopresis

A disease characterized by dysfunction, uncontrollability of bowel movements, and fecal incontinence. It is usually observed in children; in adults it is more often of an organic nature. Encopresis is often combined with stool retention and constipation. The condition can be caused not only by mental, but also by somatic pathologies. The causes of the disease are immaturity of control of the act of defecation; a history of intrauterine hypoxia, infection, and birth trauma is often present. More often, the pathology occurs in children from socially disadvantaged families.

Enuresis

Uncontrollable syndrome involuntary urination, mainly at night. Urinary incontinence is more common in preschool and early childhood children school age, usually present in the anamnesis neurological pathology. The syndrome contributes to the occurrence of psychological trauma in the child, the development of isolation, indecisiveness, neuroses, and conflicts with peers, which further complicates the course of the disease. The goal of diagnosis and treatment is to eliminate the cause of the pathology, psychological correction condition.

Mental illnesses are invisible to the naked eye and therefore very insidious. Mental disorders significantly complicate a person’s life when he is unaware of the presence of a problem. Experts who study this aspect of the boundless human essence say that many of us have signs of mental illness, but does this mean that every second inhabitant on the planet needs treatment? How do you know that a person is really sick and needs qualified help?

What is a mental disorder?

The definition of “mental disorder” covers a wide range of deviations from the normal state of mind of people. The internal health disorders in question should not be taken as a negative manifestation negative side person's personality. Like any physical illness, mental disorder is a violation of the mechanisms and processes of perception of reality, which creates certain difficulties. People who are faced with these problems are poorly able to adapt to real life conditions and do not always interpret reality correctly.

Signs and symptoms of mental disorders

Characteristic signs of mental disorders include disturbances in thinking, mood and behavior that go beyond generally accepted cultural beliefs and norms. Most often, general symptoms are characterized by a depressed state of mind. Moreover, the person loses the ability to fully perform ordinary social functions. The entire range of signs and symptoms can be divided into a number of groups:

• cognitive– unjustified pathological beliefs, memory impairment, complications of clear thinking;
• physical– insomnia, pain in different parts of the body;
• behavioral– abuse of active psychiatric drugs, inability to produce simple actions self-service, unjustified aggression;
• emotional– sudden feeling of fear, sadness, anxiety;
• perceptual– states when a person notices phenomena that other people do not see (movements of objects, sounds, etc.).

Causes of mental disorders

The etiology aspect of these diseases is not fully understood, because modern medicine cannot accurately determine the mechanisms that cause mental disorders. However, it is possible to identify some reasons, the connection of which with mental disorders has been scientifically proven:

• brain diseases;
• stressful conditions in life;
• medical problems;
• genetic disposition;
• hereditary causes;
• difficult circumstances in the family.

In addition, doctors note a number of special cases, which represent specific deviations, incidents or conditions against which serious mental disorders appear. The reasons that will be discussed often occur in everyday life, and therefore lead to a deterioration in a person’s mental health in the most unexpected situations.

Systematic abuse of alcoholic beverages often leads to mental disorders in humans. The body of a person suffering from chronic alcoholism constantly contains a large number of breakdown products of ethyl alcohol, which cause serious changes in thinking, behavior and mood. In this regard, dangerous mental disorders arise, including:

• Delirium tremens. A common post-alcohol mental disorder that appears due to deep disturbances in metabolic processes in all systems and organs of the human body. Delirium tremens is expressed in convulsive seizures and sleep disorders. Most often, these phenomena appear 60-80 hours after finishing drinking alcohol. A person experiences sudden changes in mood, constantly changing from joy to anxiety.
• Psychosis. Mental illness, which is explained by a violation of metabolic processes in the brain. The toxic effects of ethyl alcohol overshadow a person’s consciousness, but the consequences appear only a few days after the end of alcohol consumption. A person is seized by a mania of persecution or a feeling of fear. In addition, he may have various obsessions, which are associated with the fact that someone wants to cause moral or physical harm to him.
• Hallucinations– pronounced ideas, brought pathologically to the level of perception of real objects. It seems to a person that objects and people around him are falling, spinning or swaying. The perception of the passage of time is distorted.
• . Mental illness, which is called delusion, in a person is expressed in the manifestation of unshakable conclusions and judgments that do not correspond to reality. In this condition, the patient develops photophobia and sleep disturbances. The line between dream and reality becomes blurred, a person confuses one with the other.

Brain injury

Brain injuries can result in a whole range of significant mental illnesses. As a result of brain damage, complex processes are launched that lead to clouding of consciousness. After these cases, the following psychological diseases often occur:

Somatic diseases

Against the background of somatic disorders, the human psyche suffers very seriously. Disorders develop that are almost impossible to get rid of. Here is a list of mental illnesses that medicine considers the most common in somatic disorders:

• Dementia. Terrible disease, which stands for acquired dementia. This psychological disorder often occurs in people aged 55-80 years who have somatic diseases. The diagnosis of dementia is made to patients with reduced cognitive functions. Somatic diseases lead to irreversible processes in the brain. Moreover, mental sanity does not suffer.
• Korsakov's syndrome. A disease that is a combination of memory impairment regarding current events, the appearance of false memories and loss of orientation in space. A serious mental illness that cannot be treated by known medical methods. A person always forgets about events that just happened and often asks the same questions.
• Asthenic neurosis-like disease. Mental deviation when a person becomes talkative and hyperactive. A person often falls into short-term depression and constantly experiences phobic disorders. Most often, fears do not change and have clear outlines.

Epilepsy

Almost every person who suffers from epilepsy experiences mental disorders. Disorders that appear against the background of this disease can be constant (permanent) or isolated (paroxysmal). The cases of mental illness described below, in medical practice most common:

Malignant neoplasms

The appearance of malignant tumors often leads to changes in a person’s mental state. With the increase in tumors on the brain, pressure increases, which causes significant deviations. In this state, a person experiences melancholy, delusions, unreasonable fears and many other symptoms. All this indicates the presence of such psychological diseases:

Vascular disorders of the brain

Pathologies of the blood vessels and circulatory system immediately affect the state of the human psyche. With the development of diseases that are associated with a decrease or increase blood pressure, brain function deviates from the norm. Heavy chronic disorders lead to the emergence of very dangerous mental disorders, including:

Types of mental disorders

People may develop mental disorders regardless of ethnicity, age or gender. The mechanisms of the occurrence of mental illnesses have not been fully studied, therefore medicine cannot give specific definitions. However, today the connection between certain age limits and mental illnesses has been clearly established. Every age has its own most common disorders.

In elderly people

In old age, against the background of diseases such as bronchial asthma, kidney or heart failure and diabetes mellitus, many mental abnormalities appear. To the senile psychological diseases relate:

• dementia;
• paranoia;
• Pick's syndrome;
• marasmus;
• Alzheimer's syndrome.

Types of mental disorders in adolescents

Often mental illness in adolescence is associated with unfavorable factors in past. The following mental disorders are usually observed:

• bulimia nervosa;
• prolonged depression;
• drankorexia;
• anorexia nervosa.

Mental illness do not treat themselves, therefore, if there is any suspicion of mental disorders urgently need to seek help from a psychotherapist. A conversation between the patient and the doctor can help quickly determine the diagnosis and choose the right treatment regimen. Almost all mental illnesses are curable if treated promptly.