Mental illnesses description. Types of mental disorders

Mental disorders are a heterogeneous group of pathological conditions that differ from the generally accepted norm. Mental disorders are characterized by changes in the areas of feelings and perceptions, thinking, drives and behavioral reactions. Many of them also cause somatic disorders.

Correction of most mental illnesses involves long, regularly repeated courses of basic therapy combined with the elimination of symptoms of the disease.

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  Prevalence

  Experts have noticed that mental illnesses and disorders are somewhat more common in women (7%) than in men (3%).

  Clinicians associate this feature with the presence of a greater number of provoking factors in the fairer sex:

  • pregnancy and difficult childbirth;
  • perimenopausal period;
  • menopause, menopause.

  Classification of organic mental disorders

  The term “organic” refers to mental disorders, the occurrence of which is explained by independent cerebral or systemic diseases. The term “symptomatic” refers to disorders that occur secondary to systemic extracerebral disease.

  Organic mental disorders (including symptomatic mental disorders) are a group of conditions that are the consequences of organic brain lesions.

  When diagnosing the described disorders, three criteria play a role:

  • the fact of undergone exogenous pathogenic influence;
  • the presence of specific psychopathological symptoms characteristic of certain cerebral dysfunctions;
  • the possibility of objective diagnosis of cerebral pathomorphological substrate.

  The modern international classification of diseases describes the group of mental disorders as follows:

  Class according to ICD-10	Group of diseases
  F00-F09	Organic mental disorders, including symptomatic ones
  F10-F19	Mental and behavioral disorders associated with the use of psychotropic chemicals
  F20-F29	Schizophrenia, schizophrenia-like, schizotypal and delusional disorders
  F30-F39	Mood disorders (affective disorders)
  F40-F48	Disorders provoked by stress (neurotic, somatoform)
  F50-F59	Syndromes relating to behavioral disorders caused by physical factors and physiological disturbances
  1.7 F60-F69	Personality and behavioral disorders in adulthood
  1.8 F70-F79	Mental retardation
  1.9 F80-F89	Psychological development disorders
  1. 10 F90-F98	Behavioral and emotional disorders that debut in childhood and (or) adolescence
  1.11 F99	Mental disorders not otherwise specified

  

  Clinical

  The clinical classification identifies the following diseases in the group of organic mental disorders:

  Group of diseases	Diagnoses
  Dementia	Dementia due to Alzheimer's disease; vascular dementia; dementia in diseases specified in other headings; unspecified dementia
  Deficiency disorders	Organic amnestic syndrome; mild cognitive impairment; organic emotionally labile disorder; postencephalitic syndrome; post-concussion syndrome
  Organic psychotic disorders	Delirium not provoked by alcohol or other psychoactive substances; organic hallucinosis; organic catatonic disorder; organic delusional disorder
  Affective disorders	Organic mood disorders; organic anxiety disorder
  Organic personality disorders	Dissociative disorder; personality disorder of organic origin; other behavioral and personality disorders of an organic nature, provoked by damage, trauma or dysfunction of the brain (this group also includes personality changes in epilepsy of traumatic origin)

  

  Etiological

  Based on their origin, all mental disorders are usually divided into the following two types:

  • Exogenous - arising in connection with factors acting from the outside (intake of toxic substances, exposure to industrial poisons, drug addiction, radiation exposure, influence of infectious agents, traumatic brain and psychological injuries). A type of exogenous disorders are psychogenic diseases, the occurrence of which is associated with emotional stress, the impact of social or intrafamily problems.
  • Endogenous - actually mental disorders. The etiological factors in this case are internal causes. Examples are chromosomal disorders, diseases associated with gene mutations, diseases with a predisposition transmitted by inheritance, which develop if the patient has an inherited damaged gene. Hereditary forms of neuropsychiatric diseases manifest themselves in the event of exposure to a powerful provoking factor (trauma, surgery, serious illness).

  Functional disorders

  Functional disorders should be distinguished from organic mental disorders - disorders the occurrence of which is caused by the influence of psychosocial factors. These disorders develop in people who are predisposed to their occurrence. Researchers include in this group of illnesses, for example, postpartum psychosis with decreased appetite, anxiety, and a desire for isolation.

  Violations of this group are most typical for the following categories of people:

  • unbalanced, with a flexible psyche;
  • those in a state of chronic stress;
  • suffering from asthenic syndrome, which is a consequence of a weakening of the body by severe illness, injury, chronic fatigue, and systematic lack of sleep.

  The psychological characteristics of such people contain indications of emotional lability, excessive impressionability, and unhealthy ideas of a depressive nature.

  Prevention of disorders in people with unstable mental health can include:

  • healthy lifestyle;
  • specialized psychological trainings;
  • if necessary, individual sessions with a psychotherapist.

  Clinical manifestations

  Each type of mental illness is characterized by unique features of the clinical picture that determine the patient’s behavior, the severity of his condition and influence the choice of medical tactics.

  Clinical manifestations are superimposed on the personality characteristics of a person who has mental problems. Therefore, the description of symptoms of the same disease may vary among different patients. Collecting a family history and talking with the patient’s immediate circle helps to distinguish pathological manifestations from personality traits.

  Researchers have noticed some patterns in the formation of symptoms, depending on the gender of the patient. For example, phobic disorders, sleep disorders and decreased resistance to stress are more common in women.

  Dementia

  Dementia, or acquired dementia, in psychiatry is a disorder manifested by impoverishment of mental activity and the gradual loss of a number of higher cortical functions (cognitive and mental processes, emotional reactions, systems of behavior and motivation).

  The group of dementias is heterogeneous - that is, the disorder may have different etiologies and other features that are used in differential diagnosis. Dementia that arises against the background of various diseases has a different course: from chronic, with a gradual decline in the functions of the central nervous system, to fulminant.

  Patients with dementia are often prone to depression. In this case, a differential diagnosis with relevant pathologies is required.

  Features of the subtypes of pathology are described in the table:

  Etiology of dementia	Characteristic manifestations
  Alzheimer's dementia syndrome	Gradual and smooth start. No other reasons for developing dementia
  Vascular dementia	Availability of diagnostic data confirming insufficient blood supply to brain tissue. A history of transient ischemic episodes or cerebral infarctions. The predominance of disorders related to the intellectual-mnestic sphere (decreased memory, impoverished level of judgment, amnestic aphasia, emotional weakness). Duration of preservation of the personality core
  Dementia in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease	A triad of symptoms is typical: fleeting devastating dementia; gross pyramidal and extrapyramidal disorders; triphasic electroencephalogram
  Dementia in Huntington's disease	Progressive dementia is accompanied by mental disorders (in the form of depression, dysphoria, paranoid phenomena), choreiform hyperkinesis and characteristic personality changes
  Dementia in Parkinson's disease	The course of dementia is characterized by disorders in the system of formation of emotions and motivation, emotional poverty, and a tendency to exhibit depressive and hypochondriacal reactions.

  Deficit violations

  The group of deficiency pathologies includes conditions characterized by a decrease or loss of any mental function. They are described in detail in the table:

  Disorder	Character traits
  Amnestic syndrome	The predominance of loss of memory of recent events, anterograde and retrograde amnesia, consistent decay of memory. Sometimes there are confabulations. At the same time, automated knowledge must be retained for a long time
  Organic emotionally labile disorder (asthenic)	Cerebrostenia. Constant emotional incontinence. Rapid depletion. Hyperesthesia to various physical sensations. Autonomic disorders
  Mild cognitive impairment	Decreased productivity of mental activity due to memory impairment, difficulty concentrating, and situational mood disorders. Feelings of mental fatigue and subjective learning problems are typical
  Postencephalitic syndrome	Neurosis-like syndrome in the form of sleep and appetite disorders. High fatigue, mental exhaustion. Increased irritability, tendency to conflicts. Difficulties with learning and work. The fundamental difference from organic personality disorders is the reversibility of the process
  Post-concussion (post-concussion) syndrome	Vegetovascular disorders. Fatigue and irritability. Difficulty solving mental problems and concentrating. Memory impairment. Reduced resistance to stress. Insomnia. Emotional excitement. Possible development of depression and phobia of unfavorable outcome

  Organic mental disorders

  Conditions classified in this category have the following characteristic features:

  • hallucinatory syndrome, characterized by confusion;
  • predominance of true hallucinations;
  • acute development of disorders;
  • figurative delirium;
  • motor excitement;
  • disruption of sleep structure and sleep-wake cycles;
  • disturbance of consciousness - from excitement to stupor.

  The clinical picture of organic hallucinosis is characterized by a combination of visual, auditory, olfactory, tactile hallucinosis, including Kandinsky-Clerambault syndrome (obsessive sensation of foreign influence from the outside and an acute desire to get rid of it).

  This mental disorder does not exclude the patient’s sanity. INIn some cases, such a person may be the first to realize that he is sick and deliberately hide the symptoms from loved ones. In this case, it is difficult for others to recognize the patient. The patient, as a rule, remains critical of his condition. Against the background of preserved consciousness, disturbances may well be perceived by the patient as hallucinations (not always).

  For catatonic disorder, the signs of catatonia accompanying hallucinosis (waxy flexibility, impulsivity) are typical. Polar psychomotor disorders (stupor and agitation) can alternate with any frequency.

  In medicine, it is still a debatable question whether the development of such a disorder against the background of clear consciousness is possible.

  Schizophrenia-like disorder has characteristic features in the form of dominance of stable recurrent delusional ideas of various structures, accompanied by hallucinations and thinking disorders. When diagnosing, attention is paid to the absence of memory and consciousness impairment.

  Organic affective disorder

  Organic mood disorder has a wide range of manifestations, always accompanied by a change in the general level of activity.

  Affective disorders are usually divided into:

  • monopolar (depressive and manic);
  • bipolar (manic-depressive).

  Personality disorder

  The criterion for diagnosing a personality disorder is a violation of integration between memory of the past and awareness of oneself as an individual in the present day. Characterized by disturbances in direct sensations and control of body movement.

  Organic personality disorder is manifested by a significant disruption of the lifestyle and behavior habitual before the illness. This is especially clearly expressed in the sphere of emotions (severe emotional lability, euphoria, irritability, aggression). There is a violation of needs and motivations. In patients, cognitive activity decreases, the function of planning and foresight disappears. Sometimes the formation of extremely valuable ideas occurs.

  Treatment

  When providing medical care to patients with mental disorders, it is important to determine the place of treatment (whether hospitalization is necessary). The choice is made taking into account the patient's condition individually in each case. Sometimes the issue of hospitalization in a psychiatric hospital is resolved in court.

  Indications for hospitalization in a mental health facility are:

  • psychotic disorders of acute or subacute course;
  • disturbance of consciousness;
  • state of psychomotor agitation;
  • identification of suicidal tendencies and intentions;
  • any other mental disorders that cannot be treated in an outpatient setting (impulsions, violent acts, seizures).

  

  Relanium (diazepam) is a drug from the category of benzodiazepine derivatives

  The goal of therapy in a hospital setting is to relieve acute symptoms, normalize behavioral reactions, select effective therapy that the patient will receive in the future, and also resolve social issues.

  

  The drug Velafax is a representative of the group of antidepressants

  Treatment of mental disorders is carried out comprehensively using all available therapeutic agents, which are described in the table:

  Syndrome	Pharmacotherapeutic group and list of drugs
  Depressive state	Antidepressants: Venlafaxine, Velafax, Lenuxin, Elitsey, Venlaxor, Brintellix; Neroplant, Heparetta, Adepress, Amitriptyline, Framex, Paxil. Anxiolytics (anti-anxiety drugs): Grandaxin, Atarax, Alprox
  Anxiety, obsessive fears	Anxiolytic drugs
  Psychomotor agitation	Tranquilizers (anxiolytics). Benzodiazepine sedatives: Diazepam, Nozepam, Phenazepam. Neuroleptics: Sulpiride, Quentiax, Tiapride, Ketilept, Olanzapine, Ariprizole, Betamax
  Sleep disorders	Herbal sleeping pills. Benzodiazepine derivatives
  Delirium, hallucinatory syndrome	Neuroleptics. Tranquilizers
  Dementia	Nootropic drugs: Piracetam, Phenotropil, Noopept, Cereton, Bilobil, Combitropil. Cerebroprotectors: Celebrolysin. Antioxidants: Mexidol. Vasodilators; Cavinton, Vinpocetine
  Convulsive syndrome	Anticonvulsants: Carbamazepine, Convulsan, Convulex, Depakin. Benzodiazepine drugs

  The list of medications used to treat mental disorders is quite long. From all the variety, you should choose the drugs that have the fewest side effects and the minimum range of drug interactions. Another mandatory rule is to start therapy with minimal dosages - especially in cases where continuous treatment is required over a long period of time.

  The success of therapy for patients with mental disorders is due to the complexity of the approach. If possible, the impact is carried out simultaneously to eliminate the causes of the disease, the mechanisms of its development and eliminate the symptoms of the disorder:

  Focus of therapy

Mental disorders are invisible to the naked eye, and therefore very insidious. They significantly complicate a person’s life when he does not even suspect there is a problem. Experts who study this aspect of the boundless human essence claim that many of us have mental disorders, but does this mean that every second inhabitant of our planet needs treatment? How to understand that a person is truly sick and needs qualified help? You will receive answers to these and many other questions by reading the subsequent sections of the article.

What is a mental disorder

The concept of “mental disorder” covers a wide range of deviations of a person’s mental state from the norm. The problems with internal health in question should not be perceived as a negative manifestation of the negative side of the human personality. Like any physical illness, a mental disorder is a disruption of the processes and mechanisms of perception of reality, which creates certain difficulties. People faced with such problems do not adapt well to real life conditions and do not always correctly interpret what is happening.

Symptoms and signs of mental disorders

Characteristic manifestations of mental deviation include disturbances in behavior/mood/thinking that go beyond generally accepted cultural norms and beliefs. As a rule, all symptoms are dictated by a depressed state of mind. In this case, a person loses the ability to fully perform habitual social functions. The general spectrum of symptoms can be divided into several groups:

• physical – pain in various parts of the body, insomnia;
• cognitive – difficulties in clear thinking, memory impairment, unjustified pathological beliefs;
• perceptual - states in which the patient notices phenomena that other people do not notice (sounds, movement of objects, etc.);
• emotional – sudden feeling of anxiety, sadness, fear;
• behavioral – unjustified aggression, inability to perform basic self-care activities, abuse of psychoactive drugs.

Main causes of diseases in women and men

The etiology aspect of this category of diseases has not been fully studied, so modern medicine cannot clearly describe the mechanisms that cause mental disorders. Nevertheless, a number of reasons can be identified, the connection of which with mental disorders has been scientifically proven:

• stressful life conditions;
• difficult family circumstances;
• brain diseases;
• hereditary factors;
• genetic predisposition;
• medical problems.

In addition, experts identify a number of special cases that represent specific deviations, conditions or incidents against the background of which serious mental disorders develop. The factors that will be discussed are often encountered in everyday life, and therefore can lead to a deterioration in people’s mental health in the most unexpected situations.

Alcoholism

Systematic abuse of alcoholic beverages often leads to mental disorders in humans. The body of a person suffering from chronic alcoholism constantly contains a large amount of breakdown products of ethyl alcohol, which cause serious changes in thinking, behavior and mood. In this regard, dangerous mental disorders arise, including:

1. Psychosis. Mental disorder due to metabolic disorders in the brain. The toxic effect of ethyl alcohol overshadows the patient’s judgment, but the consequences appear only a few days after stopping use. A person is overcome by a feeling of fear or even a mania of persecution. In addition, the patient may have all sorts of obsessions related to the fact that someone wants to cause him physical or moral harm.
2. Delirium tremens. A common post-alcohol mental disorder that occurs due to profound disturbances in metabolic processes in all organs and systems of the human body. Delirium tremens manifests itself in sleep disorders and seizures. The listed phenomena, as a rule, appear 70-90 hours after stopping alcohol consumption. The patient exhibits sudden mood swings from carefree fun to terrible anxiety.
3. Rave. A mental disorder, called delusion, is expressed in the patient’s appearance of unshakable judgments and conclusions that do not correspond to objective reality. In a state of delirium, a person's sleep is disturbed and photophobia appears. The boundaries between sleep and reality become blurred, and the patient begins to confuse one with the other.
4. Hallucinations are vivid ideas, pathologically brought to the level of perception of real-life objects. The patient begins to feel as if the people and objects around him are swaying, rotating, or even falling. The sense of the passage of time is distorted.

Brain injuries

When receiving mechanical brain injuries, a person can develop a whole range of serious mental disorders. As a result of damage to the nerve centers, complex processes are triggered, leading to clouding of consciousness. After such cases, the following disorders/conditions/diseases often occur:

1. Twilight states. Celebrated, as a rule, in the evening hours. The victim becomes drowsy and becomes delirious. In some cases, a person may plunge into a state similar to stupor. The patient’s consciousness is filled with all sorts of pictures of excitement, which can cause appropriate reactions: from psychomotor disorder to brutal affect.
2. Delirium. A serious mental disorder in which a person experiences visual hallucinations. For example, a person injured in a car accident can see moving vehicles, groups of people and other objects associated with the roadway. Mental disorders plunge the patient into a state of fear or anxiety.
3. Oneiroid. A rare form of mental disorder in which the nerve centers of the brain are damaged. Expressed in immobility and slight drowsiness. For some time, the patient may become chaotically excited, and then freeze again without moving.

Somatic diseases

Against the background of somatic diseases, the human psyche suffers very, very seriously. Violations appear that are almost impossible to get rid of. Below is a list of mental disorders that medicine considers the most common in somatic disorders:

1. Asthenic neurosis-like state. A mental disorder in which a person exhibits hyperactivity and talkativeness. The patient systematically experiences phobic disorders and often falls into short-term depression. Fears, as a rule, have clear outlines and do not change.
2. Korsakov's syndrome. A disease that is a combination of memory impairment regarding current events, impaired orientation in space/terrain and the appearance of false memories. A serious mental disorder that cannot be treated with known medical methods. The patient constantly forgets about the events that just happened and often repeats the same questions.
3. Dementia. A terrible diagnosis that stands for acquired dementia. This mental disorder often occurs in people aged 50-70 years who have somatic problems. The diagnosis of dementia is given to people with reduced cognitive function. Somatic disorders lead to irreparable abnormalities in the brain. The mental sanity of a person does not suffer. Find out more about how treatment is carried out, what is the life expectancy with this diagnosis.

Epilepsy

Almost all people suffering from epilepsy experience mental disorders. Disorders that occur against the background of this disease can be paroxysmal (single) and permanent (constant). The following cases of mental disorders are encountered in medical practice more often than others:

1. Mental seizures. Medicine identifies several types of this disorder. All of them are expressed in sudden changes in the patient’s mood and behavior. A mental seizure in a person suffering from epilepsy is accompanied by aggressive movements and loud screams.
2. Transitory mental disorder. Long-term deviations of the patient's condition from normal. Transient mental disorder is a prolonged mental attack (described above), aggravated by a state of delirium. It can last from two to three hours to a whole day.
3. Epileptic mood disorders. As a rule, such mental disorders are expressed in the form of dysphoria, which is characterized by a simultaneous combination of anger, melancholy, causeless fear and many other sensations.

Malignant tumors

The development of malignant tumors often leads to changes in a person’s psychological state. As the formations on the brain grow, the pressure increases, causing serious abnormalities. In this state, patients experience unreasonable fears, delusions, melancholy and many other focal symptoms. All this may indicate the presence of the following psychological disorders:

1. Hallucinations. They can be tactile, olfactory, auditory and gustatory. Such abnormalities are usually found in the presence of tumors in the temporal lobes of the brain. Vegetovisceral disorders are often detected along with them.
2. Affective disorders. Such mental disorders in most cases are observed with tumors localized in the right hemisphere. In this regard, attacks of horror, fear and melancholy develop. Emotions caused by a violation of the structure of the brain are displayed on the patient’s face: facial expression and skin color change, the pupils narrow and dilate.
3. Memory disorders. With the appearance of this deviation, signs of Korsakov's syndrome appear. The patient gets confused about the events that just happened, asks the same questions, loses the logic of events, etc. In addition, in this state a person’s mood often changes. Within a few seconds, the patient's emotions can switch from euphoric to dysphoric, and vice versa.

Vascular diseases of the brain

Disturbances in the functioning of the circulatory system and blood vessels instantly affect a person’s mental state. When diseases associated with high or low blood pressure occur, brain functions deviate from normal. Serious chronic disorders can lead to the development of extremely dangerous mental disorders, including:

1. Vascular dementia. This diagnosis means dementia. In their symptoms, vascular dementia resembles the consequences of some somatic disorders that manifest themselves in old age. Creative thought processes in this state almost completely fade away. The person withdraws into himself and loses the desire to maintain contact with anyone.
2. Cerebrovascular psychoses. The genesis of mental disorders of this type is not fully understood. At the same time, medicine confidently names two types of cerebrovascular psychosis: acute and prolonged. The acute form is expressed by episodes of confusion, twilight stupefaction, and delirium. A protracted form of psychosis is characterized by a state of stupefaction.

What are the types of mental disorders?

Mental disorders can occur in people regardless of gender, age and ethnicity. The mechanisms of development of mental illness are not fully understood, so medicine refrains from making specific statements. However, at the moment, the relationship between some mental illnesses and age has been clearly established. Each age has its own common deviations.

In older people

In old age, against the background of diseases such as diabetes mellitus, heart/kidney failure and bronchial asthma, many mental abnormalities develop. Senile mental illnesses include:

• paranoia;
• dementia;
• Alzheimer's disease;
• marasmus;
• Pick's disease.

Types of mental disorders in adolescents

Adolescent mental illness is often associated with adverse circumstances in the past. Over the past 10 years, the following mental disorders have often been recorded in young people:

• prolonged depression;
• bulimia nervosa;
• anorexia nervosa;
• drankorexia.

Features of diseases in children

Serious mental disorders can also occur in childhood. The reason for this, as a rule, is problems in the family, incorrect methods of education and conflicts with peers. The list below contains mental disorders that are most often recorded in children:

• autism;
• Down syndrome;
• attention deficit disorder;
• mental retardation;
• developmental delays.

Which doctor should I contact for treatment?

Mental disorders cannot be treated on their own, therefore, if there is the slightest suspicion of mental disorders, an urgent visit to a psychotherapist is required. A conversation between the patient and a specialist will help quickly identify the diagnosis and choose effective treatment tactics. Almost all mental illnesses are treatable if treated early. Remember this and do not delay!

Video about mental health treatment

The video attached below contains a lot of information about modern methods of combating mental disorders. The information received will be useful for everyone who is ready to take care of the mental health of their loved ones. Listen to the words of experts to destroy stereotypes about inadequate approaches to combating mental disorders and learn the real medical truth.

Attention! The information presented in the article is for informational purposes only. The materials in the article do not encourage self-treatment. Only a qualified doctor can make a diagnosis and make recommendations for treatment based on the individual characteristics of a particular patient.

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We invite you to familiarize yourself with the most unusual psychological syndromes. Many of them got their names thanks to our favorite fairy tales from childhood, dear films, and famous writers.

Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD)

Megan/Flickr.com

A person suffering from ADD is inattentive, impatient, and has great difficulty concentrating on anything.

Dealing with ADD is quite difficult, but quite possible. Read about how to do this.

Chris/Flicker.com

This syndrome is named after ducklings because the duckling mistakes anyone it sees for its mother immediately after birth. Even an inanimate object can be considered a mother by a duckling.

In people, duckling syndrome manifests itself as follows: seeing something for the first time, a priori a person begins to consider this something the best. But in fact, everything can be exactly the opposite.

In order to get rid of duckling syndrome, you should not take everything for granted. Develop critical thinking, analyze, do not be too self-confident and do not make hasty conclusions.

Courtney Dirks/Flickr.com

We all know that:

If you chase two hares, you won't catch either.

But despite this, most of us take on a lot of things at once and ultimately cannot complete any of them properly. And if you think about how much nerves we spend on this and how many sleepless nights we spend trying to do everything at once, it becomes scary. You can learn how to cope with things normally and not plunge yourself into the abyss of multitasking.

Monk syndrome for three days

is a belle/Flickr.com

The essence of this syndrome: you cannot complete what you start. It doesn’t matter what - training, foreign language courses, some project or anything else. It doesn’t even matter how much time you spent on this matter before: days, weeks, months and even years - in one not at all wonderful moment it all goes to hell.

It would be very disappointing if you stopped doing something important to you because of your laziness, your own disorganization, or simply because you are a master at coming up with excuses, right? You will learn how to always finish what you start and stop being a “monk for three days.”

sumboid/Flickr.com

It seems they are not idle and could live. They should take Mondays and cancel them.

Andrey Mironov

Any adult, even a responsible and organized one, has encountered this syndrome at least once. It turns out that to avoid Monday syndrome, you need to set yourself the right pace at the beginning of the day. Read about how to do this.

Lajpal_Kaur/Flickr.com

Another syndrome named after the work of Lewis Carroll. Scientifically, this syndrome is called “micropsia” and “macropsia”. A person suffering from Alice in Wonderland syndrome has a distorted perception of reality: surrounding objects will seem to him much smaller or much larger than they actually are.

Like the heroine Alice, people suffering from this syndrome will not understand what is reality and what is their distorted perception.

Most often, this syndrome can accompany migraine, but can also occur under the influence of various psychotropic drugs.

Dustin Gaffke/Flickr.com

This is a mental disorder that is accompanied by rapid heartbeat, dizziness and hallucinations. This syndrome manifests itself when a person suffering from it finds himself in places where works of fine art are concentrated: in museums and art galleries. Stendhal syndrome can also be caused by excessive natural beauty.

Stendhal, in his book “Naples and Florence: A Journey from Milan to Reggio,” described the first manifestation of this syndrome, which later received its name in honor of the famous French writer.

Florence, Venice, Rome and Istanbul are the cities in which Stendhal syndrome is most often activated.

shelby gill/Flickr.com

People suffering from this syndrome tend to isolate themselves from society, are disdainful of themselves, are incredibly stingy and tend to collect various rubbish.

A striking example is Plyushkin from the poem “Dead Souls” by Gogol.

The syndrome is named after the ancient Greek philosopher Diogenes, who, according to legend, lived in a barrel. However, Diogenes did not collect all kinds of rubbish and did not avoid human communication, so a number of researchers consider it advisable to rename this syndrome Plyushkin syndrome.

Amelie syndrome

Still from the film "Amelie"

Everyone who watched the film “Amelie” by French film director Jean-Pierre-Junet can guess what the essence of this syndrome is.

People suffering from this syndrome periodically relapse into childhood, love to watch strangers and make surprises for them, post various announcements and congratulations around the city - in general, the list could take a long time and still not list everything, so I simply advise everyone to watch this film .

wavebreakmedia/Shutterstock.com

Adele syndrome, or love madness, is a passionate, unrequited love feeling.

The syndrome got its name thanks to Adele Hugo, the daughter of the famous French writer Victor Hugo.

Adele was a very beautiful and gifted girl, but her mental health was greatly affected by the death of her older sister. Later, the girl met the English officer Albert and fell madly in love with him. But she fell in unrequited love: Albert did not reciprocate the girl’s feelings.

She pursued Albert, lied to everyone first about her engagement, and then about marrying him. She upset the officer's engagement to another girl and spread rumors that she had given birth to a stillborn child from him. The story has a sad ending: Adele spent the rest of her life in a psychiatric hospital.

Despite the fact that all this seems incredible and greatly exaggerated, many girls and boys suffer from a similar syndrome.

It is hardly possible to identify specific methods that will help fight such a harmful feeling that sucks a person in like a black hole. You just should always remember that “There is no such thing as unhappy love...”, and find the strength and pride in yourself to abandon the person who doesn’t need you.

zeondp/Flickr.com

This syndrome affects many young people who are able to throw all their energy, money and their own time into the pursuit of external youth and beauty. This becomes their main goal in life.

This syndrome is familiar to readers from Oscar Wilde's novel The Picture of Dorian Gray.

This syndrome often has a very negative effect on the human psyche and leads to other mental disorders.

Capgras syndrome

ℓyts/Flickr.com

This syndrome is also called “delusion of a negative double.” A person susceptible to this syndrome is sure that people close to him have been possessed by their double. A person does not exclude the possibility that a double has moved into him, and attributes to the “second self” all the negative actions that he commits on his own.

Eugene Parmon/Flickr.com

...or pathological jealousy. A person suffering from this syndrome is constantly jealous of his beloved / his lover, even if he has no reason or reason at all.

This syndrome makes people go crazy: people constantly watch the object of their love, their sleep is disturbed, they cannot eat normally, they are constantly nervous and cannot think about anything except that they are allegedly being cheated on.

Anhedonia

This is not a syndrome, but due to its importance, anhedonia is also worth including on this list.

Pete Pahham/Shutterstock.com

Anhedonia is a diagnosis of lack of joy.
Anti-war army, anti-fire fire.
Yanka Diaghileva

Anhedonia is a decrease or loss of the ability to experience pleasure. A person suffering from anhedonia loses motivation for activities that can bring pleasure: sports, travel, favorite hobbies.

Anhedonia is treated with long sleep and a healthy diet; the rehabilitation process also includes visiting various institutions and events that should evoke positive emotions in a person. In severe cases, drug treatment is used.

Kevin Hamm/Flickr.com

All children, except for one and only child in the world, sooner or later grow up.
James Barry "Peter Pan"

People suffering from Peter Pan syndrome under no circumstances want to grow up, and it doesn’t matter how old they are - 20, 30, 40...

Such people are called kidalts (adult children).

Exploding head syndrome

ahhhlicia/Flickr.com

When falling asleep or waking up, a person may hear a loud sound, which can be compared to a shot or the cry of a wild animal. He will feel like his head is exploding.

Exploding head syndrome is very often a consequence of the frantic pace of life, permanent fatigue, and a heavy workload of affairs and worries. To cope with this syndrome, a person needs proper rest, ideally a rest for a couple of days or even weeks.

viktoria/Flickr.com

Scientifically, this syndrome is called Kleine-Lewin syndrome. Those suffering from this syndrome are characterized by excessive sleepiness (18 hours of sleep, and sometimes even more), and if they are not allowed to sleep, they become irritable and aggressive.

Alexander Raths/Shutterstock.com

A person susceptible to this syndrome constantly feigns various illnesses and then seeks medical help. Those suffering from this syndrome are usually intelligent, inventive and resourceful, and have extensive knowledge of medicine.

Brent Hofacker/Flickr.com

Excessive passion for refined and, as a rule, expensive food. This syndrome is not dangerous to human life and health, but it is quite deplorable for the wallet.

What unusual syndromes are you familiar with? Share in the comments.

Nowadays, mental disorders occur in hardly every second person. The disease does not always have clear clinical manifestations. However, some deviations cannot be neglected. The concept of normal has a wide range, but inaction, with obvious signs of illness, only aggravates the situation.

Mental illnesses in adults, children: list and description

Sometimes, different ailments have the same symptoms, but in most cases, diseases can be divided and classified. Major mental illnesses - a list and description of deviations may attract the attention of loved ones, but the final diagnosis can only be established by an experienced psychiatrist. He will also prescribe treatment based on symptoms, coupled with clinical studies. The sooner a patient seeks help, the greater the chance of successful treatment. You need to discard stereotypes and not be afraid to face the truth. Nowadays, mental illness is not a death sentence, and most of them can be successfully treated if the patient turns to doctors for help in time. Most often, the patient himself is not aware of his condition, and his loved ones should take on this mission. The list and description of mental illnesses is created for informational purposes only. Perhaps your knowledge will save the lives of those you care about, or dispel your worries.

Agoraphobia with panic disorder

Agoraphobia, to one degree or another, accounts for about 50% of all anxiety disorders. If initially the disorder meant only a fear of open space, now fear of fear has been added to this. That’s right, a panic attack occurs in a situation where there is a high probability of falling, getting lost, getting lost, etc., and fear cannot cope with this. Agoraphobia expresses nonspecific symptoms, that is, increased heart rate and sweating can also occur with other disorders. All symptoms of agoraphobia are exclusively subjective, experienced by the patient himself.

Alcoholic dementia

Ethyl alcohol, when consumed regularly, acts as a toxin that destroys the brain functions responsible for human behavior and emotions. Unfortunately, only alcoholic dementia can be monitored and its symptoms identified, but treatment will not restore lost brain functions. You can slow down alcohol-induced dementia, but not completely cure the person. Symptoms of alcohol-induced dementia include slurred speech, memory loss, sensory loss, and lack of logic.

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Allotriophagy

Some people are surprised when children or pregnant women combine incompatible foods, or, in general, eat something inedible. Most often, this is how a lack of certain microelements and vitamins in the body is expressed. This is not a disease, and is usually “treated” by taking a vitamin complex. With allotriophagy, people eat something that is basically not edible: glass, dirt, hair, iron, and this is a mental disorder, the causes of which are not only a lack of vitamins. Most often this is shock, plus vitamin deficiency, and, as a rule, treatment also needs to be approached comprehensively.

Anorexia

In our time of craze for gloss, the mortality rate from anorexia is 20%. The obsessive fear of getting fat makes you refuse to eat, even to the point of complete exhaustion. If you recognize the first signs of anorexia, a difficult situation can be avoided and measures can be taken in time. The first symptoms of anorexia:

Setting the table turns into a ritual, with counting calories, fine cutting, and arranging/spreading food on a plate. My entire life and interests focus only on food, calories, and weighing myself five times a day.

Autism

Autism - what is this disease, and how treatable is it? Only half of children diagnosed with autism have functional brain disorders. Children with autism think differently than normal children. They understand everything, but cannot express their emotions due to impaired social interaction. Ordinary children grow up and copy the behavior of adults, their gestures, facial expressions and thus learn to communicate, but with autism, non-verbal communication is impossible. They do not strive for loneliness, they simply do not know how to establish contact themselves. With due attention and special training, this can be somewhat corrected.

Delirium tremens

Delirium tremens refers to psychosis caused by prolonged drinking. Signs of delirium tremens are represented by a very wide range of symptoms. Hallucinations - visual, tactile and auditory, delusions, rapid mood swings from blissful to aggressive. To date, the mechanism of brain damage has not been fully understood, and there is no complete cure for this disorder.

Alzheimer's disease

Many types of mental disorders are incurable, and Alzheimer's disease is one of them. The first signs of Alzheimer's disease in men are nonspecific and are not immediately obvious. After all, all men forget birthdays and important dates, and this does not surprise anyone. In Alzheimer's disease, short-term memory is the first to suffer, and the person literally forgets the day. Aggression and irritability appear, and this is also attributed to a manifestation of character, thereby missing the moment when it was possible to slow down the course of the disease and prevent too rapid dementia.

Pick's disease

Niemann-Pick disease in children is exclusively hereditary, and is divided according to severity into several categories, based on mutations in a certain pair of chromosomes. Classic category “A” is a death sentence for a child, and death occurs by the age of five. Symptoms of Niemann Pick disease appear in the first two weeks of a child's life. Lack of appetite, vomiting, clouding of the cornea and enlarged internal organs, which causes the child’s belly to become disproportionately large. Damage to the central nervous system and metabolism leads to death. Categories “B”, “C”, and “D” are not so dangerous, since the central nervous system is not affected so quickly, this process can be slowed down.

Bulimia

What kind of disease is bulimia, and does it need to be treated? In fact, bulimia is not just a mental disorder. A person does not control his feeling of hunger and eats literally everything. At the same time, the feeling of guilt forces the patient to take a lot of laxatives, emetics, and miracle drugs for weight loss. Obsessing over your weight is just the tip of the iceberg. Bulimia occurs due to functional disorders of the central nervous system, pituitary disorders, brain tumors, the initial stage of diabetes, and bulimia is only a symptom of these diseases.

Hallucinosis

The causes of hallucinosis syndrome occur against the background of encephalitis, epilepsy, traumatic brain injury, hemorrhage, or tumors. With complete clear consciousness, the patient may experience visual, auditory, tactile, or olfactory hallucinations. A person may see the world around him in a somewhat distorted form, and the faces of his interlocutors may appear as cartoon characters or geometric figures. The acute form of hallucinosis can last up to two weeks, but you should not relax if the hallucinations have passed. Without identifying the causes of hallucinations and appropriate treatment, the disease may return.

Dementia

Senile disease is a consequence of Alzheimer's disease, and is often referred to as “senile insanity.” The stages of development of dementia can be divided into several periods. At the first stage, there are memory lapses, and sometimes the patient forgets where he went and what he did a minute ago.

The next stage is loss of orientation in space and time. The patient can get lost even in his own room. This is followed by hallucinations, delusions, and sleep disturbances. In some cases, dementia progresses very quickly, and the patient completely loses the ability to reason, speak and care for himself within two to three months. With proper care and supportive therapy, the prognosis for life expectancy after the onset of dementia is from 3 to 15 years, depending on the causes of dementia, care for the patient, and the individual characteristics of the body.

Depersonalization

Depersonalization syndrome is characterized by a loss of connection with oneself. The patient cannot perceive himself, his actions, words, as his own, and looks at himself from the outside. In some cases, this is a defensive reaction of the psyche to shock, when you need to evaluate your actions from the outside without emotions. If this disorder does not resolve within two weeks, treatment is prescribed based on the severity of the disease.

Depression

It is impossible to answer unequivocally whether it is a disease or not. This is an affective disorder, that is, a mood disorder, but it affects the quality of life and can lead to disability. A pessimistic attitude triggers other mechanisms that destroy the body. Another option is possible, when depression is a symptom of other diseases of the endocrine system or pathology of the central nervous system.

Dissociative fugue

Dissociative fugue is an acute mental disorder that occurs against a background of stress. The patient leaves his home, moves to a new place, and everything connected with his personality: first name, last name, age, profession, etc., is erased from his memory. At the same time, the memory of books read, of some experience, but not related to his personality, is preserved. A dissociative fugue can last from two weeks to many years. Memory may return suddenly, but if this does not happen, you should seek qualified help from a psychotherapist. Under hypnosis, as a rule, the cause of the shock is found, and the memory returns.

Stuttering

Stuttering is a violation of the tempo-rhythmic organization of speech, expressed by spasms of the speech apparatus; as a rule, stuttering occurs in physically and psychologically weak people who are too dependent on the opinions of others. The area of ​​the brain responsible for speech is adjacent to the area responsible for emotions. Violations that occur in one area inevitably affect another.

gambling addiction

Gambling addiction is considered a disease of weak people. This is a personality disorder, and treatment is complicated by the fact that there is no cure for gambling addiction. Against the background of loneliness, immaturity, greed, or laziness, addiction to the game develops. The quality of treatment for gambling addiction depends solely on the wishes of the patient himself, and consists of constant self-discipline.

Idiocy

Idiocy is classified in the ICD as profound mental retardation. The general characteristics of personality and behavior correspond to the level of development of a three-year-old child. Patients with idiocy are practically incapable of learning and live solely by instincts. Typically, patients have an IQ level of about 20, and treatment consists of nursing care.

Imbecility

In the International Classification of Diseases, imbecility was replaced by the term “mental retardation.” Intellectual development disorder in the degree of imbecility represents an average level of mental retardation. Congenital imbecility is a consequence of intrauterine infection or defects in fetal formation. The level of development of an imbecile corresponds to the development of a 6-9 year old child. They are moderately trainable, but it is impossible for an imbecile to live independently.

Hypochondria

It manifests itself in an obsessive search for illnesses in oneself. The patient carefully listens to his body and looks for symptoms that confirm the presence of the disease. Most often, such patients complain of tingling, numbness of the limbs and other nonspecific symptoms, requiring doctors to make an accurate diagnosis. Sometimes, patients with hypochondria are so confident in their serious illness that the body, under the influence of the psyche, malfunctions and actually gets sick.

Hysteria

The signs of hysteria are quite violent, and, as a rule, women suffer from this personality disorder. With hysterical disorder, there is a strong manifestation of emotions, and some theatricality, and pretense. A person strives to attract attention, arouse pity, and achieve something. Some consider this just whims, but, as a rule, such a disorder is quite serious, since a person cannot control his emotions. Such patients need psychocorrection, since hysterics are aware of their behavior and suffer from incontinence no less than their loved ones.

Kleptomania

This psychological disorder refers to a desire disorder. The exact nature has not been studied, however, it has been noted that kleptomania is a comorbidity with other psychopathic disorders. Sometimes kleptomania manifests itself as a result of pregnancy or in adolescents, during hormonal changes in the body. The desire to steal with kleptomania does not have the goal of getting rich. The patient seeks only the thrill of the very fact of committing an illegal act.

Cretinism

Types of cretinism are divided into endemic and sporadic. As a rule, sporadic cretinism is caused by a deficiency of thyroid hormones during embryonic development. Endemic cretinism is caused by a lack of iodine and selenium in the mother's diet during pregnancy. In the case of cretinism, early treatment is of great importance. If, for congenital cretinism, therapy is started at 2-4 weeks of a child’s life, the degree of his development will not lag behind the level of his peers.

"Culture shock

Many people do not take culture shock and its consequences seriously, however, a person’s condition during culture shock should raise concerns. People often experience culture shock when moving to another country. At first a person is happy, he likes different food, different songs, but soon he is faced with the deepest differences in deeper layers. Everything that he is accustomed to consider normal and ordinary goes against his worldview in the new country. Depending on the characteristics of the person and the motives for moving, there are three ways to resolve the conflict:

1. Assimilation. Complete acceptance of a foreign culture and dissolution in it, sometimes in an exaggerated form. One’s own culture is belittled and criticized, and the new one is considered more developed and ideal.

2. Ghettoization. That is, creating your own world inside a foreign country. This is isolated living and limited external contact with the local population.

3. Moderate assimilation. In this case, the individual will retain in his home everything that was customary in his homeland, but at work and in society he tries to acquire a different culture and observes the customs generally accepted in this society.

Persecution mania

Persecution mania - in one word, a real disorder can be characterized as spy mania, or stalking. Persecution mania can develop against the background of schizophrenia, and manifests itself in excessive suspicion. The patient is convinced that he is an object of surveillance by the special services, and suspects everyone, even his loved ones, of espionage. This schizophrenic disorder is difficult to treat, since it is impossible to convince the patient that the doctor is not an intelligence officer, and the pill is a medicine.

Misanthropy

A form of personality disorder characterized by dislike of people, even hatred. What is misanthropy, and how to recognize a misanthrope? The misanthrope opposes himself to society, its weaknesses and imperfections. To justify his hatred, a misanthrope often elevates his philosophy into a kind of cult. A stereotype has been created that a misanthrope is an absolutely closed hermit, but this is not always the case. The misanthrope carefully selects who to let into his personal space and who may be his equal. In severe form, the misanthrope hates all of humanity as a whole and can call for mass murders and wars.

Monomania

Monomania is a psychosis expressed in concentration on one thought, with complete preservation of reason. In current psychiatry, the term “monomania” is considered outdated and too general. Currently, they distinguish “pyromania”, “kleptomania” and so on. Each of these psychoses has its own roots, and treatment is prescribed based on the severity of the disorder.

Obsessive states

Obsessive-compulsive disorder, or obsessive-compulsive disorder, is characterized by the inability to get rid of intrusive thoughts or actions. As a rule, individuals with a high level of intelligence and a high level of social responsibility suffer from OCD. Obsessive-compulsive disorder manifests itself in endless thinking about unnecessary things. How many checks are on the jacket of a fellow traveler, how old is the tree, why does the bus have round headlights, etc.

The second variant of the disorder is obsessive actions, or double-checking of actions. The most common impact is related to cleanliness and order. The patient endlessly washes everything, folds it and washes it again, to the point of exhaustion. The syndrome of persistent states is difficult to treat, even with the use of complex therapy.

Narcissistic personality disorder

The signs of narcissistic personality disorder are not difficult to recognize. prone to inflated self-esteem, confident in their own ideality and perceive any criticism as envy. This is a behavioral personality disorder, and it is not as harmless as it may seem. Narcissistic individuals are confident in their own permissiveness and have the right to something more than everyone else. Without a twinge of conscience, they can destroy other people’s dreams and plans, because it doesn’t matter to them.

Neurosis

Is obsessive-compulsive disorder a mental illness or not, and how difficult is it to diagnose the disorder? Most often, the disease is diagnosed based on patient complaints, psychological testing, MRI and CT scans of the brain. Neuroses are often a symptom of a brain tumor, aneurysm, or previous infections.

Mental retardation

This is a form of mental retardation in which the patient does not develop mentally. Oligophrenia is caused by intrauterine infections, defects in genes, or hypoxia during childbirth. Treatment of oligophrenia consists of social adaptation of patients and teaching simple self-care skills. For such patients there are special kindergartens and schools, but it is rarely possible to achieve development beyond the level of a ten-year-old child.

Panic attacks

A fairly common disorder, however, the causes of the disease are unknown. Most often, doctors write VSD in the diagnosis, since the symptoms are very similar. There are three categories of panic attacks:

1. Spontaneous panic attack. Fear, increased sweating and heart palpitations occur without any reason. If such attacks occur regularly, somatic illnesses should be ruled out, and only then referred to a psychotherapist.

2. Situational panic attack. Many people have phobias. Some people are afraid to ride in an elevator, others are afraid of airplanes. Many psychologists successfully cope with such fears, and you should not delay visiting a doctor.

3. Panic attack when taking drugs or alcohol. In this situation, biochemical stimulation is evident, and a psychologist in this case will only help get rid of the addiction, if any.

Paranoia

Paranoia is a heightened sense of reality. Patients with paranoia can build the most complex logical chains and solve the most confusing problems, thanks to their non-standard logic. - a chronic disorder characterized by stages of calm and violent crises. During such periods, treating the patient is especially difficult, since paranoid ideas can be expressed in delusions of persecution, delusions of grandeur, and other ideas where the patient considers doctors enemies or they are unworthy to treat him.

Pyromania

Pyromania is a mental disorder characterized by a morbid passion for watching fire. Only such contemplation can bring the patient joy, satisfaction and peace. Pyromania is considered a type of OCD, due to the inability to resist the obsessive urge to set something on fire. Pyromaniacs rarely plan a fire in advance. This is a spontaneous lust that does not provide material gain or profit, and the patient feels relief after committing arson.

Psychoses

They are classified according to their origin. Organic psychosis occurs against the background of brain damage, as a result of previous infectious diseases (meningitis, encephalitis, syphilis, etc.)

1. Functional psychosis - with a physically intact brain, paranoid deviations occur.

2. Intoxication. The cause of intoxication psychosis is the abuse of alcohol, drugs, and poisons. Under the influence of toxins, nerve fibers are damaged, which leads to irreversible consequences and complicated psychoses.

3. Reactive. After suffering psychological trauma, psychosis, panic attacks, hysteria, and increased emotional excitability often occur.

4. Traumatic. Due to traumatic brain injuries, psychosis can manifest itself in the form of hallucinations, unreasonable fears, and obsessive states.

Self-injurious behavior "Patomimia"

Self-harming behavior in adolescents is expressed in self-hatred, and causing pain to oneself as a punishment for one’s weakness. In adolescence, children cannot always express their love, hatred, or fear, and auto-aggression helps to cope with this problem. Often pathomimia is accompanied by alcoholism, drug addiction or dangerous sports.

Seasonal depression

Behavioral disorder is expressed in apathy, depression, increased fatigue, and a general decrease in vital energy. All these are signs of seasonal depression, which mainly affects women. The causes of seasonal depression lie in decreased daylight hours. If loss of strength, drowsiness and melancholy began in late autumn and last until spring, this is seasonal depression. The production of serotonin and melatonin, hormones responsible for mood, is affected by the presence of bright sunlight, and if it is not there, the necessary hormones go into “hibernation”.

Sexual perversion

The psychology of sexual perversion changes from year to year. Certain sexual inclinations do not correspond to modern moral standards and generally accepted behavior. Different times and different cultures have their own understanding of the norm. What can be considered sexual perversion today:

Fetishism. The object of sexual desire becomes clothing or an inanimate object.
Egsbisionism. Sexual satisfaction is achieved only in public, by demonstrating one's genitals.
Voyeurism. Does not require direct participation in sexual intercourse, and is content to spy on the sexual intercourse of others.

Pedophilia. A painful urge to satisfy one’s sexual passion with children who have not reached puberty.
Sadomasochism. Sexual satisfaction is possible only in the case of causing or receiving physical pain or humiliation.

Senesthopathy

In psychology, senestopathy is one of the symptoms of hypochondria or depressive delirium. The patient feels pain, burning, tingling, for no particular reason. In a severe form of senesthopathy, the patient complains of freezing of the brain, itching of the heart and itching in the liver. Diagnosis of senestopathy begins with a complete medical examination to exclude somatic and nonspecific symptoms of diseases of the internal organs.

Negative Twin Syndrome

Negative twin delusion syndrome is also called Capgras syndrome. Psychiatry has not decided whether to consider this an independent disease or a symptom. A patient with negative twin syndrome is sure that one of his loved ones, or himself, has been replaced. All negative actions (crashed a car, stole a candy bar in a supermarket), all this is attributed to the double. Possible causes of this syndrome include the destruction of the connection between visual perception and emotional perception, due to defects in the fusiform gyrus.

Irritable bowel syndrome

Irritable bowel syndrome with constipation is expressed in bloating, flatulence, and impaired bowel movements. The most common cause of IBS is stress. Approximately 2/3 of all sufferers of IBS are women, and more than half of them suffer from mental disorders. Treatment for IBS is systemic and includes medications to relieve constipation, flatulence, or diarrhea, as well as antidepressants to relieve anxiety or depression.

Chronic fatigue syndrome

It is already reaching epidemic proportions. This is especially noticeable in large cities, where the pace of life is faster and the mental stress on a person is enormous. The symptoms of the disorder are quite variable and treatment at home is possible if this is the initial form of the disease. Frequent headaches, sleepiness throughout the day, fatigue, even after a vacation or weekend, food allergies, memory loss and inability to concentrate are all symptoms of CFS.

Burnout syndrome

Burnout syndrome among medical workers occurs after 2-4 years of work. The work of doctors is associated with constant stress; doctors often feel dissatisfied with themselves, with the patient, or feel helpless. After a certain time, they are overtaken by emotional exhaustion, expressed in indifference to other people’s pain, cynicism, or outright aggression. Doctors are taught to treat other people, but they don’t know how to deal with their own problem.

Vascular dementia

It is provoked by impaired blood circulation in the brain and is a progressive disease. Those who have high blood pressure, blood sugar, or a close relative have suffered from vascular dementia should be careful about their health. How long people live with this diagnosis depends on the severity of the brain damage and how carefully loved ones care for the patient. On average, after diagnosis, the patient's life expectancy is 5-6 years, subject to appropriate treatment and care.

Stress and adjustment disorder

Stress and behavioral adaptation disorders are quite persistent. Violation of behavioral adaptation usually manifests itself within three months, after the stress itself. As a rule, this is a strong shock, the loss of a loved one, a disaster, violence, etc. Behavioral adaptation disorder is expressed in violation of the rules of morality accepted in society, senseless vandalism, and actions that pose a danger to the life of oneself or others.
Without appropriate treatment, stress disorder of behavioral adaptation can last up to three years.

Suicidal behavior

As a rule, adolescents have not yet fully formed their idea of ​​death. Frequent suicide attempts are caused by the desire to relax, take revenge, and get away from problems. They do not want to die forever, but only for a while. Nevertheless, these attempts may be successful. To prevent suicidal behavior in adolescents, prevention should be carried out. A trusting relationship in the family, learning to cope with stress and resolve conflict situations - this significantly reduces the risk of suicidal feelings.

Madness

Madness is an outdated concept to define a whole range of mental disorders. Most often, the term madness is used in painting, in literature, along with another term - “madness”. By definition, insanity, or insanity, could be temporary, caused by pain, passion, obsession, and was generally treated with prayer or magic.

Tafophilia

Taphophilia manifests itself in an attraction to cemeteries and funeral rituals. The reasons for taphophilia mainly lie in cultural and aesthetic interest in monuments, rites and rituals. Some old necropolises are more like museums, and the atmosphere of the cemetery is peaceful and reconciles with life. Taphophiles are not interested in dead bodies or thoughts about death, and only have a cultural and historical interest. As a rule, taphophilia does not require treatment unless visiting cemeteries develops into obsessive OCD behavior.

Anxiety

Anxiety in psychology is unmotivated fear, or fear for minor reasons. In a person’s life, there is “useful anxiety”, which is a defense mechanism. Anxiety is the result of an analysis of the situation and a forecast of the consequences, how real the danger is. In the case of neurotic anxiety, a person cannot explain the reasons for his fear.

Trichotillomania

What is trichotillomania, and is it a mental disorder? Of course, trichotillomania belongs to the group of OCD and is aimed at tearing out one’s hair. Sometimes hair is pulled out unconsciously, and the patient may eat personal hair, which leads to gastrointestinal problems. Typically, trichotillomania is a reaction to stress. The patient feels a burning sensation in the hair follicle on the head, face, body and after pulling it out, the patient feels peace. Sometimes patients with trichotillomania become recluses because they are embarrassed by their appearance and ashamed of their behavior. Recent studies have revealed that patients with trichotillomania have damage in a certain gene. If these studies are confirmed, treatment for trichotillomania will be more successful.

Hikikomori

It is quite difficult to fully study the phenomenon of hikikomori. Basically, hikikomori deliberately isolate themselves from the outside world, and even from their family members. They do not work and do not leave their room unless absolutely necessary. They maintain contact with the world via the Internet, and can even work remotely, but they exclude communication and meetings in real life. Often hikikomori suffer from mental disorders of the autism spectrum, social phobia, and anxiety personality disorder. In countries with undeveloped economies, hikikomori practically does not occur.

Phobia

Phobia in psychiatry is fear, or excessive anxiety. As a rule, phobias are classified as mental disorders that do not require clinical research and psychocorrection can cope better. The exception is already ingrained phobias that go beyond a person’s control, disrupting his normal functioning.

Schizoid personality disorder

The diagnosis of schizoid personality disorder is made on the basis of symptoms characteristic of this disorder.
With schizoid personality disorder, the individual is characterized by emotional coldness, indifference, reluctance to socialize and a tendency to solitude.
Such people prefer to contemplate their inner world and do not share their experiences with loved ones, and are also indifferent to their appearance and how society reacts to it.

Schizophrenia

On the question: is this a congenital or acquired disease, there is no consensus. Presumably, for the appearance of schizophrenia, several factors must combine, such as genetic predisposition, living conditions, and socio-psychological environment. It is impossible to say that schizophrenia is an exclusively hereditary disease.

Selective mutism

Selective mutism in children 3-9 years old manifests itself in selective verbalization. As a rule, at this age children go to kindergarten, school and find themselves in new conditions. Shy children have difficulty socializing, and this is reflected in their speech and behavior. At home they may talk incessantly, but at school they will not utter a sound. Selective mutism is classified as a behavioral disorder, and psychotherapy is indicated.

Encopresis

Sometimes parents ask the question: “Encopresis - what is it, and is it a mental disorder?” With encopresis, the child cannot control his stool. He can “big-time” shit his pants and not even understand what’s wrong. If this phenomenon occurs more than once a month and lasts at least six months, the child needs a comprehensive examination, including from a psychiatrist. When potty training a child, parents expect the child to get used to it the first time, and scold the child when he forgets about it. Then the child develops a fear of both the potty and defecation, which can result in mental encopresis and a host of gastrointestinal diseases.

Enuresis

As a rule, it goes away by the age of five, and no special treatment is required. You just need to follow a daily routine, don’t drink a lot of fluids at night, and be sure to empty your bladder before going to bed. Enuresis can also be caused by neurosis due to stressful situations, and traumatic factors for the child should be excluded.

Bedwetting is a major concern in adolescents and adults. Sometimes in such cases there is an anomaly in the development of the bladder, and, alas, there is no treatment for this, except for the use of an enuresis alarm.

Often mental disorders are perceived as a person’s character and they are blamed for things that, in fact, they are not guilty of. The inability to live in society, the inability to adapt to everyone is condemned, and the person turns out to be alone with his misfortune. The list of the most common ailments does not cover even a hundredth part of mental disorders, and in each specific case, symptoms and behavior may vary. If you are worried about the condition of a loved one, you should not let the situation take its course. If a problem interferes with your life, then it needs to be solved together with a specialist.

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Psychological diseases are caused by various factors of disorders of the nervous and mental systems of the body.

The first factor - productive - lies in the normal mental activity of a person (the appearance of ideas that partially or completely surround a person’s attention; the patient listens and feels something that is not really there).

The second factor - negative - lies in general changes leading to a weakening of a person’s nervous activity.

Types of diseases

Types of psychological diseases are divided into two categories:

• exogenous;
• endogenous.

Analyzing in detail the list of human psychological diseases, it is taken into account that exogenous mental disorders include psychoses that arose under the pressure of environmental factors. Examples of psychoses: the effects of various types of infections on the cortex (gray matter) of the body's head organ - the brain - and the brain as a whole, intoxication with chemicals that have penetrated the internal part of the body, diseases of the internal organs (kidneys, liver and heart muscle), endocrine diseases. A separate group of diseases - exogenous mental disorders - can include reactive psychoses, the causes of which are severe mental and emotional trauma and a constant depressing mental influence on a person.

Endogenous mental disorders include causes of hereditary factors. Such factors can go completely unnoticed by a person, but can result in such a serious list of psychological diseases as: schizophrenia (psychosis in which consciousness and intelligence are preserved, but there is a clear deviation in the psyche), MDP (manic-depressive psychosis - passing from one in other periods of joyful and depressed mood), schizophrenic psychosis (is an intermediate stage between MDP and schizophrenia).

Causes

Often a person’s thinking leads to the question of the psychological causes of illness. These include a huge variety of different factors. They all depend on what exactly the person is sick with. When analyzing the psychological problems of diseases and their causes, we always come to one human organ, which is responsible for our psyche. This is the brain, any disruption of which leads to unstable functioning of our thinking and an unstable mental state.

The psychological causes of diseases have not been fully studied, but with complete confidence it can be noted that the psychological causes of mental diseases are influenced by biological, social, and also psychological factors that disrupt the proper functioning of the nervous system. They also include situations of hereditary factors and deep stress in the body.

Resistance to the above reasons is determined by the physical characteristics of a person as an individual and his general mental development as a whole. All people can react completely differently to the same type of situation. Some can easily survive failure and draw a conclusion and try to move forward again, while others fall into depression and, sitting still, depress an already difficult situation. What will lead to disruption of their nervous system and reveal the psychological prerequisites for the disease?

Headache? Learn about the symptoms of increased intracranial pressure from our. Read about the manifestations of various thyroid diseases.

Almost all symptoms of psychological illnesses can be detected with the naked eye of a qualified doctor. There can be a huge variety of symptoms. Patients do not attach much importance to some of them and do not seek qualified help from professionals.

Psychological diseases and their symptoms include receptor disorders:

Treatment of psychological diseases

It is quite difficult to treat human psychological diseases, but it is fully possible and effective. With such treatment, it is very important to determine the names of psychological diseases so that you can know with confidence what and for what to treat the patient.

Basically, all treatment involves a detailed study of the main psychosomatic symptoms. All mental illnesses and disorders are treated in psychological clinics by experienced specialists and safe medications for patients.

The probability of recovery of patients in our time is very high, but we should not put off the treatment of mental disorders for a long time. If there are psychological prerequisites for illness, immediate contact with a psychiatrist is the best option in this case!