Children with borderline personality disorder. Types of mental personality disorders - signs, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment

Our society consists of completely different, dissimilar people. And this is visible not only in appearance - first of all, our behavior and reaction to life situations, especially stressful ones, are different. Each of us - and probably more than once - has encountered people with, as people say, whose behavior does not fit into generally accepted norms and often causes condemnation. Today we will look at mixed personality disorder: the limitations that this illness entails, its symptoms and treatment methods.

If a person’s behavior exhibits a deviation from the norm, bordering on inadequacy, psychologists and psychiatrists consider this a personality disorder. There are several types of such disorders, which we will consider below, but most often they are diagnosed (if this definition can be considered a real diagnosis) mixed. Essentially speaking, it is advisable to use this term in cases where the doctor cannot classify the patient’s behavior into a certain category. Practicing doctors notice that this happens very often, because people are not robots, and it is impossible to identify pure types of behavior. All personality types we know are relative definitions.

Mixed Personality Disorder: Definition

If a person has disturbances in his thoughts, behavior and actions, he has a personality disorder. This group of diagnoses is classified as mental. Such people behave inappropriately and perceive stressful situations differently, in contrast to absolutely mentally healthy people. These factors cause conflicts at work and in the family.

For example, there are people who cope with difficult situations on their own, while others seek help; Some tend to exaggerate their problems, while others, on the contrary, downplay them. In any case, such a reaction is absolutely normal and depends on the character of the person.

People who have mixed and other personality disorders, unfortunately, do not understand that they have mental problems, so they rarely seek help on their own. Meanwhile, they really need this help. The main task of the doctor in this case is to help the patient understand himself and teach him to interact in society without causing harm to himself or others.

Mixed personality disorder in ICD-10 should be looked for under F60-F69.

This condition lasts for years and begins to manifest itself in childhood. At the age of 17-18, personality formation occurs. But since at this time the character is just being formed, such a diagnosis at puberty is incorrect. But in adulthood, when the personality is fully formed, the symptoms of a personality disorder only worsen. And usually it is a type of mixed disorder.

ICD-10 has another heading - /F07.0/ “Personality disorder of organic etiology”. Characterized by significant changes in the habitual pattern of premorbid behavior. The expression of emotions, needs and drives is especially affected. Cognitive activity may be reduced in the area of planning and anticipating consequences for oneself and society. The classifier contains several ailments in this category, one of them is personality disorder due to mixed diseases(eg depression). This pathology accompanies a person throughout his life if he does not realize his problem and does not fight it. The course of the disease is wavy - periods of remission are observed, during which the patient feels excellent. Transient mixed personality disorder (that is, short-term) is quite common. However, accompanying factors such as stress, alcohol or drug use, and even menstruation can cause a relapse or worsening of the condition.

Worsened personality disorder may lead to severe consequences, including causing physical harm to others.

Causes of personality disorder

Personality disorders, both mixed and specific, usually occur in the context of brain injuries resulting from falls or accidents. However, doctors note that in the formation of this disease Both genetic and biochemical factors, as well as social ones, are involved. Moreover, social ones play a leading role.

First of all, this is incorrect parental upbringing - in this case, the character traits of a psychopath begin to form in childhood. Besides this, none of us understands how detrimental stress really is to the body. And if this stress turns out to be excessively strong, it can subsequently lead to a similar disorder.

Sexual abuse and other psychological trauma, especially in childhood, often lead to a similar result - doctors note that about 90% of women with hysteria in childhood or adolescence were raped. In general, the causes of pathologies that are designated in ICD-10 as personality disorders in connection with mixed diseases should often be sought in the patient’s childhood or adolescence.

How do personality disorders manifest themselves?

People with personality disorders usually have accompanying psychological problems - they consult doctors about depression, chronic tension, and problems building relationships with family and colleagues. At the same time, patients are confident that the source of their problems is external factors that do not depend on them and are beyond their control.

So, people diagnosed with mixed personality disorder have the following symptoms:

problems with building relationships in the family and at work, as noted above;
emotional disconnection, in which a person feels emotionally empty and avoids communication;
difficulties in managing one's own negative emotions, which leads to conflicts and often even ends in assault;
periodic loss of contact with reality.

Patients are dissatisfied with their lives; it seems to them that everyone around them is to blame for their failures. It was previously thought that similar illness not treatable, but Lately the doctors changed their minds.

Mixed personality disorder, the symptoms of which are listed above, manifests itself in different ways. It consists of a range of pathological features that are common to the personality disorders described below. So, let's look at these types in more detail.

Types of Personality Disorders

Paranoid disorder. As a rule, such a diagnosis is made to arrogant people who are confident only in their point of view. Tireless debaters, they are sure that only they are always and everywhere right. Any words and actions of others that do not correspond to their own concepts are perceived negatively by the paranoid. His one-sided judgments become the cause of quarrels and conflicts. During decompensation, symptoms intensify - paranoid people often suspect their spouses of infidelity, as their pathological jealousy and suspicion intensify significantly.

Schizoid disorder. Characterized by excessive isolation. Such people react with equal indifference to both praise and criticism. They are so cold emotionally that they are unable to show either love or hatred towards others. They are distinguished by an expressionless face and a monotonous voice. For a schizoid, the world around him is hidden by a wall of misunderstanding and embarrassment. At the same time, he has developed abstract thinking, a tendency to think about deep philosophical topics, and a rich imagination.

This type of personality disorder is formed in early childhood. By the age of 30, the sharp angles of pathological features level off somewhat. If the patient's profession is related to minimal contact with society, he successfully adapts to such a life.

Dissocial disorder. A type in which patients have a tendency to aggressive and rude behavior, disregard for all generally accepted rules, and a heartless attitude towards family and friends. In childhood and puberty, these children do not find mutual language in a group, they often fight, and behave defiantly. They run away from home. In adulthood, they are deprived of any warm affections, they are considered “difficult people”, which is expressed in cruelty to parents, spouses, animals and children. It is this type that is prone to commit crimes.

Expressed in impulsiveness with a hint of cruelty. Such people perceive only their opinion and their outlook on life. Small troubles, especially in everyday life, cause them emotional tension and stress, which leads to conflicts that sometimes turn into assault. These individuals do not know how to assess the situation adequately and react too violently to ordinary life problems. At the same time, they are confident in their own importance, which others do not perceive, treating them with prejudice, just as patients are confident.

Hysterical disorder. Hysterical people are prone to increased theatricality, suggestibility and sudden mood swings. They love to be the center of attention and are confident in their attractiveness and irresistibility. At the same time, they reason rather superficially and never take on tasks that require attention and dedication. Such people love and know how to manipulate others - family, friends, colleagues. By adulthood, long-term compensation is possible. Decompensation can develop in stressful situations, during menopause in women. Severe forms manifested by a feeling of suffocation, a coma in the throat, numbness of the limbs and depression.

Attention! A hysterical person may have suicidal tendencies. In some cases, these are simply demonstrative attempts to commit suicide, but it also happens that a hysteric, due to his tendency to violent reactions and hasty decisions, may quite seriously try to kill himself. That is why it is especially important for such patients to contact psychotherapists.

Expressed in constant doubts, excessive caution and increased attention to the details. At the same time, the essence of the type of activity is missed, because the patient is only worried about the details in order, in lists, in the behavior of colleagues. Such people are confident that they are doing the right thing, and constantly make comments to others if they do something “wrong.” The disorder is especially noticeable when a person performs the same actions - rearranging things, constantly checking, etc. In compensation, patients are pedantic, precise in their official duties, and even reliable. But during the period of exacerbation they develop a feeling of anxiety, intrusive thoughts, fear of death. With age, pedantry and frugality develop into selfishness and stinginess.

Anxiety disorder is expressed in feelings of anxiety, fearfulness, and low self-esteem. Such a person is constantly worried about the impression he makes and is tormented by the consciousness of his own contrived unattractiveness.

The patient is timid, conscientious, tries to lead a secluded life, because he feels safe alone. These people are afraid of offending others. At the same time, they are quite well adapted to life in society, since society treats them with sympathy.

The state of decompensation is expressed in poor health - lack of air, accelerated heartbeat, nausea or even vomiting and diarrhea.

Dependent (unstable) personality disorder. People with this diagnosis are characterized by passive behavior. They shift all responsibility for making decisions and even for their own lives onto others, and if there is no one to shift it to, they feel incredibly uncomfortable. Patients are afraid of being abandoned by people who are close to them, are submissive and dependent on other people's opinions and decisions. Decompensation manifests itself in a complete inability to control one’s life with the loss of a “leader,” confusion, and bad mood.

If the doctor sees pathological features inherent in different types disorders, he diagnoses him with “mixed personality disorder.”

The most interesting type for medicine is a combination of schizoid and hysterical. Such people often develop schizophrenia in the future.

What are the consequences of mixed personality disorder?

Such mental deviations can lead to a tendency towards alcoholism, drug addiction, suicidal tendencies, inappropriate sexual behavior, and hypochondria.
Improper upbringing of children due to mental disorders (excessive emotionality, cruelty, lack of sense of responsibility) leads to mental disorders in children.
Mental breakdowns are possible when performing normal daily activities.
Personality disorder leads to others psychological disorders- depression, anxiety, psychosis.
The impossibility of full contact with a doctor or therapist due to mistrust or lack of responsibility for one’s actions.

Mixed personality disorder in children and adolescents

Personality disorder usually appears in childhood. It is expressed in excessive disobedience, antisocial behavior, and rudeness. However, such behavior is not always a diagnosis and may turn out to be a manifestation of a completely natural development of character. Only if this behavior is excessive and constant can we talk about mixed personality disorder.

Not only do they play a major role in the development of pathology genetic factors as much as upbringing and social environment. Eg, hysterical disorder may arise against the background of insufficient attention and participation in the child’s life on the part of parents. As a result, about 40% of children with behavior disorders continue to suffer from it.

Adolescent Mixed Personality Disorder is not considered a diagnosis. The disease can be diagnosed only after puberty has ended - an adult already has a formed character that needs correction, but is not completely corrected. And during puberty, such behavior is often the result of the “perestroika” that all adolescents experience. The main type of treatment is psychotherapy. Young people with severe mixed personality disorder in the decompensation stage cannot work in industries and are not allowed into the army.

Treatment for Personality Disorder

Many people who have been diagnosed with mixed personality disorder are primarily interested in how dangerous the condition is and whether it can be treated. Many people are diagnosed completely by accident; patients claim that they do not notice its manifestations. Meanwhile, the question of whether it can be treated remains open.

Psychiatrists believe that personality disorder can be cured mixed type almost impossible - it will accompany a person throughout his life. However, doctors are confident that its manifestations can be reduced or even achieved stable remission. That is, the patient adapts to society and feels comfortable. At the same time, it is important that he wants to eliminate the manifestations of his illness and fully comes into contact with the doctor. Without this desire, therapy will not be effective.

Medications in the treatment of mixed personality disorder

If organic disorder While individuals of mixed origin are usually treated with drugs, the disease we are considering is treated with psychotherapy. Most psychiatrists are confident that drug treatment does not help patients because it is not aimed at changing the character that patients mainly need.

However, you should not give up medications so quickly - many of them can alleviate a person’s condition by eliminating certain symptoms, such as depression and anxiety. At the same time, medications must be prescribed with caution, because patients with personality disorders develop drug dependence very quickly.

Leading role in drug treatment neuroleptics play a role - taking into account the symptoms, doctors prescribe drugs such as Haloperidol and its derivatives. It is this drug that is most popular among doctors for personality disorder, as it reduces manifestations of anger.

In addition, other medications are prescribed:

Flupectinsol successfully copes with suicidal thoughts.
"Olazapine" helps with affective instability and anger; paranoid symptoms and anxiety; has a beneficial effect on suicidal tendencies.
- mood stabilizer - successfully copes with depression and anger.
Lamotrigine and Topiromate reduce impulsivity, anger, and anxiety.
Amitriptin also treats depression.

In 2010, doctors were researching these drugs, but the effect long acting unknown, as there is a risk of side effects. At the same time, the National Institute of Health in the UK released an article in 2009 that said that experts do not recommend prescribing medications if a mixed personality disorder occurs. But when treating concomitant diseases, drug therapy can give a positive result.

Psychotherapy and mixed personality disorder

Psychotherapy plays a leading role in treatment. True, this process is long and requires regularity. In most cases, patients achieved stable remission within 2-6 years, which lasted at least two years.

DBT (dialectical - a technique that was developed by Marsha Linehan in the 90s. It is aimed primarily at treating patients who have experienced psychological trauma and cannot recover from it. According to the doctor, pain cannot be prevented, but suffering can be prevented. Specialists help their patients develop a different line of thinking and behavior. This will help you avoid in the future stressful situations and prevent decompensation.

Psychotherapy, including family therapy, is aimed at changing interpersonal relationships between the patient and his family and friends. Treatment usually lasts about a year. It helps eliminate mistrust, manipulativeness, and arrogance of the patient. The doctor looks for the root of the patient’s problems and points them out to him. For patients with narcissism syndrome (narcissism and narcissism), which also refers to personality disorders, a three-year psychoanalysis is recommended.

Personality disorder and driver's license

Are the concepts of “mixed personality disorder” and “driving license” compatible? Indeed, sometimes such a diagnosis can prevent the patient from driving a car, but in this case everything is individual. The psychiatrist must determine which types of disorders predominate in the patient and what their severity is. Only on the basis of these factors will a specialist make the final “vertikt”. If the diagnosis was made years ago in the military, it makes sense to visit the doctor's office again. Mixed personality disorder and a driver's license sometimes don't interfere with each other at all.

Limitations in the patient's life

Patients usually do not have problems finding employment in their specialty, and they interact with society quite successfully, although in this case everything depends on the severity of pathological traits. If a diagnosis of “mixed personality disorder” occurs, restrictions cover almost all areas of a person’s life, since he is often not allowed to join the army or drive a car. However, therapy helps smooth out these rough edges and live like a completely healthy person.

Borderline personality disorder, as I said, can arise for various reasons. These are not necessarily villainous parents; it may also be something like “genes”.

Of course, you can suspect some problems from childhood. Often difficult children “outgrow” their problems and everything becomes normal.

However, adolescence, with persistent and expanding problems, should serve as a second wake-up call.

Adolescence is quite a difficult time for any child. Everyone is individual and goes through it differently. Even if everything is normal outwardly, it does not mean that the child does not experience any difficulties.

There are children who have real storms and battles with society and family during adolescence. And again, it is not a fact that a rebel will become a poorly adapted person later. As I have already said, every teenager needs to push away from the family with varying degrees of force in order to become an independent person.

This does not mean at all that the child should leave and no longer communicate with his family. This is the time when it is no longer the family, but the child who decides in which waters to swim.

So here is a list of signs by which one can again suspect that something is wrong with the child. Let me emphasize again - not to make a diagnosis, but again to pay attention.

1. Intense overemotional reaction.

The child clearly reacts more than even teenagers should. The tram doors closed in front of my nose or the ice cream ran out. Those. It’s not like the beloved tram left with all his friends and it’s not the ice cream that the child had been waiting for for 2 months, but a banal tram and banal ice cream. Those. It’s unpleasant, but you can get there by other transport and buy exactly the same ice cream around the corner.

The child is not just upset, he is vomiting and tossing, crying, wringing his hands, cursing fate, cannot even calm down at night, and all his moaning tends to be “Am I the most unfortunate person in the world or are everyone around me bastards.” In other words, the reaction to an unpleasant, but not critical moment, is too dramatic and can last even up to several days.

2. A quickly occurring defensive reaction.

Whatever one may say, it is impossible to always be accepted everywhere in life just because you want it. Somewhere you still have to move a little in order to like it, to show yourself. People sometimes express their dissatisfaction.

A teenager at risk of borderline disorder reacts to every situation where he was rejected again excessively and immediately takes a victim position or begins to attack. Even if the claims are justified, this does not stop him.

For example, a child wrote a bad essay. Well, here's the really bad thing. Because yesterday he sat all day and played on the computer, and at 10 o’clock in the evening it suddenly dawned on him that he still had homework. And I wrote my opus literally on my knee in the toilet, while brushing my teeth in the evening. The teacher naturally gave me the wrong grade that I would have liked. In response, the child begins to either behave aggressively towards the teacher, or indulges in self-deprecation and excuses, demanding to give a grade that suits him.

3. Paranoid reactions.

If something goes wrong, even by accident, the child thinks up the malice of those around him. Has the tram left? The driver specifically waited for him to approach the doors and closed them. And then he laughed evilly and rubbed his hands for the rest of the day, imagining how the poor child missed the transport. The teacher specially set the essay low rating because he hates him, etc.

4. The desire for self-harm and the implementation of these ideas (cuts hands, burns oneself with cigarettes, etc.)

5. Intense unstable relationships.

Teenagers fall in love. It seems to them that this is the strongest love for life. For a teenager at risk of borderline disorder, such “loves” are quite frequent, between them there are deep gaps like “he never loved me, but just wanted to laugh, and now I’ll kill myself.”

Indeed, it cuts your hands into dark stripes, poisons you, etc. After new love to the grave, and disappointment to the grave. And so several times over time adolescence.

6. The desire for violence.

Teenagers sometimes get angry with their parents and even say that they hate them. It even happens that something is broken in our hearts. A child at risk of borderline disorder begins to do this systematically, including causing damage to property, threatening to kill former lovers, teachers, neighbors and anyone who has not pleased them.

7. Eating disorders accompany BPD quite often and it begins in adolescence.

There can be a whole spectrum here, but most often bulimia, anorexia and binge eating.

8. Impulsivity and sensation seeking.

Again, teenagers love thrill, but on average, their experiments do not cross the lines of the law or this happens sporadically.

Problematic children regularly move on. They more regularly steal from stores, speed, drink alcohol and soft drugs while driving, harass passers-by, and do not hesitate to use emotional and even physical violence towards others, especially those who are clearly weaker.

They are more likely to become involved in gambling addiction and have a higher risk of chemical and behavioral addictions. Often they try drugs one after another and it is in this group that it happens more people with polydrug addiction.

They often run away from home at the slightest conflict, cursing their parents. In addition, they more often engage in casual sex without using protection.

In these cases, it is better not to wait for the child to go crazy, but to send him to a specialist. This is necessary primarily for developing better self-control, the ability to regulate stress and interaction with society. The teenage psyche is more plastic than the adult psyche, and children at this time perceive information about how to behave more effectively more easily.

Every person periodically faces communication problems. We are all different, we are all unique in our behavior patterns. Personality disorder - general term to refer to several behavioral patterns characterized by a marked difficulty in getting along with other people, regardless of surrounding circumstances.

Kinds personality disorders.

You may be interested in: What are the types of personality disorders and what are the symptoms of each?

People who suffer from a personality disorder have trouble maintaining healthy, productive relationships. Sufferers usually tend to blame other people or circumstances for their problems. This combination of difficulties leads to feelings of loneliness and isolation from others.

Antisocial personality disorder

People with antisocial personality disorder:

They ignore the rules existing in society.
have no respect for the wishes and feelings of other people.
show cruelty and aggression.
prone to alcoholism and drug addiction.
often break the law.

Anxious (avoidant) personality disorder

People with avoidant personality disorder:

shy.
They are afraid of the disapproval of others.
have a narrow, family circle of communication.

Borderline (emotionally unstable) personality disorder

People with borderline disorder personalities:

impulsiveness and low self-control.
unstable connection with reality.
high anxiety.
suicidal tendencies.

Dependent personality disorder

People with dependent personality disorder:

more often women than men.
are burdened by loneliness.
They find it difficult to make decisions.

Narcissistic personality disorder

People with narcissistic personality disorder:

constantly demand attention to their person.
They mostly talk about themselves.
exaggerate their successes.
They believe that they must be obeyed.

Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

People with obsessive-compulsive personality disorder:

perfectionists.
sometimes overly responsible.
have patterned behavior.

Paranoid personality disorder

People with paranoid personality disorder:

suspicious of the actions of others.
do not forgive insults.
irritable and conflicting.

Schizoid personality disorder

People with schizoid personality disorder:

closed in on themselves.
avoid close contacts.
have little interest in social problems.

Schizotypal personality disorder

People with schizotypal personality disorder:

eccentric in manners and dress.
have their own “special” views on life.
sometimes psychotic symptoms are detected.

Culture and personality disorder.

Standards of behavior vary throughout the world. Good friends may have very different models behavior and beliefs, even in our own communities. Just because someone stands out from others does not mean he or she has a personality disorder. The main characteristic of a personality disorder is the inability to maintain healthy relationships.

Children and personality disorder.

Personality disorders are rarely diagnosed in children. This is due to frequent changes in children's personality during development. Children may show symptoms of a personality disorder, but these go away with age. For example, quarreling with a friend for no reason may be a sign of borderline personality disorder. However, this is quite common behavior among teenagers. Personality disorders are most accurately diagnosed in people over 21 years of age.

Treatment.

What treatments are available for people with personality disorders?
People who suffer from a personality disorder rarely seek medical help on their own. This is because they tend to blame other people and external circumstances for the problems they themselves create. Sometimes they are forced to seek medical help due to the influence of others. In the case of antisocial acts, compulsory treatment by court decision is possible.

Treatment for personality disorders can be very successful. Treatment often includes taking medications together and consulting a psychologist. Among medications, antidepressants and anti-anxiety drugs are most often used. The most important thing is to continue treatment even if you start to feel better. Although a personality disorder is correctable, it is impossible to change it completely.

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This type of psychopathy is characterized by a significant decrease in social contacts. Patients with schizoid personality disorder differ low level emotional expression. Such people prefer to be on their own and are not interested in close contacts with others. When this disorder develops, some of its features are noticeable already at the age of three or four years. In this case, children choose quiet activities where they can be alone. They do not strive to participate in the games of their peers, just as they are not particularly attached to close people, including parents.

If a schizoid disorder develops, then children show an early interest in philosophical topics, such as the features of life and death, the origin of the universe, and other abstract problems. While studying at school, such children demonstrate well-developed logical thinking, and often have excellent mathematics abilities. But at the same time, they absolutely do not know how to adapt to everyday life, and are not able to understand a simple everyday situation. Party games they are not interested, just as they are not drawn to communicate with peers.

In a number of individual cases, signs of an incipient schizoid disorder are detected already in the first year of life, and are described within the framework of the childhood syndrome early autism. Most characteristic manifestation a violation of emotional contacts is considered, monotonous behavior manifests itself, and difficulties with adaptation to new conditions. There is a delay in the development of speech and communication skills; basic self-care skills cause a number of difficulties.

Symptoms of schizoid disorder

People with schizoid disorder have typical signs related to behavior, appearance, and also in general mental activity. Their motor skills lack plasticity and look unnatural. The movements are angular, there is no liveliness in the facial expressions, there are only standard expressions. The voice of a patient with schizoid disorder is distinguished by the fact that it is practically not modulated, so any conversation takes place in the same key. A certain style stands out in clothing; it can be either expressed sophistication and elegance, or deliberate negligence.

To assume that a person has a schizoid disorder, they must have the following symptoms:

Lack of pleasure from objects, events, actions.

Alienation, emotional coldness, in some cases flattened affectivity is observed.

Not showing feelings towards others, there are no warm feelings or anger.

Minimal reaction in response to criticism or compliments.

Reduced interest in intimate contacts.

Fascination with introspection and fantasy.

In most cases, preference is given to solitary activities.

Insensitivity to social conditions and norms.

No need for friendship.

Schizoids are people of extreme emotions and feelings. They can either admire or hate. Basically, they have original and peculiar hobbies, but most often they are one-sided. The degree of social significance of hobbies can vary. Some patients with schizoid disorder direct all their energy and strength to very modest goals, for example, they are fond of collecting, while others show enviable persistence and often create valuable and talented scientific concepts. But the peculiarity is that in any case they are absolutely indifferent to the problems of everyday life and the needs of their family.

Causes of the disease

Among the causes of schizoid personality disorder, one of the causes is considered to be the individual’s unmet need for contact with people. Parents of patients suffering from this disorder, as in the case of paranoid personality disorder, experienced a certain hostility towards their children. In some cases, abuse occurred. But, if people with symptoms of paranoid disorder respond to such upbringing with expressed distrust, then patients with schizoid disorder cannot accept or show feelings of love, and therefore try to avoid any relationship.

It is also believed that schizoid individuals have certain deficiencies in thinking. Thoughts are devoid of clarity and fruitless; it is very difficult for them to make a correct assessment of the situation and act correctly in certain situation. One of the distinctive features of patients with schizoid disorder is the inability to grasp the emotional mood of others, so the feelings of even close people do not evoke a response from them. Children with this disease have slow development of motor and speech skills, regardless of their intellectual level.

Treatment of schizoid disorder

Drug therapy has limited effect. What usually happens is that patients with this disorder already have social isolation, and treatment is started only in connection with some other problem, for example, it could be alcoholism. Patients try to keep a distance in communication with their doctor; the progress of treatment does not bother them very much, so it is very difficult to achieve improvements. Doctors Israeli clinic in such cases, proprietary treatment methods are used, which makes it possible to correct the patient’s condition and provide him with positive emotions.

Psychotherapeutic methods involve familiarizing the patient with a list of emotions that must be comprehended by him. Also, a person must remember pleasant events and describe them. The clinic's psychotherapists successfully instill social skills in their patients, using role-playing games as tools. The exposure to stimuli that are unpleasant for the patient is constantly monitored. If necessary, treatment uses modern medications that do not have side effects.

There are individuals who avoid any type of contact with others. Some call them eccentrics, others call them bitches, schizoids. It is these people who are diagnosed with schizoid personality disorder. Pathology occurs for a number of reasons and is effective methods treatments that make sense to learn about in more detail.

Schizoid personality disorder: what is it?

Schizoid psychopathy is the most common type of human personality disorder. Such people are often called eccentric, withdrawn, strange. They do not have the usual human feelings, emotions and others believe that they are unable to empathize, understand, sympathize. But this is not a tribute to character, bad mood. The problem lies in the pathology of the patient’s psyche and according to ICD-10, the disease has code F 60.1. Such people do not have friends or regular contacts; for the most part, they live in complete solitude and loneliness, and on a voluntary basis.

How to distinguish a schizoid from a normal person

First of all, the patient “breathes” a chill, that is, he is completely cut off from the real world. Even if you try to communicate with this type, the most you can hear in response is a couple of words. The fact is that a person with a pathology lives in a different, imaginary world, immerses himself in his own fantasies and withdraws from society. Other people's opinions are not important to him and he does not react to the criticism of others and their behavior. In a conversation, a schizoid trusts only information that he has read from books or official sources, but he is practically unable to carry on a conversation.

The second distinguishing feature is the lack of household skills. A person can easily understand physical and mathematical formulas and teachings, but cannot wash a plate, nail a nail, iron a shirt, etc.

Schizoid personality disorder: symptoms

The characteristic features of the disease in schizoid are:

cold face - lack of facial expressions, emotions;
disharmony with the outside world;
strange motor skills, unnatural movements;
paradoxical conclusions, actions;
walking, hand movements are sharp, angular;
scanty, monotonous speech;
poorly planted voice, poor modulation of sounds;
excesses in clothing - either daring aristocracy or carelessness, sloppiness.

The character of schizoids is very polarized: they can admire excessively or deeply hate. For them there is no “golden mean”, an understanding, reasonable attitude towards anything.

With schizoid disorder, a person lacks interest in the needs of loved ones and in his own needs. Often such patients are engaged in activities that have no benefit to the public: collecting, poring over certain books, etc.

The third sign is a lack of interest in people of the opposite sex, indifference. This criterion may hide dangerous situation. As puberty progresses and a contemptuous attitude towards others occurs, a schizoid may have secret desires, erotic fantasies, often accompanied by masturbation.

Incapable of intimacy or flirting, a schizoid can express his desires in an aggressive, ugly form: spying on other people's couples through windows, masturbating in front of strangers, getting satisfaction through communication on Skype.

The fourth sign is that schizoids choose work taking into account minimizing contacts. They like to be alone; the presence of strangers irritates and angers them.

Important: often people with this type of disorder get married, but due to limited contacts and the patient’s character, they break up.

How does mental pathology develop?

According to statistics, the first attacks of the disorder can appear at 3 or 4 years of age. Parents need to pay attention to whether the child tends to play alone, shows no interest in family, or refuses to communicate with loved ones. You especially need to be wary if the baby shows interest in complex type questions: how the world came into being, what problems are pressing in society.

During school years, schizoid pathology can manifest itself through zeal for serious sciences, success in mathematics, physics and inability to perform basic, everyday actions. In addition, such children have little contact with peers and do not participate in general events, do not attend parties, discos, etc.

Symptoms of the disorder are often similar to mild autism:

monotonous behavior;
absence or partial loss of emotions;
failure to adapt;
inability to master basic everyday skills;
speech is underdeveloped, sentences and phrases are poorly connected.

In cases where there is a schizoid disorder, and not a manifestation of schizophrenia, then over time, the child acquires certain skills, but the features of autism may remain.

Schizoid personality disorder: types

Experts distinguish two main types of schizoid psychopathy:

sensitive;
expansive.

Sensitive type- the personality is very sensitive to any kind of insult. Even a light joke can cause a hysterical attack in the patient and is “deposited” in the memory for a long time.

Expansive- a type of decisive, action-capable, strong-willed individuals. When making any decision, they do not hesitate; when communicating, they always answer dryly, with officialdom. For the most part, these are people of an arrogant, arrogant type, incapable of empathy, understanding, and mercy. People call this disposition “bitchy.”

Often, people with this type of disorder prefer intellectual and aesthetic hobbies. Usually, when choosing books, certain historical eras, or literary genre, philosophical movement. The patient can engage in comparison of legislative acts different countries and times, study hieroglyphs, family trees of famous dynasties, royal persons. But what is noteworthy is that they practically do not share their interests with anyone, in as a last resort, with units.

Causes of mental disorder

Experts identify several reasons causing deviation in the human psyche.

The patient is unable to communicate due to family reasons. The cold attitude of parents towards the child, the lack of close, trusting contacts causes schizoid manifestations.
The personality, the person’s own “I”, is upset, which is why a situation arises in which the patient does not have respect for himself or for others, and is not able to create a harmonious, warm environment in communication with society.
The third factor is expressed by psychiatrists, who believe that the basis of the disorder is a pathology of thinking. The opinion is based on the fact that the mental abilities of a schizoid are poor, unclearly expressed, and they do not know how to properly evaluate the information they receive. According to the observations of specialists in psychiatry, children with this type of disorder lag behind in intellectual development have difficulty with motor skills.
Heredity. A large number of scientists are confident that schizoid disorder passes along a genetic line. Often, people with schizoid psychopathy have already had cases of this disease in their family.

To establish an accurate diagnosis, the doctor relies on the international classification of diseases in the presence of the signs listed above.

Schizoid personality disorder: treatment

Problems with treatment arise in a number of cases, the reason for this is the patient’s refusal to receive adequate medical care. Reception medical supplies is not very successful, since the pathology has crept deep and a long-standing attitude has arisen. Basically, doctors treat such patients without their consent at the request of their parents, which gives poor results.

The cognitive-behavioral method of psychotherapy can be effective. During the session, the doctor turns “inside out” the patient’s condition, his behavior and the subsequent consequences.

Much attention is paid to the issue social adaptation. With moderate signs of the disorder, a person is able to adapt to society and have at least a couple of friends. By choosing the right job, in which there is no need to constantly come into contact with colleagues, a person with schizoid disorder can achieve significant success.

Schizoid personality disorder

According to the ICD-10 diagnostic criteria, specific personality disorder (F 60) is defined as “a severe disturbance of the structure of character and behavior, covering several areas of the personality. It is often associated with impairments in interpersonal and social functioning. The first manifestations of personality disorders are most often observed in childhood or adolescence, and the final manifestation occurs in adults. Therefore, it is probably inappropriate to make a diagnosis of a personality disorder before the age of 16-17 years” [ICD-10]. The above determines the general limitations in making a diagnosis in this age group. Diagnosis of schizoid personality disorder (F 61.1) excludes Asperger syndrome (F 84.5). On the other hand, Asperg syndromeer (F 84.1) includes schizoid disorder of childhood.

Nonverbal learning disorder

The concept of nonverbal learning disorder [Muklebust, 1975] covers various neuropsychological disorders (for example, disorders of psychomotor coordination associated with the tactile sphere, impaired ability to solve nonverbal problems, impaired visual perception of space, etc.) that limit the child’s ability to learn and his development personality. It is generally accepted that these disorders, which also include inappropriate use of language and severe impairments in social perception, evaluation and interaction, ultimately lead to social isolation, the development of affective disorders and even suicidal behavior. Klin and Volkmar (1997) noted that these features of nonverbal learning disorder may be a neurocognitive model not only of autism, but also of Asperger syndrome. However, it is still unclear whether and to what extent Asperger syndrome and nonverbal learning disorder overlap.

Gillberg (1998) noted that when differential diagnosis Asperger syndrome and other disorders must be taken into account. Several epidemiological studies suggest that Some mental disorders have a relatively high rate of comorbidity with Asperger syndrome. For example, an epidemiological study anorexia nervosa showed that in 6 cases out of 51 the disease was preceded by Asperger syndrome at an early age. In another study, 3 of 14 children with attention, motor, and perception disorders showed signs of Asperger syndrome. Similar results were found in a study of children with Asperger syndrome: one in five children school age, suffering from this syndrome, Tourette syndrome has also been observed.

Crisis interventions

By crisis we mean situation, state or phase of development person or society characterized by problems or behavioral characteristics problems that do not stem from previous experience and behavior and for which there are no obvious strategies to address them. Therefore, such crises cause confusion and a feeling of hopelessness in a person or even lead him to the brink of suicide.

Crisis states are always cases requiring urgent intervention, when there is a threat to the patient’s own life or the lives of others, as well as when such a condition threatens society.

Crisis intervention is not about treating the perceived underlying disorder, but about overcoming acute condition. Therefore, such an intervention is limited in time, means and implementation possibilities.

At autistic disorders Patients develop a number of behavioral abnormalities, often requiring crisis intervention.

Disorders Requiring Therapeutic Interventions for Autism

States of fear, anxiety and agitation can develop for various reasons. For example, in a person with autism, a sudden change in environment can cause severe anxiety and agitation. But such conditions can arise without visible reasons. In these cases, the connection with the cause that caused them is either not recognized, or, as often happens, we are talking about an “endogenously” provoked condition, which may be due to metabolic disorders due to the underlying disease.

Severe sleep disturbances relatively common in autistic children younger age. But they can also develop during adolescence. They are often associated with everyday events. However, little is known about the fact that autistic children and adolescents may also experience depressive mood swings, accompanied by severe sleep disorders. Depressive syndromes in turn, can be recognized by symptoms in three different areas.

From somatic symptoms Autism, in addition to the already mentioned sleep disorders, is characterized by loss of appetite and weight loss, fatigue, apathy and complaints of a vegetative nature (headaches, abdominal pain). Autistic children and adolescents often cannot formulate many of these complaints verbally.

IN emotional sphere attract attention following symptoms: depressed mood and irritability, severe mood swings. To the most important cognitive symptoms include slow thinking and brooding, difficulty concentrating, feelings of inadequacy or suicidal ideation, and bouts of self-deprecation and self-blame. Autistic people are unable to articulate many of these symptoms clearly enough, so they need to be identified by indirect signs. In any case, the problem of depression in autistic children and adolescents is exclusively important. These conditions are generally rarely recognized.

Aggressive behavior may also have different reasons. In adolescence and young adulthood, attacks of aggression are often associated with sexual needs, in relation to which autistic people feel rather helpless. Patients' attempts to get closer to members of the opposite sex are often misunderstood or lead to unpredictable reactions from others. Aggressive behavior can also be associated with other diseases underlying autistic disorder, and, of course, with other situational and environmental factors.

Obsessions and state - repetition of actions and ideas that are violent in nature and are reproduced again and again, despite the fact that the patient himself considers them meaningless. Obsessive states observed in children, adolescents and adults with autism, and are so severe that patients devote most of the day to them. Obsessive ideas and states should be distinguished from stereotypies , in which we are also talking about recurring phenomena, which, however, are not perceived as violent and alien ideas or actions to the patient, but rather bring him satisfaction. Stereotypes of this kind can sometimes also be a reason for crisis interventions.

Self-destructive behavior is often a very serious problem in children and adolescents with autism. It takes a wide variety of forms from head banging, biting, scratching oneself, to causing severe or severe self-injury. Self-destructive behavior occurs in autistic children and adolescents with a frequency of up to 40% and can have a variety of causes. It can be triggered by external and internal factors.

External reasons are environmental factors. Behavior in such cases often has an “instrumental” nature and is aimed at achieving a goal, as well as at preventing certain actions of others. Internal reasons most often caused by an underlying disease or metabolic disorders accompanying autistic syndrome. Self-destructive behavior, like stereotypies, sometimes serves as a means of self-stimulation and is associated with metabolic processes.

Epileptic seizures occur in approximately 1/3 of cases of early childhood autism. They are always caused by organic brain damage that occurred before, during or after the birth of the child. The consequences of this damage, due to unknown reasons, are detected only in adolescence in the form of cerebral attacks.

Psychotic conditions (somatically caused psychoses) are relatively common in autistic disorders. However, in all cases we are not talking about schizophrenia, but about somatogenic psychoses caused by somatic disease(sometimes undiagnosed) in combination with autistic syndrome. Previously expressed in medical literature the assumption about the possibility of transition from early childhood autism to schizophrenia has not been confirmed by modern research.

If we try to generalize everything causes crisis disorders in autistic syndromes, four large groups can be distinguished:

1. Changes in the surrounding world and microsocial environment

2. Communication misunderstandings

3. Phases of development and phases of maturation as “crisis moments”

4. Changes in environmental conditions and the course of major diseases

What is a schizoid personality type?

The term “schizoid personality type” was first introduced by the German psychiatrist E. Kretschmer. He determined that autism is characteristic of the schizoid character. According to him, autism is not just isolation, it is life in oneself. Kretschmer described the “affective impairment” inherent in two main types of schizoid personality: hyperaesthetic and anesthetic. Later, the meaning of the term expanded, and it began to include eccentric people who avoid social connections and relationships.

Main signs and symptoms of pathology:

isolation;
detachment;
reluctance to establish contact.

The inner world of such people is closed to everyone, they do not need anyone's encouragement, they are awkward and clumsy. Facial expressions are limited, the voice is monotonous, sounding on one note. Intuition is alien to such people, and they are not able to sympathize with other people's experiences, they do not know how to share the joy or sadness of another person. Insensitivity explains the coldness and indifference in the behavior of schizoid people. They are also little interested in the sexual side of life. Although schizophrenic personality disorder is classified as mental illness, patients do not experience psychosis.

Schizoid individuals choose a type of activity that does not require collectivity, since they are loners. But in conditions of social isolation, they are able to fully demonstrate their intelligence. Their talent is especially evident in the exact sciences. Being independent individuals, they are able to independently, alone, study and promote any project. They achieve great success in their professional activities. Beethoven, Einstein, Bach, Newton, Mendeleev, Freud, Pasternak - all these people belonged to the schizoid personality type.

A person fixated on his own experiences is indifferent to the feelings of others. Such people are selfish and consider themselves unique. The schizoid personality type manifests itself well in learning, is prone to abstract thinking, but is completely helpless in everyday life and everyday issues. The thinking of patients is unique, it is subject to its own patterns, ideas and rules. A person with a schizoid personality type lives in his inner world, in the world of imagination and fantasy. Cold and unavailable with people, he can be strongly attached to animals. Such people rarely decide to start a family, because close interpersonal relationships will require dedication and disclosure - what frightens schizoids so much. They are more attracted to the position of an observer rather than a participant in ongoing events. People with this deviation are exempt from military service. The schizoid personality type develops schizoid psychopathy in a person.

Schizoid psychopathy

Schizoid psychopathy is a disorder characterized by isolation, unsociability and emotional coldness. There is no unity of the external and internal world. Externally, patients are clumsy and angular. Their movements lack smoothness and naturalness. They can act mannered and pretentious.

Patients can be divided into 2 types:

Overly sensitive, vulnerable, proud - sensitive schizoid personality. Patients of this type consciously choose a quiet, isolated life in their own world. They are non-conflict, so any rudeness greatly hurts them. They cannot get rid of bad memories for a long time, they quickly lose peace of mind. They are constant in their interests and give preference to intellectual hobbies.
Strong-willed, decisive schizoid types who do not take into account the opinions of others belong to expansive schizoid psychopathy. Patients of this nature are characterized by cruelty and arrogance. They behave heartlessly towards people. They are distinguished by pragmatism and prudence. When a traumatic situation arises, they behave nervously and irritably, and may exhibit paranoid tendencies.

According to another classification, subtypes should be distinguished:

Sluggish schizoid. Slow, uninitiative and apathetic type. Minimally active, limited in movement, angular and clumsy. Due to zero vital energy gets tired quickly from any type of activity. It is characterized by isolation from the public, which creates problems with employment and place of residence.
Distant schizoid. In this case, the patient purposefully strives for a secluded lifestyle. Settles in remote and sparsely populated areas. Eliminates any contacts and relationships from his life. At the same time, he is completely unsuited to independent life and lacks economic skills.
Depersonalized schizoid. A complex type suffering from disharmony of mind and body. Incapable of logical conclusions and comprehension of the material being studied. Possessing sufficient intelligence, he is not able to understand himself. People perceive him as an inadequate and mentally retarded person.
Emotionless schizoid. Indifferent and indifferent to social norms type. Shows minimal interest in the life around him and does not care at all about his appearance. It stands out for its dryness, gloominess and emphasized restraint. This type is indifferent to conflicts, criticism, and does not show any emotions or feelings.

Still not installed exact reasons occurrence of this disease. Most experts consider this behavior pattern to be biopsychosocial. There is a heredity factor: if among a person’s relatives there were people with any personality disorders, then he is at risk. Also susceptible to such personality development are children whose parents were too strict and cruel, or a child who turned out to be unwanted and was deprived of parental love. It may also be the other way around: a person with a schizoid personality type could have been raised by a mother who overprotected the child and “smothered” her with her love.

Schizoid traits clearly manifest themselves in early childhood. They are obvious and striking. The schizoid type of psychopathy manifests itself as early childhood autism syndrome. The child stands out for his behavior, prefers to play alone, avoiding noisy companies peers. In such children, there is a lag in the development of motor skills and spoken language. They do not show warm feelings towards family and friends.

Schizoid personality disorder can begin to develop in children who have had to grow up early. The atmosphere in the family is big influence on the development of the disease in a child. Men are more susceptible to the disease than women.

Diagnosis and treatment

The International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) defines the diagnosis of schizoid psychopathy if the patient’s condition meets the definitions of personality psychopathy:

The condition affects all areas of human life.
The condition is constant, within temporary boundaries.
The condition prevents the individual from adapting to social life.

The diagnosis is made by a specialist based on anamnesis and symptoms. There are a number medical tests for more accurate diagnosis. If 4 of the listed qualities or behavioral characteristics are observed in the patient, then a diagnosis of schizoid personality disorder can be made. Signs may be:

The type of activity of interest is very limited.
Emotional coldness.
Inability to express either joy or anger towards others.
Lack of sexual desire.
Indifference to criticism and praise.
Lack of family, friends and unwillingness to have them.
Escaping into the world of your fantasies.
Ignoring and violating social norms.
A pronounced desire for privacy.
Inability to experience joy and pleasure.

There are no medications to treat this disease; schizoid psychopathy is incurable.

The quirkiness of character and personality traits persist until the end of life. The difficulty of treatment is that patients do not want to make contact and constantly fall into their fantasies. Treatment consists of long-term therapy with a specialist. Cognitive behavioral therapy teaches “correct” relationships and social skills. The patient is asked to reflect on a list of emotions and describe his pleasant associations. Group therapy will have an effect if a comfortable and safe environment for contact is created.

How to treat schizoid personality disorder

Schizoid personality disorder is a disease in which the patient avoids communicating with other people in every possible way. The development of excessive imagination and a tendency to theorize manifests itself in the form of alienation and isolation. As a result, they cannot feel free during conversation and do not understand the need to maintain any friendly relations. The rules of behavior in society are also not an example for them to follow. Clinical manifestations become noticeable even in early childhood.

Theories of the development of schizoid personality disorder

Even with the capabilities of modern scientific knowledge, the cause that provokes this disorder cannot be determined. In view of the research various doctors Several theories of the development of the disease have been identified. To one degree or another, each of them is considered involved in the occurrence of such changes in the human body. It is generally accepted that individually, one or another developmental mechanism may predominate in each patient.

Mutational. Due to daily growth carcinogenic substances in the environment we can talk about their effect on the cells of the body. As a result, there arise irreversible changes(breakdown or replacement) in the structure of human genes. This may not directly affect his health, but can be successfully passed on to his descendants during inheritance. Some scientists believe that it is the presence of such damaged genetic information that can lead to the occurrence of such a disorder.

Main signs of schizoid personality disorder

It is very easy to notice a schizoid among other people. It is enough just to pay attention to the one who communicates the least and conducts a monotonous dialogue. His speech is monotonous, consisting of repetition of several similar phrases, without any emotional accompaniment. Taste in clothing usually tends towards the classic, but there are also lovers of a casual style.

Lack of pleasure. What every person is ready to commit most acts to obtain is absolutely not typical for people with this disorder. They are not pleased with objects of art, desired gifts, the arrival of a loved one, a wedding or tasty food. They have virtually no desire to achieve what is achievable. Their goals are also quite mundane and do not require additional effort to implement. Staying on the sidelines under any circumstances is the main motto of schizoids in life.

Types of schizoid personality disorder

The public is always reluctant to accept people with similar diseases. After all, those who are not like them violate the rules of conduct and still do not respond to any warnings or comments. Behind last years this situation has changed a little. Perhaps this is due to more in-depth study psychological problems such patients. Diagnosing schizoid personality disorder has become more common and easier to perform.

Expansiveness. This property is inherent in rigid and strong-willed people. In their actions they are guided only by their own judgments. They are easily wounded and thereby cause a whole storm of negativity, but outwardly this will only manifest itself in the steadfastness of previously decision taken. When communicating with people, they are not prone to talkativeness and prefer to use only a few dry, short phrases in which they contain their entire opinion. Often such patients note complete absence friends or even good acquaintances, which, despite the current situation, does not particularly bother them.

Features of treatment of schizoid personality disorder

Treatment of schizoid disorder with medications

Unfortunately, this method of therapy does not have much effect in this case. Despite the variety of medicines used, it is extremely rare to achieve positive results.

Neuroleptics. A group of medicinal substances whose action is to influence neurotransmitters nerve fibers brain. As a result of this action, they can regulate human behavior disorders. They are also able to correct pathological thinking. The most commonly used is Haloperidol. It is a typical representative of this group of drugs and is used mainly to relieve the acute effects of schizoid disorder.

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Methods of psychological assistance for schizoid disorder

Today this type of treatment is the most basic, and it is around it that the entire complex of therapy is built. Only this method of help can be effective for use at any age. It has no restrictions in use. It has a beneficial effect - both general and aimed specifically at the disease. And in general it is effective even for preventive purposes.

Cognitive. Aimed at familiarizing the patient with various human emotions. When communicating with him, the doctor examines each feature separately and listens to the patient’s personal opinion on this matter. Also as homework a person is invited to reflect on this or that feeling and apply it to any life situation. Mainly used positive emotions(joy happiness).

The only and most important issue today is the patient’s consent to provide this type of care. As a rule, this becomes possible only when the consequences of this schizoid disorder occur.

Ways to prevent schizoid personality disorder

Based on the above about the treatment of this personality disorder, it must be said that the ability to prevent it is the best method struggle. At the stages of modern medicine, this is the main problem of our society. Unfortunately, this disease affects a considerable number of healthy people, including children.

Reducing stress effects. Today this problem affects every person on the planet. It waits from early childhood, continues at school, university, and then at work. Constant emotional turmoil is almost impossible to completely limit. Therefore, it is necessary to learn to react correctly to them. It is important that young parents explain to their child the rules of behavior in society, fight children’s tantrums and learn to communicate with their child.

How to treat schizoid personality disorder - watch the video:

Schizoid disorder is a pressing problem in progressive society. Despite the expressiveness of its signs from the very early age, its treatment begins in the presence of already formed disorders and complications. Fortunately, by following prevention guidelines, it is possible to prevent the development of this disease before it can compromise a disastrous outcome.