What causes of atherosclerosis are known to modern medicine? Atherosclerosis: symptoms, causes, diagnosis, treatment and prevention. What is dangerous about atherosclerosis - the mechanism of development
The development of vascular atherosclerosis occurs in adulthood, and the manifestation of the disease occurs in large arteries and vessels. The chemical composition of the blood is disrupted, and the presence of an increased concentration of lipids slows down the flow of biological fluid and reduces the permeability of the vascular walls. Progressive atherosclerosis of the arteries is a chronic diagnosis, so the patient’s task is to prolong the period of remission.
What is vascular atherosclerosis
This chronic disease belongs to the category of cardiovascular pathologies and is prone to periodic relapses in a weakened body. Since protein-lipid metabolism is disrupted in the walls of blood vessels, doctors start talking about such unpleasant concepts as “bad cholesterol” and “atherosclerotic plaques.” This disease more often develops in the body of women, but men, under the influence of provoking factors, also fall into the risk group. More often this is atherosclerosis of the aortic arch, which leads to the development of incurable cardiac ischemia.
Symptoms
Clinical signs of a characteristic disease do not appear immediately; at first, atherosclerosis is an asymptomatic diagnosis. Further symptoms depend on the part of the cardiovascular system that receives an insufficient amount of oxygenated blood with valuable nutrients. It is important to determine the organ supplied with blood – the focus of the pathology. The result is impaired activity of the myocardium, brain, and other complications that are not always related to human viability.
Atherosclerosis of heart vessels
If a characteristic illness occurs, the patient’s general well-being gradually worsens, and signs of atherosclerosis make her bedridden and force her to once again issue a sick leave certificate. It is recommended to pay attention to the following symptoms of the disease, which can be temporarily eliminated primarily with medication, alternative methods:
- acute chest pain localized in the myocardium;
- high blood pressure on the sternum;
- signs of angina;
- pain when performing take a deep breath;
- kidney failure;
- risk of heart attack;
- decrease and surges in blood pressure;
- pathological increase pulse
Vessels of the lower extremities
The upper and lower extremities are equally involved in the pathological process against the background of abnormal narrowing of the lumen of the vascular walls of large and medium-sized arteries. Such internal sections are remote from the myocardium, but the severity of the symptoms negatively affects the general condition of the patient and limits his mobility. Signs obliterating atherosclerosis lower limbs the following:
- pain in the legs during long walks;
- numbness of the lower extremities;
- temperature difference between the body and legs, noticeable upon palpation;
- long-term healing of open wounds;
- increased swelling of the lower extremities;
- disturbance of the pulse of the arteries of the legs;
- limited mobility.
Brain vessels
Large arteries are involved in the pathological process, in the structure of which the presence of atherosclerotic plaques is observed. As a result of disrupted blood flow, the usual origin is disrupted nerve impulses into the cerebral cortex, oxygen starvation progresses, and the number of painful attacks of migraines, dizziness and confusion increases. In modern cardiology, the symptoms of such a dangerous disease are as follows:
- frequent dizziness and nausea;
- circles before the eyes;
- discomfort in a stuffy room;
- decreased memory, physical and mental abilities;
- sleep phase disorder;
- emotional instability;
- disturbed metabolic processes;
- signs of mental disorder.
Causes
Before treating atherosclerosis, it is necessary to study the etiology pathological process. It all starts with the formation of blood clots that narrow the lumen of blood vessels, resulting in the formation of atherosclerotic plaques that block the vessels. The cause of the pathology is the accumulation of fats and changes in the chemical composition of the blood. The main causes of such pathogenic mechanisms and risk factors are presented below:
- presence bad habits;
- one of the stages of obesity;
- diabetes;
- dyslipidemia;
- Not proper nutrition;
- physical inactivity;
- genetic factor;
- energy overvoltage;
- arterial hypertension;
- age-related changes body;
- sedentary lifestyle;
- past infectious diseases with complications;
- intoxication and infection;
- pathology endocrine system;
- prolonged exposure to stress.
stages
Having determined what can cause atherosclerosis, an individual consultation with a cardiologist is necessary. Before carrying out clinical examinations And laboratory research, it is shown to study the existing stages of a characteristic illness, the high probability and severity of an acute attack. In modern cardiology, the following stages of atherosclerosis are distinguished:
- First stage. Decrease in the speed of systemic blood flow, growth of fatty spots, lack of painful symptoms.
- Second stage. Liposclerosis is accompanied by the growth and spread of adipose tissue, high probability thrombus and systemic circulatory disorders.
- Third stage. Atherocalcinosis is accompanied by thickening of atherosclerotic plaques, calcium deposition, vascular deformation and narrowing of the lumen with the risk of blockage.
Diagnostics
In modern cardiology, it is impossible to determine coronary atherosclerosis by collecting anamnesis data; in addition to examining the patient and studying his medical history, it is necessary to undergo tests, visit a number of highly specialized specialists, undergo comprehensive examination. The specifics and features of diagnostics include the following areas:
- biochemical analysis blood;
- duplex scanning brachiocephalic arteries and limbs;
- X-ray contrast angiography;
- ECG, stress ECG, EchoCG;
- Ultrasound, CT and MRI;
- Doppler ultrasound of cerebral vessels;
- radiography.
Treatment
If a characteristic disease manifests itself, it is necessary to begin treatment of atherosclerosis in a timely manner. Intensive care can be provided through conservative methods and physiotherapeutic procedures. The main goal is to identify the pathogenic factor and eliminate it from the life of a clinical patient, normalize systemic blood flow, lower bad cholesterol levels with prescribed medications. Traditional treatment is allowed, but all the nuances must be further discussed with the attending physician. If there is no effect, surgery is recommended.
Medication
The first step is to control your daily diet, eliminate fatty and fried foods, limit the consumption of salt, spices, animal fats, fast food. The diet should be balanced and contain a sufficient amount of plant fiber. This will help control weight, treat obesity and remove belly fat, and avoid another attack. As for taking medications, they are determined by knowledgeable cardiologist strictly for medical reasons. These are the following pharmacological groups:
- Nicotinic acid and preparations containing it to provide antiatherogenic properties, eliminate bad cholesterol and triglycerides;
- Bile acid sequestrants to reduce lipid concentrations in cells. These are the drugs Kolestyramine, Colestipol, Colesevelam.
- Beta blockers to eliminate unpleasant symptoms and reduce the severity of a pain attack. These are Carvedilol, Metoprolol, Betaloc.
- Diuretics with a diuretic effect for high-quality blood cleansing of cholesterol. These are Hypothiazide, Diacarb, Indapamide.
- Blockers calcium channels, represented by such medications as Anipamil, Finoptin, Gallopamil.
- Fibrates for the synthesis of own fats. These are Clofibrate, Bezafibrate, Fenofibrate, Bezafibrate, Gemfibrozil.
- Statins to accelerate the breakdown and elimination of fats. These are Simvastatin, Atorvastatin, Rosuvastatin.
Surgical
If conservative methods turn out to be ineffective in practice, the patient is prescribed surgery to eliminate all manifestations of atherosclerosis, ensuring high-quality cleaning of blood vessels and a long period of remission. Since this disease poses a threat to the patient’s life, the doctor suggests one of the following surgical interventions in a hospital setting:
- Thrombolytic therapy. The pathogenic clot dissolves, while the systemic blood flow is normalized and the vessels are cleaned.
- Angioplasty. The vascular lumen expands due to the injection of oxygen using a special medical cylinder.
- Shunting. Creation of new blood flow using vessels, bypassing the potential lesion site.
- Endarterectomy. High-quality cleaning of vascular walls with special instruments, stable positive dynamics are noted.
After the operation, the patient’s sensations are not the most pleasant, so it is necessary a long period rehabilitation. To bring the general condition back to normal, the patient needs to take a course of medication, eliminate exposure to pathogenic factors, give up bad habits and normalize the daily diet. This will be facilitated by vegetable fiber, vitamins, proteins, exclusion from daily ration sugar and harmful lipids. For atherosclerosis, methods can be used alternative medicine, and then the pathogenic factors are easily removable.
Folk remedies
For atherosclerosis, doctors recommend using rosehip decoction, which has a stable diuretic effect. The medicine productively cleans clogged blood vessels, removes harmful cholesterol, lipids, and toxic substances. To prepare a healing decoction, 1 tbsp. l. dry grass steam 1 tbsp. boiling water, infuse and strain, take orally after meals twice a day - morning and evening. Other folk recipes from atherosclerosis are presented below, useful for problematic vessels:
- Grind the roots of elecampane, add 300 ml of water to the finished mixture in a volume of up to 1 hour, add oregano, shepherd's purse, blackberries. Boil, boil for 5-7 minutes. Accept ready-made composition throughout the day in equal portions.
- 50 g Japanese Sophora pour 500 g of vodka, leave in a dark place for 30 days. Take 1 tsp orally. Three times a day, preferably before meals, take a sufficient amount of liquid.
- Place 50 g of cloves in a glass container, pour in 500 ml of vodka, and leave the composition for 2-3 weeks. Take 1 tsp. infusion three times a day, while making sure that there are no chronic stomach diseases.
Onion juice with honey for atherosclerosis
This is an effective remedy against atherosclerosis, which can be prepared at home. Requires 300 g of garlic pressed on a grater ( onions) combine with the juice of three lemons. Stir, place in a glass container, leave in the refrigerator overnight. 1 tsp. dilute the composition in a glass warm water, take orally.
Complications
If the disease atherosclerosis occurs in a complicated form, complications cannot be ruled out even after long-term treatment. The consequences of the operation are especially dangerous, so you need to carefully prepare for surgery, undergo diagnostics and pass all necessary tests. Among potential complications Atherosclerosis is required to highlight the following dangerous pathologies:
- heart failure;
- acute blockage of blood vessels;
- heart attack internal organs;
- sudden death;
- rupture of an arterial aneurysm.
Prevention
To avoid atherosclerosis, productive cleaning of blood vessels requires the use of alternative medicine methods for reliable prevention. In addition, it is recommended to change your usual lifestyle, adhere to the basic rules of proper nutrition, play sports and go for walks. fresh air. If you are prone to atherosclerosis, it would not be superfluous to take a multivitamin complex to strengthen the vascular walls; you should drink enough water to normalize the body’s water metabolism.
Video: atherosclerotic cardiosclerosis
What are the causes of atherosclerosis? Many people believe that only older people can get sick. But this is far from true. It is necessary to find out the causes this disease.
What is atherosclerosis called?
The disease is systemic: the blood vessels of the human body are affected, and the blood vessels of the brain are damaged. All body systems are affected, although the lesion may be located only in one or several parts. The ideal artery is smooth, shiny and even.
The appearance of plaques (growths) on blood vessels causes them to narrow and impede the flow of blood through them. Plaques can grow in “families” and later merge into one growth. You can understand the cause by understanding what cholesterol is. Cholesterol is a complex symbiosis of fat molecules. The classes of compounds in the human body are fats, proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins and more.
Fats are lipids, and protein is protein. The intercellular fluid of the blood combines all molecules, including cholesterol. Molecules (fat) are in close connection with protein molecules. They form a protein-fat complex, referred to in science (medicine) as lipoproteins. These complexes (LC) are involved in the formation of plaques. They are also involved in reverse regeneration (disappearance of atherosclerotic plaques). LP as a separate group is heterogeneous. In medicine, special attention is paid to five groups of lipoproteins; three are of greater interest:
- alpha lipoproteins;
- beta lipoproteins;
- pre-beta lipoproteins.
The first group helps eliminate atherosclerosis, but the next two, on the contrary, cause its development. The cause of the disease is a metabolic disorder.
Risk factors and causes of the disease
Factors are divided into the following groups:
- predisposing;
- provoking;
- contributing.
Predisposing to the development of the disease are those factors that we cannot influence. The following factors will predispose to the development of AS. Firstly, this is the genetics of the structure of an individual human body. Scientists have not yet fully studied this mechanism, but, according to statistics, people whose relatives suffered from hypertension or coronary artery disease are more likely to develop the disease. Secondly, the predisposing factor is the gender of the person. Men are more susceptible to the disease than women. A woman is protected from the occurrence of atherosclerosis up to hormonal changes in the body (menopause) by estrogens.
However, sometimes they talk about the development of atherosclerosis in girls who have a number of bad habits: smoking, alcohol. Taking contraceptives can also affect early atherosclerosis. The third factor is age. The risk of getting the disease in men occurs after 35 years. Finally, the last cause predisposing to atherosclerosis is psychological feature person. Mobile people are most often affected. Blood cholesterol levels can be adjusted by humans. Atherosclerotic plaques form in places where cholesterol accumulates, in damaged areas of the vessel.
Cholesterol is the main component of plaques. It does not dissolve in an aqueous environment, so subsequently the growths take on an increasingly solid state. It becomes more and more difficult for blood to move through the vessels. An incorrect current occurs, the consequences of which are the death of blood cells, gluing them to each other. The plaque is increasing. As a result, a person acquires chronic circulatory failure. Meanwhile, the process of death and gluing continues. Blood clots grow. As a result of the blood clot breaking off, blockage of an artery may occur, which may lead to fatal outcome. Hypertension, in other words, high blood pressure, is a risk factor for the development of atherosclerosis.
With elevated blood pressure, blood moves faster through the circulatory system, as a result of which not only the condition worsens, but also the number of destroyed platelets increases.
Smoking contributes to the development of atherosclerosis. Nicotine found in tobacco products leads to spasms in the blood vessels of the body. The movement of blood cells worsens, and aggregation increases.
This causes the development of atherosclerosis to progress. One cannot help but mention the weight of a person. Increasing body weight also increases the risk of atherosclerotic plaque formation. This is a powerful factor that affects the development of not only atherosclerosis, but also other diseases. Increased body weight puts stress on the body as a whole and affects all systems. Metabolism changes. People do not take this seriously, but poor nutrition leads to obesity, and subsequently to atherosclerosis. This dangerous disease, like diabetes, contributes to the occurrence of atherosclerosis. Carbon metabolism is disrupted, and all blood vessels in the body are damaged.
Often, a person diagnosed with atherosclerosis does not even suspect that he has diabetes. However, these two diseases often accompany each other. A thorough examination of the human body is required to exclude or confirm the diagnosis. Provoking factors that influence atherogenesis are stressful situations and bad habits. This has already been discussed above. These two factors provoke the development of AS.
Treatment of atherosclerosis
The disease is of the following types:
- cerebral atherosclerosis;
Only a doctor should establish a diagnosis and the causes of atherosclerosis. If the stage of development of AS is initial, then changes in lifestyle are recommended: giving up bad habits, following a special diet, bringing cholesterol to normal indicators.
It is important to be examined by a doctor at least once every 5 years. If the patient is at high risk, lifestyle changes and re-examination are recommended three months after the modification.
It is necessary to undergo examination at least once a year. If the risk remains high, medications are prescribed.
Diet
Compliance with the diet is recommended for each patient. The doctor takes into account cholesterol levels and other risk factors and prescribes an individual diet. Food should be different, nutrition - balanced. The daily caloric content must be maintained. The amount of fat consumed should not exceed 30% per day. It is recommended to replace animal fat with vegetable fat. Fruits and vegetables should be at least 400 g per day. It is beneficial to consume low-fat foods, such as poultry, grain baked goods, low-fat cottage cheese, fish rich in omega-3 fatty acids, dairy products. It is recommended to limit your salt intake.
By strictly following a diet, they normalize the level of cholesterol in the blood, thereby eliminating the risk of atherosclerosis. The existing stage of the disease is reduced to normal levels. Every person must take care of themselves. We must not forget that life is given once and only a person can prolong it by taking responsibility for his health.
In this material on our website (about cholesterol) you will learn about what it is - atherosclerosis? That is, what kind of disease is this, and what are its symptoms/signs? And also get acquainted with the causes of the disease and stages of development. Learn about diagnostic methods and methods modern treatment and competent prevention (in order to reduce the risk of developing the disease).
Atherosclerosis – what is it and how is it dangerous for human health?
Atherosclerosis (from the Greek words: “athera” / gruel + “sclerosis” / hardening) is a chronic disease of blood vessels (occurring due to lipid metabolism disorders). As a result, right inside their walls, layers of “conditionally bad” LDL cholesterol are “superimposed” on each other. Thus, forming atherosclerotic/cholesterol plaques. In addition, over time, the walls of the vessels thicken and harden (become inelastic), and also deform, narrowing the lumen as much as possible, up to complete blockage (i.e. obturation).
The gradual narrowing of the lumen inside the vessels is a rather dangerous development wide range serious illnesses (such as ischemic disease heart, cerebrovascular accidents, etc.). Complete blockage is fraught with heart attack, stroke or gangrene (of the extremities).
Unfortunately, due to the many negative factors that “gives” us modern world(stress, lack of exercise, poor diet and other problems), even men and women aged 35-40 years can feel the symptoms of this disease (except for older people). At the same time, the first ones (i.e., men) are most at risk of developing, due to the lack of estrogens in their bodies. The so-called female sex hormones, which “by nature” cleanse the blood of excess “bad” cholesterol, and reliably protect against calcium imbalance (one of the key “building materials” of atheromatous plaques).
Symptoms (signs) of vascular atherosclerosis
There are 2 important points worth noting here. First: on initial stage development, as a rule, the symptoms of atherosclerosis are completely invisible (which, by the way, is the insidiousness of the disease). Second: the examples below may signal other diseases that only (!) your attending physician will accurately determine. Therefore, it is important not to “self-diagnose” yourself (based only on articles read on the Internet), and also not (!) to practice self-medication!
Problems with cerebral vessels
The main symptoms of cerebral atherosclerosis (brain vessels), which can appear at virtually any age (but are most pronounced after 45 years):
- sleep disturbances (difficulty falling asleep (and equally after waking up) / frequent awakenings at night / occurrence of nightmares);
- headaches (“pressing”, “dull”, “aching” or in the form of “pins and needles”), especially immediately after physical or emotional stress/ more often, “wandering”, that is, without clear localization);
- tinnitus (first appearing after overexertion, and then without any reason, combined with dizziness);
- fatigue and irritability (especially when performing everyday tasks that were previously easy);
- decreased memory and concentration (difficulty concentrating on new or routine tasks);
- some problems with the nervous system (anxiety, excessive excitability, apathy, suspicion, etc.);
- disturbances in vision, speech, breathing, or even eating (for example, a person began to choke frequently while eating);
- impaired coordination of movement (fear of open space / legs “give” when going outside);
- intolerance to bright light and loud sounds.
Heart problems
Alarming symptoms of atherosclerosis thoracic aorta hearts include:
- “pressing”, “dull”, “aching” and “burning” pain in the chest area, especially radiating under the shoulder blade, to the left forearm (further to the hands and fingers);
- frequent sensations of “compression” in the chest (as if something heavy had been placed on it);
- pain occurs when breathing (and not only when inhaling, but also when exhaling);
- increased systolic (i.e. “upper”) blood pressure;
- paroxysmal angina / dizziness / shortness of breath;
- some physical manifestations(premature gray hair, wen on the face, light stripes on the iris of the eyes, abnormal hair growth in ears etc.).
The most common symptoms of atherosclerosis of the abdominal aorta of the heart:
- bowel dysfunction (expressed in alternating constipation and diarrhea)
- frequent bloating (abnormal gas formation, increased flatulence);
- sudden weight loss (in a relatively short period of time);
- aching/wandering pain in the navel area (especially occurring after eating and disappearing after 2 hours);
- problems with sexual life (mostly in men).
Problems with blood vessels of the lower extremities
Supposed symptoms of obliterating atherosclerosis (vessels of the lower extremities):
- frequent sensations of “chilliness” or “numbness” of the limbs (from “pins and needles” to complete loss of sensitivity);
- too pale (“marbled”) skin on the legs (when even the smallest blood vessels are clearly visible);
- loss of fat layer on the thighs, legs and feet (especially, in combination with hair loss, in the above areas of the body);
- “intermittent claudication” associated with paroxysmal pain in the thighs, buttocks and calves;
- redness of the fingers (formation of wounds - trophic ulcers).
- on the very last stage– rapidly rapid tissue necrosis (or gangrene), requiring (!) emergency medical care(to avoid limb amputation).
Causes of atherosclerosis
The main causes of the development of atherosclerosis depend on many factors, of which the most negative is a violation of lipid metabolism. Depending on the proper treatment and a firm decision by the person himself to change his lifestyle, the destructive process can slow down. That is why modern doctors conditionally divide all the causes of this disease into 3 main groups:
- the first is irreparable (gender, age, family heredity);
- the second is correctable (bad habits, poor diet, physical inactivity, stress);
- and the third - partially removable (mostly, these are curable or already chronic diseases).
Floor
As practice has shown, in terms of the degree of risk of developing atherosclerosis, men are less “lucky” than women. Not only does the intensive development of this disease, as a rule, begin 10 years earlier in them (men - 45/50 years; women - 50/55 years), but also the incidence rates are 4 times higher. Unlike male and female sex hormones, estrogens are effective protection from changes in the level of lipid fractions. However, after menopause, women also become unprotected.
Age
Is natural factor, promoting the development of vascular atherosclerosis. From birth, i.e. since infancy, the aging process of the body has already begun. IN teenage years(10-15 years) subject to an incorrect/inactive lifestyle (for example, sitting at the computer with “chips”) it gains momentum/accelerates. After 40-45 years it becomes noticeably noticeable: significant atherosclerotic changes in blood vessels occur. Of course, by applying drastic treatment measures, this process can be significantly slowed down.
Heredity
Some cardiologists believe that atherosclerosis runs in families / hereditary disease, which can occur among family members at the same age for several generations (even three/four). According to research results, it can even manifest itself in different vascular areas. There is a hypothesis that the most important “impetus” for the development of the disease is nervous overstrain (frequent stress).
The risk of developing the disease increases if, for example, your father or brother was diagnosed with heart disease before age 55. And also, for example, if your mother or sister had a heart attack before the age of 65.
Bad habits
Most dangerous habit is smoking, due to the negative impact of both nicotine itself and other (no less harmful) elements on the walls of blood vessels. The situation is aggravated by counterfeit tobacco products (or without a filter) produced in “handicraft” conditions.
Smoking can damage blood vessels, i.e. “squeezing” them increases blood pressure, as well as the level of bad cholesterol in the blood plasma. It also does not allow enough oxygen to reach the tissues of the body.
With regards to alcoholic beverages, then (!) Their normalized amount (according to most scientists) is considered an excellent prevention of atherosclerosis. However, it should be borne in mind that this “business” (pleasant, but dangerous) can lead to psychological dependence (alcoholism) or cirrhosis of the liver.
Sedentary lifestyle
Physical inactivity (mainly a "sedentary" lifestyle) seriously disrupts the metabolism of fats and carbohydrates, creates problems in blood circulation. Which ultimately leads not only to the development of atherosclerosis, but also to obesity, diabetes, and other (no less dangerous) diseases.
"Office" professions (all day, sitting at your desk), and then evening leisure exclusively on the couch or in front of the computer - this treacherous enemies, which slowly but surely “ruin” our body. Creating the illusion of comfort.
Stress (emotional stress)
Stressful situations at work (change of profession, dismissal), at home (divorces, conflicts in the family), financial difficulties, feelings of anxiety are serious reasons that increase the risk of developing atherosclerosis (and a number of cardiovascular diseases).
It is definitely worth noting that prolonged exposure to stress (or deep depression) can increase risks by more than 2-3 times (and depending on gender or age - even more). The most serious “shocks” are frequent attacks anger.
Know how to relax and unwind! If this doesn’t work, then consult a psychologist. As the Eastern sages said: “If you do not find time for rest and relaxation, then soon you will have to look for it for treatment.”
Postmenopause
As a result of endocrine changes, along with dangerous risks of developing diseases such as osteoporosis, obesity, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus and other diseases, the risks of atherosclerosis increase. The lack of estrogen leads to excessive deposition of “bad” cholesterol on the walls of blood vessels, forming plaques. At this stage of life, it is strongly recommended: a set of physical exercises and proper diet(to increase the level of “good” HDL cholesterol in the blood serum).
Poor nutrition
Fried / spicy food. Foods high in animal fats (saturated and trans fats), sodium (salt) and sugar. Light snacks on the run with “fast foods” and “hot dogs”. The most are the latter, since due to multiple heat treatment oils (due to the “savings” of unscrupulous sellers) form carcinogens that provoke the development of a wide range of cancer diseases.
Diseases and other disorders
- hypertension (arterial hypertension at or above 140/90 mm Hg or 130/80 mm Hg for diabetes mellitus or chronic kidney disease);
- obesity - a violation of the relationship between body weight and height (especially abdominal intra-abdominal obesity– around the waist);
- diabetes mellitus (increases risks up to 7 times compared to other options);
- dyslipidemia (hyperlipidemia/hyperlipoproteinemia);
- hypothyroidism (low levels of thyroid hormones);
- homocysteinuria (hereditary metabolic defects);
- hyperfibrinogenemia (high level of fibrinogen in the blood plasma / “thick blood”);
- infections (intoxication) – especially cytomegalovirus and chlamydial.
- metabolic disorders.
Other risk factors for atherosclerosis
- An increased content of C-reactive protein (CRP, English C-Reactives Protein - CRP), in itself, is a sign of inflammation in the body.
- High levels of triglycerides in the blood can also increase the risk of developing atherosclerosis, especially in women.
- lipid profile disorders. In particular, high levels of LDL/LDL cholesterol (relatively “bad” cholesterol) and low HDL level/ HDL cholesterol (conditionally "good" cholesterol).
- Sleep apnea is a disorder that causes one or more pauses in breathing or shallow breaths during sleep, lasting up to 10 seconds. Accompanied by loud snoring and frequent awakenings. This disease can increase the risk of high blood pressure, diabetes, and even a heart attack or stroke.
Stages of development of atherosclerosis
Modern medicine distinguishes three main/sequential stages in the development of this disease.
Stage one: formation of lipid spots / stripes
The main feature of the initial stage of development of the disease is that the symptoms of atherosclerosis, as such, do not manifest themselves in humans. Due to the absence of any specific disorders, problems in blood circulation through the arteries are almost impossible to update.
During this phase, the following events occur. Molecules of lipoprotein complexes begin to penetrate the damaged structures of the arterial walls (individual sections of the bloodstream, especially at the branches), forming a thin fatty layer. Visually (i.e. under a microscope), these changes can be observed in the form of elongated yellowish stripes.
At first, protective enzymes in the artery walls try to restore their integrity and dissolve LDL / VLDL cholesterol, proteins and other elements of the lipoprotein complex, but over time the “safety mechanism” is depleted and the next stage begins (which will be discussed below). Accelerate the process: cardiovascular disease, diabetes and obesity.
Stage two: liposclerosis (layering and inflammation of lipid streaks)
This stage is characterized by inflammation of lipid strips, due to the fact that the body begins to actively fight the problem. A focus of chronic inflammation is formed, as a result of which the lipid/fat layer decomposes, and new connective tissue begins to grow in its place.
This is how atherosclerotic plaques are formed, still weak and liquid (easily dissolved), but already quite dangerous. Over time, this combination of fats, tissue fibers and calcium begins to increase in size, forming specific elevations above the walls of the arteries. Location of the lesion: under the endothelium (between the inner and outer walls of the vessels).
Accordingly, those areas of the walls of blood vessels (where cholesterol plaques are located / “attached”) quickly lose their elasticity and can crack, and this is fraught with the formation of blood clots. In addition, some fragments may come off from the still young and therefore loose surface of the plaques, posing a threat to vessels with small lumens (clogging them).
Stage three: atherocalcinosis (serious complications)
This is the final stage in the development of atherosclerosis, which is characterized by the manifestation of a wide range of complications associated with the formation/growth and deformation of fibrous plaques. It is during this period of time that clearly defined (local) symptoms of the disease begin to appear, usually associated with disruption of normal blood supply.
The most dangerous complications of atherosclerosis are the rupture of fibrous (advanced atherosclerotic) plaques, accompanied by a large release of blood, and the formation of blood clots that clog the lumens of blood vessels. In acute forms of blockage (occlusion), the risk of stroke increases significantly. When large arteries, especially those supplying the limbs, are blocked, necrosis (death) of tissue or gangrene occurs.
Diagnosis of atherosclerosis
Diagnosis of a wide range of diseases associated with the development of atherosclerosis includes:
- detailed questioning of the patient (history collection) to identify important symptoms disease (progressing in the heart, brain or limbs), as well as previously suffered diseases (heart attacks, strokes, kidney pathologies);
- initial examination of the patient: from appearance (for “aging”, changes in skin color, hair loss, etc.) to palpation of the arteries, listening to systolic murmurs or other special functional tests;
- taking tests for cholesterol content in venous blood (high and low density lipoproteins, triglycerides) to determine the atherogenicity coefficient (index) (and lipid balance in general;
- X-ray (and, if necessary, angiographic) examination of internal organs and vessels in the chest area;
- Ultrasound (ultrasound) examination (to detect a decrease in speed main blood flow and availability cholesterol plaques);
- other methods and methods determined by the attending physicians (depending on the specifics of the disease).
Modern methods of treating atherosclerosis
Modern medical practice involves two main methods of treating atherosclerosis: drug therapy (in 80% of cases) and surgical intervention(in 20% of cases). How to treat atherosclerosis?
Drug treatment
In most cases, to eliminate the main cause of the disease, doctors prescribe special drugs(drugs for vascular atherosclerosis), including 4 main groups: statins, fibrates, nicotinic acid and bile acid sequestrants.
This method of treating atherosclerosis is practiced in conjunction with an (individually selected) diet and a set of physical exercises. For diseases of the extremities, the use of physiotherapy is permissible. So, about the drugs...
Bile acid sequestrants– are polymeric insoluble compounds (ion exchange resins), the main task of which is to “bind” bad cholesterol, as well as those synthesized from it bile acids in the liver. As a result, the level of cholesterol in the body's cells quickly decreases.
Please note: with long-term / “protracted” treatment with these drugs, intestinal problems may occur (first alarming symptoms: diarrhea and flatulence). It is for this reason that “fat sequestrants” are usually prescribed at the initial stage of development of atherosclerosis or for short-term prophylaxis.
For the treatment of atherosclerosis they are used for the most effective reduction cholesterol levels in the blood serum, blocking its synthesis in the liver. Due to the identification of many side effects, these days, together with statin drugs, experienced doctors Other medications are usually prescribed to support normal work heart, liver and intestines. For insurance.
They are relatively new and (as practice has shown) quite effective drugs against atherosclerosis. Usually prescribed in combination with statins. Since the mechanism of action of these drugs is not aimed (!) at reducing cholesterol, but (by destroying their structure). Not suitable for patients suffering from liver disease (or predisposed to it).
Medicines - derivatives nicotinic acid () . Having a lot of advantages, one of which is an excellent vasodilating effect, they are an important component in the program. complex treatment atherosclerosis. Despite many advantages, they are strictly contraindicated for patients suffering from diabetes, gallbladder diseases and liver failure.
Surgical operations
In the case of high risks of atherosclerosis (vascular occlusion by a cholesterol plaque or thrombus), modern medicine recommends urgent surgical intervention. At the moment, in the treatment of atherosclerosis, modern medicine has the following types operations:
Open type(surgical removal of atherosclerotic plaques or straightening of the tortuosity - endarterectomy).
Bypass surgery (invasive method). In this case, surgeons suture the affected area of the vessel to a healthy one (or “bypass” it with an implant) in order to form a new blood line. As a result, there is a gradual restoration of the blood supply to the tissues.
Prosthetics. With the help of innovative materials (the latest advances in medicine), the affected vessel (after resection / removal) is completely replaced with a graft.
Balloon angioplasty and artery stenting. When the lumen of the narrowed vessel is expanded with a balloon, then (if necessary) stents are installed (special metal tabs to hold the lumen in the arteries / vessels). In practice it looks like this: via femoral artery a catheter is inserted, and under the control of a mini-camera, it is “led” (through the bloodstream) to the affected area. Next, surgeons perform the actions described above.
Another effective method treatment of atherosclerosis, as well as a number of other serious diseases (especially deadly) is a prayer to God. Followed by - in the right way life: both for the body/organism and for the soul. Faith is a powerful force! Not all of us are descended from monkeys, most of the educated people are descendants of Adam created by God.
Prevention of atherosclerosis
Preventive measures to prevent atherosclerosis include a complete rejection of bad habits (especially smoking), the normalization of the emotional background (the exclusion of stressful "foci"). As well as proper nutrition, systematic exercise (according to age category/ general health of a person) and smooth weight loss.
Smart nutrition
In order to prevent atherosclerosis, foods high in trans fats, salt and sugar should be completely excluded from your diet. Replace convenience foods and fried foods with cereals, vegetables, berries and fruits. Everyone should use vegetable oils (the most useful are olive and flaxseed with the content of the omega-3 complex). Eat fish dishes at least 2 times a week.
Weight loss
According to reputable doctors, for a metabolic shift in better side(with subsequent increase in level good HDL cholesterol, which “washes out” LDL bad cholesterol from the walls of blood vessels - the culprit in the formation of atherosclerotic plaques) it is enough to reduce weight even by 6-7%. The best remedies for weight loss are low calorie diet and a set of physical exercises.
Health-improving set of exercises
An active lifestyle should begin with minimal exercise recommended by treating specialists. Depending on age and general condition health. The best place to start is daily walks in the fresh air. The ideal option (which you should strive for) is 30/45 minute workouts 3-4 times a week. Especially relevant for women after active phase menopause and men suffering from abdominal obesity.
Video about atherosclerosis
Good day, dear readers!
In this article we will look at such a disease of blood vessels as atherosclerosis, as well as its causes, symptoms, prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis, using traditional and folk remedies.
Atherosclerosis– chronic arterial disease, characteristic feature which is the deposition of cholesterol and other fats on the inner walls of blood vessels. Subsequently, this “clogging” causes the walls of the vessels to thicken, the lumen to decrease, their elasticity to be lost, resulting in blockages of the vessels. Due to the deformation of blood vessels, there is a load on the heart, because it needs more effort to pump blood.
The result of atherosclerosis is diseases such as hypertension (hypertension), necrosis, etc.
According to statistics for 2000, in Russia, 800 people die from cardiovascular diseases per 100,000 people! At the same time, in France there are 182 people, in Japan 187. Scientists have recognized that the reason for this situation is nutrition and lifestyle. Of course, in this year 2016, when the distribution of GMO products has gained incredible momentum, and really good food costs such a sum that most people cannot afford to buy them, the death rate continues to grow.
In this regard, it has been established that atherosclerosis is most often affected by middle-aged and elderly people, although there have been cases when this disease was identified in children.
ICD
ICD-10: I70
ICD-9: 440
The development of atherosclerosis begins from the human circulatory system. At healthy person, blood, circulating in blood vessels, delivers oxygen and nutrients to all organs and tissues. With a normal diet, cholesterol is also present in the blood.
Cholesterol- organic compound, - natural fatty (lipophilic) alcohol, which is contained in cell membranes ah body. Cholesterol plays an important role in the protection of cell membranes, and is also necessary for the production of steroid hormones (cortisol, estrogen, testosterone, etc.), bile acids, as well as normal functioning immune and nervous systems.
Cholesterol is insoluble in water, and accordingly, it cannot independently enter the tissues of the body, therefore, the function of delivering it through the blood to all organs is performed by transporter proteins (apolipoproteins), which are found in complex compounds - cholesterol with other compounds.
Apolipoproteins are divided into 4 groups:
- high molecular weight (HDL, HDL (high density lipoprotein))
- low molecular weight (LDL, LDL, (low density lipoproteins))
- very low molecular weight (VLDL, VLDL, very low density lipoproteins);
- chylomicrons.
Depending on the “address” (body part) of delivery, different of these apolipoproteins perform the function. LDL, VLDL and chylomicrons combine with cholesterol and deliver it to peripheral tissues. But LDL (low-density lipoproteins) are poorly soluble and tend to precipitate. Due to this, cholesterol combined with LDL is called “bad” cholesterol.
Problems begin when an excess of cholesterol in the body, together with LDL, precipitates, which adheres to the walls of blood vessels and forms atherosclerotic plaques.
Here I would also like to note that low-density lipoproteins are counteracted by high-density lipoproteins (HDL), which protect the walls of blood vessels from their negative effects, but HDL, unfortunately, is 2 times less.
Atherosclerotic plaques– formations that consist of cholesterol, other fats, low-density lipoproteins and. They form under the endothelium (the inner surface of blood vessels), in places where it is damaged.
Under the endothelium (between the outer and inner walls of the vessel), i.e. in the thickness of the vessels, various substances are synthesized that regulate blood clotting, as well as the health of the vessels themselves.
So, as the atherosclerotic plaque grows, the lumen of the vessel narrows, and there is a risk of its rupture, from where a blood clot enters the vessel.
Thrombus- an accumulation of cells, mainly platelets and blood proteins. To put it simply, a thrombus is a clot of coagulated blood that occurs in places where blood vessels are damaged.
The thrombus aggravates the situation by further narrowing the lumen of the vessel, but main danger from it is that a piece can come off from it, which, moving further along the vessels, reaches a place where the diameter of the lumen of the vessel is less than the thrombus. Further, in this place a blockage of the vessel occurs, and the tissues and organs “cut off” from the blood supply begin to die.
Of course, the process of development of atherosclerosis described above is a simplified form of explanation, but I hope that I was able to describe the overall picture.
Causes of atherosclerosis
At the moment, the causes of atherosclerosis continue to be studied. Let's highlight the most known reasons:
- endothelial dysfunction;
— damage to the endothelium by viruses (herpes virus, cytomegalovirus, etc.);
- damage to the vascular wall by chlamydia, mainly Chlamydia pneumoniae;
- abnormalities in the functioning of leukocytes and macrophages;
- primary accumulation of a large number of lipoproteins in the thickness of the blood vessel;
— deviations in the functioning of the antioxidant system;
- an increase in the level of adrenocorticotropic and gonadotropic hormones with age, which leads to an imbalance of hormones necessary for regulating cholesterol.
Among the factors that provoke the development of atherosclerosis are:
— bad habits (drinking alcohol, smoking);
— hypertension (): blood pressure level from 140/90 mm Hg. Art.;
- hyperlipoproteinemia;
- sedentary lifestyle;
- unhealthy diet;
— ;
— ;
— ;
- heredity;
— ;
- homocysteinuria;
- hyperfibrinogenemia;
- postmenopause;
- age;
- metabolic disorders.
Symptoms of atherosclerosis largely depend on the location where it develops, as well as the vessel affected. Consider the most popular places lesions and accompanying signs of this disease.
Atherosclerosis of the heart
Coronary atherosclerosis. Occurs as a result of damage to the coronary vessels by atherosclerotic plaques. Based on this, the flow of oxygen to the heart (myocardium) decreases and nutrients.
Symptoms of coronary atherosclerosis:
Atherosclerosis of the aorta of the heart. It occurs as a result of damage to the main vessel of the heart, the aorta, by atherosclerotic plaques.
Symptoms of atherosclerosis of the aorta of the heart:
- burning periodic pain in the chest area;
- increase in systolic (upper);
- periodic dizziness;
- premature aging, graying;
- difficulty swallowing food;
— enhanced growth hair in the ears;
- appearance of wen on the face.
Atherosclerosis of the abdominal region
Atherosclerosis of the abdominal region (cardiac aorta). Occurs as a result of damage to atherosclerotic plaques of the aorta in the abdominal area.
Symptoms of atherosclerosis of the abdominal aorta
Symptoms of cerebral atherosclerosis
Conditionally acceptable food products (minimum quantity): vegetable oil (30-40 g/day), beef and lamb (no more than 90-150 g), egg (no more than 2 pieces per week), whole milk, White bread, pasta.
What not to eat if you have atherosclerosis: butter, hard margarine, animal fat, caviar, egg yolks, brains, kidneys, liver, heart, tongue, meat with visible fat, sausages, ham, frankfurters, duck, goose, sour cream, full-fat milk, cream, full-fat cottage cheese, full-fat cheeses, curd cheeses, processed cheeses, ice cream, vegetables ( cooked in fat), fruits (candied, sweetened), chocolate, sweets, marmalade, marshmallows, jam and preserves.
For the treatment of atherosclerosis, M.I. Pevzner developed a special dietary food — .
In addition, it is necessary to minimize the use of:
- saturated fatty acids;
— ;
— table salt– no more than 8 g per day.
Medicines for atherosclerosis
Medicines for atherosclerosis are used for:
— correction of blood pressure levels;
— control of diabetes mellitus;
— corrections metabolic syndrome;
— normalization of the lipid spectrum.
Depending on the above goals, they are divided into 4 main groups:
1. Drugs that block the absorption of cholesterol by the walls of blood vessels and organs.
2. Drugs that reduce the synthesis of cholesterol and triglycerides in the liver, as well as their concentration in the blood.
3. Drugs that increase the breakdown and excretion of atherogenic lipids and lipoproteins from the body.
4. Additional drugs.
Group 1: drugs that block the absorption of cholesterol by the walls of blood vessels and organs
IA - anion exchange resins: Gemfibrozil, Cholestyramine. This group of drugs absorb cholesterol and are then removed from the body along with it. The disadvantage is that vitamins and other substances are absorbed along with cholesterol. medicines.
IB – plant sorbents:"Guarem", "β-sitosterol". This group of drugs interferes with the absorption of cholesterol by the intestines.
Group 1 drugs can cause dyspepsia.
Group 2: drugs that block the absorption of cholesterol by the walls of blood vessels and organs
IIA (statins): lovastatin (Apexstatin, Mevacor, Medostatin), simvastatin (Vasilip, Zocor, Simvor), fluvastatin (Leskol), pravastatin (Lipostat, Pravachol), atorvastatin (Liprimar ", "Torvacard"), rosuvastatin ("Crestor"). Contraindications: should not be taken by pregnant women, nursing mothers, children, those with liver disease, or in combination with alcohol. Side effects: alopecia, myopathy, dyspepsia, rhabdomyolysis, impotence, hepatotoxicity.
IIB (fibrates): fenofibrate (Traykor), bezafibrate (Bezalip), ciprofibrate (Lipanor). Side effects: dyspepsia, myositis. Fenofibrates are the newest drugs, therefore, in the treatment of atherosclerosis, they are preferred. Fenofibrates are also used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
IIC: nicotinic acid (“Enduracin”). Side effects: , pruritus, dyspepsia. Not recommended for use with diabetes.
ID: probucol (“Fenbutol”). Reduce sterol synthesis.
Group 3: drugs that increase the breakdown and excretion of atherogenic lipids and lipoproteins from the body
Unsaturated fatty acids: Linetol, Lipostabil, Omacor, Polyspamine, Thiogamma, Tribuspamin. Side effects: increased effect of antihyperglycemic drugs.
Group 4: additional drugs
Endotheliotropic drugs (nourish the endothelium): pyricarbate (“Anginin”, “Parmidin”), synthetic analogues of prostacyclin (“Vasoprostan”, “Misoprostol”), E (tocopherol) and C (ascorbic acid).
Important! Before using folk remedies against atherosclerosis, be sure to consult your doctor!
The site provides reference information. Adequate diagnosis and treatment of the disease is possible under the supervision of a conscientious physician. Any drugs have contraindications. Specialist consultation required
Stenosing atherosclerosis is usually widespread, that is, it affects many vessels simultaneously, and therefore manifests itself in a variety of ways. clinical symptoms. This type of atherosclerosis is almost impossible to completely cure; you can only stop the process and restore lost vascular patency.
Symptoms of stenosing atherosclerosis:
1. Brain symptoms:
- severe headaches that do not go away after taking medications and after sleep;
- weakness, malaise, sleep disturbance, inattention, impaired concentration, memory deterioration, gradually reaching partial loss, and so on;
- decreased vision, up to its loss;
- slurred speech, in severe cases – skewed facial expressions;
- decreased skin sensitivity, paresis of the limbs (paralysis).
3. Kidney symptoms characterized by increased blood pressure and the development of arterial hypertension.
4. Intestinal symptoms:
- intestinal gangrene (death of tissue gastrointestinal tract) – occurs when complete violation blood circulation of the mesenteric vessels.
Obliterating atherosclerosis of the lower extremities, what is it, what are the symptoms and prognosis?
Stenosing atherosclerosis of the lower extremities is called obliterating atherosclerosis of the vessels of the lower extremities(obliteration - complete closure of the lumen of a blood vessel). Gradually, from a vessel affected by atherosclerosis, anastomoses
– additional more small vessels, which partially restore blood circulation in “oxygen-starved” tissues, which is a compensation mechanism. When compensatory mechanisms end, there is a complete cessation of blood circulation in a certain area of the lower extremities, as a result - an extreme degree of obliterating atherosclerosis - gangrene, in which it is very difficult to save the limb. Therefore, it is extremely important to identify atherosclerosis of the vessels of the extremities early stages, because with the help of medication and/or surgical treatment it is possible to prevent the development of gangrene.
Symptoms of obliterating atherosclerosis of the lower extremities:
Sections of the aorta:
- ascending aorta;
- aortic arch;
- descending aorta (divided into thoracic and abdominal parts);
- aortic bifurcation - the place where the vessel bifurcates into two iliac arteries, feeding the lower limbs.
Any part of the aorta can be affected, and depending on the location, certain symptoms occur.
Symptoms of atherosclerosis of the ascending aorta, arch and thoracic descending aorta:
- heartache paroxysmal compressive character, as with angina pectoris, pain can radiate to the arms, neck, stomach, back;
- pulsation of visible vessels between the ribs;
- increased blood pressure due to systolic (upper);
- dizziness and fainting;
- hoarseness of voice, impaired swallowing (with atherosclerosis of the aortic arch);
- rarely convulsive syndrome.
- periodic abdominal pain;
- bowel dysfunction - constipation;
- indigestion : heartburn, nausea, heaviness in the stomach after eating;
- weight loss.
Symptoms of atherosclerosis of the aortic bifurcation:
Aortic aneurysm– this is a protrusion of the vascular wall in a place above the area of the vessel blocked by an atherosclerotic plaque.
When blood flow through the aorta is obstructed, a large volume of blood is retained and stretches the vessel wall (containing a large amount of smooth muscle). In this case, over time, the elasticity of the stretched wall is lost and the aortic aneurysm ruptures. The mortality rate from this complication is very high; it is possible to help a person only with emergency surgery.
Symptoms of a ruptured aortic aneurysm:
- sharp acute pain in the chest or abdomen;
- a sharp decrease in blood pressure;
- shock, coma, if not provided urgent assistance death of the patient in a short time.
- diagnosis of atherosclerosis;
- computed tomography of the chest or abdomen;
- Ultrasound of the abdominal cavity.
Treatment of aortic atherosclerosis. The principles of treatment of aortic atherosclerosis are the same as for other atherosclerotic manifestations (diet, statins, anticoagulants, and so on). In the presence of an aortic aneurysm in the phase of dissection of the vascular wall (precedes the rupture of the aneurysm) or rupture, they resort to to surgical treatment methods:
- the affected area of the aorta is removed and replaced with an artificial vessel, or own vessels are transplanted from healthy areas (bypass);
- a special tissue is applied to the area of the aneurysm, which prevents its rupture - the operation eliminates the life-threatening condition, but does not radically solve the problem (palliative surgery).
Atherosclerosis in diabetes, why does it occur and how does it manifest?
Diabetes mellitus puts a person at risk for the development of atherosclerosis. Diabetics are 5 times more likely to suffer from this vascular pathology, both young and old patients. And the mortality rate in this group of patients from complications of atherosclerosis is twice as high as in non-diabetics.
The course of atherosclerosis against the background of diabetes mellitus is more aggressive, severe, with frequent complications and the speed of the process.
For diabetes Absolutely all types of vessels can be affected, but most often it is observed atherosclerosis of such vessels:
- coronary;
- renal;
- cerebral vessels;
- fundus vessels;
- arteries and capillaries of the lower extremities.
The effect of diabetes mellitus on the risk of developing atherosclerosis:
1.
Poor nutrition. People with type 2 diabetes often have an unhealthy diet, high in fat, which in itself increases the risk of developing atherosclerosis.
2.
Dysregulation of fat metabolism. In diabetes mellitus, a high level of blood lipoproteins (beta fractions) is observed, the synthesis of phospholipids (“useful” fats) is impaired, and a violation of the functions of the liver and pancreas involved in lipid metabolism develops.
3.
Malnutrition of the vascular wall against the background of diabetes mellitus, it contributes to an increase in vascular permeability and cholesterol deposition.
4.
Violation of oxidation processes in the form of ketoacidosis, they contribute to the deposition of cholesterol plaques and the formation of connective tissue and calcium salts in it.
5.
Bleeding disorder and increased formation of blood clots lead to clogging of vessels affected by atherosclerosis.
6.
Specific vascular lesions for diabetes mellitus - diabetic angiopathy
are also directly related to atherosclerosis.
7.
High risk of developing arterial hypertension in diabetics and other diseases of the cardiovascular system, which is the main risk factor for the development of atherosclerosis.
Symptoms of atherosclerosis against the background of diabetes are the same as in non-diabetics, only more pronounced and rapidly developing.
Complications of atherosclerosis in diabetes:
- aneurysms of the aorta and other vessels, their ruptures;
- organ ischemia;
- coronary heart disease and myocardial infarction;
- diabetic encephalopathy, leading to strokes;
- nephropathy and, as a result, chronic renal failure;
- angiopathy of the fundus vessels leads to retinal detachment and blindness;
- Damage to the lower extremities over time leads to long-term non-healing trophic ulcers(diabetic foot) and gangrene, which often requires leg amputation.
Photo: diabetic foot.
Principles of treatment of atherosclerosis in diabetes mellitus:
- diet and insulin therapy, monitoring blood glucose levels;
- healthy lifestyle, giving up bad habits;
- blood pressure control, treatment of arterial hypertension;
- proper care behind the legs;
- taking medications that lower cholesterol levels, nicotinic acid and others medications for the treatment of atherosclerosis;
- if necessary and possible, surgical methods treatment of atherosclerosis.
- control over blood sugar levels, regular and controlled intake of insulin injections;
- proper nutrition, associated not only with the control of carbohydrates eaten, but also fats;
- physical activity(but not heavy exercise stress);
- quit smoking, do not abuse alcohol;
- regular monitoring of lipid profile;
- blood pressure monitoring, ECG and so on.
Cholesterol in atherosclerosis, myths and truth
As you already understand, the main cause of atherosclerosis is the increased level of fats and cholesterol in the blood, and the condition of the vascular wall. They talk a lot about complete refusal from cholesterol. Does eliminating cholesterol from the diet really have a positive effect on atherosclerosis and on the body as a whole, and is cholesterol itself almost a poison for the body? Let's try to figure this out.
Cholesterol (cholesterol) is a fat molecule that enters our body with food or is synthesized by the liver from other types of fats. If, with a lack of cholesterol, the body begins to produce it itself, then a person needs it.
Why do we need cholesterol?
- bile components (bile acids) are synthesized from it;
- cholesterol is a building block for the structure of the cell wall of all types of cells, ensures cell permeability for nutrients, ions and other components;
- participates in the absorption of vitamin D, necessary for bone growth and strength, as well as many other vitamins;
- Some hormones are synthesized from it (sex hormones, adrenal hormones - glucocorticosteroids, and so on).
As we can see, many vital processes cannot take place without cholesterol: digestion, the structure of new cells, including immune cells, the functioning of the endocrine system, reproductive processes, etc. So cholesterol is not poison and is not only not dangerous for us, but also very useful. Complete exclusion of cholesterol and other fats from the diet may cure atherosclerosis, but it will also significantly harm the body as a whole. Cholesterol is useful and harmful. Good cholesterol is found in high density lipoproteins (HDL), but bad, promoting the development of atherosclerosis, in low and very low density lipoproteins (LDL and VLDL). High-density lipoproteins not only participate in many important processes in the body, but also prevent the development of atherosclerosis by clearing blood vessels of atherosclerotic plaques.
In addition to cholesterol, there is also fatty acid, leading to the formation of atherosclerotic plaque, but not all of them are so harmful. Fatty acids are saturated and unsaturated. So, saturated fatty acids are involved in the development of atherosclerosis, and unsaturated fatty acids, on the contrary, strengthen the vascular cell and help prevent the formation of atherosclerotic plaques.
Therefore, you should not completely exclude cholesterol and fats from your diet, but you need to eat healthy fats.
Foods with healthy fats:
- many types vegetable oil(sunflower, olive, sesame, corn, soy and so on);
- many nuts (peanuts, walnuts, hazelnuts, sesame and others);
- butter;
- avocado;
- fish, especially salmon;
- soy and so on.
Pay attention to your diet, and you can prevent not only atherosclerosis, but also many other diseases (diabetes, obesity, hypertension, gout, etc.).
What vitamins and biologically active substances are needed for atherosclerosis?
Vitamins play an important role in many processes in the body, they are biologically active substances(participating in metabolism) and antioxidants(compounds that prevent the oxidation of many substances in the body). Vitamins also play an important role in the treatment and prevention of atherosclerosis. Of course, it is important to balance your diet across all groups of vitamins and microelements, but there are a number of vitamins that are needed first.
Vitamins that improve the condition of the vascular wall, vascular patency and contribute to the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis:
1.
Nicotinic acid or vitamin PP– dilates peripheral blood vessels, promotes oxygen supply to tissues. It is necessary to take dosage forms of nicotinic acid and foods rich in this vitamin
:
- grain crops , cereals, whole grain products;
- eggs;
- many nuts and fruit seeds, seeds;
- mushrooms;
- seafood;
- poultry meat;
- liver;
- tea and so on.
3. B vitamins(B1, B6, B12, B15 and other representatives of this vitamin group):
- improving the functioning of the nervous system, regulating vascular tone, participating in the regulation of blood pressure;
- participation in fat metabolism;
- participation in maintaining normal cellular composition blood.
- cereals, grains, bran;
- greenery;
- vegetables;
- liver and many other products.
This vitamin is found in the following foods:
- vegetable oils;
- nuts and seeds;
- mustard;
- vegetables and herbs;
- papaya and avocado.
6. Minerals:
- iodine reduces cholesterol levels in the blood, found in seafood, baked potatoes, cranberries and prunes;
- selenium promote faster recovery of an organ exposed to ischemia and hypoxia, found in cereals and grains, liver, green vegetables, nuts;
- magnesium reduces cholesterol levels in the blood, improves the functioning of the cardiovascular system, is found in sufficient quantities in seafood, cereals, grains, legumes, nuts, many vegetables and so on;
- chromium participates in fat metabolism and helps normalize blood pressure; foods rich in chromium: fish, liver, pearl barley, beets.
- unsaturated fatty acids (namely the Omega-3 complex contained in fish oil);
- amino acids (arginine and taurine) are found in meat, dairy products, eggs, fish, soybeans, grains and so on;
- phospholipids (lecithin) – eggs, fish roe, fish, legumes, grains, etc.
