Diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue. Diagnosis of skin diseases

Before treatment of a dermatological disease is started, it is necessary to diagnose and make an accurate diagnosis. Each patient has the right to count on increased attention to himself and the provision of truly worthy medical care. It is mandatory to conduct a thorough examination, because skin diseases are caused by internal disorders in the human body.

Due to the fact that the causes of the development of diseases turn out to be truly different, a complete examination is required, which is the basis for a correct, reliable diagnosis. Modern medical centers can use state-of-the-art equipment, which is sure to prove to be truly useful for carrying out diagnostic measures and determining further actions.

To make an accurate diagnosis, it is necessary to use various diagnostic methods: laboratory, general clinical, hardware, histological, microbiological, biochemical. It is important to note that it is customary to use dermatoscopy to diagnose skin cancer.

What should be included in a full screening program?

1. Examination of the patient by a dermatologist.
2. Collecting an anamnesis, which involves conducting a survey that allows you to find out about past diseases, medications taken. At this stage, the features of the life of a sick person and his state of health, including mental health, are taken into account.
3. Blood and urine analysis.
4. Scrapings that are required for histological as well as histochemical analysis.
5. Blood test for HIV and syphilis.
7. Dermoscopy of moles and neoplasms. This technique also allows timely detection of melanoma.
9. Endoscopic examination, which involves the use of optical instruments.
10. Consultations. In some cases, a neurologist, rheumatologist, endocrinologist, gastroenterologist, and allergist may be involved.

Modern methods of treatment of dermatological diseases

Modern dermatology has managed to please the emergence of numerous techniques that can successfully treat even complex dermatological diseases. After a correctly established diagnosis and the correct method of treatment, it becomes possible to note worthy dynamics and achieve recovery.

For acne, you can use EHF-therapy, for the treatment of skin cancer - photochemotherapy, which immediately implies the possibility of successful treatment of even the most complex diseases. To remove skin lesions, a special procedure based on liquid nitrogen, called cryodestruction, is often used. Immunotherapy can be used to strengthen a person's immunity.

For the treatment of complex pathologies, the treatment with own stem cells is successfully used. So, as you have already understood, modern medicine allows you to successfully treat serious dermatological diseases.

First of all, skin diseases are recognized on the basis of an assessment of primary and secondary skin rashes. However, only a correct description of skin changes is not enough to make a diagnosis. History and additional research methods are of great importance.

Diagnosis begins with a careful collection of patient complaints. In the future, a preliminary examination of the patient is carried out, and only then an anamnesis is collected. This procedure allows you to collect an anamnesis more purposefully, since after the examination, a circle of presumptive diagnoses is usually already determined. Examination of the patient should be carried out in a well-lit, warm room, since it is necessary to assess the condition of the entire skin and visible mucous membranes.

Attention is drawn to the color of the skin (its severity, uniformity), its elasticity, turgor, the condition of the appendages (hair, nails, sebaceous and sweat glands).

Inspection of the affected skin.

First, the prevalence of skin lesions, especially the localization of rashes, are evaluated. Be sure to note the nature of the rash: monomorphic or polymorphic rash. Monomorphic rashes are understood as rashes, represented by one rash elements. Polymorphism can be true (presence of various primary loose elements) or evolutionary (change of elements in the course of their formation).

Primary spill elements

Recognition of primary eruptions is usually not very difficult. If the eruptive element is caused only by a violation of the color of the skin (does not protrude above the level of the surrounding skin and is not palpable), this is a spot. In other cases, it is immediately determined whether it is a cavity or non-cavity loose element.

Spot (macula) - a rash element caused by a change in the color of an area of \u200b\u200bthe skin or mucous membrane. Allocate vascular, pigment and artificial spots.

Vascular spots can be caused by vasodilation, their excessive formation and exit from the vessels (hemorrhagic spots).

Dark spots (hyper-, hypo- and depigmented) are associated with an increased or decreased content (absence) of melanin pigment.

artificial stains are formed when a dye is injected into the skin (tattoo, permanent makeup, etc.).

Blister (urtica) - a cavityless, rising above the level of the skin, itchy rash element of white or red color with a smooth surface, doughy consistency. There is a blister from several minutes to several hours (up to 24 hours), it is resolved without a trace. The development of a blister is associated with localized swelling of the papillary dermis, which occurs due to the expansion of skin vessels and an increase in their permeability. With the development of diffuse edema of the subcutaneous tissue, a giant blister (angioedema, or Quincke's edema) occurs.

Nodule (papule) - a cavityless formation (density may be different), rising above the level of the skin. The development of papules may be associated with proliferative processes in the epidermis, infiltration and (or) proliferation of the dermis, as well as deposition of metabolic products (lipids, amyloid, etc.) in the skin.

There are inflammatory and non-inflammatory papules. The shape distinguishes between flat, hemispherical and pointed (follicular) papules. Depending on the size, miliary (the size of a millet grain - up to 2 mm in diameter), lenticular (the size of a lentil grain - about 5-7 mm in diameter), nummular (the size of a coin - about 2-3 cm in diameter) and plaques (5 cm or more in diameter).

tubercle (tuberculum) - hollow element with a diameter of 2 mm to 7 mm. The development of the tubercle is associated with productive granulomatous inflammation in the dermis that occurs in certain diseases (tuberculosis, tertiary syphilis, leprosy, etc.). In the debut, the tubercle bears a strong resemblance to an inflammatory papule. When resolved, unlike a papule, a tubercle always leaves a scar or (less commonly) cicatricial atrophy.

Node (nodus) - a cavityless large formation of various density, inflammatory or non-inflammatory nature. The nodes may rise above the surface of the surrounding skin or, if they are located deep, can be determined only by palpation. Allocate nodes of inflammatory and tumor origin.

Vesicle (vesicle) - superficial cavity formation ranging from 1 mm to 10 mm, with serous contents. Causes of bubble formation can be vacuolar dystrophy (intracellular edema), intercellular edema (spongiosis) and ballooning dystrophy.

Bubble (bulla) - cavity formation larger than 10 mm, with serous or hemorrhagic contents. The cavity can be located both sub- and intra-epidermally. Bladder development is due to disruption of connections between keratinocytes or between the epidermis and dermis. The causes of these damages can be exogenous and endogenous.

Pustule (pustule) - a cavity towering formation ranging in size from 1 mm to 10 mm, with purulent contents. More often located inside the epidermis, rarely penetrates the dermis. A purulent cavity is formed due to necrosis of epidermal cells. The color of the contents of the abscess is yellowish-greenish, the shape is hemispherical. Often the pustules are associated with the hair follicle.

Secondary spill elements

Secondary spot - a change in skin color that develops at the site of resolved primary eruptive elements. It can be hyperpigmented (more often associated with the deposition of hemosiderin, less often melanin) and hypopigmented (decrease in melanin due to dysfunction of melanocytes).

Erosion - a defect in the skin surface within the epidermis, often resulting from the opening of primary abdominal rashes. Erosion is epithelialized without scar formation.

Ulcer (ulcus) - a deep defect in the skin itself or deeper tissues. It is formed during the decay of a number of primary rashes or after rejection of the scab. On examination, special attention is paid to the edge of the ulcer, its bottom and the nature of the discharge. During healing, a scar is always formed at the site of the ulcer.

Scar (cycatrix) -newly formed connective tissue that replaced a deep skin defect. The absence of a skin pattern in the scar area is characteristic. Allocate normotrophic, hypertrophic and atrophic scars.

Scale (squama) - accumulation of loosened horny plates. Its development is associated with a violation of the processes of horn formation: defective (parakeratosis), less often - excessive keratinization (hyperkeratosis). Depending on the size and type of scales, flour-like, bran-like, large- or small-lamellar, exfoliative (leaf-like) peeling is distinguished.

Cork (crusta) - is the result of drying of blood or exudate. By the color of the crusts, one can judge the nature of the exudate: serous exudate shrinks into honey-yellow crusts, purulent - into greenish-gray crusts, bloody - dark red.

Crack (fissure) associated with a decrease in skin elasticity (dryness, maceration, keratosis and infiltration).

Abrasion (excoriation) - the result of mechanical trauma to the skin. Often occurs as a result of scratching with intense skin itching. The shape of the excoriations is usually linear. With scalping and biopsy scratching, they leave scars.

Pathological conditions of the skin

There are also pathological conditions of the skin: keratosis, lichenification, vegetation, dermatosclerosis, anetoderma and atrophoderma.

Keratosis - layers of dense dry, hard-to-remove horny masses.

Lichenification manifested by a sharp increase in the pattern of the skin, its thickening and dryness.

vegetation - the result of the growth of the papillae of the dermis. Manifested by rising above the skin (mucous) formations resembling "cauliflower".

Dermatosclerosis characterized by compaction of the skin area, a decrease in its mobility. At the heart of the condition is the development of fibrosis in the dermis.

Atrophoderma has the appearance of a site of "retraction" of the skin. It is caused by the death of subcutaneous fatty tissue.

Anetodermia associated with the destruction of the fibrous structures of the dermis. On palpation, there is a feeling of "falling through" - in this area, the usual elasticity for the skin is not felt.

Few people know that the human skin is the largest organ in the body. The skin area on the body is about two square meters. Based on this, it is quite logical to assume that the number of skin diseases includes a considerable list.

In addition to the fact that the human skin performs a protective and immune function of the body, it also regulates temperature, water balance and many sensations. That is why it is so important to protect the skin from the effects of various diseases. This task is the most important in terms of prevention.

Below you can find out which of the most common skin diseases can occur in a person and see their photos. Here you can get acquainted with the description of diseases, as well as with the symptoms and causes of the disease. You should immediately pay attention to the fact that many skin diseases can be cured without much difficulty.

What are skin diseases in humans?

Skin diseases can be of various origins. All of them differ in their appearance, symptoms and cause of formation.

Dermatitis is a rash in the form of bubbles, peeling, discomfort, itching, burning, and so on. The reasons may be different, depending on which several varieties of dermatitis are distinguished, for example, infectious, allergic, atopic, food, etc.

The cream contains exclusively natural ingredients, including bee products and plant extracts. High efficiency, practically no contraindications and minimal risks of side effects. The amazing results of treatment with this drug appear already in the first weeks of use. I recommend.

Photos and names of skin diseases in humans

Now it’s worth considering a photo of the main diseases of the skin, and below get acquainted with their symptoms, causes and description.

The most common skin diseases:

Papilloma

The disease of the sebaceous glands is called, which is characterized by clogging and the formation of inflammation of the follicles. People often call this skin disease acne.

The main causes of acne:

Acne symptoms:

The formation of comedones in the form of black or white acne.
Formation of deep acne: papules and pustules.
The defeat of the chest, face, back and shoulders.
The formation of redness and tuberosity.
The appearance of purulent acne.

Dermatitis is any inflammation of the skin. There are several types of dermatitis. The most common types of dermatitis are: contact, diaper, seborrheic, atopic.

Despite this, dermatitis has some main causes:

Symptoms of skin dermatitis:

The appearance of burning and itching.
Formation of blisters on the skin.
The presence of swelling.
The formation of redness at the site of inflammation.
Formation of scales and dry crusts.

Here you can learn in detail about the features and treatment of inflammation, as well as see.

Such a skin disease as lichen includes a number of several varieties. Each of these species is distinguished by its pathogen, type of rash, localization and infectivity.

Detailed information about the types of this disease can be found on the website.

The main causes of lichen on the human skin:

Symptoms of lichen disease:

The formation of colored and flaky spots.
The formation of spots on any part of the body, depending on the type of disease.
Some species are accompanied by an increase in temperature.

Herpes is a very common skin disease. Most of the world's population at least once faced with this disease.

This disease is accompanied by thickening and keratinization of human skin. With the development of keratosis, pain and bleeding wounds may appear.

The main causes of keratosis:

Symptoms of the manifestation of keratosis:

Roughness and unevenness of the skin in the first stage of the disease.
The formation of hard brown or red spots.
Peeling of the skin around the formations.
The presence of itching.

Carcinoma is considered one of the signs of the development of skin cancer.

The disease can form on any part of the skin. A sharp increase in the number of moles on the body should already be alarming.

The main symptoms of carcinoma:

The formation of pearly or shiny cones.
Ulcer formation.
Formation of pink convex spots.

hemangioma called a benign formation on the skin due to a vascular defect, which is most often manifested in children. Outwardly, the disease is a bumpy spots of a red hue.

Causes of hemangioma:

Symptoms of a hemangioma:

At the initial stage, the formation is a faint spot in the face or neck of the child.
Spot redness.
The stain becomes burgundy.

Melanoma is another sign of skin cancer. At the first sign of the appearance of melanoma, you should consult a doctor.

The main symptoms of melanoma:

Papilloma

papilloma A benign tumor is called, which appears on the surface of the skin in the form of a small growth.

Causes of papilloma:

The main symptoms of papilloma:

The formation of a pink or bodily growth.
The size of the formation can reach several centimeters.
The formation of a common wart.

It is customary to call a group of fungal diseases of the skin. As a rule, this disease occurs in 20% of the inhabitants of the planet. The main cause of dermatomycosis in humans is the ingress of fungi on the skin or mucous area of a person.

Symptoms of ringworm:

The formation of red spots, which are covered with scales.
The presence of itching.
Hair loss and breakage.
Delamination of nails.

Treatment

As a rule, skin diseases are treated in the following ways:

Compliance with the diet and proper diet, the use of the necessary vitamins.
Treatment with drugs to boost the immune system.
The use of antibiotics if the skin disease has become severe.
External treatment with ointments and creams.

It is important to note that any treatment should begin only after the establishment of the disease itself and its causes by a specialist. So do not neglect to visit a doctor at the first symptoms of a skin disease.

Conclusion

You should also not forget that The best treatment for skin diseases is prevention. Elementary preventive methods are: personal hygiene, diet and precautions during outdoor recreation.

Dermatology

A-Z A B C D E F G I J K L M N O P R S T U V Y Z All sections Hereditary diseases Emergency conditions Eye diseases Children's diseases Male diseases Venereal diseases Female diseases Skin diseases Infectious diseases Nervous diseases Rheumatic diseases Urological diseases Endocrine diseases Immune diseases Allergic diseases Oncological diseases Diseases of the veins and lymph nodes Hair diseases Diseases of the teeth Blood diseases Diseases of the mammary glands Diseases of the ODS and trauma Respiratory diseases Diseases of the digestive system Heart and vascular diseases Diseases of the large intestine Ear and throat diseases , nose Drug problems Mental disorders Speech disorders Cosmetic problems Aesthetic problems

Dermatology(Greek derma - skin, logos - doctrine, literally "the doctrine of the skin") - a medical discipline, the objects of study of which are the skin, its appendages (hair, nails, sebaceous and sweat glands), mucous membranes, their structure and functioning, and also disease and diagnosis, prevention and treatment. Within dermatology as a medical science, there are special clinical sections that study individual diseases and their treatment (mycology, trichology). Dermatology is closely related to venereology, cosmetology, allergology and other medical disciplines.

The skin is part of the holistic structure of the body and is the largest human organ visible to the eye. It, as an indicator, reflects the state of all organs and systems of the body, protects them from mechanical damage and infection. As a rule, skin diseases indicate some kind of dysfunction of the internal organs, unhealthy habits and lifestyle of the patient. Skin diseases, in turn, can lead to serious consequences for the body as a whole, if they are not treated in a timely manner.

Features of the structure of the skin, the variety of its functions and the impact of a large number of internal and external factors, determine the variety of skin diseases, or dermatoses.

The impact of external, or exogenous, factors is very diverse. Physical and chemical agents cause inflammatory skin diseases - dermatitis

At the first signs of skin diseases (such as itching, burning, soreness, discoloration and skin relief, skin rashes), you should consult a specialist dermatologist. An experienced doctor, already at the first careful examination of the skin and a thorough history of the patient's life, can make a correct diagnosis. To clarify or confirm the diagnosis in dermatology, additional methods for examining the skin, mucous membranes, hair, and nails are widely used: instrumental, laboratory, radiological, special skin tests, etc.

The treatment of skin diseases requires patience and strict adherence to the treatment algorithm from the patient. An important role in successful treatment is played by hygienic care of the affected skin, adherence to a diet and a drug therapy regimen. Drug treatment of skin diseases can be general and local. In dermatological practice, physiotherapy and apparatus procedures, psychotherapy, spa treatment, herbal medicine, homeopathy are widely used. In some cases, in the absence of a clinical effect from conservative treatment, surgical intervention or the involvement of narrow specialists is indicated. Most often, the treatment of skin diseases is complex and combines several different methods at once. Today, with the help of the latest diagnostic and treatment methods, dermatology makes it possible to achieve a cure for diseases that until recently were considered incurable.

Skin diseases are among the most common human diseases, and almost everyone faces one or another of their manifestations in their life. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), over 20% of the world's population suffers from skin diseases.

Many dermatoses have a chronic relapsing course and are difficult to treat. The most common skin diseases are dermatitis of various origins, eczema, fungal diseases, acne (acne), skin warts, herpes simplex, psoriasis, skin cancer.

Modern dermatology pays great attention to the restoration of skin health, the study of the mechanisms of age-related and pathological changes in the skin, nails and hair, the treatment of cancer, the search for new methods for diagnosing and treating dermatological diseases.

With the Beauty and Medicine website, you will always be up to date with the most up-to-date information about skin diseases and methods of their treatment.

The popular scientific Internet publication "Handbook of Dermatology", which is included in the Medical Directory of Diseases posted on the website, does not claim to be an exhaustive presentation of all information about skin diseases, but contains the most necessary general practical recommendations in everyday life.

Skin diseases most often cause moral suffering, because, unlike other diseases, they have external manifestations. Eczema, dermatitis, neurodermatitis, urticaria, herpes zoster, streptoderma, bacterial, fungal and viral lesions, demodicosis (Demodex), molluscum contagiosum and other skin diseases can be successfully treated.

Causes of skin diseases

Since allergies and skin diseases are not only an altered individual reaction of the body to certain biochemical substances, but also the inability of the body to remove them on its own. A person has four "laboratories" responsible specifically for detoxification and excretion of substances from the body. These are, first of all, the liver, kidneys, lymphatic system led by the spleen and intestines. When these organs fail, toxins are excreted through the skin.

Purely skin diseases do not exist. The causes of all skin diseases lie in the disruption of the internal organs - the liver, kidneys, as well as the lymphatic and immune systems. The consequence of these disorders, caused, among other things, by various infections, is a pronounced skin reaction.

Infection is one of the leading causes of skin diseases. The infection multiplies, causing an inflammatory response. In addition, any infection releases toxins into the body, which disrupt the filter organs. Toxins released by infections are primary and aggressive allergens. The presence of infections in the body significantly increases the allergic component. The organs responsible for detoxification (liver, kidneys, lymphatic system) with a huge amount of toxins will no longer cope with their work, fully perform their functions. In fact, skin diseases are a pathological way of percutaneous elimination of toxins from the body.

In many patients with skin diseases and allergies, the presence of so-called "internal allergens" is detected. This category, for example, includes worms and their waste products, since these are foreign protein structures that actually cause allergies and skin diseases. Fungal cultures, such as yeast fungi of the genus candida, can also act as "internal allergens". Therefore, when, for example, a woman suffering from candidiasis complains of a rash, skin manifestations cannot be considered outside the overall clinical picture.

Intestinal dysbacteriosis is one of the most important factors provoking the occurrence of skin diseases. If the intestinal microflora is disturbed, the processes of digestion and absorption of nutrients are disrupted. First of all, the body begins to experience a deficiency of vitamins and trace elements. Among other things, hair, nails and skin begin to suffer from this. And hence - and various skin manifestations, which in many cases are well treated with the help of vitamins.

Stress is rightly considered the cause of many diseases. Any stress is a whole cascade of forced biochemical reactions that loosen not only the cardiovascular, but also the immune system. As a result, a decrease in the body's resistance, activation of infections, an increase in the amount of toxins, a pronounced load on all filtering organs.

Diagnosis of skin diseases

Systemic diagnostics of skin diseases is extremely important, because any of the diagnoses is only evidence of violations in the body, which are purposefully detected in the course of program diagnostics. In the diagnosis of skin diseases, it is especially important to detect hidden infections that deprive the immune system of the ability to function normally. The condition of the internal organs, the disruption of which can cause skin diseases, is also assessed.

Therefore, the examination for skin diseases consists of a carefully verified list of tests and examinations by doctors of other specializations, which are designed not only to detect skin diseases (often this can be done with the naked eye), but to identify the true causes of all disorders in the body. With such a systematic approach, the treatment carried out is enough to save the patient from skin disease for a long time, and often for life.

Diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue include:

Infections of the skin and subcutaneous tissue
bullous disorders
Dermatitis and eczema
Papulosquamous disorders
Urticaria and erythema
Diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue associated with exposure to radiation
Diseases of the skin appendages
Other diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue

Treatment of skin diseases

Treatment of skin diseases can be conditionally divided into several stages - depending on the individual characteristics of each patient and the nature of his disease. In the treatment of allergies and skin diseases, both the most advanced methods of treatment and classical ones are successfully used. This is homeopathy, herbal medicine, ultraviolet blood irradiation, cryotherapy, together with a complex drug effect aimed at maintaining the functioning of the liver, kidneys, pancreas, etc. Particular attention should be paid to the state of the immune system.

Ointments, creams, talkers and other topical preparations, as well as folk remedies for the treatment of skin diseases, are only an addition to the main treatment of allergic and skin diseases. The condition of the internal organs and the normalization of their work is important.

Treatment of skin diseases can be carried out both on an outpatient basis and in a day hospital.