Collection, delivery and preservation of samples. Autonomous country septic tank Topas: preservation for the winter on your own
Fecal samples are collected in dry, waterproof containers - glass or polymer jars, waxed cups. There should be no traces in them chemical substances, which have a detrimental effect on the delicate vegetative stages of protozoa and helminth larvae.
Delivery of fecal samples to the laboratory should be as fast as possible after collection, i.e. warm (see above).
Decorated feces to be examined for helminth eggs and protozoan cysts can be stored in a fume hood at room temperature or, preferably, in a refrigerator at 4°C during the working day. In the event of an unavoidable delay in the delivery of samples to the laboratory or the impossibility of examining them on the day of delivery, the samples must be placed in a preservative liquid. The use of preservatives ensures obtaining fairly reliable results when studying material delivered with a delay, as well as the possibility of a more uniform distribution of laboratory personnel. The duration of storage of vegetative stages and protozoan cysts of helminths in preservatives allows * - in cases that are difficult for diagnosis, to send the preserved material for consultation to a specialized * ™ laboratory. Such material, containing accurately identified protozoa or helminths, can be used for educational purposes, as well as for monitoring the knowledge of laboratory workers.
Many prescriptions for preservatives have been proposed, intended separately for eggs and larvae of helminths, for trophozoites and protozoa, or both together. Some preservatives are distinguished by wide, some by very selectivity, but this feature of their action does not always correlate with their effectiveness. The most well-known preservatives with different selectivity of action are shown in Table 3.
| Table 3 Prescriptions of preservatives of varying selectivity of action
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Section: Vacuum cleaner services
Section: Vacuum cleaner services
Disposal of feces is a matter for specialists
Where people live and carry out their activities, feces are always formed in large volumes. In those places where there is no sewerage system (centralized, local), the issue of accumulation and management of this waste is especially acute.
This type of waste is not only unpleasant, but also dangerous for humans (pathogenic bacteria, intestinal infections). Therefore, they must be treated accordingly. It's best to dispose of feces correctly.
It is better to entrust this work to specialists who have accumulated considerable experience in this matter.
Disposal of feces is carried out at specialized enterprises (landfills and drainage points). But, first of all, the disposal of feces begins with its collection.
This process can be carried out well using a vacuum truck (a machine with a tank). This technique allows you to collect sewage from almost any storage tank (septic tank, dry closet) in fairly large volumes. Another advantage is the fact that there is no contact of fecal waste with the environment and humans; the collection occurs in isolation.
Do you need to dispose of feces? Call us, we have been dealing with this issue for many years. We use modern sewage disposal machines in our work. The employees are experienced and get the job done in minutes.
We dispose of feces at enterprises that have a license to dispose of hazardous waste. Our permanent partners in this matter: State Unitary Enterprise “Vodokanal” and State Unitary Enterprise “Krasny Bor Landfill”.
We carry out our work throughout St. Petersburg and its nearest suburbs. We are ready to come out and dispose of feces from your site throughout the week. You can call our specialists at the right time.
Construction companies (for them we pump out mobile toilet cabins) and summer residents (they are our clients for cleaning septic tanks from feces) constantly order waste disposal from our organization.
We provide discounts and deferred payments if necessary to those organizations and individuals with whom we have been cooperating for several years.
Regardless of who you work with regarding fecal disposal, it is important to order this service in a timely manner. Otherwise, the spill and spread of sewage on the ground cannot be avoided. The site will be contaminated, which will entail expenses to eliminate the consequences.
We take care of all the dirty work!
Sincerely, the team of SpetsTransService LLC
In the technological process of manure removal and use, a special place is occupied by its disinfection and storage. In this case, first of all, it is necessary to take into account veterinary and health rules, since pathogenic microorganisms, eggs and larvae of helminths retain their vital activity in untreated manure for a year.
To prevent pollution environment pathogens of infectious and parasitic diseases, the manure treatment system on livestock farms and complexes must ensure quarantine (keeping manure for a certain time in order to detect infection), and, if necessary, disinfection and deworming of manure.
For the disinfection and disposal of manure on livestock farms and complexes, quite a number of technologies have been developed. big number technological schemes, many of which are currently used only in pilot farms.
Most wide use The following technological schemes were received on livestock farms and complexes:
Composting of solid and semi-liquid manure;
Homogenization of semi-liquid and liquid manure;
Separation of liquid manure into fractions in settling tanks (in this case, complete or partial biological treatment of the liquid fraction is used) or by mechanical means.
When using all schemes, the manure first undergoes quarantine, then it is disinfected, after which it is processed (impurities are isolated, the manure is mixed, divided into fractions, etc.)
Quarantine When composting solid and semi-liquid manure, it is carried out in sections of quarantine tanks that have a concrete bottom and walls, preventing the filtration of the liquid fraction of manure through the soil. There should be at least two sections; they are placed next to the composting sites. Manure is kept in sections for six days; when an infection is detected, chemical reagents are introduced by mechanical means and mixed with manure.
Quarantine of homogenized semi-liquid and liquid manure is carried out in sectional homogenizer storage facilities equipped with devices for periodic mixing of aged manure to prevent separation of its fraction. These devices ensure high-quality mixing of infected manure with chemical reagents during disinfection.
Quarantine of liquid manure when separated by mechanical means is carried out separately for solid and liquid fractions. The liquid fraction is kept in sectional storage tanks for six days, disinfected with chemical reagents, after which the sections are unloaded. The solid fraction is also caraitinized.
Quarantine of liquid manure from complexes for raising and fattening 54 and 108 thousand pigs per year with combined treatment is carried out in facilities for processing liquid manure, if the treatment period is at least six days. If the processing time is shorter, additional sectional containers are installed, designed for six-day quarantine.
Disinfection manure is carried out
Biothermal
Chemical
Thermal
By physical means.
Biothermal disinfection of infected manure or its solid fraction during composting is carried out when stored on hard surface areas. At the same time, in piles of manure or compost, under the influence of the vital activity of thermogenic microorganisms, a high temperature arises, which has a detrimental effect on the causative agents of infectious and invasive animal diseases. For the propagation of thermogenic micro-. organisms require a certain moisture content of manure or compost (not higher than 70%) and air supply, which is achieved through loose stacking. Stacked compost is kept for at least one month in warm periods and at least two months in cold periods. The beginning of the disinfection period is considered to be the day the temperature in the stack rises to at least 60 °C.
Chemical disinfection of liquid manure is carried out in quarantine containers equipped with mixing devices. Formaldehyde, formaldehyde and other substances are used for disinfection. The consumption of chemical reagents and the duration of treatment depend on the type of infection.
Thermal disinfection of manure includes the following methods : two-stage evaporation with preliminary separation of manure into fractions, vacuum drying in reactor-mixing apparatuses, thermal disinfection in reactors at a pressure of 1.2 MPa and a temperature of 180 °C, multi-stage distillation after processing in reactors with absorption of a vapor-gas mixture and drying of the solid fraction in drums or tubular dryers.
Physical methods disinfection of manure (UV irradiation treatment) are at the experimental stage and are not yet used in practice.
Modern methods manure treatment differ in that the technological schemes include operations whose purpose is to obtain high-quality fertilizer from manure and clean water. Here, for example, is one such method. Manure is first separated into solid and liquid fractions using mechanical means (centrifuges, vibrating screens or presses). Then the solid fraction is dried and goes into compost, and the liquid fraction is processed according to one of the following schemes; the first - the liquid fraction is supplied for electrocoagulation, ozonation, biological purification and is used for irrigation; the second, liquid fraction, enters biological treatment and is discharged into the sewer network.
During the fermentation process, the initial manure in the installation is divided into three phases: gaseous, liquid and solid.
Gaseous phase - biogas containing 60 ... 70% methane, carbon monoxide and 2 ... 5% other gases. Biogas has a calorific value of 21 ... 25 thousand kJ and can be used as fuel: 1 m 3 of biogas is equivalent to 0.6 ... 0.8 kg of standard fuel.
The liquid phase (effluent obtained after separation of fermented manure) is a disinfected liquid with a dry matter content of 2 ... 2.5%. The effluent contains nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium oxides, which makes it possible to use them as liquid fertilizers.
The solid phase is odorless manure, with a moisture content of 65 ... 70%, which is a highly concentrated disinfected organic fertilizer.
The process of anaerobic fermentation, which takes place in the main apparatus of the installation - the fermenter, is a complex chain biochemical reactions consumption of organic substances under the influence of anaerobic microorganisms (methanogenic bacteria). The process occurs continuously following diagram. Using scrapers and water, manure and slurry are directed into a collection tank, from where they are pumped into a heater with a stirrer. Here the raw material is heated to fermentation temperature and pumped into the fermenter, and then poured into the settling tank. Then the mass flows by gravity into a centrifuge, where it is separated into solid sediment and liquid waste. The biogas released in the fermenter enters the gas tank and then into the boiler to produce steam. Steam is used for preparing feed, heating the premises of the pig farm, as well as in the heater and fermenter of the installation.
In mechanized manure storage facilities, which are placed in open areas or under canopies, natural disinfection of solid manure occurs. The presence of a manure storage facility is one of the the most important conditions proper storage and use of manure.
In accordance with the method of keeping livestock and the technology for removing manure from the premises, Manure storage facilities are divided into above-ground and buried (pit) ones. The bottom and walls of manure storage facilities are usually made of concrete or lined with panels. The bottom and walls of a pit manure storage facility are sometimes covered with a layer of compacted clay on a crushed stone base 20 cm thick. The manure storage facility is equipped with a liquid collector.
The manure storage facility consists of several sections, each of which is designed for 1 ... 3 (in the southern zones) and 2 ... 6 (in middle lane country) months of storage, during which self-disinfection of manure takes place. Manure storage facilities are equipped with liquid collectors, as well as means of mechanized unloading (crane beams and overhead cranes with grab loaders, scraper units and other mechanisms). For the convenience of removing manure from the manure pit, ramps are installed for entry and exit of vehicles.
Manure storage facilities and sewage treatment plants farms are fenced and provided with access roads with a hard (concrete or asphalt concrete) surface. The width of driveways is not accepted less 3.5 m. Tall trees are planted along the perimeter of the treatment plant in a strip no less than 10 m wide, and the entire territory of the complex or farm, including the treatment facility, access roads and transition roads, is landscaped.
In areas with cold, long winters, it is recommended to install closed manure storage facilities, which are built as extensions to livestock buildings, in the form of separate buildings or trenches under the floor of the room.
Underground manure storage facilities are increasingly being used on farms and complexes. The industry has launched the production of UVN-800 units for unloading manure from such storage facilities up to 110 m long and loading it into vehicles. UVN-800 consists of a pump NZHN-200 and a stationary scraper installation. The pump pumps out manure with a moisture content of 87 ... 98% from the manure storage facility and delivers it to vehicles, and the scraper unit unloads the remaining manure with a moisture content of less than 87% and loads it into vehicles.
Settlers-storage tanks of horizontal and vertical types also find wide application. In them, manure is divided into solid and liquid fractions.
In settling tanks, manure is separated into solid and liquid fractions. The solid fraction precipitates, the liquid fraction is supplied through a pipe system to the pumping station, and from there it is distributed over the floors. When the sediment layer in the settling tank reaches 1.5 ... 1.8 m, close the valve on the inlet pipes, and the remaining liquid fraction in top layer discharged through the sandy spillway. Manure (sediment) and a small amount of liquid remain in the settling tank. To dry the sludge, open the valves on the drainage system. Dehydration lasts 35...45 days.
Every gardener is firmly convinced that manure is the only and most the right remedy to increase the yield. Nobody will dispute this. But today there is not enough manure for everyone. In addition, it is very expensive. Look at your neighbors - do they fertilize the entire plot with manure every year? And what about those who are not able to purchase it at all? There is an exit.
Fecal fertilizer is what we carry out of the toilet. So spicy topic usually avoided in print, although there is nothing piquant in it. And since these conventions prevent many gardeners from using this homemade “good” correctly, we will try to talk about this topic.
First of all, can it be used to fertilize plants on the site? It is not only possible, but also absolutely necessary, since it is the most valuable organic fertilizer, because the beneficial substances in it are found in more accessible form for plants than other organic fertilizers.
Fecal fertilizer (human feces and urine) is a very strong and fast-acting complex fertilizer. It contains up to 1.3% nitrogen, up to 0.3% phosphorus, more than 0.3% potassium. Up to 80% of the nitrogen in feces is in the form of ammonia and urea, which are well absorbed by plants and provide high efficiency feces in the year of application.
Feces in pure form many gardeners use it in the fall when cleaning cesspools. To do this, ditches up to 50 cm deep are dug near the trees, where feces are placed and carefully covered with a thick layer of soil. But this method of storing and using feces is imperfect and leads to very big losses nitrogen. As a result biochemical process, which occurs in compost when high temperature, pathogenic bacteria contained in feces quickly lose their viability. See below for more details on this. But we must not forget that ready-made peat and fecal compost should not be used for sanitary reasons for strawberries and vegetables, which we eat raw.
The most common, but extremely imperfect, method in gardens is to store feces in their original form in holes dug under toilets. A much better method is to systematically cover the feces with dry peat.
At the same time, peat crumbs are poured into the bottom of the cesspool in a layer 20-30 cm thick. In the future, in order for the feces to be covered, dry peat must be added to the cesspool daily. To do this, place a bucket of dry peat in the toilet. Rainwater or snow should not fall into the cesspool.
If there is an unpleasant smell from the toilet in the area, then it is not difficult to eliminate this nuisance. Throw more nettles into the cesspool and the smell will disappear. You can also use tomato tops (stepchildren in summer) or wormwood.
Much more rational in a garden or summer cottage do not make a cesspool, but instead install a metal or tightly knit, tarred wooden box.
At worst, a galvanized tank for boiling laundry will do. Dried peat is poured into the bottom in a layer of 4-5 cm, and from a bucket in the toilet, peat is thrown into the box as needed.
Regular addition of small portions of superphosphate will help prevent unwanted odors. At the same time, the specific smell disappears, sanitary conditions improve, nitrogen losses are significantly reduced. In addition, flies do not breed in the box.
Periodically, the contents of the container are taken out to a pre-designated place. If the container is equipped with two handles, then the procedure is completely simple. And most importantly, it does not cause trouble for neighbors, because feces sprinkled with peat have virtually no odor.
Most rational way To use the feces accumulated in a box or in a tank, this is the preparation of peat-fecal composts. For it, you can use acidic high-moor peat, which is almost useless as a fertilizer. It contains a lot of nitrogen, but in a form inaccessible to plants.
The resulting peat-fecal compost as a result of such composting is a very strong and fast-acting complex fertilizer, which contains much more nitrogen than manure. To prepare such compost, place a layer of peat 40-50 cm thick under a canopy, add a little superphosphate and wood ash, make a hole in the peat where feces are poured. For quick heating, you can add a little hot water. Then everything is covered with peat crumbs in a layer 15-20 cm thick, without compacting it, and covered with film on top.
At the same time, the temperature inside the heap quickly reaches 60-65 degrees, which contributes to the death of some pathogens and helminth eggs. To improve air exchange in the stack, it is necessary to make holes. The compost heap is watered from time to time with an infusion of herbs, slurry or water remaining after washing dishes (but not from washing clothes).
If necessary, new layers of peat and feces are added to this pile. But in this case, complete disinfection of the compost will occur slowly, so such compost can be used no earlier than 1.5 years after the last addition of feces.
The best time to prepare such compost in the garden is from May to October. Properly prepared composts mature in 2-3 months. If you did not have time to finish the job, then before frost, the compost heap must be covered with earth and then with dry leaves to protect it from freezing.
Let me remind you once again that peat-fecal composts for vegetable crops should be applied only in the second year. Do not use them when growing green vegetables and strawberries. But there are no restrictions for use in the orchard.
Many gardeners, in order to avoid the rather labor-intensive and troublesome preparation of peat-fecal compost, add peat directly to the cesspool in several stages. When cleaning such a cesspool, the peat-fecal mixture is placed in a pile, lime is added, sprinkled with peat, and after a year a nutritious fertilizer is obtained. In fact, the technology is the same, only less intense and longer in time.
Some gardeners infuse toilet drains in a plastic container with a lid for 5-6 weeks. During this time, the fertilizer changes its chemical composition, acquiring the smell of rotten pine needles. This mass is diluted with water in the fall in a ratio of 1:3 and the soil is fertilized with it. But you can only use plastic containers for this, since the iron will be highly corroded.
Well, if you decide to use feces “in its original” form, then they should only be applied to fruit trees, berry bushes and flowers. To do this, make a small hole in the ground, pour the contents of the bucket into it and fill it up. The soil acts as Activated carbon and yet there is no smell.
To prevent nitrogen loss and prevent the spread of infectious diseases, all feces must be composted with peat.
Peat-fecal compost is a highly concentrated fertilizer. When planting, apply it carefully, mixing it well with the soil. Also mulch the soil under flowers and ornamental shrubs.
The finished peat-fecal compost has a uniform crumbly structure, completely devoid of unpleasant odor. Sometimes it is layered with horse manure and stored in one place.
V.G. Shafransky, Ekaterinburg
Number of impressions: 10127
From organic fertilizers the most accessible and valuable is manure. Manure is a local fertilizer that consists of solid and liquid excretions of animals, usually mixed with bedding material. Depending on the type of animal, it is divided into cow, horse, pork, sheep, rabbit, and poultry. The quality of manure depends on the nutrients it contains.
Manure contains nitrogen and ash substances, which reduce soil acidity. Manure serves as a source of carbon dioxide into the plant. Carbon dioxide, in turn, enhances the synthesis of organic matter by plants, improving the conditions for their mineral nutrition.
Table 1. Content of microelements in various types manure (%)
From the feed consumed by animals, about 40% of organic matter, 50–70% of nitrogen, 80% of phosphorus and up to 90% of potassium go into manure. Manure is considered one of the most important and most common organic fertilizers. Its quality depends on the type of animal, feed, bedding, as well as the methods and timing of its storage.
How more nutritious feed, how more protein they contain, the richer animal manure is in minerals.
Litter that absorbs large amounts of urine improves the quality of manure. Straw serves as a bedding for manure, which should be laid in the form of cuttings 12–15 cm long. Straw cuttings absorb large quantity urine and better retains nitrogen, making it easier to incorporate manure into the soil. Manure good quality obtained by using a bedding of dry leaves. It absorbs ammonia and carbon dioxide well, several times better than straw. You can also use peat as bedding, which perfectly absorbs urine and gases, 3-4 times better than straw. Sphagnum peat bedding is considered especially high quality. It reduces nitrogen losses to a minimum. When using 2 kg of peat per head of large cattle they make up 25%. In order for peat to absorb better liquid discharge animals, it should be dried. Peat moisture content should be no lower than 30% and no higher than 50–60%. Manure on peat bedding is considered more effective than manure on straw bedding. Manure with sawdust bedding is inferior in quality to manure with straw bedding, since sawdust decomposes slowly. Such manure should be applied to the soil at autumn period, preferably after composting. On the other hand, manure on a bed of sawdust is easy to incorporate into the soil, and it also loosens it well. You can also use dried sedge, chaff, foliage, pine needles, potato tops and other materials of organic origin that absorb moisture as bedding. The better the litter absorbs moisture and absorbs gases, the more valuable it is. Litter is considered to be of higher quality if it itself contains nutrients and quickly decomposes in the soil.
It is important to store manure correctly, otherwise it may lose a large amount of nutrients. The first thing lost is nitrogen, which can be washed out or become a gas and volatilize. In order to reduce the loss of nitrogen, mineral phosphorus fertilizer should be added to the manure: for 1 ton of manure - 15–25 kg of phosphate rock or superphosphate. It is better to add phosphorus fertilizers to fresh manure and mix thoroughly. This procedure is easier to carry out in the following way: scatter phosphorus fertilizer over the manure in the barnyard when there are no animals on it.
When harvesting manure and storing it in a manure storage facility, the fertilizer will mix well with the manure. You can use another method. Each time you place manure in the main heap, you should add a portion of phosphorus fertilizer, which will then be additionally mixed when loading the manure and placing it in the heap.
Phosphorus added to manure helps better development microorganisms. By multiplying quickly, they absorb ammonia better, as a result of which the substance does not evaporate as much. However, you should not add too much phosphorus fertilizer to manure, as this can lead to a decrease in microbiological activity in the fertilizer.
If the manure is not intended for long-term storage, the optimal dose of superphosphate added to it is 1–2%. For long-term storage of manure, for example from spring to autumn, the dose of superphosphate should be increased to 4%. Additionally, you can add 1–1.5% potassium chloride.
Manure compost with phosphorus fertilizer is more effective than fertilizers applied separately. On the one hand, more nitrogen is retained in manure, on the other hand, manure contributes better absorption plants mineral fertilizer. This compost is used in a dosage that is half that of conventional manure.
To improve manure yield and reduce losses useful elements, you can add peat to it. Any type of peat is suitable for this, regardless of the degree of its decomposition. The only exception is peat with high content lime The properties of peat as a fertilizer are improved under the influence of manure, especially horse manure, since it burns better.
It should be taken into account that the quality of manure depends on its chemical composition, and the beneficial substances present in it are absorbed by plants with a different utilization rate than in mineral fertilizers. For example, 1 ton of half-rotted manure on a straw bedding is equivalent to 2 kg of nitrogen, 2.5 kg of phosphorus, 5 kg of potassium in inorganic fertilizers.
Horse and sheep manure is called hot manure because it quickly decomposes, releasing a large amount of heat into the air. Cattle and pork manure is called cold due to its slow heating.
The quality of manure fertilizer also depends on the degree of its decomposition. It is customary to distinguish the following phases of decomposition.
1. Fresh, slightly decomposed manure. The color and strength of the straw remain the same or change slightly. The water after washing this manure turns reddish or green.
2. Semi-rotted manure. The straw in such manure acquires Brown color, becomes less durable and breaks easily. Water infusion has a dark color. Manure becomes lighter (15–30%).
3. Rotted manure. The manure turns into a black, smearing mass. The straw is at a stage of decomposition when it is no longer possible to identify an individual straw. Manure loses half of its original weight.
4. Humus is a loose earthy mass. Weight is reduced by up to 75% compared to the initial one.
As the manure gradually decomposes, the amount nutrients it increases. Humus is the most saturated useful substances. But excessive decomposition of manure should not be allowed, since in this case it loses a lot of organic matter and nutrients due to a decrease total mass manure during decomposition.
Humus is indispensable in some cases. It decomposes slowly in the soil, releasing nitrogen gradually over a long period of time. It is also good to add humus to planting holes, since it contains less nitrogen, exactly as much as is needed by newly planted plants.
The disadvantage of adding fresh manure to the soil is that at first it releases little nitrogen into the soil, which is due to the characteristics of the proliferation of microorganisms. In addition, when fresh manure is applied, viable weed seeds enter the soil, which leads to contamination of the area.
Best time Autumn is the time to apply manure. But at this time there is usually not enough fertilizer. Therefore, manure is often delivered in winter and applied to the soil in early spring. Winter removal should be carried out on non-frost days so that the manure does not have time to freeze during transportation. For fertilization, the sites are specially cleared of snow.
The density of manure affects its quality. Manure laid loosely decomposes quickly and loses large amounts of organic matter and mineral nitrogen. To prevent the manure from decomposing too much, it is placed in piles in small layers, compacting each layer.
Manure is sometimes delivered to personal plots in mid-summer and stored until the beginning of autumn, since summer period it is not brought in. So that during this time the manure does not lose large quantity nutrients, manure and peat composts are prepared from it with the addition of mineral phosphorus fertilizer.
Manure scattered around the site must be immediately incorporated into the soil. To uniformly cover large areas with manure, it is necessary to use special machines
It is better to apply manure in small portions, but often, than large doses, but rarely. Manure has a very long aftereffect. On heavy clay soils it remains longer for a long time than on the lungs.
It is believed that in the first year, plants do not absorb nitrogen completely, but only a fifth or sixth of it. The remaining nitrogen is used by crops in subsequent years. The amount of nitrogen consumed by plants in the first year after application depends on the quality of the manure.
Litter-free manure is a strong and fast-acting fertilizer produced on dry-litter farms. It can be liquid or semi-liquid.
Semi-liquid manure consists of a mixture of liquid and solid excretions and contains about 90% water. The amount of nitrogen and phosphorus in it is approximately the same as in fresh straw manure, and potassium is slightly less. This manure is considered more effective than bedding. Semi-liquid manure in gardening conditions should be stored by composting it with peat (at least 1 ton of peat per 1 ton of manure).
Liquid manure is obtained from farms where hydraulic drainage is used to clean livestock buildings.
During storage, the surface of bedding-free manure becomes crusty, so it should be stirred periodically, and any particles found in it hard materials– such as hay, haylage, silage, chop.
Manure storage methods
There are two ways to store manure: aerobic and anaerobic.
The first method involves placing fertilizer in piles without subsequent compaction. With the aerobic method, manure quickly heats up and decomposes, and nitrogen is reduced by about 30%. Nitrogen loss occurs due to the release of ammonia, and then free nitrogen formed during the reduction of nitrates. The amount of organic matter is reduced by 40%. In this regard, the aerobic method of storing manure is used quite rarely and mainly for heating greenhouses.
The anaerobic method involves placing manure in piles in layers, with each layer being compacted. The height of the compacted layer is 1.5–2.5 m, and the width at the bottom is 3–4 m. With this method of storage, manure is heated to 20–30 ° C. Therefore, the processes of converting urea into ammonium carbonate, decomposing fiber and other carbohydrates into carbon dioxide gas, water and other organic compounds proceed slowly, nitrification does not occur, as a result of which the loss of nitrogen and organic matter is significantly reduced.
The anaerobic method is used for long-term storage of manure. It allows you to obtain semi-rotted manure 3–4 months after stacking, and rotted manure – after 7–8 months. The anaerobic method of storing manure is also recommended for amateur gardeners. Manure brought to the site should be immediately stacked in layers, carefully compacting each layer. Then you need to cover it with earth, peat and plastic wrap.
If there is a need to quickly obtain semi-rotted and rotted manure, a combined storage method is used, which combines aerobic and anaerobic methods. At the same time, fiber decomposes quite quickly, and nitrogen losses, if observed, necessary conditions relatively small.
Fresh manure is first laid loose layers, and when the temperature increases to 60 ° C, they are compacted strongly. The height of the stack should reach 1.5–2 m. Then the stack is covered with peat, mown grass and other organic materials with a layer of 20–30 m, and when dry, it is occasionally watered with slurry.
After compaction, the temperature in the manure drops to 30–35° C, and the manure decomposes under anaerobic conditions. In this case, in order to reduce nitrogen losses, you need to increase the layer of litter and add 1-3% superphosphate or phosphate flour to the manure when laying it.
Slurry
Slurry is a fertilizer with a high content of nitrogen and potassium, consisting mainly of animal urine, and also formed during the decomposition of manure. It contains little phosphorus. Urine nitrogen is in a highly mobile state. Already at the barnyard, part of it evaporates in the form of ammonia.
In the slurry receiver where the slurry is received, further loss of nitrogen occurs. Cattle slurry contains 0.26% nitrogen, 0.12% phosphorus and 0.38% potassium; pigs - 0.31% nitrogen, 0.6% phosphorus and 0.36% potassium; mullein slurry contains approximately 0.09% nitrogen, 0.03% phosphorus and 0.28% potassium.
The nutrients in slurry are easily digestible for plants. In terms of the coefficient of use of nitrogen and potassium by plants, slurry is close to mineral fertilizers. The urea contained in slurry, under the influence of microorganisms, is converted into ammonium carbonate, from which ammonia is easily released, and with access to air it evaporates into slurry collectors. Therefore on garden plot During production and storage, slurry should be kept in a tank with a closed lid.
Slurry is applied in a dose of 5–15 liters per 10 m2. When applying slurry directly into furrows, it is not necessary to dilute it, even if it is highly concentrated. In order to reduce the loss of nitrogen, 15–20 kg of superphosphate per 1 ton should be added to the nitrogen slurry.
Slurry is good for making peat composts. In this case, the dried peat is watered with slurry. For 1 ton of peat, 0.5–2 tons of slurry are used. Before applying the slurry, it is recommended to add phosphorus fertilizers to the peat, for example, 30–49 kg of superphosphate for every ton of dried peat. If the peat is acidic, you need to add 1-2% lime to it.
The resulting fertilizer should be applied immediately after preparation. If there is a need to keep it for some time, the fertilizer is placed in a heap and compacted.
To reduce nitrogen loss, 1% potassium chloride can be added to the heap. This compost is applied in the same doses as manure, or slightly less, approximately 20–25 t/ha.
Mullein
Mullein is an aqueous solution of cow feces. It can be used in the absence of slurry.
Mullein is prepared in the following way. The container is filled 1/3 of the volume with cow feces, then filled to the top with water. The solution is left for 1–2 weeks to ferment.
Chemical composition mullein is different and depends on the food. Sometimes cattle excretions are rich in nitrogen and it is not necessary to ferment them.
Before adding mullein solution to the soil, it is diluted with water. Mullein is closed in the same way as slurry.
