Allergens are antigens and haptens that can induce allergic reactions. Substances themselves may have allergenic properties. of different nature: from simple compounds to complex ones - protein and protein-polysaccharide complexes.

All allergens are divided into two large groups:

1. Endoallergens formed inside the body (they can be cells damaged by infection, chemical, physical and other influences);
2. Exoallergens are substances. Influencing a person from the outside.

In turn, exoallergens are divided into two large groups: allergens of infectious and non-infectious nature.

Non-infectious allergens

Non-infectious allergens include: pollen, food, household, epidermal, insect, medicinal and industrial.

Pollen allergens. These are allergens of plant origin. It is the most numerous: according to the literature, there are currently about 100 types of pollen allergens.

The most pronounced allergic properties are pollen containing sponins, simple amines, simple alkaloids, essential oils, a large number of squirrel. The least pronounced allergic properties are found in the pollen of plants belonging to the class of conifers, cypress, yew and pine.

The following groups of pollen allergens are distinguished:

1. Cereal grasses: timothy, cocksfoot, foxtail, wheatgrass, fescue, etc.;
2. Cultivated cereals: oats, wheat, barley, rye, corn;
3. Cultivated plants: sugar beet, clover, sorrel, sunflower, etc.;
4. Trees: oak, maple, alder, hazel, birch, poplar, aspen, pine, spruce, fir, etc.;
5. Weeds: dandelions, ragweed, plantain, nettle, wormwood, quinoa, etc.;
6. Fruit trees: apple trees, cherries, pears, etc.;
7. Garden flowers: daisies, roses, tulips, daffodils, lilies, etc.

It has been established that the ability to cause an allergic disease is associated with the following properties pollen:

1) widespread in the patient’s region of residence;
2) presence in the air in large quantities;
3) easily transported by wind (pollen of grasses, weeds, trees, etc.), i.e. lightness and volatility;
4) allergenic properties.

The role of various pollen allergens in the development of allergic diseases (hay fever) in different climatic and geographical regions is not the same. Pollen is the most allergenic the following plants: cereal grasses, cultivated cereals, cultivated plants, weeds, trees, fruit trees, garden flowers.

Food allergens. They can be any food products or substances formed during their digestion, cooking, or long-term storage.

It is believed that the most pronounced allergenic activity has food products protein origin. Fats, carbohydrates, and trace elements often cause false allergic reactions.

The most common food allergens include: coffee, cocoa, chocolate, citrus fruits, strawberries, wild strawberries, eggs, animal and poultry meat, fish, caviar, crayfish, crabs, milk, carrots, beets, tomatoes, buckwheat, cereals, legumes, nuts.

Milk. Cow's milk has the most pronounced allergenic properties. If you are allergic to milk, allergic reactions to products that contain it are also possible.

Eggs. In the structure of food allergy, reactions to eggs occupy an important place, both in terms of the frequency of occurrence and the severity of clinical manifestations.

Fish and fish products. Fish, like milk and eggs, is one of the most common and important food allergens that can cause allergic reactions. varying degrees severity: from locals. Skin, to severe anaphylactic shock with a fatal outcome.

Meat. Allergic reactions to meat are observed much less frequently than to fish, which is explained by the denaturation of their proteins and physicochemical changes that occur during heat treatment.

Grain products are one of the most common food allergens of plant origin, the allergenicity of which is associated with the proteins that make up them.

Legumes, nuts, etc. Previously, it was believed that allergies to legumes were relatively rare. However, recently the consumption of these products has increased, and as a result, their importance as causes of food allergies has increased.

Household allergens. These include allergens from house dust, feather pillows, library dust, a group of materials for making upholstered furniture, and aquarium food.

House dust allergens are very diverse in their composition. They include substances of animal and plant origin, waste products of fungi, insects, and bacteria. Basic integral part house dust mites of the genus Dermatophagoides. In recent years, both domestic and foreign researchers have proven important role cockroaches in the development of allergic reactions.

Epidermal allergens. These allergens can be part of house dust and have an independent role in the development of clinical picture allergic diseases. These include human, horse, pig, dog and cat dander. Rabbits, guinea pigs, mice, sheep, etc.

The incidence of pet allergies ranges up to 11% in children. Hypersensitivity to dog and cat hair is most common. There is evidence of a high allergenic activity of the saliva of cats and dogs in comparison with their fur.

Insect allergens are allergens from insects that are found in their saliva, venom, and body. An allergic reaction occurs from hymenoptera bites, dipteran bug bites, as well as from contact with insect secretions and body particles or inhalation of these particles.

Drug allergens. These include chemicals, enzyme preparations and fungal synthesis products. Drugs are mainly haptens, which become true allergens only when conjugated with a carrier protein.

Industrial allergens. These are chemical and biological pollution of the environment. Among chemical substances, allergens include metals and their salts, pesticides, and synthetic polymers. They cause occupational allergic diseases.

What are allergens and what are they? a) wool of various types of animals

Please indicate one correct answer

513.K industrial allergens substances include:

a) organic origin (cotton, flax, tobacco, etc.)

b) chemical nature(chrome, nickel, manganese, formaldehyde, etc.)

c) both

d) neither one nor the other

d) all of the above

514. Occupational acute and chronic allergic conjunctivitis is observed upon contact with all of the listed groups of substances, except:

a) cosmetics (ursol paint, amber cream)

b) paint and varnish coatings

c) lead dust

d) salts of platinum group metals

e) dust from a hosiery factory

515. To determine the etiology of conjunctivitis it is necessary:

a) collect an allergy test

b) identify a specific allergen according to the presented sanitary and hygienic characteristics

c) conduct patch tests with a suspected allergen

d) carry out cytological examination scrapings from the conjunctiva of the eye

d) all of the above

516. To allergic occupational diseases upper respiratory tract relate:

A) allergic rhinitis

b) allergic sinusitis

c) allergic pharyngitis

d) allergic laryngitis

d) all of the above

517. Occupational allergic diseases of the upper respiratory tract are often combined with all of the following, except:

A) allergic dermatitis

b) asthmatic bronchitis

c) hypochromic anemia

d) bronchial asthma

d) all of the above

518. To resolve the issue of occupational etiology of bronchial asthma, the concentration of the industrial allergen:

a) is of decisive importance

c) both

d) neither one nor the other

d) all of the above

519. To resolve the issue of the occupational etiology of bronchial asthma, the duration of experience in contact with an occupational allergen:

a) is of decisive importance

b) does not have of decisive importance

c) both

d) neither one nor the other

d) all of the above

520. Plant allergens include all of the following, except:

a) cotton

c) rosehip

d) flour dust

521. Chemical allergens include:

a) nickel

b) manganese

c) cobalt

d) all of the above

522. Allergens of animal origin include:

a) wool various types animals

b) epidermal formations

c) natural silk

d) all of the above

e) none of the above

523. Industrial allergens include: 1) nitric acid; 2) ammonia; 3) carbon disulfide; 4)formaldehyde; 5)chrome

a) if 1 and 2 are true

b) if 2 and 3 are true

c) if 3 and 4 are true

d) if 4 and 5 are true

e) if 1 and 5 are true

524. Unconditional forms of occupational bronchial asthma are:

a) bronchial asthma of the atopic type

b) aspirin asthma

c) physical exertion asthma

d) bronchial asthma with allergies to industrial and infectious factors

e) correct answers a) and d)

525. Specific allergological diagnostic methods that are most indicated when deciding the etiology of bronchial asthma caused by exposure to chemical allergens are:

a) skin tests

b) nasal provocation test

c) provocative inhalation test

d) methods of specific immunodiagnostics

e) correct answers c) and d)

526. The most informative for diagnosing occupational bronchial asthma of the atopic type are all of the following, except:

a) exposure symptom

b) unburdened allergy history

c) elimination symptom

d) pronounced respiratory failure

e) positive results of a provocative inhalation test

527. The most informative for the diagnosis of occupational bronchial asthma with allergies to occupational and infectious factors are all of the following, except:

a) symptoms of exposure and elimination

b) contact with industrial allergens

c) positive results skin tests with bacterial allergens

d) positive results of specific immunological tests

e) positive results of a provocative inhalation test

528. Infectious diseases (tuberculosis, brucellosis, foot and mouth disease, tularemia, glanders, anthrax and others) can be recognized as professional by persons who have industrial contact:

a) with sick people

b) with sick animals

c) with cultures of pathogens of infectious diseases

d) with disease carriers

529. Right to make a diagnosis infectious disease belongs:

A) infectious diseases hospital specializing in a specific infection (zoonoses, anthroponoses, tuberculosis)

c) both

d) none of the above

d) all of the above

530. The right to establish a connection between an infectious disease and a profession belongs to:

a) an infectious diseases hospital specializing in a specific infection (zoonoses, anthroponoses, tuberculosis)

b) a specialized occupational pathology institution (occupational center, occupational disease clinic, etc.)

c) both

d) none of the above

d) all of the above

531. The following organic substances are reliable carcinogens: 1) benzidine; 2) xylene; 3) bitumen; 4) benzopyrene; 5) chloramine; 6) diesel fuel combustion products

a) if 1, 2 and 3 are true

b) if 2, 3 and 4 are true

c) if 3, 4 and 5 are true

d) if 4, 5 and 6 are true

e) if 1, 2 and 4 are true

532. The following metals are reliable carcinogens: 1) zinc; 2) cadmium; 3) cobalt; 4) arsenic; 5) nickel; 6)chrome

a) if 1, 2 and 3 are true

b) if 2, 3 and 4 are true

c) if 3, 4 and 5 are true

d) if 4, 5 and 6 are true

e) if 1, 2 and 4 are true

533. Skin cancer is caused by all of the following factors, except:

a) coal tar

b) paraffin

c) benzene

d) arsenic

d) x-rays

534. Lung cancer can be caused by all of the following substances, except:

a) benzo(a)pyrene

c) paraffin

d) nickel

d) asbestos

535. Stomach cancer can be caused by all of the following substances, except:

a) benzo(a)pyrene

b) tar

c) nickel

d) chromium

d) asbestos

536. Liver angiosarcoma can be caused by:

a) benzo(a)pyrene

b) asbestos

d) vinyl chloride

e) benzene

537. Cancer Bladder can cause: 1) benzidine; 2) beryllium; 3) benzene; 4) a- and b-naphthylamine; 5) dianisidine; 6)chrome

a) if 1, 2 and 3 are true

b) if 2, 3 and 4 are true

c) if 3, 4 and 5 are true

d) if 4, 5 and 6 are true

e) if 1, 4 and 5 are true

538. Leukemia can be caused by: 1) benzo(a)pyrene; 2) benzene; 3)chrome; 4) radium; 5) uranium; 6) arsenic

a) if 1, 2 and 3 are true

b) if 2, 3 and 4 are true

c) if 3, 4 and 5 are true

d) if 4, 5 and 6 are true

e) if 2, 4 and 5 are true

539. To forms of disorders menstrual cycle hypermenstrual syndrome includes: 1) polymenorrhea; 2) menorrhagia; 3) opsomenorea; 4) dysmenorrhea; 5) metrorrhagia

a) if 1, 2 are true

b) if 2, 3 are true

c) if 3, 4 are true

d) if 3.5 is true

e) if 4, 5 is true

540. Forms of menstrual cycle disorders in hypomenstrual syndrome include: 1) algomenorrhea; 2) oligomenorrhea; 3) hypomenorrhea; 4) hypermenorrhea; 5) amenorrhea

a) if 1, 2 and 3 are true

b) if 2, 3 and 4 are true

c) if 2, 3 and 5 are true

d) if 3, 4 and 5 are true

d) all of the above

541. To the group of factors of the production environment, which ranks first in terms of impact on reproductive function female body, relate:

a) chemical

b) industrial aerosols

c) physical

d) biological

e) functional overstrain

542. Pathogenesis of disorders menstrual function influenced chemical factors production environment is associated with:

a) with impaired hemodynamics of the pelvic organs

b) with a violation of the pituitary-ovarian relationship

c) with damage to the ovarian follicles

d) none of the above

d) all of the above

543. To the most frequent complications the course of pregnancy when exposed to chemical factors in the working environment include:

a) early toxicosis

b) toxicosis of the second half of pregnancy

c) miscarriage

d) correct answers b) and c)

d) all of the above

544. The most evidence-based complications during childbirth when exposed to chemical factors in the working environment are: 1) premature birth amniotic fluid; 2) weakness labor activity; 3) threat of intrauterine asphyxia of the fetus; 4) stillbirth; 5) intrauterine development retardation

a) if 1, 2 and 3 are true

b) if 2, 3 and 4 are true

c) if 3, 4 and 5 are true

d) none of the above

d) all of the above

545. Compounds that have a teratogenic effect on the fetus include: 1) cotton dust; 2) aluminum dust; 3) lead compounds; 4)organochlorine compounds; 5)asbestos dust

a) if 1, 2 are true

b) if 1, 3 are true

c) if 2, 3 are true

d) if 3, 4 are true

e) if 4, 5 is true

546. Production factors leading to prolapse of the walls of the vagina and uterus include: 1) general vibration; 2) significant physical stress; 3) chemical factors; 4) industrial aerosols; 5) forced working posture (women in standing professions)

a) if 1, 2 and 3 are true

b) if 1, 2 and 4 are true

c) if 1, 2 and 5 are true

d) if 2, 3 and 4 are true

e) if 3, 4 and 5 are true

547. The most optimal position for working women is:

a) standing work

b) sedentary work

c) variable posture

d) not significant

d) all of the above

548. Occupational allergic skin diseases include all of the following, except:

a) eczema

b) dermatitis

c) epidermosis

d) urticaria

d) toxicoderma

549. Substances that cause bone tumors in workers include:

b) strontium

c) plutonium

d) all of the above

e) none of the above

550. To occupational diseases caused by exposure to biological factors, relate:

a) infectious

c) mycoses

d) dysbacteriosis

d) all of the above

551. Biologically harmful factors include:

a) organic dust of plant and animal origin

b) biological feed active additives

c) antibiotics

d) anthropogenic infections

d) all of the above

552. To the most dangerous production processes in the production of antibiotics include:

a) growing antibiotics

c) extraction

d) drying and packaging

d) all of the above

Allergens are substances that, when reintroduced into a sensitive body, cause an allergic reaction. A wide range of non-infectious and infectious allergens are known. Despite the apparent diversity of allergens, they have a lot of commonality, both due to the presence of impurities different substances, and because of the similarity in the structure of specific substances.

Non-infectious allergens include:

plant components (pollen - pollen allergy, fruits and vegetables - food allergy);
components of animals and birds - food allergens (meat, fish), epidermal (wool, dandruff, fur);
household allergens - house dust, bed mites, library dust;
drug allergens - almost all drugs;
insect allergens – poisons, chitin cover, etc.;
professional - various chemicals (including synthetic products), varnishes, solvents, cement dust.

Household allergens

The group of household inhalation allergens usually includes house and library dust, pillow feathers. However, the composition of household allergens is very wide and largely depends on the characteristics of each specific apartment, its furnishings, the presence of animals, birds, aquarium fish, carpets, and various chemical substances, humidifiers and air conditioners, which promote the appearance of fungi and bacteria.

House dust

House dust is a heterogeneous group of allergens, causing asthma and rhinitis. It includes allergens of bed mites of the genus dermatophagoides, animal substances (fur, epidermis, allergens of saliva and animal secretions) and synthetic origin(household items), waste products and death of insects, bacteria, fungi.

The main (major) allergens are associated with many (about 50%) patients sensitized to them. However, minor (minor) allergens, which bind about 10% of antibodies, can also cause allergies. There is an opinion that house dust is the main allergen in atopic asthma - in 90% of patients, but the contribution of other allergens is not assessed.

Epidermal allergens

Epidermal animal allergens - not uncommon component house dust. They have independent meaning and can be occupational allergens. The cause of the disease is contact with animals kept in the apartment (cats, dogs, etc.), or caring for domestic (cows, horses, sheep, rabbits, etc.) and laboratory (mice, rats) animals. Allergens include animal fur and dander.

Plant allergens

Allergens plant origin may be pollen of plants, their seeds, leaves, stems and roots, used for various needs. Pollen allergens are the main cause. The main allergens in early spring are pollens released during the flowering of trees (alder, hazel, birch, etc.); at the beginning of summer, pollen of cereal grasses (timothy grass, foxtail grass, bluegrass, hedgehog grass, ryegrass, etc.); late summer - pollen weeds(quinoa, wormwood). Plant components often act as food, industrial or household allergens.

Food allergens

The most common food allergens include milk, fish and fish products, nuts, and. Along with allergic reactions to food, the development of pseudo-allergic reactions is possible.

Often the reason for the development of a reaction to food is not the product itself, but food additives - chemicals added to improve taste, smell, color, etc., increasing the shelf life of products. Nutritional supplements include: dyes, preservatives, flavors, emulsifiers, enzymes, bacteriostatic substances.

Chemical allergens

Chemical allergens are widespread in the environment, at work and in everyday life. These can be simple but highly active substances, or more complex macromolecules that can trigger an immune response. Not being full-fledged antigens, these substances combine with biological molecules (proteins, amino acids, etc.) and create full-fledged allergens. The mechanism of action of chemical compounds includes toxic, allergic, pseudoallergic and metabolic effects, as well as their combinations.

The main source of chemical allergens is industrial production.

The rise in allergies to chemicals is largely due to pollution environment(air, water, soil) industrial waste, as well as soil and plant treatment products.

Hypersensitivity to sulfur compounds has been revealed, many of which (bisulfite, metabisulfite, dioxide) are widespread in production and in the environment. In food and medicines dyes, preservatives and stabilizers (benzoates, etc.) are used, which cause allergic and pseudo-allergic reactions.

The most common chemical compounds that cause a pathological immune response are:

nitrates and nitrites;

sulfates and sulfites;

Be careful! At the first symptoms of an allergy, consult a doctor!

Most often, these substances are included in household chemicals: washing powders, detergents, bleaches, as well as soaps, cosmetics, and perfumes. Colors, emulsifiers, preservatives and flavors can often be found in products. Nitrates may be present in purchased vegetables and fruits. Therefore, often an allergy to chemicals may not be diagnosed immediately, as it can be confused with an immune reaction to foods.
Also, some allergenic chemicals may be included in medications. Vaccines may contain phenol, which often causes an immune reaction in children.
It is worth mentioning separately about antibiotics, since they active substance often causes allergies. In order to make sure that the patient’s body responds normally to drugs of this series, it is necessary to conduct a test before prescribing such drugs.

Causes of pathological immune response to chemicals

The occurrence of this type of allergy is influenced by the following factors:

reduced immunity;

individual intolerance to certain substances;

childhood;

increased sensitivity skin and mucous membranes

The reason why symptoms of the disease begin to appear is the body’s contact with the allergen. Most often, the skin of the hands, as well as the mucous membranes of the nose and eyes come into contact with chemicals. The allergen can also reach other areas of the skin, for example, if it washing powder, the remains of which are on clothing.

Varieties and symptoms

Allergy to soap

Depending on the allergen to which the reaction occurred, the allergy may be accompanied by different signs.
So, the following symptoms are characteristic of an immune reaction to washing powder:

dry skin;

skin redness;

small rash (can be all over the body, but most often affects the hands, face, chest);

blistering weeping rashes;

When an allergen is inhaled, the following symptoms appear:

severe dry cough;

allergic rhinitis (swelling of the nasal mucosa, congestion, redness, mucopurulent discharge, sneezing);

eczema may appear;

the occurrence of an attack of bronchial asthma in patients

The following symptoms are typical for a soap allergy:

itching and burning;

skin redness;

increase in body temperature.

Allergic reaction on phosphates and other aggressive substances that make up detergents, manifests itself in a similar way. It is characterized by:

redness, itching and peeling of the skin of the hands;

rash or red spots;

chemical burns.

Allergy to detergent

The symptoms listed above may accompany an allergy to another household chemicals and cosmetics.
If the allergen has been consumed in food (most often these are dyes, preservatives, emulsifiers, flavorings, nitrates), then the following symptoms accompany the immune reaction:

red spots all over the body;

malfunctions gastrointestinal tract(nausea, vomiting, diarrhea);

increase in body temperature

Allergies often occur due to inhalation of particles of chemicals contained in perfumes. It is characterized by the following symptoms:

sore throat and dry cough;

headache;

itching and burning in the nasal and oral cavities;

allergic rhinitis;

redness and tearing of the eyes;

increased salivation;

sometimes - nausea and vomiting

A pathological reaction of the immune system to chemicals included in medications is manifested by the same symptoms:

swelling and severe redness at the injection site with intramuscular injection drugs containing an allergen, or phlebitis (inflammation of a vessel) when administered intravenously;

increased body temperature;

nausea and vomiting;

Chemical allergies can occur as a result of contact of the body with phenol, which is often included in the Mantoux test. In this case, the following symptoms appear:

positive reaction to tuberculin test(severe redness and swelling of the skin at the injection site;

increased body temperature;

Fruits and vegetables can be treated with products containing phenol. In this case, the person exhibits symptoms characteristic of food allergies.

Treatment

First of all, it involves stopping the patient’s contact with a substance that is not tolerated by his body.
Often, treatment for this type of allergy takes a long time. This happens because it is not always possible to immediately accurately identify a substance that is not tolerated by the patient’s body, and a chemical allergy may appear again.
Treatment of this type of allergy, like any other, involves the use of antihistamines. Such as:

If these medications do not help, treatment with corticosteroids is given.
Medicines are also prescribed to quickly relieve local symptoms: anti-inflammatory ointments and skin creams, antiallergic nasal drops, sorbents to remove the allergen from the body.

The use of folk remedies

Oil tea tree

Alternative medicine recipes are often used to relieve symptoms and prevent allergies.
So, to prevent an immune reaction to washing powder and bleaching agents, it is recommended to add tea tree oil to the water when washing.
In order to get rid of allergy symptoms, celandine tincture is used. To prepare it you will need one tablespoon medicinal herb and a glass of boiling water. It must be infused for four hours. This remedy is taken in the morning on an empty stomach, half a glass. You can eat after drinking the tincture within twenty minutes.
Another anti-inflammatory remedy for relieving symptoms is calendula tincture. It is prepared from one tablespoon of plant flowers and two glasses of boiling water. It infuses for an hour. Then you need to strain it and take a tablespoon three times a day.
Tinctures from these herbs can not only be taken internally. They can also be applied to affected areas of the skin to relieve itching and redness.
But you should not self-medicate - folk remedies can only be an addition to the main treatment. When the first symptoms appear, you should immediately consult a doctor, since chemical allergies are a serious disease.

Prevention

It is easier to prevent any disease than to treat it later. Therefore, you should adhere to the following rules:

use washing powder that does not contain phosphates or chlorine;

buy only white soap without smell;

use baby soap;

use household chemicals marked “hypoallergenic” or “for sensitive skin”;

use rubber gloves when working with detergents;

do not use aerosols to prevent allergens from entering the respiratory tract (they can be replaced with gel products);

buy cosmetics that do not contain acetone and ammonia, and a large number of fragrances;

do allergy tests before using medications that often cause allergies;

if possible, the best option there will be a replacement of chemical household products with natural ones

Pay attention to the content of substances in household chemicals

If a person has already developed a chemical allergy, it is necessary to do allergy tests for several substances in order to accurately identify the allergen and avoid contact with it.
Also, to prevent any type of allergy, you need to adhere to the following rules:

strengthen immunity;

treat all diseases in a timely manner;

lead active image life;

to refuse from bad habits;

Healthy food

Allergies to household chemicals occur in every second case among all allergic diseases. This is caused, first of all, by the wide range of cleaning products, to which manufacturers are trying to add many new formulas and chemical compounds.

The mechanism of action of household chemicals has not been fully studied, but it has been confirmed that each patient reacts to his own allergen and it is quite easy to find it in the variety of household chemicals.

The composition of these preparations contains substances such as alkali, bleach, PVA, flavoring, dye, etc. Most of these agents are volatile, transmitted through odors, which allows them to reach the patient’s mucous membranes.

Reasons for the development of the disease

Allergies to household chemicals most often develop under the influence of antioxidants, formaldehydes, sulfites, phosphates, nitrites and other components that are present in dishwashing detergents, floor treatments, furniture, etc.

The most harmful components that cause an allergic reaction are:

1. Chlorine

Provokes the development of atherosclerosis, hypertension, anemia and acute allergy attacks. Chlorine has a destructive effect on protein structures, hair follicles, and epidermis. In addition, the presence of chlorine in solutions can lead to cancer.

2. Anionic surfactant (A-surfactant)

Is quite aggressive. Promotes the development of allergies. They negatively affect the lungs, liver, brain, kidneys, as well as the immune system. Has the ability to accumulate. Mainly added to washing powders. The more foam is formed during washing, the more A-surfactant is added.

3. Phosphates

In some countries this component is banned. They are added to improve the softness of water. Phosphates can cause secretion harmful substances, which can penetrate the epidermis layer, especially on the hands. It is quite difficult to remove these substances from the surface of things even with prolonged rinsing.

4. Phthalates

They are products of petroleum refining. Most often they are used to give household products a pleasant aroma. This smell comes through respiratory system into the bloodstream, accumulating and causing negative symptoms. Phthalates are especially dangerous for pregnant women and during lactation. They can get to the child and in some cases lead to defects in the development of the genital area.

5. Cresol and Phenol

These bactericidal agents extremely caustic and can cause severe allergies, diarrhea, fainting and problems with the liver and kidneys.

6. Formaldehyde

They have a strong carcinogenic effect. Upon contact, they cause irritation on the hands and mucous membranes, and cause difficulty breathing in the eyes.

7. Nitrobenzenes

These products are included in preparations for polishing furniture and parquet. If the slightest particles enter the patient's body, urgent treatment is required.

The list of harmful chemicals goes on. Household cleaning products are not only very harmful, they are also very insidious. After surface treatment, chemical particles settle everywhere, causing undesirable consequences.

The reason for the appearance allergic rashes You can have any preparation for cleaning the house on your hands. Children are most susceptible to developing the disease, since the immune system of children is not sufficiently prepared to fight them.

Symptoms of the disease

Allergy to household chemicals is a contact allergy, so the symptoms of the disease occur locally (at the site of direct contact of the skin with the chemical).

manifestations of allergies are quite difficult to miss. The most common rash appears on the body, accompanied by redness and severe itching. The affected areas may peel off, and it is often noted sharp increase body temperature;

rashes can appear on any part of the body, but especially on the hands. Hands are the first to feel negative impact, therefore, the appearance of blisters and hyperemia on the hands is the first sign of an allergy; Most often, a chemical allergy takes the form of hives, which itches unbearably. The skin at the site of scratching may crack, forming small ulcers, which, if left untreated, can lead to infection. Swelling may appear in the hands, up to the impossibility of full flexion and extension of the fingers; often acute attack allergies can be triggered by chemical odors present in almost every household product. Odors irritate the respiratory mucosa, causing increased lacrimation and rhinitis; in severe cases, angioedema and suffocation may develop. This condition is extremely dangerous and requires emergency treatment. medical care; An allergic reaction can occur not only to smells. Often, bulk preparations (washing powder, bleach, etc.) get on the mucous membrane of the respiratory tract and provoke a spasmodic cough;

In addition, allergy symptoms can affect digestive organs, causing vomiting, nausea, increased salivation; with advanced allergies, persistent bronchospasms may occur, which can develop into asthmatic syndrome; besides this, most chemicals contain substances that expand small vessels brain, which leads to migraine-type headaches.

Symptoms of the disease, especially manifestations on the hands, require urgent medical intervention.

Features of treatment

As a rule, allergies cannot be cured. You can only alleviate the symptoms of the disease with the help of certain therapeutic measures:

Before starting treatment, it is recommended to identify the allergen and then avoid contact with it. For this purpose it is assigned diagnostic examination, including allergy tests. After receiving the result, the doctor can prescribe adequate treatment that will reduce allergy symptoms;

It is recommended to treat allergies with antihistamines latest generation(Zyrtec, Erius). They neutralize allergy symptoms well in the form of rash, itching and swelling; Quite often, treatment with enterosorbents (Activated carbon, Enterosgel) is prescribed. They actively remove toxins from the patient’s body with allergies, improving the general condition of the body; In addition, to neutralize allergies, it provides an increase in immune strength. For this purpose, immunomodulators and courses of vitamin therapy are prescribed.

It must be taken into account that treatment of the disease can be lengthy and requires the implementation of all therapeutic measures.

Disease prevention

To avoid allergies to chemicals, patients should follow a series of preventive measures. First of all, allergy sufferers are advised to carefully study the composition of detergents. They should be free of chlorine, dyes, ammonia, acetone, phenols and flavors. It is advisable to exclude the use of aerosol and powder substances, replacing them with gel and liquid ones. It is necessary to protect the respiratory tract and skin on the hands with rubber gloves and a gauze bandage. It should be borne in mind that the gloves are made of latex, which is also highly allergenic. Therefore, it is recommended to wear gloves made of regular cotton material underneath.

chlorobenzene dinitrochlorobenzene

The activity of individual hydrocarbon radicals to attach to the amino group of proteins decreases in the following order:

The question of which proteins of cells, tissues or organs allergens of a relatively “simple” chemical structure are combined with is not resolved. The nature of these proteins is also unclear. It is possible that different types of proteins perform this role in different tissues. It is likely that such proteins are proteins from skin tissue, leukocytes, erythrocytes, blood platelets. Compounds of picryl chloride with proteins (globulin) in blood serum did not cause contact dermatitis when applied to skin guinea pig or rabbit, but stimulated the formation of antibodies in liquid tissue media.

According to Eisen et al., at the site of exposure to a chemically simple allergen on the skin, histiocytes (“wandering cells”) and lymphocytes accumulate, with which these allergens may react. The function of an allergen carrier can also be performed by procollagen in foci of granulomatous tissue in tuberculosis and other infections. It is possible that the potentiating role of “conductors” in the process of sensitization is associated with the formation of procollagen in such lesions.

It has been established that not every combination of a simple chemical substance with a protein causes the formation of a complex with antigenic properties. Many substances (sulfonamides, penicillin, etc.) combine with serum albumin, but the products of these compounds do not cause the formation of antibodies and allergies. At the same time, compounds are known, for example arsphenamines (old salvarsan), which cause the formation of antibodies and sensitization in humans and guinea pigs. According to Chase, only those antigen complexes that have a pzoelectric point different from the native protein. In cases of thrombocytopenic purpura caused by serdomide, quinine, quinidium or aitazoline, very fragile, labile connections of these substances with platelets occur. The allergen is easily separated from the allergen-antibody complex by dialysis.

Doubts are expressed that such complexes may be the only agents responsible for the development of allergies to simple chemical compounds.

Halpern (1958) observed cases of allergy to amidopyrine, in which the combination with the antibody (precipitation) and the allergic skin reaction were caused not by the allergen-protein complex, but by the amidopyrine itself. However, Chase and other immunologists believe that in this case it is possible that a complex antigen may form within a few minutes after the introduction of a simple allergen into the skin or into a reaction environment with the corresponding protein. Possible allergic reactions with simple allergens without a complex with a protein, for example with amidopyrine, bromosulfatephthalein (tetrabromopheiol phthaleisulfathia).

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) also has allergenic properties. These properties of DIC were studied in connection with the study of the pathogenesis of collagenoses and specifically systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), which some authors consider as a state of allergy to DNA (A. M. Poverenny, 1959; A. M. Poverenny, M. I. Levi, 1964 ; Levinhe, 1960, 1962, etc.). It has been shown that with SLE, the blood of patients contains antibodies against DNA obtained from various sources, in particular from microorganisms (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, pyogenic micrococcus, etc.).

Using a passive hemagglutination reaction to detect antibodies to DNA, A. M. Poverenny et al. found that antibodies to DNA are present not only in the sera of patients with SLE, but also in those suffering from other diseases, and in some cases in practically healthy ones.

Analysis of DNA structures with which antibodies are capable of reacting made it possible to classify all detected antibodies into 4 types. Type 1 antibodies reacted with single-stranded DNA molecules completely devoid of helical regions; Type 2 antibodies reacted not only with dehelical structures, but also with molecules containing helical regions, and type 3 antibodies also interacted with unchanged molecules. Finally, type 4 antibodies reacted only with native DNA molecules.

In older people, type 2 antibodies are more common. Antibodies of types 3 and 4 were found only in patients with SLE.

These data suggested that the emergence different types antibodies to DNA is a manifestation of various stages of the autoimmune process.

At the early stages, antibodies appear to despiralized areas, and then to DNA molecules that have retained the helical structure. It is important to note that antibodies to native DNA (types 3 and 4), found in patients with SLE, can never be induced experimentally. Their appearance is undoubtedly an indicator of deep disturbances in the immunological recognition system, which are likely to be important in the pathogenesis of SLE.

N. M. Sidorova (1975) studied the presence of antibodies to DIC in patients with rheumatism and, using the method of inhibiting the migration of leukocytes, the phenomenon of delayed allergy to DNA. The manifestation of delayed-type allergies could be detected in cases where humoral antibodies had not yet been determined.

Of significant interest is the question of the participation of antibodies to DNA in the pathogenesis of SLE and other autoimmune diseases. There is no doubt that antibody and DIC complexes accumulating in the kidneys may be the cause of lupus nephritis.

Received in last years Data indicate that antibodies to DNA in certain cases can also have an effect on some populations of rapidly dividing cells, for example, hematopoietic stem cells (V.K. Podgorodnichenko et al., 1974). It is possible that this results in some of the hematopoietic system disorders observed in SLE patients.

Currently, the attention of researchers is drawn to the study of the allergenic properties of healthy and damaged tissues. Such properties, for example, are found in kidney tissue with nephrosonephritis, liver tissue with hepatitis, etc. Allergens are also products of the combination of animal tissues with bacterial antigens, toxins or various components of the bacterial cell. These allergens are called endoallergens or autoallergens, although this name is inaccurate, since only a few human and animal tissues are true autoallergens (lens, nerve tissue - myelin, thyroid gland, testicles, etc.).

Autoallergens have also been found in burns (N.A. Fedorov et al., 1959); they appear in the tissue with amyloid dystrophy, with tumor process. They cause the formation of autoantibodies, the subsequent combination of which in the body with autoantigens (autoallergens) causes various violations in organs and tissues, called diseases from the damaging effects of antibodies. This type of disease includes some forms of glomerulonephritis (E. M. Tareev, 1963), collagenosis (A. I. Strukov, 1963), allergic encephalitis (Waksman, 1959), autoallergic uventitis, allergic nephritis (Waksman, Adams, 1961 ), sympathetic ophthalmia. Autoallergic aspermatogenesis and other autoallergic diseases have also been described.

A special study of this issue has shown that in most cases of the occurrence of endoallergens in the body, the latter are products of exposure of the tissue to various damaging agents external environment, among which great place occupied by microbial and viral exoallergens.

Endoallergens constitute to some extent an intermediate link pathogenic action exoallergen. Essentially all the literature on auto- or endoallergic reactions shows that these reactions do not represent pathological processes sui generis, but express an intermediate link in the pathopogenic action of one or another exoantigen or echoallergen.

The convergence of endo- and exoallergic reactions is currently being discovered in the study of immune and allergic antibodies. Schmidt (1961) also suggested that during serum sickness, antibodies are formed not only to horse serum, but also to the products of its reaction with the blood proteins of a sick person, and possibly with his tissues. Schmidt called this antigen antigen serum sickness. In case of drug allergy, the exoallergen penicillin combines in the body with serum albumin and forms an eidoallergen, to which cellular and humoral antibodies are already detected.

A. A. Polner (1965) in our laboratory showed that immunization of rabbits with such typical exoallergies as pollen from timothy grass (Phleum praten.se) or hedgehogs (Dactylis glomerata), first causes the appearance IgG antibodies(first order) against aitigens of these pollen species. Antibodies of the precipitate type are formed, and then, during immunization, antibodies of the second order appear in relation to immune complex exoallergoi-antibody formed earlier (first order).

The combination of an exoallergen with an antibody creates a secondary allergen - an eidoallergen, which causes the formation of corresponding antibodies against itself.

It has been suggested that there is an antigenic relationship between the glycoproteins of the mucous membrane of the upper respiratory tract and the glycoproteins of plant pollen. An antigenic relationship was found between glycoproteins of the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract and glycoproteins of other exoallergens that cause bronchial asthma (some epidermal allergens, etc.). The known fact of the appearance of positive skin reactions to one’s own sputum in patients bronchial asthma is an indirect confirmation of these data.

The presented facts and considerations can, it seems to us, serve as material for studying new ways of the close connection between exo- and endo-allergic reactions. They allow Tashka to believe that the concept of endoallergy is largely conditional, and endoallergic reactions and the pathological process can be considered as certain links in the development of diseases caused by environmental agents. In other words, there is no fundamental difference between exo- and endoallergic reactions. In the pathogenesis of pathological processes caused by exoallergens or so-called endo- and especially autoallergens, no fundamental differences can be identified.

True bacterial toxins also have allergenic properties (I.N. Morgunov, 1959; Cooke, 1940, etc.).

The huge variety of allergens makes it very difficult to compile them rational classification. It is advisable to divide allergens into exogenous, entering the body from the external environment, and endogenous, arising in the body itself (M. 3. Signal, 1952; V. A. Parnes, 1957; Urbach, 1946, etc.).

Exogenous allergens are divided, according to Hammerer (1956), into the following groups: 1) airborne, inhaled allergens (dust, pollen, etc.); 2) food allergens; 3) contact allergens acting on the skin and mucous membranes (dyes, antibiotics); 4) injection allergens (serums, salvarsan, etc.); 5) infectious allergens (bacteria, viruses); 6) drug allergens (sulfonamides, amidopyrine, etc.).