Vaccination against polio, revaccination and side effects. Who should get the flu vaccine? Ours and others
Every year in cold weather there is a risk for every person of the year flu infection- disease viral nature. In this regard, a large role is given to its prevention, in particular, vaccination against influenza of one type or another.
Main types of influenza
The main types of influenza include groups A, B, C, which have big number subtypes that differ every year. Group A and B viruses are considered the most dangerous, as they cause the emergence of new strains against which the population has no immunity.
The most common influenza viruses:
- A (H1N1) California;
- A (H3N2) Victoria;
- B (Massachusetts);
- H5N1 - avian;
- A (H1N1) swine flu.
Types of flu shots
There are 4 main types of antifungal vaccines:
- A live vaccine containing a weakened virus that can cause influenza-like symptoms. Vaccination with such a vaccine contributes to the formation of persistent. Ease of use is to administer the drug through the nose (drops, spray). The vaccine is not approved for children under 3 years of age. Vaccination is contraindicated in case of intolerance to aminoglycosides and allergy to protein chicken egg.
- Whole virion liquid vaccine. A preparation containing whole, purified, concentrated, inactive viruses. Not administered to children under 7 years of age. Contraindicated if you are allergic to egg white and aminoglycoside intolerance.
- A split vaccine consisting of protein structures of viruses. The main names are Fluarix, Begrivak, Fluvaxin, Vaxigripp. Contraindications are similar to the above types. Vaccination is allowed from 6 months of age.
- Subunit vaccine. It is considered the most purified. These can be drugs on chicken embryos - Grippol, Grippol plus, Inflexal, Agrippal, Influvac. Vaccinations with this vaccine are prohibited up to 6 months, and Grippol plus - up to 3 years. This vaccine is considered the most purified. This group also includes a drug prepared on cell culture - Grippol Neo.
- Virosomal vaccines. They are distinguished by an enhanced immune response to vaccination. Without preservatives, well tolerated.
To vaccinate or not?
Regarding the need for a flu shot, there are different opinions. According to medical recommendations, mandatory vaccination Persons with a severe case of influenza are subject to:
- children from 6 months;
- (60 years and older);
- patients with chronic diseases.
In addition to these categories of people, vaccination against influenza is desirable for students of general education institutions, teachers, lecturers, transport and utility workers, medical personnel, military, etc. Not everyone is allowed to get a flu shot; there are contraindications. It should not be carried out by persons prone to allergies to the components of the vaccine, as well as in the presence of any disease in acute form at the time of vaccination. The live vaccine is not used in pregnant women or immunocompromised patients.
After vaccination with one vaccine or another, within 2 weeks the human immune system produces protective antibodies, which protects the body from influenza for a period of 6 to 8 months. The effectiveness of vaccination is 70-90%. If a vaccinated person does get sick, the flu is tolerated much easier and without consequences. This positive sides vaccinations.
When assessing the pros and cons of flu vaccinations, you should consider possible side effects. It can be:
- skin reactions (redness, swelling, soreness);
- allergic reaction;
- malaise;
- temperature increase;
- post-vaccination complications.
In addition to these problems, there may be unpleasant consequences vaccinations as a result of errors during their implementation. For example: unsterile injection, incorrect dilution of the vaccine, wrong place administration of the vaccine, violation of storage of the drug. Such errors are fraught with the appearance infectious process, inflammatory manifestations, etc.
Whether to get a flu vaccine is a decision that each person makes independently; parents decide for the child.
Especially for: - http://siteThe disease has been known to the world for quite a long time. The first mention of this disease is presented in the form of an image of a man whose one leg is shorter than the other and his foot hangs down - these are the consequences of paralysis after suffering polio. Hippocrates described cases of polio. For a long time, the incidence of this infection was in small quantities, and society did not focus its attention on it.
The situation has changed since the 19th century. Number of children who fell ill paralytic form growing up, children who had polio became disabled for the rest of their lives. Scientists found out that the source of the disease was a virus, and began develop a vaccine against this disease. The research took a long time to progress; the study sample included only monkeys, of which there were few, and it was difficult to get more. At this time, the disease was growing, we were already talking about an epidemic.
At the beginning of the 20th century, humanity already knew that polio is contracted only once in a lifetime, and no one gets infected again. This means that the infection has developed immunity in the body, so vaccination and revaccination are the best way to fight against the disease.
In the 20th century it was created live attenuated vaccine for oral route of administration. The virus particles multiplied after entering the body, which led to the immune system reacted and produced antibodies capable of protecting a person from infection. However, there is a risk of complications, which are expressed in post-vaccination flaccid paralysis, this is one of the types of the disease.
There are 2 types of polio vaccines:
- inactivated for injection under the skin;
- liquid in drops that are administered orally.
Description of drugs for vaccination
| Description | |
| Oral | Every year causes cases flaccid paralysis in the Russian Federation; Consists of weakened poliovirus; Administered orally, into the oral cavity; Use for the second and third vaccines is allowed; Contraindicated in patients with immune system deficiency; For patients with increased risk get sick with polio; For vaccination of healthy children; In other cases, the vaccine is used for revaccination. |
| Inactivated | Complications rarely occur; Consists of killed poliovirus; Administered intramuscularly or subcutaneously; Children under one year of age and patients with weak immunity; If there is sensitivity to polymyxin B, neomycin and streptomycin, then it is contraindicated; |
When to vaccinate?
Each individual country administers polio vaccinations according to its own schedule. This is due to the fact that each country has its own risk of getting sick from birth. Where infections still occur regularly, the vaccine is given in the first days after birth. In our country, vaccination occurs as follows:
- polio vaccine is administered at 3, 4, 5 and 6 months
- revaccination at one and a half years
- revaccination at 20 months
- The last revaccination is at 14 years of age.
In the Russian Federation, vaccination is often carried out according to following diagram: the first introduction at 3 months, the second at 4.5 months is carried out by the IPV method, and next vaccinations- with OPV. It is also important to get a booster vaccination against polio.
The type of vaccination and timing of vaccination may be different; this depends primarily on the health status of the little patient.
The local pediatrician has the right to make these changes, based on various data, including test results.
Side effects after vaccination:
There is a risk of nonspecific complications after polio vaccination in various forms, namely:
- swelling - local reaction, the vaccination site may turn red and be painful, but these sensations last for a maximum of 2 days;
- enlarged lymph nodes;
- an itchy rash called hives appears on the skin;
- anaphylactic shock;
- Quincke's edema;
- body temperature is higher than normal;
- sore muscles;
- convulsions during fever;
- within 14 days increased activity.
The reactions listed above occur rarely and the cause, as a rule, is non-compliance with vaccination rules: the vaccine is administered to a person with low immunity or immediately after an illness.
When not to vaccinate
Vaccinating a child is a serious task and all responsibility mainly lies with mom and dad. Before vaccination, you must take a referral from your pediatrician for blood and urine tests, as the results will help your local doctor give report on the child's health status and tell him whether he can be vaccinated in the near future. The same requirements must be observed when revaccinating polio.
You cannot get vaccinated if your child has:
If your child has had an infection, you can get vaccinated against polio. no earlier than 14 days after recovery, provided that the blood test is good. Also, you cannot vaccinate if the baby is completely healthy, but at home someone around the child is sick with an infectious disease. If a child is about to be vaccinated, then a week before it you cannot start giving new foods.
Description of polio
Poliomyelitis is an infection transmitted orally or fecally. Therefore, people call it nothing more than “disease” dirty hands" Often the disease occurs without symptoms or manifests itself as acute respiratory viral infection, infection in the intestines. If the virus penetrates into the central nervous system , then the disease occurs in severe form, the disease strikes spinal cord. A person sick with any form of this infection is contagious.
The virus penetrates into environment with feces, mucus from oral cavity and by air. Poliomyelitis is a disease that leads to fatal outcome There is no cure for it and vaccination is the only method of protection.
Poliomyelitis infection occurs:
- in case of non-compliance with personal hygiene rules;
- when drinking contaminated unboiled water;
- when eating dirty foods.
The course of the infection can be varied, this depends on the form of polio. The first stage is usually characterized by elevated temperature body, weakness, headache, frustration gastrointestinal tract and cramps. During the transition initial stage in the second, in unvaccinated patients, symptoms disappear, but paralysis occurs lower limbs, paresis, paralysis of the deltoid muscle, muscles of the face, trunk or neck.
Should my child be vaccinated against polio?
The polio vaccine should be given for the first time at 3 months, this is due to the fact that the child’s body is unstable and is not able to protect itself, immunoglobulins received from the mother during breastfeeding, by this period end. No definite scientific results that the vaccine is effective and side effects may cause less harm than the consequences of a previous illness.
If the child has not been vaccinated, then the first stage will soon move into the second. In Russia this the vaccine is on the list mandatory vaccinations in the first years of a child's life. Every parent, in order to make a choice between vaccination and refusal, must think: have he seen outbreaks of polio, measles or smallpox among his friends and relatives? Introduction to practice everywhere preventive vaccination made it possible to protect the life and health of children in the modern world.
Foci of this infection still persist in Africa and the Middle East, this is due to poor living standards and low level medicine, including vaccinations. Tourism to the above countries is developing, this contributes to the penetration of infection into our country. Therefore, as many children living in the Russian Federation as possible should do polio vaccination for preventive purposes.
In our country, polio vaccination is done together with DTP.
Before you decide whether or not to get the polio vaccine, make sure you are well informed about the disease, the vaccine itself, its consequences, pros and cons.
Now you will know the dangers and benefits of mandatory childhood vaccinations.
For various infectious diseases, children have a busy schedule in the first year of life. Many parents refuse to vaccinate their children due to the increasing mortality rate after vaccination. The Ministry of Health warns conscientious objectors that this could be dangerous for the lives of their children in the future, but statistics negative consequences is shocking and therefore parents continue to restrict their children from mandatory vaccinations.
In fact, ministers claim that the cause of deaths and others unpleasant symptoms in a child after receiving a vaccine, the problem lies not at all in the vaccination itself, but in the fact that parents incorrectly prepare their children for vaccination due to ignorance. Local doctors do not fully disclose concise information on how to properly prepare a child for vaccination. For example, some doctors do not insist that before vaccination all children undergo a thorough examination by a pediatrician, take blood and urine tests, and take antihistamines and antipyretics, did not walk outside after vaccination, and so on.
For everyone who is puzzled by the question of whether to vaccinate their child or not, experts have compiled a list of the pros and cons of mandatory vaccination:
- “Live” vaccines completely kill the immunity of a growing organism, which is not yet fully formed - this is an absolute minus, but there is also a plus in it, because in the human immune system a priori there are no cells that fight severe infections, and in this In this case, compulsory vaccination is vital for the child. Yes, the vaccine does destroy for a while immune cells, but after 7-10 days the immunity will become twice as strong and will be able to truly protect the child from infections such as measles, mumps, and so on.
- None of the vaccines will give a 100% guarantee that the child will not catch the infection against which he was vaccinated. This is true, but doctors are confident that it is better to protect a child by vaccination and reduce the impact of infection on the body than not to protect him at all. That is, when immune cells are filled with a vaccine, for example, from, then if a child catches it, he will have a chance to recover faster and not die from this infection.
- In fact, vaccination against various infections, for example, measles, is considered unnecessary by many parents and they think that the child himself can cope with the disease in case of infection. Doctors do not agree with this, because in childhood a child may not get sick, but if he catches measles or rubella as an adult, the list of complications increases several times. For example, rubella for a woman in interesting position- this is a danger of development intrauterine pathologies, such as fetal deformity.
- Many parents believe that mandatory vaccinations do not need to be given to children whose mothers are breastfeeding. This is wrong and unsafe because breast milk although it protects the baby from diseases, it does so only to a very small extent, that is severe infections in any case, they can overpower the baby and cause him a lot of harm.
- All vaccines are considered dangerous to the life and health of children - this is a fact, but scientists say that refusal of mandatory vaccination and infection with a particular infection much more often leads to death and serious consequences.
Valeria Yanobekova
Epidemics that raged in past centuries devastated entire cities and areas. People did not know how to fight them and fled from them or trusted in God.
Only in the 18th century, the Dutch scientist Leeuwenhoek, having designed an improved model of a microscope that allows achieving 150-300x magnification, discovered new world– the world of microorganisms. However, at that time, the fact that the spread of infectious diseases is associated with microorganisms was not yet known to scientists. The first practical results on the prevention of infectious diseases were obtained experimentally. In 1776, after many years of preliminary research English doctor E. Jenner inoculated an eight-year-old boy with material from the smallpox abscess of a woman infected with cowpox. A few days later the boy’s temperature rose and ulcers appeared, but then these phenomena disappeared. When, 6 weeks later, he was injected with infectious material from a smallpox patient, the boy did not get sick. This is the first example known to us vaccinations , that is, creations active immunity against an infectious disease by introduction into the body special drug – vaccines .
Another 100 years later (in 1880), the French scientist Louis Pasteur received vaccines against chicken cholera, anthrax and rabies, but, most importantly, he proved that weakened microbes can be used to prevent infectious diseases. He called such microbial cultures vaccines (from the Latin vacca- cow), and the method of prevention is vaccination, since the first example of successful vaccination was associated with a pathogen cowpox. Thus, a new direction appeared in medicine, which is now being successfully used.
Pasteur's ideas were developed by the Russian biologist I.I. Mechnikov and the German doctor, bacteriologist and biochemist P. Ehrlich, who showed the significance phagocytosis and production antibodies in the process of freeing the body from microbes. For this discovery, both scientists were awarded the Nobel Prize in 1908.
At the end of the 19th century, thanks to work on immunization rabbits with diphtheria and tetanus toxin the first one was received effective remedy– serum for the treatment and prevention of diphtheria and tetanus. This work was also awarded the Nobel Prize.
Today, drugs based on weakened living or killed microorganisms, their individual components(antigenic fragments cell membranes) and waste products are found wide application V medical practice and are used to prevent various infectious diseases.
In order to more easily understand what vaccines are, let us briefly consider the relationship between the human body and microbes, which can either have no consequences at all or manifest themselves in the form of a disease. The result depends on the type and number of microorganisms, on the person’s condition (his age, health, state of the immune system).
The human body protects itself from germs different ways. Firstly, there are natural barriers: skin and mucous membranes, which, if they are not damaged, many microorganisms are not able to overcome, since in addition to creating a purely mechanical obstacle (exfoliation of the upper layer of skin, movement of cilia and bronchial secretions, sneezing, coughing) barriers release substances that kill microbes (salt, milk, fatty acid, enzyme lysozyme and others). They determine the so-called natural nonspecific resistance of the body, aimed at many (if not all) infectious agents at once.
Another type of protection is a specific immune response, which interferes with the development of only one type of microorganism and manifests itself when microbes enter the internal environment body. The immune system begins to interact with antigens pathogen, its toxins (poisons) and other waste products. The cells of the immune system enter the battle: phagocytes, lymphocytes and the antibodies they produce, and their number in the body increases so much that it is enough to neutralize the “stranger.” After the microbes are destroyed and removed from the body, the number of phagocytes and lymphocytes again decreases to a certain minimum level. But the immune system already remembers this pathogen and, when it enters the body again, quickly mobilizes its forces to neutralize it. These mechanisms underlie immunity to many diseases or, in other words, immunity.
Building and maintaining immunity to such infections is a task that can only be successfully accomplished with the help of vaccines. Especially in childhood when the immune system is not yet fully formed.
Is it possible to create vaccines for all occasions, against all known pathogens of infectious diseases? This is unlikely to be feasible. Firstly, microorganisms quickly change their properties and adapt, and what worked yesterday will not necessarily help today. Secondly, the creation of such a number of vaccines and vaccination with them is a very expensive and lengthy process, especially since in many cases immunity does not last for a relatively long time and periodic re-vaccination is required. Finally, in some cases it is simply impractical to solve this problem, since the body itself, without vaccination, can successfully resist many pathogens.
With the help of vaccines, doctors around the world are primarily fighting the main infectious diseases, which otherwise would have acquired the character epidemics . Leading this work World organization healthcare, which develops and implements immunization programs. Humanity has already gotten rid of smallpox And plague, cholera, typhus. Next in line is the elimination of such common infectious diseases as diphtheria , tetanus , tuberculosis , polio , whooping cough And measles. Vaccines against pneumococcal infection are on the way ( pneumonia , meningitis , otitis media), from helicobacteriosis, accompanied gastritis , peptic ulcer of the stomach and duodenum, from malaria, against rotavirus infection, which determines up to 25% of all diarrhea in children under 3 years of age, and others.
A person vaccinated with all currently available vaccines would be protected against more than 25 infections. Such a person, very concerned about his health, would receive 467 (man) or 515 (woman) vaccinations in his entire life - one every two months. If the marks from these injections could be arranged in a row, they would form a line, equal to the length hands of a man 180 cm tall from wrist to armpit.
Currently, immunology faces new challenges. The nature of the epidemic takes on viral diseases – HIV infection And acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), which is the terminal (final) stage of HIV infection, Hepatitis B. They are caused by highly variable viruses that are difficult to combat. However, a vaccine has already been created and is being successfully used to prevent hepatitis B. Scientists have been trying to develop a vaccine against the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) for many years, but so far they have not succeeded. Meanwhile, the number of people infected with HIV increases by 3 million every year.
What types of vaccines are there and how are they distinguished?
Firstly, according to the method of production, vaccines are classified into live, inactivated, chemical, artificial, genetically engineered and toxoids.
Live vaccines are obtained by cultivating microorganisms under unfavorable conditions or by “infecting” non-susceptible animals; both greatly weaken bacteria and viruses. These include vaccines against rabies, tuberculosis, plague, tularemia, anthrax, polio, measles, smallpox, yellow fever, mumps, rubella and others. These vaccines are administered, as a rule, once and they create lasting immunity, similar to natural post-infectious immunity. Examples: vaccine against tuberculosis BCG; Ervevax– rubella vaccine; Priorix– vaccine against measles, mumps and rubella.
Inactivated vaccines are prepared from “killed” microorganisms. These include Havrix– hepatitis A vaccine; SolkoTrichovak And SolkoUrovak– vaccines against infections genitourinary tract(you can learn more about one of these vaccines, namely the drug SolkoTrichovak, from the section “Women’s page. A new drug for the prevention and treatment of gynecological infections” in Chapter 3.11; vaccines against whooping cough, leptospirosis, tick-borne encephalitis, typhoid, cholera, dysentery and others. All of them create, as a rule, shorter-lasting (compared to live vaccines) immunity.
Chemical and artificial vaccines are antigens of microorganisms purified from impurities that can induce immunity. Examples: flu vaccines Influvac And Fluarix .
Toxoids are neutralized poisons of microbes that retain their antigenic structure and the ability to induce the development of immunity.
Secondly, vaccines are distinguished by the number of antigens they contain: monovaccine (against one type of microorganism), divaccine (against two types of microbes) or polyvaccine (against several - more than two types of microbes).
Creating vaccines is a complex and lengthy process, so the emergence of a new vaccine is not so common case. In addition to creating new vaccines, work is constantly underway to improve existing drugs. Here are just a few areas of this work:
– development combination drugs and drugs with slow release of antigens, allowing 5-6 or more vaccines to be administered per injection and reducing the number repeated administrations;
– increasing the activity of vaccines to reduce the doses required for vaccination;
- Creation oral vaccines and vaccines administered through the nose instead of injected;
– decreased ability of vaccines to cause side effects (fever, swelling, etc.);
– increasing the thermal stability of vaccines.
This work is being carried out by the World Vaccine Initiative, which has set itself the goal of creating combination vaccine, which could protect against 25-30 infections, would be administered once orally at the very early age and would not give side effects.
It should be noted that the problem of vaccination is possible more(best of all) people are not solved not only because there are not enough the right vaccines, but also because of the prejudice against their use that has developed in many countries. To overcome it, doctors have to carry out a lot of explanatory work, convincing people of its effectiveness and safety. modern vaccines. In Russia, Vaccination Centers are being created for such purposes; now there are about 30 of them in Moscow alone.
When making a choice regarding vaccination, you need to weigh the pros and cons. Let's try to do this together using the following table (Table 3.10.1).
Table 3.10.1. “Pros” and “cons” of vaccination
| “Pros” of vaccination | “Disadvantages” of vaccination |
|---|---|
|
|
We hope that we have convinced you of the need for vaccination. And we also want to offer you two “reminders” that contain useful information - in our opinion! – information regarding childhood vaccinations.
You should tell your doctor before vaccination:
– about the child’s health status at the time of vaccination. Vaccination is allowed 10-14 days after acute respiratory viral infection, residual effects(cough, runny nose) are not a reason to delay vaccination;
– about the child’s allergy to aminoglycosides, chicken egg white, gelatin, baker’s yeast. One of these components is contained in some vaccine preparations (see table 3.10.3 “True contraindications to vaccination”);
- about the emergence of a strong temperature reaction(above 40 °C), redness at the injection site with a diameter of 8 cm or more, or an allergic reaction to the previous administration of this vaccine;
- about spicy infectious disease persons in direct contact with the child, including family members; quarantine in children's preschool institution or school and so on.
– if possible, remain in the medical institution, since at this time there is theoretically a risk of developing allergic reactions requiring emergency treatment medical care;
– monitor the child’s well-being during the first 3 days after administration inactivated vaccines and 5-10 days after the administration of live vaccines;
– If unusual reactions or complications develop (for example, complaints of joint or abdominal pain), consult a doctor.
We would like to draw your attention to the calendar preventive vaccinations, which was introduced in Russia in January 2002 by order of the Minister of Health Russian Federation(Table 3.10.2).
Table 3.10.2. Preventive vaccination calendar
| Age | Name of vaccination |
|---|---|
| 12 hours | First vaccination against hepatitis B |
| 3-7 day | Vaccination against tuberculosis |
| 1 month | Second vaccination against hepatitis B |
| 3 months | First vaccination against diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus, polio. Haemophilus influenzae infection* |
| 4.5 months | Second vaccination against diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus, polio. Haemophilus influenzae infection* |
| 6 months | The third vaccination against diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus, polio. Haemophilus influenzae infection*. Third vaccination against hepatitis B |
| 12 months | Vaccination against measles, epidemic. mumps, rubella |
| 18 months | The first revaccination against diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus, polio. Haemophilus influenzae infection* |
| 20 months | Second revaccination against polio |
| 6 years | Second vaccination against measles, epidemic. mumps, rubella |
| 7 years | Second revaccination against diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus, polio. First revaccination against tuberculosis (with a negative Mantoux test) |
| 13 years | Vaccination against hepatitis B (previously not vaccinated according to the 0-1-6 month schedule). Vaccination against rubella (for girls who have not previously been vaccinated or have received only one vaccination) |
| 14 years | Third revaccination against diphtheria and tetanus. Revaccination against tuberculosis (with a negative Mantoux test). Third revaccination against polio |
| Adults | Revaccination against diphtheria and tetanus every 10 years from the date of the last revaccination |
*Hemophilus influenzae infection: vaccination is permitted and recommended by the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, but is not mandatory (due to insufficient funding for state medical institutions)
All vaccines (except BCG) used as part of National calendar, prescribed by age, can be administered simultaneously with different syringes into different areas bodies.
Attitudes towards contraindications to vaccination are constantly changing - there are fewer and fewer reasons for “exemptions”, the list of diseases exempt from vaccinations is becoming shorter and shorter. And what was previously a contraindication, for example, chronic diseases, becomes an indication for vaccination. In children and adults with chronic diseases, infections that vaccines protect against are much more severe and often lead to complications. For example, whooping cough in children with bronchial asthma, viral hepatitis in children with liver diseases and so on. Besides, modern technologies do not stand still: methods of purifying vaccines are being improved, concentration is decreasing ballast substances in favor of the necessary components. Table 3.10.3 summarizes the true contraindications to vaccination.
Table. 3.10.3. True contraindications to vaccination
| Vaccines, imported analogues | Permanent (absolute) contraindications | Temporary (relative) contraindications |
|---|---|---|
| DTP, Tetrakok |
Neoplasms Progressive neurological pathology History of seizures Strong reactions* or complications from previous vaccine administration Severe allergic diseases (anaphylactic shock, recurrent angioedema, polymorphic exudative erythema, serum sickness) |
Acute diseases (vaccination should be carried out 2 weeks after recovery) Exacerbation chronic diseases(vaccination is carried out after stabilization of the condition) |
| BCG | Primary immunodeficiencies HIV infection Malignant blood diseases Neoplasms Severe reactions* to previous vaccine administration (lymphadenitis, keloid scar) |
Prematurity with a newborn weighing less than 2 kg Intrauterine infections Hemolytic disease of the newborn Skin diseases |
| Measles vaccine, Ruvax | Primary immunodeficiencies Malignant blood diseases Neoplasms Severe reactions* to a previous vaccine Strong allergic reactions for aminoglycosides (gentamicin, kanamycin, etc.) and quail eggs |
The same as when administering the DPT vaccine Immunosuppressive therapy Pregnancy |
| Rubella vaccine, Rudivax and others | Primary and severe secondary immunodeficiencies Allergic reactions to aminoglycosides (neomycin) |
Pregnancy Feverish states Administration of human plasma or blood immunoglobulins |
| Live polio vaccine, Polio Sabin Vero | Primary immunodeficiencies HIV infection Malignant blood diseases Neoplasms Neurological complications following previous vaccine administration |
Acute diseases Exacerbation of chronic diseases |
* Severe reactions - increased body temperature to 40 °C or higher, redness at the injection site with a diameter of 8 cm or more
Vaccinations for children is a rather painful topic for many parents. All of them, it is worth mentioning routine vaccination, are suddenly divided into two camps - opponents who frighten with horror stories dire consequences, and people who want to protect their children from quite dangerous diseases using the method recommended by doctors - vaccinations. To understand whether it is necessary to vaccinate children, the pros and cons of this, let’s try on the www.site to sort out all the fears of anti-vaxxers, their “cons” and adequately consider them.
The first argument put forward by opponents is that routine vaccination depletes the immunity of children. It seems that he is being wasted, instead of being ready to fight the sores that lie in wait for him. But from a logical point of view, our world is not a sterile test tube. Every day a person encounters a mass of negative microorganisms. But all these pathogens do not pass the body’s barrier defenses. Most often, infections do not go further than the lymph nodes. And that's okay.
If you try to reduce the number of contacts the body has with negative bacteria and viruses, then the immune system, having nothing better to do, switches to completely harmless things. This provokes the development of autoimmune and allergic diseases. So from this point of view, vaccinations allow the immune system not to forget about its purpose.
Anti-vaxxers are confident that if natural transmission virus, it gets on the mucous membranes and skin, then during vaccination, it is injected subcutaneously, which confuses the immune system and prevents the development of normal antibodies. Well, this statement has some logic. When the virus gets on the skin and mucous membranes, so-called primary immunity begins to develop.
Later, when the virus reaches circulatory system, the development of secondary immunity begins, it is also called acquired. At the time of vaccination by subcutaneous administration With the drug, the first barrier - the skin and mucous membranes - is artificially broken through with the help of a syringe needle, and the vaccine stimulates the production of stronger immunity.
Many ardent opponents routine vaccinations They see a threat in the composition of vaccines, such as mercury and aluminum compounds. They see a threat in the illusory connection between them and developments various diseases. For example, the preservative thimerosal is a mercury compound. Because of him, many parents, at one time, refused to carry out routine vaccination against measles, mumps, and rubella. This caused a surge in these diseases.
The parents' argument was the information that this mercury compound is associated with the development of autism in children. Studies have shown that thimerosal is quickly and completely eliminated from the body, and cannot in any way affect the occurrence of this disease. However, they decided to remove it from many vaccinations to reassure everyone.
As for aluminum, vaccines contain aluminum alum. They cannot be removed from the composition, for the reason that they are the ones necessary for the production of antibodies.
But have you heard that aluminum is harmful? And no one can be reassured by the fact that vaccines contain its salts, which, for example, are one of active ingredients heartburn medications.
Many parents even refuse the mantoux reaction, because it contains toxic substance– phenol. But in order for it to become dangerous dose must be exceeded three to four times. And, in addition, phenol is independently formed in our body, safely excreted with waste products.
As for reactions to vaccinations, many of them are absolutely normal. These include itching, swelling, pain at the injection site, which are quite acceptable headache and temperature rise. It is worth noting that this does not apply to people with severe immune disorders and allergies. You should separately consult with an immunologist about their vaccination.
As for serious complications after vaccinations - convulsions, anaphylaxis, then it is necessary to take into account statistical data from studies. For example, the risk of serious complications after infection with measles, mumps or rubella is 1:300, and the chances of complications in the form of seizures are 1:3,000, in the form of anaphylaxis 1:1,000,000.
Hepatitis can result in complications such as liver cancer or cirrhosis in one case out of four; in children it turns into chronic form nine times out of ten. And the chances of complications after vaccination are 1:600,000. Vaccination prevents such a development of the situation - the advantages of vaccination are obvious!
The DPT vaccine, about which there is so much controversy, has the following statistics:
Chances of death after infection: Whooping cough 1:800, diphtheria 1:20, tetanus 1:5; possibility of anaphylaxis after vaccination 1:50,000; fever and/or convulsions 1:5,000; loss of consciousness and hypotension 1:350.
There are similar statistics for all other vaccines.
If you are wondering whether to vaccinate your baby or whether to vaccinate your child, consider the seriousness of this disease and what chances you have of contracting it. This depends on the epidemiological situation in your area, the number of unvaccinated children, and the child’s environment in kindergarten, school and home. So, for example, a neighbor in the stairwell may well be a carrier active form tuberculosis. Compare all the risks, and only then make your informed choice. At the same time, know that the number of people on the globe and the age of life have always grown in proportion to the successes of medicine, and not in spite of them - this is the advantage of its achievements, and relying on natural selection that your child’s immunity will survive on its own is risky.
