How to properly provide first aid. Providing first aid - basic rules and recommendations What is first aid to a victim

Providing first aid to victims of bruises, cuts, fainting, burns, poisoning, drowning, frostbite.

Everyone should know basic first aid techniques. Let's look at the most common of them.

Providing first aid for bruises
A bruise is damage to soft tissue, which is accompanied by rupture of small capillaries, swelling and bruising. The first thing to do is to apply ice, snow, a metal object or a piece of cloth soaked in cold water to the bruise site. This will stop internal bleeding. If it is an arm or leg, it is recommended to lift them a little; if we are talking about a bruise of the head, chest or abdominal area, the victim should not be moved. You must be wary of internal bleeding, signs of which include pallor, headache, and loss of consciousness. The victim in such cases should be immediately taken to the hospital.
Providing first aid for cuts
Cuts should be treated with iodine or a weak solution of potassium permanganate, preferably bandaged with a sterile bandage. If the wound is accompanied by heavy bleeding, it is necessary to apply a pressure bandage. However, you need to make sure that there are no foreign objects left inside the wound. In order to apply a pressure bandage, you must first press a sterile swab (if it is not available, folded in several layers and ironed gauze) to the wound and bandage it tightly. It should be remembered that any pressure bandage should be left in place for no more than 1-1.5 hours to prevent tissue necrosis. If the bleeding is arterial, i.e. blood spurts out of the wound under pressure, it is necessary to urgently call an ambulance, and before it arrives, try to at least reduce the bleeding. If a limb is damaged, it is necessary to apply a tourniquet above the wound, after wrapping the skin with cloth.
Providing first aid for burns
Burns require emergency care. If only redness of the skin is observed at the burn site, you should treat the burn site with an alcohol-containing solution and apply a compress from a cloth soaked in the same solution. More severe burns are accompanied by the appearance of blisters on the skin with a clear liquid inside. Under no circumstances should you pierce them! Cover the burned area with sterile gauze or a bandage and consult a doctor immediately.
Providing first aid for fainting
Fainting is a condition when a person suddenly turns pale, his cardiac activity weakens sharply and the patient loses consciousness. The most important thing to do is to provide fresh air by opening a window or taking the victim out into the air. Then you need to free the chest from all compressive objects and lay the patient down so that the head is lower than the body. It is advisable to elevate your legs to increase blood flow to the head. To bring the victim to consciousness, you need to bring a cotton swab moistened with ammonia to his nose. You should not put cold compresses on his head, with the exception of fainting due to sunstroke or heatstroke.
Providing first aid for smoke inhalation
In case of fire, many victims die not from burns, but from carbon monoxide. The first signs of poisoning are shortness of breath, dizziness, malaise, and severe headache. Then the person may lose consciousness. The most important thing is to take the injured person out into the fresh air. Then put a cold compress on his head. If necessary, give him artificial respiration and give him a sniff of ammonia. After the person comes to his senses, put him to bed (if the ambulance has not yet arrived), cover the victim with heating pads or bottles of hot water. You definitely need to give him hot, strong tea or a little red wine.
Providing first aid for poisoning
In case of poisoning, it is necessary to immediately give the patient a large amount of water and induce vomiting. After this, give the patient a glass of water with 10 tablets of activated carbon dissolved in it. If you are poisoned by chemicals, you should not induce vomiting. Sometimes the patient experiences drowsiness, but under no circumstances should he be allowed to sleep; if convulsions occur, the person must be warmed up.
Providing first aid for electric shock
In case of electric shock, you must immediately pull the person away from the current source using a wooden stick or rope. Call a doctor and carry out procedures as for fainting.
Providing first aid to a drowning person
Helping a drowning person is not only about getting him out of the water, but also about removing water from the lungs. To do this, the victim is placed with his stomach on his knee and pressed on his back. After removing water from the lungs, you need to restore breathing and bring the person to consciousness. The first way to restore breathing is to stretch the victim's tongue approximately 18 times per minute, grasping the tongue with the index finger and thumb wrapped in a cloth. You can restore breathing in the following way. Place the victim on his back, under which place a cushion of clothing, sit on him so that his thighs are between your knees. Then press with your palms on the sides of the lower chest and then immediately release.
To bring a person to consciousness, you need to give him ammonia to sniff and rub his body.
Providing first aid for frostbite
Frostbite can cause both lesions and redness of the skin and death of the limbs. To avoid serious consequences, you need to provide timely assistance to the victim. To do this, you need to treat the affected area with an alcohol-containing solution and lightly rub it with a soft woolen cloth until sensitivity appears. After this, lubricate the frostbite area with unsalted animal fat or moisturizer. If bubbles appear, call a doctor.

Article 124. Failure to provide assistance to a patient

1. Failure to provide assistance to a patient without good reason by a person obligated to provide it in accordance with the law or with a special rule, if this negligently resulted in the infliction of moderate harm to the health of the patient, -

Punishable by a fine in the amount of fifty to one hundred times the minimum monthly wage, or in the amount of the wages or other income of the convicted person for a period of up to one month, or by correctional labor for a period of up to one year, or by arrest for a term of two to four months.

2. The same act, if it caused by negligence the death of a patient or the infliction of grievous harm to his health, -

Punishable by imprisonment for a term of up to three years with or without deprivation of the right to hold certain positions or engage in certain activities for a term of up to three years.

It will be about medical and pharmaceutical workers with higher and secondary education (doctors, nurses, midwives, paramedics and pharmacists, pharmacists as well as senior medical students Universities (4,5,6))
A also to authorized persons - for example, police officers patrolling metro stations, etc.

At the same time, we are not talking about whether the assistance was provided in sufficient quantities or not.
The question is whether it was provided or not. Yes or no.

For comparison: When the doctor is at your workplace,
“Causing harm to health through negligence, committed as a result of improper performance by a person of his professional duties,”
- he can be brought into Art. 109, 118
Article 109. Causing death by negligence.
Article 118. Causing grievous and moderate harm to health through negligence.

In our situation: When the doctor is not at your place of work,
acts in a “state of extreme necessity”, then we are talking about
whether he evaded or not fulfilled his professional duty
that is, he reacted to the situation, or passed by.

Again. The court has no right to assess the amount of assistance provided- even if only psychological assistance was provided (to calm the victim) - then under Art. 124 the doctor is no longer guilty.
He responded to the situation, provided first aid, and called 03 (if necessary).
He completed the obligatory actions, but whether it was enough is his conscience to judge.

When harm during first aid
one should operate in terms of greater and lesser harm,

Because in life-threatening conditions First aid provided is more important,
than torn clothes, lost jewelry ( material damage)
than bruises, a broken nose due to some manipulations with a limp, unconscious body ( harm to health)
how moral damage(for example, help was provided on the street and everyone crowded around to look, but the person was naked)

Grounds for refusal from first aid are established during the trial in each specific case.
It is known from practice that the following circumstances are usually recognized in court:
1. serious illness of the medical worker himself(high temperature, pre-infarction condition, hypertensive crisis,...)
2. the doctor is busy treating another equally serious patient(or hurries on call to an equally serious patient)
3. threat to the doctor's life, related to the circumstances of providing assistance (during a shootout, or [case example] the victim is in the taiga, in winter, and can only be reached on skis, which the doctor does not know how to walk) maybe the presence of the victim in the quarry may be a reason for refusing to go down unprepared to the doctor - because in the quarry there will be an immediate threat to the life of the doctor.

IN difference from honey workers, for all other citizens of the Russian Federation distributed by
Article 125. Leaving in danger.
According to it, it is necessary to take measures to save the life of the victim.

Article 125. Leaving in danger

Knowingly leaving without help a person who is in a condition dangerous to life or health and is deprived of the opportunity to take measures for self-preservation due to childhood, old age, illness or due to his helplessness, in cases where the perpetrator had the opportunity to help this person and was obliged to take care of him or he himself put him in a condition dangerous to life or health, -

Punishable by a fine in the amount of fifty to one hundred times the minimum monthly wage, or in the amount of the wages or other income of the convicted person for a period of up to one month, or by compulsory labor for a period of one hundred twenty to one hundred and eighty hours, or by corrective labor for a term of up to one year, or arrest for up to three months.

_________________________________________________
Based on materials from the course "Medical Law"
for 4th year students of the Faculty of Fundamental Medicine of Moscow State University
author of the course - prof., corresponding member. RAMS Sergeev Yu.D.

FIRST AID

FIRST AID is the simplest urgent measures necessary to save the life and health of victims of injuries, accidents and sudden illnesses. She is at the scene of the incident before the doctor arrives or the victim is taken to the hospital.

First aid is the beginning of the treatment of injuries, because... it prevents complications such as shock, bleeding, infection, additional displacement of bone fragments and injury to large nerve trunks and blood vessels.

It should be remembered that the further state of health of the victim and even his life largely depends on the timeliness and quality of first aid. For some minor injuries, medical assistance to the victim may be limited only to the scope of first aid. However, for more serious injuries (fractures, dislocations, bleeding, damage to internal organs, etc.), first aid is the initial stage, since after it has been provided, the victim must be taken to a medical facility. First aid is very important, but it will never replace qualified (specialized) medical care if the victim needs it. You should not try to treat the victim - that is a matter for a medical specialist.

DISLOCATION

Dislocation is a displacement of the articular ends of bones, partially or completely disrupting their mutual contact.

SIGNS:

the appearance of intense pain in the affected joint;

dysfunction of the limb, manifested in the inability to perform active movements;

forced position of the limb and deformation of the joint shape;

displacement of the articular head with desolation of the articular capsule and springy fixation of the limb in its abnormal position.

Traumatic joint dislocations require immediate first aid. Timely reduction of a dislocation, with proper subsequent treatment, will lead to complete restoration of the impaired limb function.

FIRST AID should consist, as a rule, of fixing the injured limb, administering an anesthetic and sending the victim to a medical facility. Fixation of the limb is carried out with a bandage or hanging it on a scarf. In case of dislocation of the joints of the lower limb, the victim should be taken to a medical facility in a supine position (on a stretcher), with pillows placed under the limb, its fixation, and the victim given an anesthetic. When providing first aid in unclear cases, when it is not possible to distinguish a dislocation from a fracture, the victim should be treated as if he had an obvious bone fracture.

BLEEDING

Bleeding called effusion of blood from damaged blood vessels. It is one of the frequent and dangerous consequences of wounds, injuries and burns. Depending on the type of damaged vessel, there are: arterial, capillary and venous bleeding.

ARTERIAL BLEEDING occurs when arteries are damaged and is the most dangerous.

SIGNS: scarlet blood flows from the wound in a strong pulsating stream.

FIRST AID is aimed at stopping bleeding, which can be done by elevating the bleeding area, applying a pressure bandage, maximally bending the limb in the joint and squeezing the vessels passing in this area, finger pressure, and applying a tourniquet. The vessel is pressed above the wound, at certain anatomical points, where muscle mass is less pronounced; the vessel passes superficially and can be pressed against the underlying bone. It is better to press not with one, but with several fingers of one or both hands.

For bleeding in the temple area The artery is pressed in front of the earlobe, at the zygomatic bone.

For bleeding in the cheek area the vessels should be pressed to the edge of the lower jaw, in front of the masticatory muscle.

For bleeding from wounds of the face, tongue, scalp The carotid artery is to be pressed against the transverse process of the cervical vertebra, along the anterior edge of the sternocleidomastoid muscle, at its middle.

For bleeding in the shoulder area the subclavian artery is pressed under the collarbone to the rib; The axillary artery is pressed in the axilla against the head of the humerus.

For bleeding in the forearm and elbow area press the brachial artery at the inner edge of the biceps brachii muscle (biceps) to the humerus.

For bleeding in the groin area The abdominal aorta is pressed with a fist below and to the left of the navel to the spine.

For bleeding in the thigh area The pressure is applied to the horizontal branch of the pubic bone at a point located below the inguinal ligament.

Finger pressure to temporarily stop bleeding is rarely used, only as an emergency. The most reliable way to temporarily stop severe arterial bleeding in the upper and lower extremities is to apply a hemostatic tourniquet or twist, i.e. circular tugging of a limb. There are several types of hemostatic tourniquets. In the absence of a tourniquet, any available material can be used (rubber tube, trouser belt, scarf, rope, etc.).

The procedure for applying a hemostatic tourniquet:

1. A tourniquet is applied when large arteries of the extremities are damaged above the wound so that it completely compresses the artery.

2. Apply a tourniquet with the limb elevated, placing soft tissue (bandage, clothing, etc.) under it, and make several turns until the bleeding stops completely. The coils should lie close to one another so that folds of clothing do not fall between them. The ends of the tourniquet are securely fixed (tied or fastened with a chain and hook). A properly tightened tourniquet should stop the bleeding and the disappearance of the peripheral pulse.

3. A note indicating the time of application of the tourniquet must be attached to the tourniquet.

4. The tourniquet is applied for no more than 1.5-2 hours, and in the cold season the length of stay of the tourniquet is reduced to 1 hour.

5. If it is absolutely necessary to keep the tourniquet on the limb for a longer period of time, loosen it for 5-10 minutes (until the blood supply to the limb is restored), during which time finger pressure is applied to the damaged vessel. This manipulation can be repeated several times, but each time reducing the length of time between manipulations by 1.5-2 times compared to the previous one. The tourniquet should lie so that it is visible. The victim with a tourniquet applied is immediately sent to a medical facility to completely stop the bleeding.

VENOUS BLEEDING occurs when the walls of the veins are damaged.

SIGNS: dark blood flows from the wound in a slow, continuous stream.

FIRST AID is to stop the bleeding, for which it is enough to elevate the limb, bend it at the joint as much as possible, or apply a pressure bandage. This position is given to the limb only after applying a pressure bandage. In case of severe venous bleeding, they resort to pressing the vessel. The damaged vessel is pressed against the bone below the wound. This method is convenient because it can be performed immediately and does not require any equipment.

CAPILLARY BLEEDING is a consequence of damage to the smallest blood vessels (capillaries).

SIGNS: the entire wound surface is bleeding.

FIRST AID involves applying a pressure bandage. A bandage (gauze) is applied to the bleeding area; you can use a clean handkerchief or bleached cloth.

FAINTING

Fainting is a sudden short-term loss of consciousness, accompanied by weakening of the heart and breathing. It occurs with rapidly developing anemia of the brain and lasts from a few seconds to 5-10 minutes or more.

SIGNS. Fainting is expressed in a sudden onset of lightheadedness, dizziness, weakness and loss of consciousness.

Fainting is accompanied by paleness and coldness of the skin. Breathing is slow, shallow, weak and rare pulse (up to 40-50 beats per minute).

FIRST AID. First of all, it is necessary to lay the victim on his back so that his head is slightly lowered and his legs are raised. To make breathing easier, free your neck and chest from constricting clothing. Cover the victim warmly and place a heating pad at his feet. Rub the patient's temples with ammonia and bring a cotton swab soaked in ammonia to his nose, and sprinkle his face with cold water. In case of prolonged fainting, artificial respiration is indicated. After regaining consciousness, give him hot coffee.

FRACTURE

A fracture is a break in the integrity of a bone caused by violence or a pathological process. Open fractures are characterized by the presence of a wound in the fracture area, while closed fractures are characterized by the absence of a violation of the integrity of the integument (skin or mucous membrane). It should be remembered that a fracture may be accompanied by complications: damage to large blood vessels by the sharp ends of bone fragments, which leads to external bleeding (in the presence of an open wound) or interstitial hemorrhage (in a closed fracture); damage to nerve trunks causing shock or paralysis; infection of the wound and development of phlegmon, the occurrence of osteomyelitis or general purulent infection; damage to internal organs (brain, lungs, liver, kidneys, spleen, etc.).

SIGNS: severe pain, deformation and impaired motor function of the limb, shortening of the limb, a kind of bone crunch.

For skull fractures Nausea, vomiting, impaired consciousness, slow pulse will be observed - signs of a concussion (bruise) of the brain, bleeding from the nose and ears.

Providing first aid consists of providing the victim with a set of the simplest and most basic medical actions right at the scene of the incident. It is carried out by people who happen to be close to the victim. As a rule, first aid is provided within the first thirty minutes after injury.

What is trauma?

Trauma is a deterioration in a person’s well-being and health as a result of the negative influence of any factor, individually or together: physical, chemical, biological. If an incident occurs at work, then a person may suffer for socio-psychological, organizational, technical and other reasons.

Providing first aid to victims can help prevent severe and irreversible consequences of injury.

Universal first aid instructions

A person can get injured at home, at work, or even while walking. Regardless of where he is injured, there is a standard set of first aid procedures.

1. It is necessary to assess the surrounding situation. That is, is the victim close to the threat of fire, possible explosion, collapse, and so on.
2. Next, you should take actions aimed at avoiding possible danger both for the victim himself and for the person who provides first aid (for example, removing the victim from a fire, an electric shock zone, etc.).
3. The total number of victims and the severity of their injuries are then determined. First of all, first aid is provided to people with the most severe injuries.
4. Now first aid is provided to the victims:

• if the victim is unconscious and has no pulse in the carotid artery, then resuscitation (resuscitation) should be carried out;
• if the victim is unconscious, but his pulse is palpable, then it is necessary to bring him to consciousness;
• if the victim has injuries, then in case of arterial bleeding a tourniquet is applied, and if there are signs of fractures, transport splints are applied;
• if there are wounds on the body, a bandage should be applied.

Injuries in enterprises

At any enterprise, especially if it is a production workshop, it is provided not only for safety briefings, plans and instructions for providing first aid, but also for the presence of filled first aid kits and special posters at duty stations. They should schematically depict the procedure for carrying out measures to provide assistance to victims.

The first aid kits, which are located at the duty stations of the production workshop, must contain the following medications and things, without which providing first aid in case of accidents is impossible:

1. For applying various dressings and tourniquets - individual dressing bags, bandages and cotton wool.
2. For bandaging fractures and fixing them - cotton-gauze bandages and splints.
3. To stop severe bleeding, use tourniquets.
4. To cool bruises and fractures, use an ice pack or a special cooling pack.
5. A small sippy cup - for washing eyes and taking medications.
6. If you faint, take a bottle or ampoules of ammonia.
7. To disinfect wounds - iodine, brilliant green, hydrogen peroxide.
8. For washing and lubricating burns - 2% or 4% boric acid solution, 3% baking soda solution, Vaseline.
9. Validol and other cardiac medications - for severe heart pain.
10. Tweezers, scissors, pipette.
11. Soap and towel.

First aid in the production workshop

Providing first aid at work is as follows:

1. Carrying out all procedures described in the first aid instructions. That is, assessing the situation, ensuring safety and providing first aid.
2. Calling an ambulance. That is, dial a centralized number both in Russia and in Ukraine - “OZ”. The service must describe in detail and at the same time quickly the type of damage and under what circumstances it was received.
3. Recording the time, causes and type of accident, as well as the condition of the victim and a description of the measures that were taken before the arrival of doctors. All this information is transmitted to the arriving doctor.
4. Monitoring the health of the victim and staying in constant contact with him until the ambulance arrives.

Electrical injuries

Electrical injuries are the result of human contact with any source of electricity.

Symptoms of electrical injury:

• a feeling of general weakness of the body (for example, rapid or difficult breathing, rapid heartbeat, etc.);
• there may be a reaction to noise and light.

Providing first aid with electric shock to affected people:

1. The first step is to remove the victim from exposure to electric current. This can be done using available means (for example, rope, dry board, etc.) or by turning off the network.
2. The victim is assisted by a person who must wrap his hands in rubberized material or wear special gloves. If there is nothing similar nearby, then a dry cloth will do.
3. The victim is touched in places where clothing does not fit tightly to the body.
4. If the person is not breathing, then resuscitation measures must be carried out.
5. To prevent painful shock, the victim is given an anesthetic.
6. An aseptic bandage is applied to the affected area.

Thermal burns

Thermal burns are the result of exposure to high temperatures from fire, boiling water, steam and anything else on body tissue. Such damage is divided into four degrees, each, in turn, characterized by its own symptoms:

• first degree - there is hyperemia and swelling of the skin;
• second degree - blisters appear on the skin, which are filled with liquid, and burning pain is also present;
• third degree: phase A - necrosis spreads, phase B - necrosis is distributed to all layers of the skin;
• fourth degree - necrosis of damaged skin, adjacent areas, and tissues occurs.

Providing first aid in case of injury from thermal factors:

1. It is necessary to immediately stop the exposure of the victim to the thermal reagent (for example, knock out the fire from clothing with water, cloth, sand, etc.).
2. Next, shock is prevented - the victim is given painkillers.
3. If the clothing is not stuck to the body, but is damaged, then it must be disposed of (cut off).
4. Aseptic dressings are applied to clean damaged areas.
5. All other actions should be done by the doctor.

Stop bleeding

According to their types, bleeding is divided into capillary, arterial, and mixed.

The main task of the person who provides first aid is to stop bleeding and prevent infection from entering the wound.

First aid rules for bleeding:

1. If the bleeding is capillary and light (shallow), then the wound is treated with an antiseptic and a sterile bandage is applied.
2. If the bleeding is severe and arterial or mixed, then it is necessary to apply a tourniquet, under the bottom of which a cotton-gauze pad and a note with the time of its application are placed.

If there are foreign objects in the wound, they must be carefully removed with tweezers. The skin around the injury is treated with antiseptic agents.

Dislocations and fractures

It can be very difficult to determine a dislocation or fracture the first time (especially if it is closed). To do this you need to take an x-ray.

Therefore, the rules for providing first aid before the arrival of emergency medical services for dislocations and fractures are the same and consist of performing a set of the following actions:

1. The victim is placed in a position that is comfortable for him.
2. A bandage is applied to the affected area. If the fracture is obvious, then a splint is applied.
3. If the pain is severe, the victim is given painkillers to prevent shock.
4. If the fracture is open, then the skin adjacent to the damaged area is disinfected, and a cotton-gauze pad is applied to the wound. Then everything is bandaged.

Resuscitation measure - performing artificial respiration

At work, it is possible that a person may stop breathing. This can be either the result of an injury or due to the personal characteristics of the body.

If this happens, the victim must be resuscitated urgently. To do this, artificial respiration or indirect cardiac massage is performed.

First aid instructions for respiratory arrest:

1. The victim is turned over on his back and placed on a hard surface.
2. The person performing resuscitation should cover the victim’s nose with one hand and open his mouth with the other.
3. The person providing assistance draws air into his lungs, presses his lips tightly against the victim’s lips and vigorously releases the air. In this case, it is necessary to observe the victim’s chest.
4. Sixteen to twenty breaths are taken in one minute.

Artificial respiration should be continued until:

• the victim will not fully restore breathing;
• a medical professional (doctor or nurse) will not arrive;
• there were signs of the victim's death.

If artificial respiration does not bring results, but death is not established, then it is necessary to begin performing chest compressions.

Indirect cardiac massage

Thanks to this procedure, the victim’s blood circulation is restored.

1. The first aid provider must know the location of the heart - between the sternum (a moving, flat bone) and the spine. When you press on the sternum, you feel your heart contracting. As a result, blood begins to flow from it into the vessels.
2. First, the person takes two breaths using the mouth-to-mouth artificial respiration technique.
3. Then one palm moves to the lower half of the sternum (this is two fingers higher from its lower edge).
4. The second palm is placed on the first one perpendicularly or parallel.
5. Next, the person providing assistance presses on the victim’s sternum, helping himself by tilting his body. During this procedure, the elbows are not bent.
6. The pressure is applied quickly; during execution, the sternum moves down four centimeters for half a second.
7. It is necessary to take half-second intervals between shocks.
8. Indentations alternate with inhalations. For every 15 compressions, take 2 breaths.

It is more effective to perform indirect cardiac massage together - one person applies pressure, the other inhales.

What should not be done when providing first aid?

When providing first aid, under no circumstances should you do the following:

• use excessive force (for example, pressing on the chest during resuscitation, tightening tourniquets and bandages, etc.);
• when carrying out the mouth-to-mouth breathing procedure, you cannot use pads (for example, gauze);
• signs of breathing should be determined very quickly; precious time cannot be wasted;
• in case of severe arterial bleeding, you should not waste time freeing the victim from clothes;
• If the victim has burns of various origins (for example, from fire or as a result of chemical exposure), then they should not be washed with fats and oils, use alkaline solutions, tear off clothes from them, pierce burn blisters and peel off the skin.

Reading time: 8 minutes. Views 3.7k. Published 04/10/2018

First aid is a set of urgent measures aimed at saving human life. Everyone should know and be able to apply in practice the basic rules of providing first aid to a victim in an accident.

Providing first aid for bleeding

You should always remember that even a small wound can cause infection. Therefore, any wound should be washed well and lubricated with iodine or brilliant green, and then a bandage should be applied.

If the wound is bleeding, the first task is to stop the bleeding. You must be able to distinguish venous bleeding from arterial bleeding.

Venous bleeding

Venous is slower, blood flows out without pressure and is relatively easily stopped when a regular gauze bandage is applied.

Arterial bleeding

When arteries are damaged, blood gushes out like a fountain. Arterial bleeding is more dangerous and difficult to stop. In such cases, it is necessary to clamp the blood vessel above the wound. This is best done with a rubber band, but you can also use a bandage or, in extreme cases, a belt.

After applying a tourniquet, the edges of the wound are treated with iodine and a sterile pressure bandage is applied. The tourniquet cannot be held for more than 1.5 hours.

Nose bleed

For nosebleeds, insert a piece of cotton wool or a tampon soaked in hydrogen peroxide into the nostril. Cold lotions on the bridge of the nose and the back of the head, and heating pads on the feet are useful.

Suffocation

Providing first aid for suffocation involves, first of all, artificial respiration. Then, using cold rubbing and massage, restore blood circulation and nerve currents. You should soak a piece of cloth in cold water and vigorously rub the muscles and limbs of the body with this cloth, then massage them well.

In some cases of suffocation, prolonged and persistent efforts are required to achieve revival.

To escape from the gas, you need to tie a bandage soaked in water around your nose and mouth. As far as possible, you should hold your breath and open the windows in the room.

Frostbite

Those parts of the body that are less well supplied with blood are most susceptible to frostbite:

• tips of ears,
• cheeks,
• fingers of the limbs.

Frostbite is characterized by three degrees:

• 1st - pallor, soreness and loss of sensitivity of frostbitten areas;
• 2nd - bluish skin and the formation of brownish-bloody blisters;
• 3rd - blueing of tissues.

First degree

In case of frostbite of the 1st degree, the frostbitten areas of the body are rubbed until redness appears and lubricated with iodine, and then with animal fats.

Second and third degree

With frostbite of the 2nd and 3rd degrees, increased fragility of blood vessels occurs, so extremely careful rubbing of the frostbitten parts is allowed.

It is better not to open the blisters, but to apply a sterile bandage to them and refer the victim to a doctor. If this is not possible, the frostbitten areas are lubricated with iodine, a bandage is applied and the diseased part of the body is placed in a vertical position: this improves blood flow and often saves the frostbitten tissue from necrosis.

Burn

Burns can be caused by flames, hot liquids, steam, acids and some other chemicals. There are three degrees of burns:

• First degree burn - redness and slight swelling of the skin appears;
• Second degree burn - blisters appear on the reddened skin;
• Third degree burn - charring of tissues of varying depths.

Flame burns are lubricated with a tannin solution or a saturated solution of potassium permanganate. The dense crust that forms protects the burned surface from bacteria. For mild burns, it is enough to lubricate the skin with alcohol. For more serious burns, in addition to the measures provided, plenty of sweet drinks and heart medications are recommended.

Sunburns are lubricated with boric petroleum jelly or lanolin.

Burns with acids and alkalis are lubricated with a 2% soda solution, which neutralizes acids, or washed with a weak solution of acetic or citric acid (for a burn with alkali).

For burns with sulfuric acid, use pure fats, oil and a solution of burnt magnesia.

Poisoning

Signs of poisoning depend mainly on the nature of the poison that caused it. Some poisons cause nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and heart weakness, while others cause agitation and convulsions. First aid includes the following measures:

• It is necessary to remove the poison from the stomach. The victim is given 2-3 glasses of warm water to drink, then using two fingers they induce vomiting, from which part of the poison is removed.
• To remove poison from the intestines, give a laxative (1 tablespoon Glauber's salt in half a glass of water).
• If cardiac activity drops, the child is given cardiac medications.
• Fresh air, protein water (egg white per glass of water), tea, coffee are useful. Further treatment is carried out by a doctor.

Apoplexy

Apoplexy (stroke) is a disease caused by cerebrovascular accidents. If a blow occurs, the patient should be placed on his back with his head and shoulders elevated. For several minutes, you need to vigorously rub the muscles of the body and limbs. It is necessary to apply wet compresses to the body and limbs - this will help to divert the blood from the head.

A hot foot bath will also help. At the first opportunity, you need to give a warm enema.

The victim should only be carried on a stretcher.

Bone fracture

With a closed fracture, the displaced fragments are brought into the correct position and fixed. For the splint, strips of cardboard, sticks, planks, etc. can be used. The inside of the splint is lined with several layers of cotton wool, the outside is also covered with cotton wool, and the limb is bandaged.

For an open fracture (with damage to the skin), a sterile bandage is first applied, and then the same care is provided as for a closed fracture. In cold weather, the broken limb must be carefully wrapped, since the blood supply to it is impaired.

Electric shock

When electrocuted, the victim loses consciousness, sometimes there are convulsions, breathing stops, the pulse is weak and frequent. You must immediately turn off the current from the source of damage. It is dangerous to touch the victim with bare hands until this is done.

The power wire can be thrown away with a stick or cut with an ax with a wooden handle. After this, artificial respiration is started, which sometimes needs to be done for several hours.

Strike by lightning

Providing first aid for lightning strikes comes down to prolonged artificial respiration. There are known cases of saving victims after two hours of artificial respiration.

Concussion

Mild concussions are characterized by:

• nausea,
• vomiting,
• tinnitus,
• short-term loss of consciousness.

In severe cases, prolonged loss of consciousness occurs, sometimes for several days. The victim needs complete rest. He is placed in a horizontal position, his head should be higher than his feet, and cold is placed on it.

Ammonia and artificial respiration are not recommended. The duration of bed rest is determined by the doctor.

Snake bite

If you are bitten by a snake, you must immediately suck out the blood from the wound yourself, if possible, or have someone else do it. There should be no wounds or cracks in the mouth. If necessary, the wound should be widened using an incision and washed with a solution of potassium permanganate or lemon juice. Immediately after this, apply a pressure bandage. Don’t forget to apply a tourniquet above the bite site (but not for more than half an hour).

If the victim's condition worsens, strong tea and cardiac medications are recommended.

Drowning

Signs of drowning include paleness, blue lips, tightly closed eyes, a cold body, and lack of breathing. The victim is freed from restrictive clothing and his mouth is cleared of sand and silt, then he is placed with his stomach on a bolster or on his knee so that his head hangs down and is turned to the side.

By strongly squeezing the lower part of the chest of a drowned person with both hands, water is removed from the lungs and stomach. After this, the victim is placed on his back and artificial respiration is started. When the drowned person comes to his senses, he is transferred to a warm room and given a hot drink.

It should be remembered that relapse of respiratory arrest is possible.

Sunstroke

Prolonged exposure to sunlight on an uncovered head causes a sharp rush of blood to the cerebral vessels and, accordingly, loss of consciousness. The victim's face becomes purple, the skin is hot and dry, and breathing is intermittent. He is overcome by drowsiness, yawning, and hoarseness. Loss of consciousness may be accompanied by convulsions.

The victim is transferred to the shade, placed in a semi-sitting position, and a cold pack is placed on the head. Cold dousing of the head works well. A hot heating pad is applied to your feet. Fanning is helpful. If the victim stops breathing, begin artificial respiration. But if the victim has convulsions, then artificial respiration cannot be performed; on the contrary, complete rest must be ensured.

If a foreign body (dust, coal, insect) gets on the surface of the eye, you should not rub the eye, as this can damage the cornea. The foreign body is removed from the eye by washing it with a cotton swab dipped in warm water.

There is another way: with cleanly washed fingers, grab the lower edge of the upper eyelid, pull it down and forward and hold it in this position for 10-15 seconds; profuse lacrimation washes away the foreign body.

If this does not help, they pull down the lower eyelid and force the victim to look up - this makes it possible to examine the lower part of the eye and the lower transitional fold. Then he throws his head back and looks down, and the person providing assistance pulls the lower edge of the upper eyelid down with the index and thumb of the left hand, and places the index finger of the right hand on the base of the upper eyelid. In this position, the upper eyelid is easily turned out, which makes it possible to examine the upper part of the eye, the mucous membrane of the eyelid and the upper transitional fold. If a foreign body is detected, it is removed with a clean, damp cotton swab.