Sports in the lives of people with disabilities. Physical education for people with disabilities

Everyone now knows about the Paralympic movement. Some Paralympic athletes are just as famous as their able-bodied counterparts. And some of these amazing people challenge ordinary athletes and not only compete on par with them, but also win. Below are 10 of the most striking examples of this in the history of world sports.

1. Markus Rehm. Germany. Athletics

As a child, Marcus was involved in wakeboarding. At the age of 14, as a result of a training accident, he lost his right leg below the knee. Despite this, Markus returned to the sport and in 2005 won the German youth wakeboarding championship.
After that, Rehm switched to athletics and took up long jumping and sprinting, using a special prosthesis like the one Oscar Pistorius has. In 2011-2014, Rehm won a lot of tournaments among athletes with disabilities, including the 2012 Paralympics in London (gold in the long jump and bronze in the 4x100 meter relay).
In 2014, Rehm won the long jump at the German Championship among ordinary athletes, ahead of former European champion Christian Reif. However, the German Athletics Union did not allow Rehm to participate in the 2014 European Championships: biomechanical measurements showed that due to the use of a prosthesis, the athlete had some advantages over ordinary athletes.

2. Natalie du Toit. SOUTH AFRICA. Swimming

Natalie was born on January 29, 1984 in Cape Town. Since childhood, she has been swimming. At the age of 17, while returning from training, Natalie was hit by a car. Doctors had to amputate the girl's left leg. However, Natalie continued to play sports, and competed not only with Paralympians, but also with able-bodied athletes. In 2003, she won the All-Africa Games in the 800 meters and took bronze in the Afro-Asian Games in the 400 meters freestyle.
At the 2008 Beijing Olympics, du Toit competed in the 10 km open water swim against able-bodied athletes and finished 16th out of 25 competitors. She became the first athlete in history to carry her country's flag at the opening ceremonies of both the Olympic and Paralympic Games.

3. Oscar Pistorius. SOUTH AFRICA. Athletics

Oscar Pistroius was born on November 22, 1986 in Johannesburg into a wealthy family. Oscar had a congenital physical handicap– He had no fibula bones in both legs. So that the boy could use prosthetics, it was decided to amputate his legs below the knee.
Despite his disability, Oscar studied at a regular school and was actively involved in sports: rugby, tennis, water polo and wrestling, but later decided to concentrate on running. For Pistorius, special prostheses were designed from carbon fiber, a very durable and lightweight material.
Among athletes with disabilities, Pistorius had no equal in sprinting: from 2004 to 2012, he won 6 gold, 1 silver and 1 bronze medals at the Paralympic Games. For a long time he sought the opportunity to compete with healthy athletes. Sports officials initially resisted this: first it was believed that the springy prosthetics would give Pistorius an advantage over other runners, then there were concerns that the prosthetics could cause injury to other athletes. In 2008, Oscar Pistorius finally won the right to participate in competitions for ordinary athletes. In 2011, he won a silver medal as a member of the South African team in the 4x100 meter relay.
Oscar Pistorius's career ended on February 14, 2013, when he murdered his model girlfriend Reeva Steenkamp. Pistorius claimed that he committed the murder by mistake, mistaking the girl for a robber, but the court considered the murder premeditated and sentenced the athlete to 5 years in prison.

4. Natalia Partyka. Poland. Table tennis

Natalya Partyka was born with a congenital disability - without a hand right hand and forearms. Despite this, Natalya played table tennis since childhood: she played holding the racket in her left hand.
In 2000, 11-year-old Partyka took part in the Paralympic Games in Sydney, becoming the youngest participant in the games. In total, she has 3 gold, 2 silver and 1 bronze Paralympic medals.
At the same time, Partyka participates in competitions for healthy athletes. In 2004, she won two gold medals at the European Cadet Championships, in 2008 and 2014 at the adult European Championships she won bronze, and in 2009, silver.

5. Héctor Castro. Uruguay. Football

At the age of 13, Hector Castro lost his right hand as a result of careless handling of an electric saw. However, this did not stop him from playing great football. He was even nicknamed El manco - "The One-Armed One".
As part of the Uruguay national team, Castro won the 1928 Olympics and the first FIFA World Cup in 1930 (Castro scored the last goal in the final), as well as two South American championships and three Uruguay championships.
After the end of his career as a football player, Castro became a coach. Under his leadership, his home club Nacional won the national championship 5 times.

6. Murray Halberg New Zealand. Athletics

Murray Halberg was born July 7, 1933 in New Zealand. In his youth, he played rugby, but during one of the matches he suffered a serious injury to his left hand. Despite all the efforts of the doctors, the arm remained paralyzed.
Despite his disability, Halberg did not give up sports, but switched to long-distance running. Already in 1954 he won his first title at the national level. At the 1958 Commonwealth Games he won gold in the three mile race and was voted New Zealand Sportsman of the Year.
At the 1960 Rome Olympics, Halberg competed in the 5,000 and 10,000 meters. At the first distance he won, and at the second he took 5th place.
In 1961, Halberg set three world records over 1 mile in 19 days. In 1962 he again competed in the Commonwealth Games, where he carried the New Zealand flag at the opening ceremony and defended his title over three miles. Murray Halberg ended his athletic career in 1964 after competing in the 1964 Tokyo Olympics, finishing seventh in the 10,000 meters.
Leaving big sport, Halberg became involved in charity work. In 1963 he created the Halberg Trust for disabled children, which became the Halberg Disability Sport Foundation in 2012.
In 1988, Murray Hallberg was awarded the honorary title of Knight Bachelor for his service to sports and disabled children.

7. Takács Károly. Hungary. Pistol shooting

Already in the 1930s, the Hungarian soldier Károly Takács was considered a world-class marksman. However, he was unable to take part in the 1936 Olympics, since he only had the rank of sergeant, and only officers were accepted into the shooting team. In 1938, Takács's right arm was blown off as a result of a faulty grenade explosion. In secret from his colleagues, he began to train, holding a pistol in his left hand, and the very next year he was able to win the Hungarian Championship and the European Championship.
At the 1948 London Olympics, Takács won the pistol shooting competition, breaking the world record. Four years later, at the Olympic Games in Helsinki, Karoly Takacs successfully defended his title and became the first ever two-time Olympic champion in rapid-fire pistol shooting competitions.
After finishing his career as an athlete, Takács worked as a coach. His pupil Szilard Kuhn won the silver medal at the 1952 Olympics in Helsinki.

8. Lim Dong Hyun. South Korea. Archery

Lim Dong Hyun suffers from a severe form of myopia: his left eye sees only 10%, and his right eye only 20%. Despite this, the Korean athlete is engaged in archery.
For Lim, the targets are just colored spots, but the athlete does not use glasses or contact lenses, and also refuses laser vision correction. As a result of long training, Lim has developed a phenomenal muscle memory that allows him to achieve amazing results: he is a two-time Olympic champion and a four-time world archery champion.

9. Oliver Halassy (Halassy Olivér). Hungary. Water polo and swimming

At the age of 8, Oliver was hit by a tram and lost part of his left leg below the knee. Despite his disability, he was actively involved in sports - swimming and water polo. Halashsi was a member of the Hungarian water floor team, the world leader in this sport in the 1920s and 1930s. As part of the national team, he won three European Championships (in 1931, 1934 and 1938) and two Olympics (in 1932 and 1936), and also became the silver medalist of the 1928 Olympics.
In addition, Halashsi showed good results in freestyle swimming, but only at the national level. He won about 30 gold medals in the Hungarian championships, but at the international level his results were weaker: only in 1931 he won the European Championship in the 1500-meter freestyle, and did not swim at all at the Olympic Games.
After finishing his sports career, Oliver Halassi worked as an auditor.
Oliver Halashshi died under very vague circumstances: on September 10, 1946, he was shot Soviet soldier Central Group of Forces in own car. For obvious reasons, this fact was not advertised in socialist Hungary, and the details of the incident remained not fully clarified.

10. George Eyser. USA. Gymnastics

Georg Eiser was born in 1870 in the German city of Kiel. In 1885, his family emigrated to the United States, and therefore the athlete became known by the English form of his name - George Acer.
In his youth, Eiser was hit by a train and almost completely lost his left leg. He was forced to use a wooden prosthesis. Despite this, Eiser did a lot of sports - in particular, gymnastics. He took part in the 1904 Olympics, where he won 6 medals in various gymnastic disciplines (exercises on the uneven bars, vault, rope climbing - gold; exercises on the pommel horse and exercises on 7 apparatus - silver; exercises on the horizontal bar - bronze). Thus, George Acer is the most decorated amputee athlete in Olympic history.
At the same Olympics, Eiser participated in triathlon (long jump, shot put and 100-meter dash), but took last, 118th place.
After the Olympic triumph, Eiser continued to perform as a member of the Concordia gymnastics team. In 1909, he won the National Gymnastics Festival in Cincinnati.

In Russia, according to official statistics, there are 12.5 million people with disabilities, many of whom have been diagnosed with disabilities since childhood. At the same time, more than 7 million people with disabilities have access to physical education and sports. All this poses special challenges for the state and society in terms of adaptation and integration of people with disabilities into society.

One of the important tools for the rehabilitation of disabled people is sport. For some, this is an opportunity to expand their functionality, improve health, and for some - a chance to master high sports skills and even join the ranks of the country's Paralympic team.

According to the subprogram "Development of physical culture and mass sports" state program RF "Development of Physical Culture and Sports", the share of persons with disabilities and people with disabilities systematically involved in physical education and sports should increase to 20% by 2020. As of 2017, this figure reached 14%, while back in 2012 it was 3.5%.

All new sports facilities are accessible to disabled people

“Today all disabled people in Russia have opportunities to play sports,” says 13-time Paralympic champion and State Duma deputy Rima Batalova. At the same time, she noted, it is also necessary to work to ensure that more institutes have adaptive physical education departments that would train specialists to work with people with disabilities.

“All over the world, sports facilities are initially built taking into account the fact that people with disabilities will train in them,” Batalova emphasized. “We have also come to this now; now, by law, all new sports facilities in Russia must be accessible for disabled people to practice sports.” .

Previously, this was not the case in our country, but now we are in no way inferior to Western countries

Rima Batalova

13-time Paralympic champion, State Duma deputy

Over the past five years, the share of sports facilities accessible to disabled people has increased 1.5 times. For example, in 2011 there were 32.1 thousand (12.6%). In 2016, this figure was already 60.7 thousand objects (21.1%).

“After the Paralympics in Sochi there was a leap”

The famous athlete, four-time Paralympic champion in athletics Alexey Ashapatov believes that the process of creating a barrier-free environment in the country has taken a significant step forward after the brilliant performance of Russian athletes at the 2014 Paralympic Games in Sochi, where they took first place in the medal standings (80 medals - 30 gold , 28 silver, 22 bronze).

“After the Paralympic Games in Sochi, we had a leap in the development of barrier-free environment conditions, which continue to improve every year,” Ashapatov emphasized. “Now people with disabilities who have difficulty moving in many Russian cities have the opportunity to live fully - to visit those the same cultural and sports facilities as ordinary people."

The four-time Paralympic champion agrees with the opinion of Rima Batalova - people with disabilities should have all the conditions for playing sports in the same facilities as ordinary citizens.

“At the moment, most sports facilities where healthy people practice are also suitable for people with disabilities,” noted Ashapatov. “At least, I can guarantee that in my region - the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - 90% of gyms are equipped for training physical education and sports for people with disabilities."

There is no need to separate disabled people from healthy people, just all sports facilities, already built and under construction, must be adapted for everyone

Alexey Ashapatov

four-time Paralympic champion in athletics

Ashapatov added that an ordinary coach can short period time to gain skills to work with people with disabilities. “The main thing is that all the equipment is suitable, and in most gyms it is,” the athlete said.

Already in 2018, Russia plans to begin the full implementation of the All-Russian physical culture and sports complex “Ready for Labor and Defense” (GTO) for people with disabilities.

Starting next year, a disabled person who successfully passes the standards of the complex will be able to receive the appropriate insignia. The implementation of the GTO complex for disabled people will take place on the basis of already established testing centers, the number of which in the country already exceeds 2.5 thousand. Currently, 14 regions of Russia are testing GTO standards for people with disabilities.

"People should feel at home"

Since last year, the country has been implementing the Federal Target Program “Development of Physical Culture and Sports in Russian Federation for 2016-2020" (FTP). It is a continuation of the Federal Target Program that has been implemented in the country since 2006. Basically, the new program is focused on the development of mass sports infrastructure and the construction of low-budget sports facilities within walking distance.

One of the mandatory conditions for the allocation of funds from federal budget region for the construction or reconstruction of a particular sports facility is to ensure the accessibility of the facility for people with disabilities and other groups of the population with limited mobility.

In the near future, with the support of the federal budget, a unique facility can be built in Dzerzhinsk ( Nizhny Novgorod Region). The regional authorities decided to apply for a federal subsidy under the Federal Target Program for construction regional center Paralympic training.

According to the project, the center will be fully adapted for training Paralympic athletes, as well as sports for people with disabilities. At the same time, ordinary citizens will also be able to train at the sports center. In particular, the unique center is planned to be used for the rehabilitation of people with disabilities, recovery of people with severe injuries, and adaptation to prostheses.

"If objects like that, what is planned to be built in Dzerzhinsk appeared all over the country, then everyone would be happy. It is necessary for people with disabilities to feel comfortable in sports facilities, like at home,” says Rima Batalova.

“A large sports facility is also being built in Ufa, intended for the development of Paralympic sports,” the TASS interlocutor continued. “But not only disabled people, but everyone else will be engaged there. It seems to me that any facility should be ready to accommodate people with disabilities, we "We need to work on this. If a region is building a complex, then its parameters must be ready for disabled people to also train there."

Construction of a sports training center in Ufa began in 2010 after the brilliant performance of Bashkir athletes at the Paralympic Games in Vancouver, but was soon frozen. Construction of the facility was resumed in 2016.

The construction of the center is planned to be completed in 2019. The total area of the center will exceed 37 thousand square meters. m. The center will create conditions for training Paralympic athletes with any form of disability.

"Anyone can make it to the Russian national team"

In recent years, according to Alexey Ashapatov, it has become easier for a person with disabilities to find his way in life with the help of sports. “Any disabled person can go from an ordinary gym to the Russian national team, it depends on his desire and aspiration,” he noted. “In our country, much attention is paid to Paralympic athletes, they are always in sight and are an example for others. Nowadays, a person with disabilities has become It’s easier to find yourself in sports, all borders are open for such people: take it and practice.”

Regarding Paralympic sports highest achievements, then its main center in Russia is the Oka training base (Aleksin, Tula region). The sports institution was created in the 90s and for a long time successfully solved the problems of elite sports. In 2006-2012 "Oka" was reconstructed within the framework of the Federal Target Program "Development of Physical Culture and Sports in the Russian Federation for 2006-2015" and became the country's first specialized sports base for training Paralympic athletes.

Along with Oka, Russian Paralympians also undergo training at other federal bases in the country - all of them are equipped to accommodate people with disabilities. These facilities include the Moscow region bases "Lake Krugloye" and "Novogorsk", the Sochi center "South Sports" and others.

“All the largest training centers that have been created in Russia for elite sports are adapted for training for people with disabilities,” Batalova clarified. “The bases in the Moscow region, as well as in Sochi, especially stand out.” They are under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Sports and have no problems. Today, many Paralympic athletes are there for training camps."

“At the same time, Oka is an advanced, exemplary facility for Russian Paralympians,” she added. “There are swimming pools and stadiums there, and fully equipped living conditions. Oka is an indicator of our facilities for Paralympians. In the same category The base in Sochi can also be included."

Currently, Russian Paralympians are suspended from participation in international competitions due to the temporary suspension of membership of the Russian Paralympic Committee (RPC) in the International Paralympic Committee.

“Given the current situation on the world stage, the RKR is trying to hold more competitions within the country,” Batalova noted. “Our suspension is a temporary phenomenon that needs to be overcome.”

“Thanks to the presence of good sports facilities, there is every opportunity to keep Russian Paralympians in good shape, and this situation will only make them angrier. We continue to hold Russian championships, so life has not stopped, but it certainly remains great desire show that we are strong and prove our strength at international competitions,” the multiple Paralympic champion emphasized.

Ekaterina Mukhlynina

Disability and sport... At first glance, these are two concepts that practically exclude each other and are in no way compatible or interrelated. Although in reality this is far from the case. Physical education and sports are an important area of rehabilitation for people with disabilities, facilitating their integration into society, on a par with integration through education or work.

Such activities contribute to rehabilitation, constant activity, and provide social employment for people with disabilities. The dissemination of physical culture and sports among people with disabilities, mass participation and physical education and health aspirations are a priority of the state policy of each state.

Adapted sports

The emphasis in the physical development of disabled people should be on adapted sports. Classes physical therapy for patients with long-term and persistent disabilities can increase their motivation, as well as physical readaptation. Thanks to adapted sports, social, psychological and physical effects on the patient are successfully combined.

Sports games and competitions have a positive psychological effect on the patient. For example, a regular game of hockey requires a stick, while hockey for people with disabilities requires one skate and two sticks. And everything else is the same - speed, shots on goal and power struggle. Recently, sledge hockey has become more and more popular.

The benefits of sports activities

It is difficult to overestimate the benefits of sports for people with disabilities. Thanks to such training, it is easier for him to adapt psychologically and socially in society, his motor activity improves, and the level of social, psychological and physical well-being increases.

If a disabled person systematically engages in physical education, then his functional capabilities expand, the whole body improves, the functioning of the heart and blood vessels, the respiratory system and musculoskeletal system improves. musculoskeletal system. People with special needs who go in for sports have a beneficial effect on the psyche, their will is mobilized, people with special needs gain a sense of usefulness, as well as social security. Based on this, it is so important in programs for social protection, integration and rehabilitation of disabled people to determine measures that support sports movements of this category of the population and Paralympic sports.

The popularization of physical education and mass sports among people with physical disabilities is impossible without solving the issue of accessibility for them to facilities for both health-improving and physical education activities.

International

Day

disabled people

Sports in the lives of people with disabilities

How much does sport mean in the life of an ordinary person? Without exaggeration - a lot. Even if a person is not an athlete, he probably still has a favorite sport. Sport is also very important for a person because it helps to keep his body in good physical shape. Nature has endowed us with muscles for a reason; if we do not let them stretch, it will have a detrimental effect on our health. Therefore, everyone, of any age and gender, can participate in sports events.

You shouldn’t think that sports are only available to physically fit people, this is not true. Sporting events play a big role in the lives of people with disabilities. There are special Olympic Games and sports for people with disabilities. Athletes compete in the same sports as full-fledged people, which once again proves the vital necessity of sports in our existence.

Sports in which people with disabilities take part are called Paralympic.

Zaripov, Kiselev, Petushkov (biathlon)

The practice of sports events for people with disabilities was borrowed from the West and took root on domestic soil.

It has been proven that Paralympians are not much different from participants in regular Olympiads. This is all explained by the fact that they developed the will to win in those life situations that happened to them.

December 3 was declared the International Day of Persons with Disabilities by a resolution of the UN General Assembly.

“Sport is an indispensable condition for the social adaptation of disabled people” (Vyacheslav Tobukh)

Sport occupies a special place in the lives of people with disabilities. This is not just rehabilitation and a form of social employment, it is overcoming and achieving not only in sports, but also in life. Today at the Committee meeting, deputies discussed and recommended to the plenary session to support amendments to some laws of the republic in order to ensure uninterrupted financing of the salaries of trainers and teachers.

Sport as a way to express yourself

“Let me win, but if I cannot, then let me be brave in the attempt.” This is the Special Olympics oath. It has been a refrain for almost thirty years when conducting sports competitions involving people with mental retardation.

The problem of disability is a global problem that exists in all countries, regardless of their level of economic development. Moreover, according to one or another state social policy people with disabilities are judged about it civilization.

A person with a disability has equal rights to participate in all aspects of society; equal rights must be ensured by a system of social services that equalize opportunities limited as a result of injury or illness. Disability is not a medical problem. Disability - this is a problem of unequal opportunities!

And the reason for this is not the lack of desire to engage in sports among the disabled themselves, but not the adaptability of sports buildings. In Rostov-on-Don and the region, unfortunately, there are no limited inventories specially adapted for people. a stroller - you can’t even drive up to some, but in others you have to listen to this: “You are disabled, but you came to study! And if it gets bad, what should I do with you ?!” And the trainers who now work with people with limited resources. chair, you can count on the fingers of one hand.

But for many people who are so suddenly struck by misfortune - an accident, injury, etc., sport is one of the few opportunities to stop being a burden for others, to find the joy of life.

Disabled sports are becoming more significant and effective every year. More and more people with disabilities win medals and prizes at the championships and championships of Russia, moreover, they take part in Paralympiads.

Summer sports that compete at the Paralympic Games:

Weightlifting (powerlifting);
Athletics;
Archery;
Swimming;
Judo;
Cycling;
Wheelchair tennis;
Fencing;
Football (seven and seven people);
Wheelchair basketball;
Dressage;
Shooting;
Volleyball;
Wheelchair rugby;
Wheelchair dancing;
Handball;
Table tennis;
Rowing;
Sailing.

XIII Beijing Paralympic Games (2008) became the most representative in the history of the Paralympic movement. Russia brought 145 athletes to China, four leaders who run ahead of blind athletes and one alternate athlete to participate in rowing. As a result of the games, the Russian national team won 63 medals (18 gold, 23 silver and 22 bronze), finishing eighth in the team standings. In terms of the total number of medals, our compatriots managed to enter the top six.
At the Paralympic Games in Beijing, 13 Russian athletes won 18 gold medals. Swimmers Oksana Savchenko and Dmitry Kokarev became three-time champions. Athlete Alexei Ashapatov, flag bearer of the Russian national team at the opening ceremony of the Paralympic Games, has two gold medals.
At the Paralympic Games in Beijing, Russian athletes set 18 world records: Oksana Savchenko (swimming, three), Valery Ponomorenko (shooting, two), Anna Efimenko (swimming, two), Dmitry Kokarev (swimming, two), Konstantin Lisenkov (swimming, two ), Alexander Nevolin-Svetov (swimming, two), Alexey Ashapatov ( Athletics, two), Olesya Vladykina (swimming), Andrey Lebedinsky (shooting), Artem Arefiev (athletics).

Winter sports competed at the Paralympic Games

* Cross-country skiing and biathlon; *Skiing; *Hockey; *Curling.

At the X Paralympic Games in Vancouver (Canada) in 2010, the Russian team became second in the team competition, winning 38 medals - 12 gold, 16 silver and 10 bronze. At the end of the Paralympics, the Russians won a team victory in biathlon, winning 5 gold, 7 silver and 4 bronze medals; in cross-country skiing they also celebrated victory - 7 gold, 9 silver and 6 bronze medals.
The most titled Russian at the Paralympics was Irek Zaripov, who won four golds and one silver in cross-country skiing and biathlon. Kirill Mikhalov had three gold medals, Anna Burmistrova and Sergei Shilov had two each.

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MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

Bryansk State Technical University

Department of "Physical Culture and Sports"

Course work

Physical education for people with disabilities

Teacher:

Bodina G.V.

Student of group 12-TiT

Evsikova N.N.

Bryansk, 2014

Introduction

1. Adaptive physical culture in the system of comprehensive rehabilitation and social integration of disabled people

2. Main types and general tasks of adaptive physical culture

3. Characteristics, features and basics of constructing therapeutic physical training

4. Means of therapeutic physical culture

5. Forms of therapeutic physical culture

6. Approximate set of physical exercises

Conclusion

List of used literature

therapeutic physical training disabled person

Introduction

Practice confirms that if for healthy people physical activity is a common need that is fulfilled every day, then for a disabled person physical exercise is vital, since it is the most effective means and the method of simultaneously physical, mental, social adaptation.

Disabled person is a person whose opportunities for personal life in society are limited due to his physical, mental, sensory or mental disabilities.

Disability is a persistent, long-term or permanent disability caused by a chronic disease or pathological condition(congenital defects of the cardiovascular system, osteoarticular apparatus, hearing, vision, central nervous system, hematopoietic organs, etc.).

Depending on the degree of loss or limitation of ability to work, the corresponding disability group is established - first, second, third. The basis for establishing first (1) disability group is such a violation of body functions in which not only the ability to work is completely lost, but also there is a need for constant outside help, care or supervision. Second (2) disability group is established in case of significantly pronounced functional impairments that do not cause the need for constant outside assistance, care or supervision, but lead to complete long-term or permanent disability or to a condition where certain types of work can only be available to the patient in specially created conditions. Third (3) disability group is established for persons who, for health reasons, cannot continue to work in their main profession and in a profession of equivalent qualifications, as well as for persons who are not allowed to perform their work for epidemiological reasons (for example, pulmonary tuberculosis).

Disability has recently been increasingly perceived as one of the possible social statuses and does not mean that a person is excluded from life or rejected by society. Numerous examples show that disability does not prevent a person from accessing theaters, parks, even sports grounds, but leaves the opportunity for feasible work. At the same time, disability provides certain rights and benefits, to which our state is paying increasing attention. Assistance measures provided by the state became increasingly significant over time in order to reduce the distance that arose between a sick person and a healthy one. Where this is not enough, human mercy has always come to the rescue.

Adaptive physical culture and sports for people with disabilities are currently underdeveloped and there are a number of reasons for this

1. Lack of socio-economic conditions to solve this problem;

2. Misunderstanding by many government, political and public figures in Russia, and primarily by the heads of sports organizations, of the importance of solving this problem;

3. The development of physical culture and sports for people with disabilities is not among the priority tasks of physical culture, health and sports organizations;

4. Complete lack of basic conditions for the involvement of people with disabilities in physical education and sports, and above all the possibility of personal movement, as well as movement in public transport, unsolved problems in urban road construction, lack of specialized or adapted sports facilities, equipment, inventory, etc.;

5. Lack of professional organizers, instructors and trainers with special training;

6. Low motivation for physical education and sports among disabled people themselves.

Social inclusion of disabled people? a multifaceted process of changing the sphere of consciousness of a sick person from despondency and passivity to activity and the desire to make maximum efforts to restore their health and full communication with the surrounding society.

The loss of people with disabilities from the culturally and socially determined space due to a violation of adequate relationships with the environment is explained by the discrepancy between the social, psychological and psychophysiological status of the disabled person and the requirements of the social situation.

Many patients have varying degrees of severity emotional disturbances associated with the experience of fear, anxiety, physical pain, which negatively affects their behavior, enhances somatic diseases and psychosocial disorders. Emotional distress complicates a person’s life, limits communication opportunities, reduces activity, and pathologically affects personal development.

Social integration of people with disabilities is inextricably linked with the system of comprehensive rehabilitation of people with disabilities, the main principles of which are the following:

1. A person with disabilities in itself is not a source of problems and difficulties: disability creates them.

2. Disability is not so much a medical problem as a social problem, a problem of unequal opportunities.

3. There is no panacea - miracle cure- to overcome all the problems associated with disability, it is therefore necessary to use all available reserves of society.

4. The scope of person-centered assistance is determined on the basis of recognition of the dignity and value of each individual and depends on the degree of disability, as well as on the specific situation.

Currently, the rehabilitation of people with disabilities has come to be considered as a complex socio-medical problem. A special place in the system of comprehensive rehabilitation and social integration of disabled people is occupied by adaptive physical culture, which gives a real chance for Active participation in the life of society.

1. Adaptive physical culture in the system of comprehensive rehabilitation and social integration of disabled people

Currently, the rehabilitation of people with disabilities has begun to be considered as a complex socio-medical problem, including various aspects: medical, physical, psychological, professional, socio-economic.

Medical And physical aspects of rehabilitation involve restoring the vital functions of a sick person through the integrated use of various means aimed at maximizing the restoration of impaired physiological functions the body, and if it is impossible to achieve this, the development of compensatory and replacement functions.

Psychological The rehabilitation aspect is aimed at correcting the patient’s mental state, as well as developing a positive attitude towards treatment, medical recommendations, and the implementation of rehabilitation measures.

Professional The aspect of rehabilitation touches on the issues of teaching a disabled person necessary and acceptable work actions, developing self-service skills, vocational guidance and vocational training according to his capabilities.

Socio-economic Rehabilitation is to provide the disabled person with economic support and social fullness.

Thus, rehabilitation of people with disabilities is a multifaceted process of restoring their health and integrating into social life. All types of rehabilitation: medical, labor, social must be considered in unity and interconnection.

Physical rehabilitation - component medical, social and professional rehabilitation, a system of measures to restore or compensate for physical capabilities and intellectual abilities, increasing the functional state of the body, improving physical qualities, emotional stability and adaptive reserves of the body by means and methods of physical culture, elements of sports and sports training, massage, physiotherapy and natural factors.

Physical culture is a special area of culture that plays a rehabilitation role by developing the motor system, increasing performance, satisfying the need for communication, restoring psychological status, and self-realization when playing sports.

Adaptive motor recreation, which pursues the following goals, has a special place in restoring the physical strength of disabled people, improving their health, switching to another type of activity, maintaining physical condition, self-education of spiritual strength and vitality.

Maintaining harmonious physical and functional development;

Development of motor abilities;

Improving and deepening basic motor skills;

Strengthening and expanding knowledge on physical culture issues;

Developing and strengthening a positive attitude towards active forms of recreation through strengthening the skill of regular physical activity;

Strengthening worldviews;

Development of aesthetic taste for motor activity;

Development of creative abilities;

Hardening the body, strengthening hygiene skills, and the ability to lead an active lifestyle.

Adaptive physical culture has a positive effect on the health and general psychophysical state of people with disabilities and effectively solves current problem their socialization.

Adaptive physical education helps people with disabilities in solving many problems:

Allows you to eliminate or weaken adverse consequences urbanization of life, in particular: neuro-emotional overload, hypokinesia and excessive poor nutrition, to achieve an increase in the working capacity of the population and a decrease in the level of “diseases of the century”;

Provides sufficient muscle activity and stimulates natural immunity? the body's immunity to pathogenic influences;

Ensures that when a person leaves everyday, monotonous and tedious living conditions, he switches the neuro-emotional sphere to new objects external environment, distracting him from tiring and sometimes negative impacts everyday life;

Fosters feelings of collectivism, curiosity, patriotism, thirst for overcoming obstacles and other valuable moral and volitional qualities that play a decisive role in the prevention of neuropsychiatric diseases and disorders;

Provides level up metabolic processes, activities endocrine system and tissue immunity, promote the resorption of foci of subsiding inflammation, stimulate regenerative processes.

Adaptive physical education helps to realize the fact that disability, despite all its tragedy, is not a death sentence for life within four walls. Disabled people see physical education as an active means of socio-psychological rehabilitation, which reveals the real level of their life opportunities, helps them gain confidence in their abilities and take part in active sports activities, makes them respect themselves more, teaches them the lack of independence, strengthens the body and gives them healthy health. emotions, helps to overcome many psychological barriers.

2. Main types and general tasks of adaptive physical culture

Adaptive physical education (APC) is a type of general physical education for persons with health problems. The main goal of AFK is to maximize possible development viability of a person with persistent health problems by ensuring optimal mode the functioning of his bodily-motor characteristics and spiritual forces released by nature and available (remaining in the process of life), their harmonization for maximum self-realization as a socially and individually significant subject. Maximum development of a person’s vitality with the help of means and methods of adaptive physical culture, maintaining his optimal psychophysical state provides every disabled person with the opportunity to realize their creative potential and achieve outstanding results, not only commensurate with the results of healthy people, but also exceeding them.

The main types and most general tasks of AFK:

Adaptive physical education (education). The content of adaptive physical education (education) is aimed at developing in disabled people and people with health problems a complex of special knowledge, vitally and professionally necessary motor skills and abilities; to develop a wide range of basic physical and special qualities, increase the functionality of various human organs and systems; for a more complete implementation of his genetic program and, finally, for the formation, preservation and use of the remaining bodily and motor qualities of the disabled person.

The main task of adaptive physical education is to form in students a conscious attitude towards their strengths, strong confidence in them, readiness for bold and decisive actions, overcoming the physical activity necessary for the subject’s full functioning, as well as the need for systematic physical exercise and, in general, for the implementation of healthy lifestyle in accordance with the recommendations of valeology.

Adaptive Sports. The content of adaptive sports (both basic and advanced achievements) is aimed, first of all, at developing high sports skills among disabled people (especially talented youth) and achieving them highest results in its various forms in competitions with people who have similar health problems. Adaptive sports are currently developing mainly within the framework of the largest international Paralympic and Special Olympic movements.

The main task of adaptive sports is to form a sports culture for a disabled person, familiarize him with the socio-historical experience in this area, and master the mobilization, technological, intellectual and other values of physical culture.

Adaptive physical recreation. The content of adaptive physical recreation is aimed at activating, maintaining or restoring the physical strength expended by a disabled person during any type of activity (work, study, sports, etc.), at preventing fatigue, entertainment, interesting leisure activities and, in general, at improving health and conditioning. , increasing the level of vitality through pleasure or with pleasure. The greatest effect from adaptive physical recreation, the main idea of which is to provide psychological comfort and interest to those involved through complete freedom of choice of means, methods and forms of exercise, should be expected if it is supplemented with health-improving technologies of preventive medicine.

The main task of adaptive physical recreation is to instill in the personality of a disabled person the worldview views of Epicurus, proven by historical practice, who preached the philosophy (principle) of hedonism, and to enable the disabled person to master the basic techniques and methods of recreation.

Adaptive motor rehabilitation. The content of adaptive motor rehabilitation is aimed at restoring temporarily lost or impaired functions in disabled people (in addition to those that are lost or destroyed for a long time due to the underlying disease that is the cause of disability) after suffering various diseases, injuries, physical and mental stress that arise in the process any type of activity or certain life circumstances.

The main task of adaptive motor rehabilitation is to form adequate mental reactions of disabled people to a particular disease, orienting them towards the use of natural, environmentally sound means that stimulate a speedy recovery of the body; in teaching them the ability to use appropriate sets of physical exercises, techniques of hydro-vibro-massage and self-massage, hardening and thermal procedures, and other means (su jok acupuncture, etc.).

Also, adaptive physical culture solves several more problems of complex rehabilitation of disabled people:

· the problem of overcoming psychological inferiority complexes (feelings of emotional resentment, alienation, passivity, increased anxiety, lost self-confidence, etc.) or, conversely, overestimation of one’s self (egocentrism, aggressiveness, etc.);

· correction of the main defect;

· the need to master new motor skills and abilities, determined by a person’s need to compensate for a defect that cannot be corrected or restored;

· comprehensive and harmonious development of the physical qualities and abilities of those involved, increasing their conditioning capabilities based on the widespread use of means and methods of adaptive physical culture.

Thus, the content and tasks of the main types of adaptive physical culture are very briefly considered. They reveal the potential of the means and methods of adaptive physical culture, each of which, having a specific focus, contributes to one degree or another not only to the maximum possible increase in the vitality of a disabled person, but also to the comprehensive development of the individual, the acquisition of independence, social, everyday, mental activity and independence , improvement in professional activities and generally achieving outstanding results in life.

3. Characteristics, features and fundamentals of constructing therapeutic physical training

Therapeutic physical education (PT)-- an integral part of medical rehabilitation of patients, a method of complex functional therapy that uses physical exercise as a means of maintaining the patient’s body in an active state, stimulating its internal reserves, preventing and treating diseases caused by forced physical inactivity. Exercise therapy means - physical exercises, hardening, massage, labor processes, organization of the entire motor regimen of patients - have become integral components of the treatment process, rehabilitation treatment in all medical and preventive institutions.

Therapeutic physical culture as a method of treatment has a number of features. One of the most characteristic features of this method is the use of physical exercises in conditions of active and conscious participation of the patient himself in the treatment process. During therapeutic exercises (TG), the patient must actively perceive the demonstration of exercises and accompanying explanations. The ideas that arise in him about the nature of the physical exercise that needs to be performed allow the patient to consciously implement and coordinate his movements.

Exercise therapy is a method of natural biological content, which is based on the use of the main biological function of the body - movement. Movement function, stimulating active work of all body systems, supports and develops them, helping to increase general performance sick.

Exercise therapy -- method nonspecific therapy, and the physical exercises used are nonspecific stimuli. Any physical exercise involves all parts of the nervous system in the response.

As a result of the participation of the neurohumoral mechanism of regulation of functions in the body's response to physical exercise, exercise therapy acts as a method of general influence on the entire patient's body. This takes into account the features of the selective influence of physical exercise on different functions body, which is undoubtedly important in case of “a range of pathological manifestations in individual systems and organs. Regular dosed physical exercise stimulates, trains and adapts individual systems and the entire body of the patient to increasing physical activity, and ultimately leads to functional adaptation of the patient.

One of the characteristic features of exercise therapy is the process of dosed training of patients with physical exercises. It is known that the development of fitness is a continuous process in which the traces left by the previous training session interact with the subsequent one. Summarized as a result of systematic physical exercise, neurophysiological traces determine the restructuring of all basic functions to more high level. The principles and mechanisms of fitness development are absolutely the same both in normal and pathological conditions. We can only talk about the quantitative expression, level and volume of training: training in sports sets the task of maximizing the functional capabilities of the body and its individual systems and organs, and in exercise therapy the tasks of dosed training are solved, increasing functional state patient to the level of a healthy person.

Based on data from modern physiology of muscle activity, the basic principles of achieving fitness are formulated:

1. Systematicity, which refers to a certain selection and arrangement of physical exercises, their dosage, sequence, etc. The implementation of this principle in exercise therapy is carried out by private methods that differ for different diseases or injuries.

2. Regularity classes involves rhythmic repetition of physical exercises and, accordingly, alternation of loads and rest.

3. Duration. The effect of physical exercises is directly dependent on the duration of the sessions. Systematic training causes a clear increase in the functional abilities of the body. In exercise therapy, any “course” physical exercise classes cannot take place (similar to courses of spa, physiotherapeutic and medicinal treatment). To obtain the best results, the patient, having started physical exercises under the guidance of specialists in a medical institution, must continue these exercises independently at home.

4. Gradual "increase in load". In the process of training, the functional capabilities and abilities of the body increase; in parallel with them, the load in physical exercises should also increase.

5. Personalization. When training, it is necessary to take into account individual physiological and psychological characteristics specifically for each student, as well as variants of the course of the disease.

6. Variety of means. Exercise therapy rationally combines, complementing each other, gymnastic, sports, gaming, applied and other types of exercises. This achieves a diverse effect on the body.

In exercise therapy, a distinction should be made between general training and special training. General training pursues the goal of healing, strengthening and general development the patient’s body, she uses a wide variety of types of general strengthening and developmental physical exercises. Special training aims to develop functions impaired due to illness or injury. It uses types of physical exercises that have a direct impact on the area of the traumatic focus or functional disorders of a particular affected system (for example, breathing exercises for pleural adhesions, exercises for joints with arthrosis, etc.).

4. Means of therapeutic physical culture

The main means of exercise therapy are physical exercises used with therapeutic purpose, and natural factors.

Physical exercises are divided into general developmental(general strengthening) and special. General strengthening exercises are aimed at healing and strengthening the entire body. Task special exercises-- selective effect on one or another part of the musculoskeletal system: for example, on the foot with flat feet or traumatic damage; on the spine when it is deformed; on one or another joint when movement is limited, etc. Exercises for the torso, due to their physiological effect on the body, are general strengthening for a healthy person. For a patient, for example, with a disease of the spine (scoliotic disease, osteochondrosis, etc.), these physical exercises constitute a group of special exercises, since they help solve the immediate therapeutic problem - increasing the mobility of the spine and strengthening the muscles surrounding it, correcting the spine, etc.

Various leg movements are among the general strengthening ones during exercises with healthy people. The same exercises, used according to a certain method for patients after surgery on the lower extremities, are special, since with their help the functional restoration of the limb occurs.

Thus, the same exercises for one person can be general developmental, for another - special. In addition, the same exercises, depending on the method of their application, can help solve different problems. For example, extension or flexion knee joint in one patient it can be used to develop mobility in the joint, in another - to strengthen the muscles surrounding the joint (exercises with weights, resistance), in a third - for the development of muscle-articular sense (accuracy of reproducing a given amplitude of movement without visual control) etc. Usually, special exercises are used in combination with general developmental exercises.

Based on anatomical characteristics, physical exercises are divided into exercises for:

a) small muscle groups (hands, feet, face);

b) middle muscle groups (neck, forearm, lower leg, shoulder, thigh, etc.);

c) large muscle groups (upper and lower extremities, torso).

This division is justified, since the amount of load depends on the amount of muscle mass involved in the exercises.

Based on the nature of muscle contraction, physical exercises are divided into dynamic(isotonic) and static(isometric). The most common are dynamic movements, in which periods of contraction alternate with periods of muscle relaxation, i.e., the joints of the limb or torso (spinal column) are set in motion. An example of a dynamic exercise is flexion and extension of the arm at the elbow joint, abduction of the arm at the shoulder joint, tilting the body forward, to the side, etc. The degree of muscle tension when performing dynamic exercises is dosed due to the movement of the lever, the speed of movement of the body segment and the degree of tension muscles.

A muscle contraction in which it develops tension but does not change its length is called isometric. This is a static form of contraction. For example, if a patient, from the starting position (i.p.) lying on his back, lifts his straight leg up and holds it for some time, then he thus performs first dynamic work (lifting), and then static work, when the hip flexor muscles perform isometric contraction Muscle tension under a plaster cast is quite widely used to prevent muscle atrophy in traumatology and orthopedic cynics. Conducted studies indicate that muscle training in an isometric mode leads to intensive development of muscle strength and mass and in some cases has an advantage over isotonic training. At the same time, performing isometric muscle tension has a mobilizing effect on the motor neuron apparatus and promotes speedy recovery impaired functions.

Isometric muscle tension is used in the form of rhythmic (performing movements at a rhythm of 30-50 per minute) and long-term (muscle tension for 3 seconds or more) tension. Rhythmic muscle tension is prescribed from the 2nd to 3rd day after injury or illness. At first, the patient performs the exercises as an independent methodological technique, in the future it is recommended to include them in classes therapeutic exercises. 10-12 tensions during one session should be considered optimal.

Long-term isometric muscle tension is prescribed from the 3rd to 5th day after injury or illness with an exposure of 2-3 s, subsequently increasing to 5-7 s. Longer exposures (over 7 s) do not provide much clinical effect, but, on the contrary, causes sharp vegetative shifts, expressed during the period muscle tension holding your breath, and in the “after work hours” - increasing heart rate and breathing rate.

Voluntary muscle relaxation exercises are used quite widely in exercise therapy and can be used:

a) as special exercises that help optimize the functions of the circulatory apparatus;

b) as a means of expanding the range of motor skills, abilities and qualities of the patient and, finally,

c) as a means of helping to reduce the level of general and special load in the physical therapy procedure.

Therefore, it is advisable to use exercises in voluntary muscle relaxation immediately after exercises associated with effort and tension of muscle groups.

According to the degree of activity, all physical exercises can be active And passive depending on the task, the patient’s condition and the nature of the disease or injury, as well as the creation of a strictly adequate load. Active exercises can be performed under lighter conditions, i.e., with the elimination of gravity, friction, reactive muscle forces (for example, flexion at the elbow joint with support on the horizontal plane of the table or abduction lower limb, sliding along the plane of the bed, etc.). Passive exercises are those performed with the help of an instructor or apparatus, without the patient’s volitional effort, while there is no active muscle contraction. Passive-active exercises are those in which the patient helps the instructor make passive movements, and active-passive- in which the instructor resists the movement actively performed by the patient.

Stretching exercises used in the form of various movements with an amplitude that provides some increase in the mobility available in a particular joint. The intensity of their specific action is dosed by the amount of active tension in the muscles that produce stretching, pain, the force of inertia that occurs during fast swing movements with a certain amplitude, and the initial positions that make it possible to lengthen the lever of the moved body segment. This type of exercise is used for joint stiffness, decreased elasticity of tissues and skin.

Balance exercises used to improve coordination of movements, improve posture, as well as to restore impaired functions (for diseases of the central nervous system, disorders cerebral circulation, diseases vestibular apparatus and etc.).

Corrective exercises prescribed for certain diseases and injuries of the locomotor system, as well as in surgical clinics (in particular, during operations on the chest organs). The task of corrective gymnastics is to strengthen weakened and stretched muscles and relax contracted muscles, i.e., restore normal muscle isotonia (for example, with scoliosis, osteochondrosis and other orthopedic diseases).

For coordination exercises movements are characterized by unusual or complex combinations of different movements. They improve or restore overall coordination of movements or coordination of movements of individual body segments. These exercises are of great importance for patients who have been on long-term bed rest, with disorders of the central and peripheral nervous system.

Breathing exercises- one of the most important methods of rehabilitation. All breathing exercises, in turn, can be divided into:

a) dynamic

b) static. Dynamic breathing exercises are combined with movements of the arms, shoulder girdle, and torso. Static (conditionally) are carried out only with the participation of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles.

Depending on the use of gymnastic apparatus and equipment, exercises are:

a) without objects and projectiles;

b) with objects and equipment (sticks, balls, dumbbells, etc.);

c) on projectiles (this also includes mechanotherapy).

In accordance with the nature of the course in time, i.e. with the general kinematic characteristics of the exercises, the latter can be divided into cyclic and acyclic.

TO cyclical Exercises of a locomotor (locomotive) nature should include running, walking, swimming, rowing, and cycling. These exercises are characterized by repetition stereotypical movement cycles. At the same time, not only the general pattern of movements is relatively constant, but also the average load power or movement speed (in meters, kilometers).

TO acyclic exercises include those exercises during which the nature of motor activity changes sharply (games, jumping, gymnastic exercises, etc.).

All cyclic exercises can be divided into anaerobic And aerobic. The leading quality when performing an aerobic exercise serves as power; when performing aerobic exercises, endurance.

Natural factors are used in the following forms:

a) solar radiation during exercise therapy and sunbathing as a hardening method;

b) aeration during exercise therapy and air baths as a hardening method;

c) partial and general douches, rubdowns and hygienic showers, bathing in fresh baths, in the sea.

5. Forms of therapeutic physical culture

The main forms of exercise therapy are: morning hygienic exercises, therapeutic exercises, physical exercises in water, walks, close tourism, health running, various applied sports exercises, etc.

Morning hygienic exercises are carried out using separate and mixed methods. It removes the patient’s body from a state of inhibition of physiological processes after a night’s sleep, increases the general tone of the patient, gives him a cheerful mood, transferring the body to an active state. Morning hygienic exercises are also an important therapeutic and prophylactic remedy, provided that they are used regularly as an integral part of the daily regimen.

The main form of exercise therapy is the procedure of therapeutic gymnastics (TG), which is carried out taking into account the physiological load.

LH procedures are carried out taking into account the following guidelines. The total load is gradually increased, then reduced. A gradual increase in physical activity is achieved by changing the starting position (lying, sitting, standing), selecting exercises for small, medium and large muscle groups, complicating the exercises, increasing the amplitude of movements, the degree of muscle tension, speed of movement, using breathing exercises and exercises aimed at relaxation of the muscles of the trunk and limbs. The greatest increase in the total load should occur in the middle of the procedure.

Each PH procedure consists of three sections: introductory, main and final.

In the introductory section, elementary physical exercises are used for small and medium muscle groups in order to prepare the body to perform a general load.

The main section takes up from 50 to 80% of the time allocated for the procedure. The task of this section is to implement a particular method of exercise therapy by combining elements of general and special training.

The final section is characterized by a reduction in general physiological load through the use of lightweight exercises, alternating them with breathing exercises and relaxation exercises.

In LH procedures there is a large practical significance has a dosage of physical activity. First of all, it is necessary to take into account that physical activity must be adequate to the patient’s condition, cause moderate excitability of the body systems, as a rule, not be accompanied by increased pain, and not lead to severe fatigue and deterioration. general well-being sick. Schematically, the amount of physical activity can be divided into three categories: A -- unlimited load with the permission of running, jumping and other complex and general-load exercises; B - average load (with limitation) with the exception of running, jumping, exercises with pronounced effort and complex exercises in coordination terms, with a ratio of 1:3 and 1:4 to breathing exercises; B -- light load, characterized by the use of basic physical exercises, mainly in and. n. lying and sitting, with a ratio of 1: 1 or 1: 2 with breathing exercises.

There are three methods of carrying out PH procedures: individual, group and consultative.

Walks can be on foot, on skis, on boats, or by bicycle. Walking is a small habitual physical activity; It is advisable to prescribe them to weakened patients (either after undergoing surgical interventions or recovering from therapeutic diseases). At the same time, physical activity is increased gradually, lengthening the distance and walking pace, with mandatory consideration of the terrain.

Dosed ascents (health path) - used mainly in sanatorium conditions or outpatient follow-up treatment; in this case, an ascent at an angle of 3 to 10° is used. The amount of physical activity depends on the length of the route (usually 500, 1500 and 3000 m), the terrain and the angle of ascent, and the number of stops.

Close-range tourism, usually consisting of walking for 1-3 days, should be considered as a means of moderate training of the whole body, its healing and strengthening.

Healthy running (jogging) is considered as a type of physical exercise. The following forms of exercise therapy are used: a) jogging alternating with walking and breathing exercises; b) continuous and long jogging, accessible mainly to young and mature people and those who are sufficiently prepared.

Game activity is used primarily for general health effects on patients. Various games include physical exercises with less or more intensity. They activate the work of various muscle groups, increase the activity of the circulatory and respiratory systems and enhance metabolism. The positive role of games is that there is no continuity of effort in them. Periods of relative stress alternate with rest, as a result of which, without compromising the health of those involved, the duration of the game can be extended. Joyful and positive emotions that arise during the game stimulate the functional activity of the body and create favorable conditions for the rest of the nervous system.

Applied sports exercises in exercise therapy are used in the form of skiing, swimming, rowing, skating, cycling and much more, taking into account their general health effects on the body.

6. Approximate set of physical exercises

There are practically no types of diseases (with the exception of acute stages), in which the means and methods of adaptive physical culture would not be useful. The effect of them will depend on the correct selection of exercises, determining the desired intensity and dosage of their implementation, rest intervals and other factors.

You can exercise at any time, but not immediately after eating, and, of course, the first workouts should take place with a minimum load. Every modern man knows the well-known postulate that movement is life. Therefore, in people with limited movement potential, a feeling of unfitness for life arises, and on the basis of this, a person chained to wheelchair, flows into depressive state. The best medical scientists in many countries have developed a huge number of different physical exercises that will help to activate and quickly find the strength to continue to fully live an ordinary human life and benefit society.

Exercise 1(10 seconds no more) You need to spread both arms to the sides at the level of the shoulder girdle and try to move your arms slowly and carefully back to the maximum distance acceptable for you. So that you do not experience severe pain.

Exercise 2 Lock your fingers in front of you, then, stretching your arms forward, turn your palms out.

Exercise 3 Intertwining your fingers, try to reach the ceiling.

Exercise 4 While in a sitting position (you can in a stroller), try to place your bent arm at the back of your head and, with the help of your other hand, try to reach the shoulder blade. Then, changing hands, do the same with the other hand.

Exercise 5 Slowly make turns of the entire body from side to side with a gymnastic stick placed behind your shoulders with a gradual amplitude of increasing turns.

Exercise 6 Gently swing your arms to the left with both hands at once while turning your body in the same direction. Then repeat the same to the right.

Exercise 7 Take a pre-prepared rubber exercise machine and stretch it with your arms forward and in different directions.

Exercise 8 Gradually increasing the speed, perform rotational movements forward and then backward.

Exercise 9 Leaning forward, lower your arms in a free position down, almost touching the floor. In this position, slowly swing your head left and right, then back and forth.

Exercise 10 Raise your arms in front of you and shake your hands vigorously in a relaxed state.

Exercise 11 Try to tense your abdominal muscles in rhythm. Forcefully draw in air, and then forcefully exhale it.

SET OF EXERCISES FOR WHEELCHAIR PEOPLE

Stretching exercises can be done lying on your back or sitting in a wheelchair. They should be done slowly, gradually increasing the load, but without bringing it to the point of discomfort and, especially, pain in the joints. Intense stretching can only be performed after training, when the muscles are well warmed up and slight stretch- before training, after a short warm-up. Each exercise must be performed for at least 10 seconds.

Exercise 1. a) Lying on your back or sitting, spread your arms to the sides at shoulder level or slightly higher; b) spread your arms to the sides and up at an angle of 30-45 ~ above shoulder level. From these two positions, the arms are extended straight back. In this case, the upper and lower bundles of the pectoralis major muscles are stretched. To simultaneously stretch the wrist flexors, you need to forcefully straighten your fists at the wrists.

Exercise 2. "Stretch." Interlace your fingers in front of your chest and, with your hands turned palms up, extend your arms, trying to “reach the ceiling.”

Exercise 3. Serves for stretching latissimus muscles back and helps prevent internal rotation of the shoulder. Lie on your back, bend your legs and place your shins on a high bench. This is done to maximize relaxation of the hips and alignment of the back. Raise your arms straight behind your head, shoulders turn outward (thumbs point through the ceiling to the floor, palms facing down).

Exercise 4. While sitting in a stroller, lie with your chest on your knees or on a table. Clasp your hands behind your back and raise them as high as possible.

Exercise 5. Sitting in a stroller, place your bent hand on the back of your head and shoulder blade and lower it along your back, helping by pressing on your elbow with your other hand. Then change hands.

Exercise 6. Similar to exercise 5. The hand, placed behind the back from below, is grabbed by the fingers of the other hand, lowered behind the shoulder blade, and pulled upward. Hands change places.

Exercise 7. To stretch the muscles of the neck and upper back. Alternately lower your shoulders, holding your fingers on the spokes of the wheel at the axle and tilting your head in the opposite direction, as if trying to tip the stroller on its side. Loss of elasticity is not the only cause of muscle injuries. Another cause is weakness in the flexor muscles of the arms, the posterior muscles of the shoulder girdle, neck and upper back. To strengthen them, experts recommend doing two or three exercises with force directed toward yourself for one exercise with force directed away from you. In general, pushing movements develop the anterior muscle groups, and pulling movements develop the posterior ones.

Exercise 8. Lying on a narrow couch, on your chest, lift dumbbells from the floor. Elbows pressed to the sides. The movements are similar to rowing. Increase the number of exercises from workout to workout. During all exercises, do not hold your breath and do not strain. Those who are not prepared for high loads should especially monitor this, since an increase in intrathoracic pressure can lead to cardiac problems.

Exercise 9. From the same starting position, lift the dumbbells with straight arms, spreading them to the sides and squeezing your shoulder blades together, simulating flapping your wings. Exercise 10. Similar to the previous one, but performed from a narrower couch or gymnastic bench, inclined at an angle of 30-45` to the floor. Hands with dumbbells under the bench almost touch each other. Swing your arms straight, pointing to the sides and slightly forward, bringing your shoulder blades together.

Exercise 11. Sitting in a stroller. Hands with dumbbells between legs, thumbs pointing down and inward. Extend your straight arms diagonally to the sides and up to shoulder level.

Exercise 12. Sitting in a stroller. One hand behind your head, the other to the side, palm up. Bends with a slight rotation of the torso towards the right arm. Change the position of your hands and do the same in reverse side. For four counts - inhale and the main movement, for the next four counts - exhale and return to the starting position. This and each subsequent exercise is performed for one or two minutes.

Exercise 13. Circular movements in all joints of the hands. First with the hands, then in the same direction with the forearms and finally with straight arms. Then the same thing, in the opposite direction. With each cycle the range of movements increases.

Exercise 14. Circular movements of the head, starting with a small amplitude, as if gradually untwisting the head in a spiral, but at the same time slowing down the movements so that at maximum amplitude one circle is performed for five counts. Duration - one minute.

Exercises 15 and 16 require special attention. A sedentary lifestyle contributes to the appearance of the so-called round back, which leads to protrusion of the abdominal wall and disruption of the internal organs. To avoid this, you need to constantly train your back muscles and develop the ability to bend in the chest and lumbar regions spine. Exercise 15. Place a bolster or folded pillow under your lower back. Vigorously raising your straight arms forward and up, try to sharply fix them in the shoulder joints in top point and, without stopping, by inertia continue to move them backwards, but only by bending in the chest and lower back. You can take light dumbbells in your hands to give the movement greater inertia. The wheels of the stroller are braked. When working with dumbbells, it is better to lean your back against the table. Try to stay in the stroller with a bolster under your lower back as long as possible and constantly monitor the arched position of your back and the rotation of your shoulders. Often lie on your stomach, leaning on your elbows and raising your head. Watch TV or read in this "beach" position. Exercise 16. Push your hands off the stroller's armrests or hips and bend as much as possible, moving your shoulders and head back. Feel the tension in your back muscles. Each time, try to use your hands less. Rhythm of the exercise: 5 seconds of holding the bend, 5 seconds of relaxation. Start with a minute, bringing the duration of the entire exercise to noticeable fatigue of the back muscles.

Exercise 17. U-turns in a wheelchair using oppositely directed rotations of the hoops with your hands. Perform it first calmly, then more energetically and sharply, for 1 - 2 minutes, until the muscles become noticeably tired.

Exercise 18. Rotations of the torso from side to side, first with the help of only the arms placed to the sides, then with a stick held behind the shoulders. Gradually and carefully (especially with fresh injuries) increase the angle of rotation from activity to activity. For control, it is convenient to do the exercise with your back to the wall, trying to touch it with the ends of the stick.

Exercise 19."Lezginka", or "mowing", also develops the mobility of the spine and all the muscles of the body, especially the oblique abdominal muscles, which helps intestinal motility. The exercise trains coordination and self-confidence, which is important for beginner wheelchair users. With both hands, make a sharp swing movement, say, to the left, turning your torso in the same direction. For those who work their hips, try to turn the pelvis in the opposite direction, that is, to the right. If the movement is sufficiently sharp, the stroller will also turn to the right and move slightly forward. Then the same sharp swing with a turn is made in the opposite direction - the stroller moves forward and to the left. With such “tacks” you can move quite quickly without turning the wheels. Start with a gentle push of the stroller on a smooth floor; over time, this movement will even work on carpet.

Exercise 20. Performed with dumbbells or a shock-absorbing bandage about 3 meters long. Fold the bandage in half and run over it with the front wheels or hook it onto the footpegs. Stretch the ends of the bandage by bending your elbows by working your biceps. The weight should be such that it can be overcome no more than 8 - 12 times. If this is too easy for you, grab the bandage lower. A similar exercise is done with dumbbells at the same limit.

Exercise 21. Stretching the bandage with raised arms. Hands with a bandage above your head. Raising your arms down and to the sides, lower the bandage behind your head onto your shoulders.

Exercise 22. The bandage stretches when the hands are positioned in front. The arms are spread to the sides until the bandage touches the chest.

Exercise 23. For arm extensors - triceps. The bandage is wrapped around the handles or back of the stroller. Hands clenched into fists are bent at the shoulders. The rubber stretches forward or upward only due to the movement of the forearms - do not lower your elbows. With dumbbells, the exercise is done from the arms up position.

Exercise 24. For the deltoid muscles that raise the arms to the sides. The rubber under the rear wheels is stretched by moving your hands to the sides and slightly back. With dumbbells, hands are raised palms down.

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