Syphilitic infection symptoms. Syphilis: definition, etiology, clinical characteristics and treatment

- an infectious venereal disease caused by the bacteria Treponema pallidum. It is transmitted through sexual contact with an infected partner, through blood transfusion and when the pathogen enters through wounds. Since the discovery of penicillin in the mid-20th century, the disease has spread throughout to a large extent has been controlled, but efforts to eradicate the disease have not yet been successful.

Therapist: Azalia Solntseva ✓ Article checked by doctor

Syphilis in women - 4 stages

Without treatment, the disease progresses and goes through 4 stages: primary, secondary, latent and tertiary. It can be acquired or congenital (transmission route is in utero from an infected mother).

Syphilis manifests itself in a variety of ways and can mimic many other infections and immunological processes in later stages. That is why he earned the nickname “the great impostor.”

The causative agent of the disease, Treponema pallidum (treponema pallidum), can hardly survive outside the body. Transmission of the microbe requires direct contact with the carrier of the infection; the microorganism is exclusively a human pathogen.

Treponema does not withstand drying or exposure to disinfectants. Therefore, household transmission (for example, sharing toilets) is practically impossible. Unprotected sex is a major risk factor for infection.

Syphilis remains a common illness in many developing countries and in some areas of North America, Asia and Europe, especially in its eastern part. Most new cases occur in women aged 20-29 years.

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How the disease manifests itself - signs

How does syphilis manifest in women? After the primary stage, the symptoms of which are the appearance of a painless ulcerating chancre (node) at the site of infection and enlargement of the lymph nodes, the next stage of the disease begins.

Secondary syphilis manifests itself in different ways. It usually presents as a skin rash that appears within 2-10 weeks of the primary chancroid. The rashes are most distinct 3-4 months after infection. Lesions can also be subtle: 25% of patients may not be aware of skin changes.

A localized or widespread mucous rash (usually non-pruritic and bilaterally symmetrical) with systemic mild enlargement of the lymph nodes is typical. Patchy baldness and condylomatosis may also occur.

Common symptoms of syphilis in women include malaise, migraines, anorexia, nausea, bone pain and fatigue, as well as fever and spasms. occipital muscles. A small number of those infected develop acute syphilitic meningitis (inflammation of the meninges) and deafness.

Other less common manifestations include hepatitis, nephropathy, proctitis, arthritis, and optic neuritis.


Stage latent syphilis in women, which follows the secondary phase, can last from several years (maximum 25). Patients can remember the symptoms of the primary and subsequent stages of the disease.

During the latent phase, there are no symptoms and the disease is detected only by serological tests. At the stage of late latent syphilis, women can transmit the disease in utero to the fetus.

During the tertiary phase, the disease progresses slowly and can spread throughout the body and affect any organ. At this stage, the disease is usually not considered infectious (capable of infecting others).

How the disease manifests itself:

• chest pain, back pain, stridor (noisy and wheezing breathing), or other symptoms associated with aortic aneurysms;
• imbalance, sensitivity disorders (paresthesia), urinary incontinence;
• neurological problems, including hearing loss and vision loss;
• dementia.

Lesions usually develop within 3-10 years after infection. Symptoms of damage to the central nervous system depend on the affected area: headache, dizziness, psycho-emotional reactions in the form of mood swings, spasm of the neck muscles, blurred vision, weakness of the muscles of the shoulder girdle and limbs.

Some patients develop behavioral changes and other signs of dementia 10 to 20 years after infection, indicating paresis.

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The first symptoms of syphilis on the genitals

How long does it take for syphilis to appear? The initial signs of syphilis in women occur 10-90 days after the bacteria enter the body. The first symptoms appear mainly on the vulva or cervix.

Ten percent of syphilitic lesions are found around the anus, in the mouth, on the fingers, tongue, nipples, or other non-genital organs. The invasion is followed by local, mild enlargement of the lymph nodes (lymphadenopathy).

Lesions (chancres) usually begin as solitary, raised, hard and red papules (nodules), up to several centimeters in diameter. They collapse, creating a crater with slightly raised edges around the central ulcer and a red border. It usually heals with rough scarring within 4-8 weeks, regardless of treatment.

Although genital chancre is often solitary, in some patients it may be multiple. Sometimes they appear as “kissing lesions” on opposite surfaces of the skin, such as the labia.

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How long does it take for the disease to appear?

After contact with the carrier and entry into the body, bacteria quickly penetrate unaffected mucous membranes or microscopic skin abrasions and within a few hours end up in lymphatic system And bloodstream, promoting the development of systemic infection.

The incubation time from exposure to the development of primary lesions that appear at the site where pathogens enter the body averages 3 weeks, but can vary from 10 to 90 days.

Research shows that spirochetes (an order of bacteria that includes Treponema) can be detected in the lymphatic system as early as 30 minutes after initial entry. This indicates that syphilis is a systemic disease from the very beginning.

Primary syphilis in women is characterized by the development of a painless chancre (hard nodule) at the site of infection after 3-6 weeks of the incubation period.

The incubation period of the secondary stage, i.e. How long it takes for the disease to develop is 4-10 weeks after the initial lesion appears. During this stage, the spirochetes multiply and spread throughout the body.

The central nervous system (CNS) is infected by early stage infections; studies show that in the secondary stage, more than 30% of patients have abnormal findings in cerebrospinal fluid. During the first 5-10 years after the onset of the disease, lesions are detected meninges, fabrics and blood vessels, which leads to neurosyphilis.

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Discharge from this pathology

An atypical phenomenon for this disease. It is important to understand that female body V in good condition secretes secretions from the genital tract, which are designed to maintain the constancy of the environment and flora of the genital organs, as well as to ensure the physiological functions of the body.

In the case of the location of the primary lesion (chancre), on the genitals, there is an unexpressed mucous discharge, transparent, without an unpleasant odor. A change in these parameters may indicate the addition of another infection, such as chlamydia or candidiasis.

With ulceration of a chancre located in an area rich in blood vessels, streaks of blood may appear.

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Rash in the fair sex

During the primary phase, one, painless node (papule) usually appears, which quickly collapses and becomes denser. The edge and base of the ulcer have a cartilaginous consistency to the touch.

Although classic chancre is not painful, it can cause discomfort if it becomes contaminated with bacteria or is located in the anal canal. Non-genital chancres occur most often over the neck, usually affecting the lips or oral cavity.

Secondary syphilis manifests itself differently in women, but usually involves a localized or diffuse mucous rash. Exanthema can be spotty, nodular or mixed.

Initial lesions are usually bilateral and symmetrical, ranging from pale red to Pink colour(in fair-skinned people) or pigmented (in dark-skinned people).

The rash is separate, round, consists of uniformly colored spots with a diameter of 5-10 mm, distributed over the torso and limbs. After a few days or weeks, red nodular formations measuring 3-10 millimeters appear. The lesions become necrotic (purulent) and often spread to the palms and soles.

10-15% of patients with secondary syphilis develop painless superficial mucosal erosions on the palate, pharynx, larynx, vulva, or anal canal and rectum.

These spots are round, silver-gray defects with a red areola (edge). They are a reservoir of treponemes and a source of infection.

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Tests and diagnostics

Treponema pallidum cannot be cultured and is too small to be seen under a light microscope. Serological testing is considered standard method identifying all stages of the disease.

When acquired syphilis is suspected, the traditional approach is to first perform a nontreponemal syphilis test, or the more recently developed antigen test, followed by a specific test.

A distinctive feature of the laboratory diagnosis of syphilis in a woman is the absence of 100% results. The specificity of the development of microorganisms is cyclicality; even with obvious symptoms, the test can give negative result. Therefore, regular examination by a gynecologist and laboratory tests are recommended.

The sensitivity of the first analysis is 78-86% for detecting the primary phase, 100% for detecting the secondary and 95-98% for the tertiary process.

Specificity ranges from 85 to 99% and may be lower in people with vascular collagen (connective tissue) diseases, pregnancy, intravenous use drugs, tuberculosis and malaria. The test results become positive 1-2 weeks after the formation of the chancre.

Due to the possibility of receiving false positive results Confirmation of any positive or equivocal result of the above analysis should be accompanied by a treponemal test (eg fluorescent antibody uptake). Sensitivity is 84% ​​for detection primary infection and almost 100% at other stages.

Dark field microscopy is possible way assessment of moist skin lesions such as chancre of primary syphilis or condyloma of secondary.

Patients with a confirmed diagnosis are tested for other sexually transmitted diseases, including HIV infection.

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How to treat the disease

Penicillin was created as an effective remedy to combat syphilis. It remains the basis of treatment and the standard by which other therapies are evaluated.

How to treat syphilis in women using penicillin:

1. Primary or secondary syphilis - benzathine penicillin 2.4 million units intramuscularly in a single dose.
2. The early hidden stage is similar.
3. Late latent syphilis or unknown duration - benzathine penicillin 7.2 million units. It is administered in the form of 3 doses of 2.4 IU with an interval of 1 week.

The principles of treatment of the disease include the following:

1. Penicillin is the main drug for treating the disease.
2. Doxycycline is the best alternative in the treatment of early and late latent stages of the disease. Syphilis in women associated with HIV infection does not require any enhanced antimicrobial therapy.
3. When treating the disease with weekly injections late stage, skipping a dose for 10-14 days does not require restarting the entire course of injections.
4. An interval of 7-9 days between medications may produce the best results.

Surgery is intended to treat complications of tertiary syphilis (eg, aortic valve replacement).

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Proper disease prevention

The main goal is to limit the spread of syphilis. This entails counseling people on safe sex practices and educating patients who abuse intravenous drugs. The latter should never share needles and must use clean syringes.

Identifying and treating sexual partners and drug abusers is of utmost importance. Prevention also involves special training for health care workers on precautions when treating such people.

One dose of benzathine penicillin 2.4 million units intramuscularly is recommended for all individuals who have had sexual contact with a partner who tested positive for primary, secondary, or early latent syphilis within the previous 90 days.

Circumcision does not help prevent transmission of the disease, although it may help reduce the spread of other sexually transmitted diseases such as HIV infection.

Syphilis - serious disease, which is characterized by damage to the skin, mucous membranes and internal organs of a person.

He is classified as classical diseases sexually transmitted. Unprotected sexual intercourse with an unreliable or casual sexual partner can cause syphilis.

The symptoms of syphilis are very diverse, and the manifestations of the disease largely depend on its period. Previously, this infection was considered incurable, but nowadays it can be successfully treated with antibiotics.

How is syphilis transmitted?

In most cases, syphilis is contracted through sexual contact in the vagina, mouth or rectum. Treponema enters the body through minor defects in the mucous membrane of the genital tract.

However, there are cases of infection through domestic means - the disease is transmitted from one partner to another through saliva during a kiss, through common objects on which there is undried discharge containing pale treponema. Sometimes the cause of infection can be a transfusion of infected blood.

Pathogen

A mobile microorganism from the order of spirochetes, Treponema pallidum is the causative agent of syphilis in women and men. Discovered in 1905 by German microbiologists Fritz Schaudin (German Fritz Richard Schaudinn, 1871-1906) and Erich Hoffmann (German Erich Hoffmann, 1863-1959).

Incubation period

On average, it is 4-5 weeks, in some cases the incubation period of syphilis is shorter, sometimes longer (up to 3-4 months). It is usually asymptomatic.

The incubation period may increase if the patient has taken any antibiotics due to other infectious diseases. During the incubation period, test results will show a negative result.

Symptoms of syphilis

The course of syphilis and its characteristic symptoms will depend on the stage of development at which it is. However, symptoms in women and men can be very diverse.

In total, it is customary to distinguish 4 stages of the disease - starting from the incubation period and ending with tertiary syphilis.

The first signs of syphilis make themselves felt after the end of the incubation period (it occurs without symptoms) and the beginning of the first stage. It is called primary syphilis, which we will talk about below.

Primary syphilis

The formation of a painless hard chancre on the labia in women or the head of the penis in men is the first sign of syphilis. It has a dense base, smooth edges and a brown-red bottom.

Ulcers form at the site of penetration of the pathogen into the body, these can be other places, but most often chancres are formed precisely on the genital organs of a man or woman, since the main route of transmission of the disease is through sexual intercourse.

7-14 days after the appearance of hard chancre, the lymph nodes closest to it begin to enlarge. This is a sign that triponemes are spread throughout the body through the bloodstream and affect the internal organs and systems of a person. The ulcer heals on its own within 20-40 days after it appears. However, this cannot be regarded as a cure for the disease; in fact, the infection develops.

At the end of the primary period, specific symptoms may appear:

• weakness, insomnia;
• headache, loss of appetite;
• low-grade fever;
• pain in muscles and joints;

The primary period of the disease is divided into seronegative, when standard serological reactions carry blood negative character(the first three to four weeks after the onset of chancroid) and seropositive when blood reactions are positive.

Secondary syphilis

After the end of the first phase of the disease, secondary syphilis begins. Symptoms that are characteristic at this moment are the appearance of a symmetrical pale rash throughout the body, including the palms and soles. This does not cause any pain. But it is the first sign of secondary syphilis, which occurs 8-11 weeks after the first ulcers appear on the patient’s body.

If the disease is not treated at this stage, then over time the rash disappears and syphilis flows into a latent stage, which can last up to 4 years. After a certain period of time, the disease relapses.

At this stage, there are fewer rashes and they are more faded. The rash is more likely to occur in areas where the skin is exposed mechanical impact- on the extensor surfaces, in inguinal folds, under the mammary glands, in the intergluteal fold, on the mucous membranes. In this case, hair loss on the head is possible, as well as the appearance of flesh-colored growths on the genitals and in the anus.

Tertiary syphilis

Today, fortunately, infection at the third stage of development is rare.

However, if the disease is not treated in a timely manner, then after 3-5 or more years from the moment of infection, the tertiary period of syphilis begins. At this stage, the infection affects the internal organs, and foci (threshing floors) form on the skin, mucous membranes, heart, liver, brain, lungs, bones and eyes. The bridge of the nose may become sunken, and when eating, food gets into the nose.

Symptoms of tertiary syphilis are associated with the death of nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord, as a result, in the advanced third stage, dementia and progressive paralysis may occur. The Wasserman reaction and other tests may be weakly positive or negative.

Do not wait for the development of the last stage of the disease, and at the first alarming symptoms Contact your doctor immediately.

Diagnostics

The diagnosis of syphilis will directly depend on the stage at which it is. It will be based on the patient’s symptoms and the tests obtained.

In the case of the primary stage, hard chancre and lymph nodes are subject to examination. On next stage The affected areas of the skin and papules of the mucous membranes are examined. In general, bacteriological, immunological, serological and other research methods are used to diagnose infection. It should be taken into account that at certain stages of the disease, test results for syphilis may be negative in the presence of the disease, which makes it difficult to diagnose the infection.

To confirm the diagnosis, a specific Wasserman reaction is performed, but it often gives false test results. Therefore, to diagnose syphilis, it is necessary to simultaneously use several types of tests - RIF, ELISA, RIBT, RPGA, microscopy method, PCR analysis.

Treatment of syphilis

In women and men, treatment of syphilis should be comprehensive and individual. This is one of the most formidable venereal diseases, leading to serious consequences when improper treatment Therefore, under no circumstances should you self-medicate at home.

The basis of treatment for syphilis is antibiotics, thanks to which the effectiveness of treatment is close to 100%. The patient can be treated on an outpatient basis, under the supervision of a doctor who prescribes comprehensive and individual treatment. Today, penicillin derivatives in sufficient doses (benzylpenicillin) are used for antisyphilitic therapy. Premature cessation of treatment is unacceptable; it is necessary to complete the full course of treatment.

At the discretion of the attending physician, treatment complementary to antibiotics may be prescribed - immunomodulators, vitamins, physiotherapy, etc. During treatment, any sexual intercourse and alcohol are strictly contraindicated for a man or woman. After completion of treatment, it is necessary to undergo control tests. These may be quantitative non-treponemal blood tests (for example, RW with cardiolipin antigen).

Consequences

The consequences of treated syphilis usually include decreased immunity, problems with endocrine system, chromosomal lesions of varying severity. In addition, after treatment of treponema pallidum, a trace reaction remains in the blood, which may not disappear until the end of life.

If syphilis is not detected and treated, it can progress to the tertiary (late) stage, which is the most destructive.

Late stage complications include:

1. Gummas, large ulcers inside the body or on the skin. Some of these gummas “resolve” without leaving traces; in place of the rest, syphilis ulcers are formed, leading to softening and destruction of tissue, including the bones of the skull. It turns out that the person is simply rotting alive.
2. Lesions of the nervous system (latent, acute generalized, subacute (basal), syphilitic hydrocephalus, early meningovascular syphilis, meningomyelitis, neuritis, tabes spinal cord, paralysis, etc.);
3. Neurosyphilis, which affects the brain or the membrane covering the brain.

If Treponema infection occurs during pregnancy, the consequences of the infection may appear in a child who receives Treponema pallidum through the mother’s placenta.

Prevention

Most reliable prevention Syphilis is the use of a condom. It is necessary to carry out timely examination in contact with infected people. It is also possible to use antiseptic drugs(hexicon, etc.).

If you discover an infection in yourself, it is important to inform all your sexual partners so that they also undergo appropriate examination.

Forecast

The prognosis of the disease is favorable in most cases. Timely diagnosis and adequate treatment leads to complete recovery. However, with a long-term chronic course and in cases of infection of the fetus in the womb, persistent irreversible changes develop, leading to disability.

every woman needs at least twice a year. In a woman’s life, situations often arise when it is necessary good advice obstetrician-gynecologist, answer to question, consultation. But even if a woman has no complaints, it must be taken into account that in Lately Asymptomatic gynecological diseases, including sexually transmitted infections and gynecological tumors, are very common. Even pathological vaginal discharge does not always occur with such diseases. Without analysis, distinguish them from normal discharge difficult. With the latent course of female diseases, there is no abdominal pain, bleeding, or disturbances. menstrual cycle and other symptoms. Therefore, every woman needs preventive gynecological examinations and basic tests ( general analysis blood, urine, flora and cytology smears), the results of which make it possible to identify the presence of hidden asymptomatic gynecological diseases and infections in the early stages. The number of preventive gynecological examinations depends on previous diseases and other factors.

When you need good advice from a doctor, you can come for a consultation with a gynecologist at our gynecological clinic, ask the doctor questions about your health, undergo an initial gynecological examination and, if necessary, further examination and treatment.

Consultation with a gynecologist for early diagnosis of pregnancy

A consultation with a gynecologist and a gynecological examination are also necessary for early diagnosis pregnancy. The first signs of pregnancy are inaccurate and often mislead women. During pregnancy, menstrual-like vaginal discharge is possible, and pregnancy tests may be falsely negative. For an accurate early diagnosis of pregnancy, a consultation with a gynecologist, pelvic ultrasound and determination of the hCG level in a blood test are necessary.

A good gynecologist is, first of all, a good diagnostician. Diagnosis of gynecological diseases is based on experience and knowledge. During the initial gynecological examination, the gynecologist will determine whether there is a need for more detailed diagnostics and consultations with other doctors. According to your testimony you will get everything necessary recommendations for treatment and referrals for tests. This will allow you to dispel many fears and doubts and notice unfavorable changes in time. women's health, take measures to correct them, start treatment on time.

A woman is sometimes scared or ashamed to come to a consultation with a gynecologist and a gynecological examination. She is frightened by the examination procedure, and even by the sight of the gynecological chair. However, it is advisable for even a healthy woman to visit a gynecological clinic twice a year. The main task of an obstetrician-gynecologist gynecological clinic is to preserve the health of a woman, which is only possible with the prevention of gynecological diseases and their timely detection initial stages. At an appointment with a gynecologist in our gynecological clinic, you will forget about the fear of a gynecological examination. The polite staff of the clinic does everything possible to quickly and efficiently provide you with the necessary medical services.

Features of gynecologist consultation. Gynecological examination

Every healthy woman should undergo a gynecological examination twice a year to maintain her health, prevent and identify gynecological diseases in the early stages. To avoid the development of sexually transmitted diseases, infectious diseases and gynecological tumors, it is better not to postpone a visit to the doctor, but to come for a preventive examination and consultation with a gynecologist.

The gynecologist should know individual characteristics your body, all gynecological diseases that you have suffered. Communication with a gynecologist at an appointment should be easy and confidential. Every woman should have her own obstetrician-gynecologist.

It is advisable to come to a gynecologist’s consultation for the first time at the age of 15-16 years, especially if the girl has not yet started her menstrual cycle. It is also necessary to come to an appointment with a gynecologist if a woman has already started or plans to start sex life. Gynecologists advise not only to undergo a preventive gynecological examination twice a year, but also to undergo basic tests, especially when a new sexual partner appears, do colposcopy and gynecological ultrasound, because the asymptomatic (hidden) course of gynecological diseases is very common and difficult to diagnose. Many gynecological diseases, if not treated promptly, can lead to infertility, ectopic pregnancy or miscarriage.

Stages of consultation with a gynecologist and gynecological examination

Questions for a gynecologist

You can come for a consultation with a gynecologist and a preventive gynecological examination if you have no complaints or already have certain complaints. A consultation with a gynecologist begins with a conversation. First, the gynecologist asks questions and fills out a medical record. By asking questions, the gynecologist will find out what problem the woman came to the doctor’s office with. It is important for a gynecologist to know what diseases a woman has had throughout her life, which will tell him about her predisposition to certain diseases. Some questions may seem too intimate or unnecessary, but they must be answered absolutely honestly. Answer all the gynecologist's questions and do not hesitate to ask him questions, because the state of your health depends on it.

External gynecological examination

A consultation with a gynecologist may include procedures such as measuring blood pressure, determining weight, and examining the mammary glands. After which the gynecologist proceeds to a gynecological examination of the female genital organs. To do this, a woman needs to lie down in a special gynecological chair. The gynecologist conducts an external examination to identify possible releases, irritations, rashes, condylomas, gynecological tumors and others pathological changes external female genitalia. Having completed the external gynecological examination, the gynecologist proceeds to the internal gynecological examination.

Internal gynecological examination

During an internal gynecological examination, an obstetrician-gynecologist inserts disposable plastic speculum into the vagina to examine the cervix. The gynecologist also evaluates the presence of discharge and other pathological processes. After removing the speculum from the vagina, the gynecologist performs vaginal examination. The gynecologist inserts the fingers of one hand, dressed in sterile disposable gloves, into the vagina. The gynecologist places the other hand on the front abdominal wall. Thus, the doctor notes the size, shape, position, mobility, pain of the uterus and appendages, and draws attention to the presence of pathological volumetric formations in the small pelvis. If you experience pain when palpating, you should immediately inform your gynecologist, as this may be a sign of an inflammatory or other gynecological disease. Sometimes the gynecologist can perform rectal examination(for example, when examining virgins), when the data from other examinations is insufficient.

Taking a smear for flora during an internal gynecological examination

A mandatory stage of a preventive gynecological examination should be taking a smear. Bacteriological research- this is a smear test gynecological discharge. The number of leukocytes is counted in the smear and pathogens are looked for. More than 10 leukocytes in the field of view may indicate the presence of a sexually transmitted infection or inflammation of the female genital organs. Based on the results of the smear, you can detect fungi (candidiasis), “key cells” (bacterial vaginosis), changes normal flora in discharge from vaginal dysbiosis. The gynecologist prescribes culture of discharge and PCR diagnostics of discharge to clarify the causative agent of the infectious process if a smear shows the presence of infection, but does not identify its causative agent.

Taking a smear for cytology during an internal gynecological examination

Cytological examination (cytology) is a mandatory stage in the early diagnosis of cervical diseases and a mandatory analysis carried out before its treatment. Even if nothing bothers the woman and the cervix seems unchanged to the naked eye, the woman should regularly (every year) undergo a cytological examination of cervical scrapings. The gynecologist takes a scraping during an internal gynecological examination. The scraping is taken with slight pressure, while the deeper layers of cells are scraped off. This painless procedure. This is done because the malignant process begins from the lower layers of the cervical epithelium and progresses to the surface of the mucous membrane. Therefore, if the analysis includes only surface layer, the diagnosis can only be made when the disease is already at a late stage of development.

Colposcopy

Colposcopy is an examination of the cervix under a special microscope - a colcoscope. The gynecologist uses colposcopy during an internal gynecological examination in order not to miss initial signs a malignant tumor, if nothing bothers the patient and the cervix seems unchanged to the naked eye.

Colposcopy has a huge diagnostic value if you suspect cervical cancer, for diagnostics erosions cervix, dysplasia, leukoplakia. Only extended colposcopy can help make an accurate diagnosis of cervical disease in the early stages and determine its malignancy.

Extended colposcopy is an examination of the cervix after treatment with a 3% acetic acid solution. The action of acetic acid lasts about 4 minutes. After studying the collopscopic picture of the cervix treated with acetic acid, the gynecologist performs the Schiller test - smearing the cervix with a cotton swab moistened with 3% Lugol's solution. Iodine contained in the solution colors glycogen in the cells of healthy, unchanged squamous epithelium necks dark brown. Thin cells (atrophic age-related changes), as well as pathologically altered cells in various dysplasias of the cervical epithelium (precancerous conditions) are poor in glycogen and are not stained with iodine solution. Thus, a gynecologist during colposcopy identifies areas of pathologically altered epithelium and, if necessary, marks areas for cervical biopsy.

Ultrasound of the pelvis and fetus

In gynecology, pelvic ultrasound complements the gynecological examination and is used very widely, because with its help, with a high degree of reliability, you can examine the pelvic organs and monitor the development of pregnancy (fetus). Pelvic ultrasound is an examination method that allows a gynecologist to get an idea of ​​all the pelvic organs, including the uterus and ovaries, which is of great importance in the diagnosis of gynecological tumors and inflammation of the female genital organs, and abnormalities of the uterus.

A pelvic ultrasound makes it possible to determine the causes of pathological discharge, uterine bleeding, pain in the lower abdomen and menstrual irregularities that are not visible during a routine gynecological examination.

Ultrasound allows you to determine the presence of pregnancy and fetal abnormalities. Ultrasound also plays a decisive role in the diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy and is necessarily performed before the abortion procedure to confirm the presence ovum in the uterine cavity.

Consultation with a gynecologist based on the results of a gynecological examination and tests

To make a diagnosis, a gynecologist compares the results of a gynecological examination with data from anamnesis (the history of the woman’s life and illness), gynecological tests, complaints and the results of other examinations. Therefore, in order to make a diagnosis or ensure the absence of gynecological diseases, a woman needs at least two consultations with a gynecologist.

At the first consultation, the gynecologist performs the gynecological examination described above, colposcopy, pelvic ultrasound and collects material for gynecological tests. If a woman has complaints and symptoms of gynecological diseases, the gynecologist, during the first consultation, recommends to the woman what tests (except smears) she needs to undergo and prescribes symptomatic treatment to reduce the symptoms of the disease (pain in the lower abdomen, bleeding, itching, etc.).

A woman can take many tests during her first gynecological examination, but to take some tests she needs to come to the gynecologist again for fence material for analysis on a certain day of the menstrual cycle, after necessary preparation or on an empty stomach.

At a follow-up appointment, the gynecologist advises the woman on the results of smears and other tests, if they were taken during the first gynecological examination. Test results may indicate the presence of a gynecological disease in the absence of symptoms, confirm a preliminary diagnosis made during the first examination, or indicate the need for further examination to make a diagnosis.

A complete treatment regimen for a gynecological disease is signed by a gynecologist after diagnosis. After treatment, and sometimes during treatment, a woman needs to come for a consultation with a gynecologist and take gynecological tests again to monitor treatment results.

Preparing for a gynecological examination

A woman needs to visit a gynecologist’s office several times a year if she cares about her health. The most optimal period for a preventive examination by a gynecologist is after menstruation. One day before consulting a gynecologist, it is not recommended to be sexually active. It is necessary to take a shower before examining a gynecologist, but douching has a negative effect, because... the doctor needs to see the real condition of the vaginal discharge and take a swab. There is no need to shave your hair before examining a gynecologist. If a woman has taken antibiotics and other medications, then it is necessary to warn the doctor about this. Sometimes testing for infections must take place no earlier than two weeks after the end of treatment in order to obtain correct results. If you have to get tested for chronic infections, it is better to do this before or immediately after your period.

A consultation with an obstetrician-gynecologist and examination usually takes about 30 minutes. Try not to be nervous during the examination. Answer all the doctor's questions and do not hesitate to ask him questions, because... The state of your health depends on this.

It is necessary to come to see a gynecologist in the following situations:

Recently, the asymptomatic course of gynecological diseases, including sexually transmitted diseases, has become very common. Vaginal discharge occurs in such diseases, but more often they are the only symptom and appear periodically. Without analyzes It is difficult to distinguish them from normal discharge. Therefore, every woman needs a preventive examination by a gynecologist at least twice a year.

Pathological vaginal discharge is the main symptom of almost all gynecological diseases, including sexually transmitted diseases. If they appear, it is necessary to consult a gynecologist with an examination and tests for determining infections, including sexually transmitted ones.

Uterine bleeding in the middle of the cycle, increased and prolonged bleeding during menstruation. Consultation with a gynecologist with examination and Ultrasound in this case, they are necessary to determine the source of bleeding. Bleeding that occurs during pregnancy requires immediate hospitalization.

Abdominal pain. In female gynecological diseases, it is most often observed in the lower abdomen. A consultation with a gynecologist with an examination, tests and other examinations are necessary to identify the cause of the pain.

Problems with conception. Conceiving a child requires preparation. Gynecological diseases can negatively affect pregnancy and the unborn baby. Therefore, it is very important to come for a consultation and examination with a gynecologist to identify and treat them before conception.

At planning pregnancy a woman needs to come for an examination and consultation with an obstetrician-gynecologist, be examined and take a test in advance tests to identify infections, including - ureaplasmosis. Planning pregnancy and performing a gynecological examination during pregnancy allows you to avoid complications and unpleasant surprises during pregnancy.

Diagnosis of pregnancy. The first signs of pregnancy before a missed period are inaccurate and often mislead women. During pregnancy, menstrual-like discharge is possible. In order to diagnose pregnancy in a timely manner, at the slightest suspicion, you need to consult a gynecologist, do an ultrasound and a blood test for hCG.

Termination of pregnancy (medical abortion). In the event of an unwanted pregnancy, you will receive qualified advice from an obstetrician-gynecologist on how to terminate it. Medical abortion is the least traumatic for a woman.

Contraception. Every woman should, with the help of a gynecologist, choose the most suitable means of protection against unwanted pregnancy for her. This requires a consultation with a gynecologist with an examination, ultrasound, and, if necessary, hormonal studies and other tests.

Hormonal disbalance. Often the main cause of diseases of the female reproductive system is hormonal changes (hormonal imbalance). During your consultation, your gynecologist will prescribe the necessary examinations to diagnose hormonal disorders.

Menstrual irregularities. Ovarian dysfunction is most often a symptom of serious gynecological diseases. A consultation with a gynecologist and an examination is necessary to identify these diseases.

From symptoms of premenstrual syndrome ninety percent of all women are affected. Before your period a woman may experience many unpleasant and painful sensations that should not normally exist. A woman should not put up with these sensations and suffer in silence; she must come for a consultation with a gynecologist.

Tides and painful sexual intercourse are the most frequent symptoms menopause. During the consultation, the gynecologist will tell the woman how to alleviate the pathological menopause. Very dangerous symptom- appearance bloody discharge from the genitals after menopause. When they appear, a woman should consult a gynecologist for an examination immediately.

Cervical erosion. One of the most common diseases, which may not manifest itself in any way and can only be detected during a preventive gynecological examination.

Uterine fibroids. It may also not manifest itself in any way and be detected only during a preventive gynecological examination. Asymptomatic progression can lead to severe growth of the node, bleeding and surgical intervention.

Endometrial hyperplasia often asymptomatic, but more often manifests itself as dysfunctional uterine bleeding. Often the diagnosis of endometrial hyperplasia is made when a woman comes to see a gynecologist about infertility.

Polyps of the uterus (endometrium) and cervix(cervical canal). In recent years, polyps of the uterus and cervix have been found even in girls adolescence. They do not manifest themselves in any way for a long time and over time can become malignant. For their timely detection Every woman needs a consultation with a gynecologist and a preventive examination twice a year.

Ovarian cyst. At preventive examination On an ultrasound, a gynecologist can detect an ovarian cyst in a woman. Some cysts may disappear on their own, but in many cases a course is required hormonal treatment, and in some cases surgical intervention is required to get rid of the source of danger.

Spikes are formed when acute inflammatory process in the female genital organs it becomes chronic and the healing process is extended over time. Adhesive disease is practically untreatable. Therefore, to avoid the formation of adhesions, if symptoms occur inflammation Immediately come for an appointment with a gynecologist.

Cervicitis- inflammation of the mucous membrane of the cervix. May manifest as pathological discharge, burning, itching. If the flow is hidden, it may not manifest itself in any way. Therefore, every woman needs a preventive consultation with a gynecologist with an examination at least twice a year. The causative agents of infection are often gonococci and Trichomonas.

Thrush (or vaginal candidiasis) Caused by yeast-like fungi of the genus Candida. It often becomes chronic due to improper self-medication. To select the correct treatment and identify infections that often accompany exacerbation of thrush, which a woman may not even suspect (including sexually transmitted infections), it is necessary to consult a gynecologist for an examination.

Vaginal dysbiosis- this is a violation normal microflora vagina. This disease affects most women; it is often the result of improper self-medication. Dysbacteriosis can lead to the development of inflammatory gynecological diseases. Before prescribing medications to normalize the vaginal microflora, a consultation with a gynecologist, examination and tests is necessary.

For examination on syphilis a woman can also come for a consultation and examination with a gynecologist . Syphilis is a chronic venereal disease that affects the skin, mucous membranes, many internal organs, bones and the nervous system. Recently, it has often been completely asymptomatic. The RW (Wassermann reaction) used to diagnose syphilis is often false-positive and false-negative and is very outdated.

Advantages of the Demetra Gynecological Clinic

• The consultation is conducted by highly qualified gynecologists with great experience work
• Considering the frequent imitation of gynecological diseases in the pathology of other organs, close cooperation is carried out between gynecologists and the therapist for the benefit of patients
• Modern methods of diagnosis and treatment of diseases, incl. laboratory tests, pelvic ultrasound and pregnancy ultrasound, colposcopy
• Treatment of diseases without hospitalization (outpatient)
• Convenient location of the clinic in Kyiv: Darnitsky district, near Poznyaki metro station
• Convenient working hours by appointment only
• If you have any questions, call us, our employees will provide all the necessary information

Instructions

Syphilis affects all body fluids. Therefore, infection can occur not only during sexual intercourse, but also during oral sex and even, especially if there are microcracks in the skin. And in most cases the signs syphilis(hard chancre) appear precisely at the site of penetration of the pale spirochete, the causative agent of the disease.

Unlike others for syphilis characterized by a long incubation period. That is why its first signs may not arouse suspicion and remain without proper treatment. Meanwhile it happens further development diseases.

Most often the first symptoms syphilis appear 40 days after infection. Appears at the site of infection solid seal– chancre – an ulcer with clear boundaries and gently sloping edges, a dense base and bluish-red color. It can form on the external genitalia or on the cervix (). And yet the only sign syphilis during this period there may only be enlargement of the lymph nodes. That is why the stage of the disease can pass unnoticed.

The appearance of chancre is accompanied by malaise, fever, headaches, muscle and osteoarticular pain (mainly), as well as insomnia and anemia. If these signs of the disease are given a completely different meaning, and left without due attention, then syphilis will successfully move into another article, which is characterized by the occasional appearance of a rash.

For the second stage syphilis characteristic long course(up to 4 years or more). The disease manifests itself as periodic malaise, severe loss hair (even bald spots) and a rash on the skin, mucous membranes, and sometimes on the plantar part of the feet. Moreover, they change in shape and appear in the form of spots, pustules, and merging plaques. A characteristic feature of this stage is the “necklace of Venus” - on the neck like a collar. Its appearance indicates damage to the nervous system.

If left untreated, the disease progresses to hidden form and lasts for years without any special manifestations. And despite the absence visible signs syphilis, gradual damage to the osteoarticular, muscular and nervous systems occurs, and after 5 years syphilis enters the last stage.

At the third stage, syphilis affects all organs and tissues. The nervous system is especially affected. And, despite the fact that even during this period the disease occurs, irreversible changes occur in the affected organs, leading to disability or deformity. And so destruction cartilage tissue, a clear sign of the last stage syphilis is the absence of the nose - its cartilaginous part.

If you have suspicious symptoms - enlarged lymph nodes, the appearance of a rash or ulcer, it is better to immediately undergo a laboratory test. It will help exclude or confirm syphilis. The most common diagnostic method syphilis is a blood test for RV (Wassermann reaction), in which blood is taken from ulnar vein. No less common is a serological blood test.

At positive result, for confirmation syphilis, do the immobilization reaction of Treponema pallidum. In rare cases, with obvious signs syphilis, but at negative analysis, can appoint computed tomography.

Sources:

• how to find out if you have syphilis

They call them venereal infectious diseases, transmitted from person to person through sexual contact (they may also be called STIs or STDs). Today, venereology includes over twenty such diseases. Their causative agents can be protozoa, bacteria, viruses, yeast mushrooms and arthropods.

Instructions

All sexually transmitted diseases are characterized by a combination different trends(latent, chronic or asymptomatic). For staging accurate diagnosis and choosing the correct course of treatment, it will be necessary to conduct numerous laboratory tests, and at all stages of monitoring the infectious process (you will also need initial examination, and the dynamics of the disease, and determining the effectiveness of treatment).
In addition, we should not forget that any disease is easier at the earliest stage of development. This means that if you suspect any infection, you should immediately contact a venereologist and undergo an examination.

The following may well cause suspicion: emerging itching, discomfort, a feeling of stinging and pain in urethra, itching in the vagina, the presence of (any) of the genitourinary organs, the appearance of rashes

When diagnosing syphilis in a victim, experts mean venereal disease chronic course, affecting the skin and mucous membranes of the body, internal organs, bone tissue, and the central nervous system. The formation of the disease is provoked by a pale spirochete, which, being outside the human body, is characterized by weak resistance to alcohol, soapy water, high temperature conditions. At the same time, syphilis is a very dangerous condition, since the causative agent of the disease is able to penetrate into human body through damage even invisible to the eye.

Pathology transmission routes

Let's look at syphilis and its spread. It is not for nothing that the disease is called a venereal disease, since the disease is transmitted from the carrier to the victim, with the exception of only 5% of cases through sexual contact. In this case, infection occurs not only during vaginal contact, but also during anal and oral intercourse. Syphilis can also be:

• Household - this form is extremely rare, since even if treponema gets on personal hygiene items, it quickly dies.
• Congenital (observed in infants) - infection occurs either during gestation or during labor activity. The lactation period is also quite dangerous if the mother is sick with syphilis.
• Another rare method is blood transfusion. Modern medicine carefully examines donors; moreover, when the substance is preserved, the pathogen dies within five days. Increased danger represents only direct transfusion from the carrier, which happens infrequently.

But even if contact with a carrier has taken place, manifestations of syphilis may be absent in 20% of cases - infection does not occur because the necessary conditions for this do not exist. In particular, the amount of viral agents in an infected biomaterial can be very small; the absence of microtrauma or individual immunity plays a role. The risk of infection increases when the patient has primary or secondary syphilis, accompanied by erosive and weeping elements of pathological rashes. If we're talking about O late pathology– latent or tertiary – infection occurs very rarely during contact with a carrier.

Since a syphilitic rash can form in any area of ​​the skin or mucous membrane, condoms cannot be considered reliable protection; they only reduce the risk of infection, also protecting against urogenital infections that usually accompany the underlying disease.

As for how long it takes for syphilis to manifest itself, it is important to have an idea incubation period. On average, its duration is from three to four weeks, but the interval can decrease to two weeks or increase to six months if the victim takes antimicrobial drugs for any reason. It should be understood that even in the case of active development of pathology, symptoms may be absent at first. Laboratory tests can determine the presence of the disease only two to four weeks after its primary period begins. Accordingly, all partners of the carrier who had sexual contact with him during this period are at risk of infection, hence the need to test for syphilis.

How does the disease begin to manifest itself?

Standard primary signs pathologies - the formation of hard chancre along with an increase in the size of the lymph nodes. Chancre is an ulcer or erosive lesion round shape, characterized by clear boundaries. Usually it has a red tint, secretes a serous substance, thus acquiring a “varnished” appearance. The discharge contains an increased amount of pathogens; when examining the fluid, they can be detected even in cases where nothing suspicious is found in the blood during laboratory tests. The base of the chancre is hard, its edges are slightly raised, forming a shape similar to a shallow saucer. Syphiloma is usually not accompanied by pain or other uncomfortable symptoms.

There are many places for the formation of syphiloma - these can be the genitals, oral cavity or anus, it all depends on the type of sexual contact. The formation of primary symptoms occurs in stages:

• From the moment the pathogen enters the body until the symptom is formed, it usually takes from two to six weeks.
• Enlargement of the lymph nodes that are located closest to syphiloma usually begins after seven days.
• After another three to six weeks have passed, the ulcers heal, so visible symptoms are missing.

There are also a number additional signs, which accompany the formation of chancre, in this case the first manifestations include:

• problems with sleep, development of insomnia;
• fever (increased body temperature);
• headache and joint pain, bone discomfort;
• general malaise;
• swelling of the genitals.

Atypical symptoms of the pathology include the appearance of amygdalitis chancres in areas of the tonsils, the formation of chancre felons on the fingers, indurative swelling in the labia area, regional lymphadenitis and lymphangitis.

Clinical periods of pathology

When characterizing syphilis, we can classify it as a systemic pathology that can affect the entire body. External clinical manifestations are often similar to symptoms characteristic of other diseases, respectively accurate diagnosis includes laboratory tests skin and blood sampling for the Wasserman reaction. What specific symptoms of the pathology will appear in the victim largely depend on a number of factors, including his age category, lifestyle, immune status, other individual characteristics.

The development of syphilis occurs in three periods - primary, secondary, tertiary. They are preceded by a three-week asymptomatic incubation period. Let's consider how syphilis manifests itself in different periods formation.

We discussed the incubation and primary periods above. It should perhaps be added that during the incubation period the carrier is not infectious, so the Wasserman reaction will show a negative result. As for primary syphilis, at this stage of the development of the disease the patient becomes infectious. Now about chancre - its disappearance occurs without any treatment, and a scar is formed at the site of syphiloma. At this stage it is necessary to show increased attention– even in the case when the chancre completely disappears, we cannot talk about healing, since the development of the disease continues.

After the treponemes enter the lymph nodes, they are carried throughout the body along with the bloodstream. The presence of a primary period of pathology can be indicated by both unilateral and bilateral enlargement of lymph nodes, usually observed in groin area. They are distinguished by their dense elastic consistency, mobility and painlessness. In the first half of this period, the Wasserman reaction, along with other blood tests, continued to remain negative. However, in the second half of the period - usually the sixth or seventh week from the onset of infection - blood tests show a positive result, revealing the presence of syphilis in the body. The above weakness, fever and pain occur at the end of the primary stage of syphilis - these signs can be considered harbingers of the formation of a generalized rash, which marks the beginning of the secondary stage of the pathology.

About ten weeks after infection of the body - which implies the typical development of pathology with syphilis - signs appear on the skin indicating a fresh secondary stage of the disease. We are talking about a syphilitic rash, including pustules and spots, nodules. None of the listed elements causes discomfort. The rash disappears after a few weeks, without requiring the use of any medications. After it passes, we can talk about the onset of secondary latent syphilis. It is characterized by certain manifestations, including:

• syphilitic rash;
• hair loss;
• discolored spots on the skin of the neck;
• positive Wasserman reaction along with other tests carried out.

Any of the elements of the rash at this stage are highly contagious, but completely painless.

A feature of the secondary period of syphilis is an increased risk relative to the possibility domestic infection. The duration of this stage is usually from two to four years.

Let's see how tertiary syphilis manifests itself. Typically, this stage occurs five or more years after infection. The main features characterizing the tertiary stage include:

• The formation of gummas - foci - in bone tissue, skin, liver and brain, lungs and heart muscle and even eyes. Gummas are subject to decay, resulting in the destruction of the area in which they were formed.
• The appearance of ulcers on the mucous layers of the palate and back of the pharynx and nasal cavity.
• Possible damage to the nasal septum and its gradual destruction.
• The symptoms of this stage are closely related to the destruction of nerve cells in both the spinal cord and the brain; they manifest themselves in dementia and the appearance of progressive paralysis.

At this time, visible lesions practically do not include the pallidum spirochete, and accordingly they are rarely infectious. When carrying out the Wasserman reaction and others laboratory research note a weakly positive or negative reaction. Regardless of the syphilitic symptoms, each stage of the pathology is curable. However, at the third stage, the disease not only affects, but can also destroy many human organs, cell restoration is impossible. Quite often in such a case, the victim becomes disabled for the rest of his life.

Syphilitic rash is the main symptom of the disease

The main symptom of syphilis is a rash, the appearance of which is not accompanied by unpleasant sensations. At the initial stage of pathology, this is a hard chancre, but it can manifest itself with a variety of elements, from pink spots to papules and pustules. Spots of a centimeter in diameter in gray, blue or red shades may appear on the skin. In this case, all types of rash can form simultaneously, most often localized on the hands or sole of the foot. Usually there is no pain or itching at all. An unpleasant sensation occurs in very rare cases when palpating papules.

Given the almost complete absence of discomfort, victims often ignore the rash. Moreover, it goes away on its own, and therefore therapeutic measures are activated with considerable delay. Nevertheless syphilitic rashes have a number of characteristic features:

• The rash is copper colored.
• The lesion that accompanies the rash is peeling or the formation of dirty brown, gray scabs.
• The rash can both disappear and reappear - here the ratio of treponema pallidum and antibodies contained in the blood plays an important role.
• If a relapse occurs, the rash can change. It becomes larger, ovals or circles form on the skin and mucous membranes. This development can be observed over a period of four or five years - all the time that secondary syphilis continues.
• In the presence of tertiary syphilis, subcutaneous compactions occur. Their diameter can reach 1.5 cm. Such compactions transform into ulcers over time. Lumps may form on the skin, forming circles, in the center of which ulcerative lesions appear and necrosis forms.

Considering all the dangers of the disease, if suspicious symptoms appear, it is necessary immediate appeal to a venereologist to make an accurate diagnosis and develop a therapeutic regimen.

Symptoms in representatives of the sexes and methods of detection

When comparing the signs of pathology developing in representatives of different sexes, it can be noted that the main differences lie in the localization of foci of syphilis. In men, lesions are concentrated on the scrotum or penis, in women - on the labia minora and vaginal mucosa. If lovemaking involves anal and oral sex, negative phenomena concentrated on the sphincter, oral mucosa, throat, lips and tongue. The skin of the neck or chest may be affected.

In representatives of the fairer sex, the formation of hard chancre occurs most often on the vaginal walls or on uterine cervix, in the labia area. A problem with identifying the disease in the initial stages of development is possible when syphiloma forms on the uterine cervix. Much less often, chancre forms on the chest or in the mouth, on the thighs or in the perineal area. Most often, one chancre is formed, but the formation of two, and sometimes more, syphilomas at once is not an exception.

If you do not pay attention to the symptoms indicating the formation of a problem, syphilis can remain in the body for not just years - decades! At the same time, its course is undulating, and the lesions become dangerous and severe over time. Is it possible to identify signs of syphilis on your own? Undoubtedly, if you follow a number of existing recommendations:

• If there has been a suspicious contact, the entire body should be thoroughly examined two or three weeks after the contact. During this period, the main attention should be paid to the possibility of forming a painless chancre.
• If a chancre or similar formation is detected, you will need to mentally analyze your condition. In this case, we are talking about primary syphilis, so attention should be paid to fever and rising temperature, headaches, insomnia and muscle pain.
• The next step is palpation of the lymph nodes, first of all the most characteristic ones. Their increase, especially if there is a formation resembling a chancre nearby, is a possible sign of syphilis. When palpated, the lymph nodes should be mobile and elastic, fairly dense, but painless.

To confirm the presence of syphilis, it is necessary to contact a venereologist at the same time when chancre was first discovered - only timely treatment prevents complications of pathology.

Signs of congenital disease

During the process of bearing a child, a woman infected with syphilis can infect the fetus from the tenth week of pregnancy through the placenta. If secondary syphilis occurs, the child is 100% infected; in the presence of late forms of pathology, infection does not occur so often. Infection of the fetus occurs most rarely in the case of primary syphilis in the mother. If the fetus is infected with syphilis, the consequences can be catastrophic - the death of the embryo with spontaneous abortion is possible. The possibility of a stillborn child cannot be ruled out. In the case when the baby is nevertheless born, symptoms of congenital pathology are detected in his childhood, depending on when exactly the mother was infected. Congenital pathology may be early or late. The first includes infections of the fetus, infants and young children:

• Syphilis of the fetus leads to its death in the sixth or seventh month, death occurs due to exposure to toxins of the pathogen.
• When a child is under one year of age, if signs of pathology are visible, we can talk about the baby’s non-viability. Immediately after its birth, a skin lesion occurs - syphilitic pemphigus. Syphilitic runny nose is observed, lesions are often diagnosed bone tissue, spleen or liver. If the brain is affected, meningoencephalitis is formed.
• With congenital syphilis in children from one to five years of age, the signs resemble secondary syphilis, symptoms include syphilitic rash on mucous and skin layers.

With late congenital syphilis, which manifests itself from 5 to 15 years, eye damage is observed, deafness develops, problems appear in the internal organs, and the central nervous system is affected.

Preventive actions congenital syphilis include mandatory tests for the presence of pathology, which are carried out three times during pregnancy. If the result is positive, a visit to a venereologist is necessary - the specialist will decide on the continuation of pregnancy and treatment of the pathology. If there is an increased risk of congenital syphilis, pregnancy can be terminated in accordance with medical indications. Women who have had syphilis should plan to conceive no earlier than five years after final healing.