The problem of human health is a global aspect of the solution. The essence of the problem: deteriorating health conditions in many developing countries, population explosion, unsanitary living conditions of the population, medical
The problem of maintaining public health is especially relevant in modern society, characterized by negative characteristics of the main demographic indicators along with the progressive spread of alcoholism, drug abuse and sexually transmitted diseases.
The health status of young people, children and adolescents is of particular concern. Absolutely healthy, harmoniously developed children – no more than 2–3%. Another 14–15% of children are practically healthy, and 35–40% have various chronic diseases. At least half of children have some kind of functional abnormality. Data from medical examinations indicate that during the period of schooling, children’s health deteriorates 4–5 times. Thus, by the time they graduate from high school, every fourth graduate has a pathology of the cardiovascular system, and every third has myopia and poor posture.
Child traumatism occupies a special place among school pathologies. The most common injuries among students are traumatic brain injuries, fractures of limb bones, wounds, dislocations, sprains, and bruises. The majority of such injuries (up to 60%) occur outside of school hours: during breaks at school and during games - in the yard, on the sports ground, on the street. Road traffic injuries pose a serious threat to the health of children, the frequency of which is increasing year by year. A particularly large number of injuries occur during middle school age.
As numerous studies have shown, the state of human health most of all depends on the person himself. Ignorance of the rules of safe behavior, non-compliance with a healthy lifestyle, and a careless attitude towards one’s health are the reasons for the high level of injuries, the emergence of various diseases, and the deterioration of the health of young people.
In modern medicine, health and illness are not opposed to each other, but are considered in close relationship. It has been established that by “norm” one should not always mean complete health, and by non-compliance with the norm one should mean not only pathology, but also a number of borderline states between health and disease.
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), “health is a state of physical, mental and social well-being that is not limited to the absence of disease.” This is “a state of the human body when the functions of all its organs and systems are balanced with the external environment and there are no painful changes.”
Distinguish individual(human) health and collective health (family, professional group, social class, population). Human health has long become not only a personal problem, but also a criterion for life in various countries of the world.
The main indicators of the convenience and prosperity of human life are:
♦ the state of the healthcare system;
♦ sanitary conditions and environment;
♦ percentage of malnourished young children;
♦ attitude towards women in society;
♦ level of literacy of the population;
♦ organization of obstetric care.
Economic growth, national gross product, and the use of modern technologies cannot guarantee the well-being of a nation, since they are accompanied by a widening gap between rich and poor, growing social tension, terrorism and military conflicts.
Population health is also determined by social factors:
♦ protection of the population (political, legal, juridical);
♦ realization of the rights to work, education, healthcare, recreation, information, etc.;
♦ nature of nutrition (its sufficiency and completeness);
♦ real wages and working conditions;
♦ living conditions, etc.
The concept of health is defined in accordance with the main functions performed by a person. What are these functions?
Man is a qualitatively new, highest level of life on Earth, a subject of socio-historical activity and culture. Man is gifted with conceptual thinking, reason, free will and verbal speech. Man is a living system, which is based on an inextricable connection: physical and spiritual, natural and social, hereditary and acquired principles.
Individual health can be defined as the ability of interconnected functional structures of the body to ensure the implementation of hereditary programs and reproductive functions, mental abilities and creative activity.
Full health– a state of the body, characterized by a state of dynamic balance between the functions of its systems and organs and environmental factors. The concept of health includes the biological and social characteristics of a person and the assessment of his functional reserves, allowing the body to adapt to various environmental conditions.
The most important indicator of health is not only physical indicators, but also the ability to exist comfortably in society, the ability to communicate (socialization), and the ability to perceive and assimilate information. Study of the functional state of the body, its level adaptation allows you to monitor health in the dynamics of development, determining the degree of risk of disease and identifying alarming symptoms of ontogenesis. There are four options for the functional state of the human body:
♦ satisfactory adaptation to environmental conditions;
♦ tension of adaptation mechanisms;
♦ insufficient, unsatisfactory adaptation;
♦ failure of adaptation.
The level of physiological adaptation varies within the same age group, as does the ability to compensate for external influences by turning on reserve functions. The wider the range of adaptive reactions, the better adapted the organism is. The organic range of adaptive reactions and the inability to maintain normal life activities are manifested by an increased risk of morbidity.
Modern society is interested in improving the level of both individual health and collective health. It is becoming increasingly important valeology- the doctrine of health, opposed to the medicine of diseases, but, in essence, based on the principles of preventive medicine. The main task of valeology is to increase the health potential of the population by preventing morbidity and disability.
It should be noted that the ultimate goals of disease medicine and valeology are the same - health. However, disease medicine seeks to study and recognize possible diseases and injuries, and then, by treating them, restore a person to health.
The study of health, or valeology, focuses on the probable risk of diseases, early signs of borderline conditions, their stability or limited time of manifestation.
An important task of valeology is the construction of positive guidelines, the laying of attitudes towards the value of health and human life, the formation of accessible and intelligible motivation for a healthy lifestyle.
The state of health depends more than 50% on individual lifestyle, and on the influence of environmental factors - by 25%. This indicates that the reserve for preserving human health lies in the organization of his lifestyle, which depends on valeological culture.
Concept valeological culture includes:
♦ an individual’s knowledge of the genetic, physiological, psychological capabilities of his body;
♦ knowledge of methods and means of monitoring and maintaining one’s psychophysiological status and promoting health;
♦ the ability to disseminate valeological knowledge to one’s surroundings and to the social environment as a whole.
Lifestyle also depends on hereditary and acquired conditions, disruptions in the functioning of adaptive and protective mechanisms, ecology, and valeological education.
The cause of many diseases is increasingly becoming physical inactivity, psycho-emotional stress, and information oversaturation. Maintaining health is largely the result of safe living. Every person is obliged to know and comply with the principles of safety, the consequences of exposure to traumatic and harmful factors, must anticipate danger and be able to avoid it or mitigate the negative effect.
One of the main tasks of the school course Basics of life safety consists of creating motivation for a healthy lifestyle in students and developing an individual way of valeologically based safe behavior.
A healthy lifestyle is a person’s behavior aimed at maintaining and strengthening health, promoting a full, meaningful, successful life in which a person could fully discover and realize his abilities and capabilities.
“Health is not everything, but everything without health is nothing,” said Socrates. Only a healthy person has a feeling of fullness of life.
A healthy lifestyle is a lifestyle that fosters a harmoniously developed personality, helping to endure life’s adversities, mental and physical stress, including natural, social and personal.
Demographic problems are directly related to the problems of maintaining health. The growth of the Earth's population is subject to certain patterns. Thus, demographers note that with a low level of industrial development, the birth and death rates are quite high, as a result of which the population is growing slowly. In a highly developed industrial society, the birth rate decreases and the rate of population growth also decreases. At the same time, in highly developed countries, mortality is decreasing and life expectancy is increasing, which leads to an increase in population. Thus, the average life expectancy in some countries is over 80 years (Andorra, Macau, Japan, Australia, etc.).
In modern Russia, there has been a particularly unfavorable dynamics of demographic indicators over the past 15 years. During this time, the population of Russia decreased from 150 million to 143 million people, the birth rate decreased and the mortality rate increased. According to experts, the population of the Russian Federation will be 137 million people by 2015, and less than 100 million people by 2050. The average life expectancy in our country is 67 years: for women – 71 years, for men – 60 years. This large difference may be explained by the prevalence of unhealthy lifestyle habits among men. The main causes of death in our country remain cardiovascular and cancer diseases, injuries and accidents, which are a consequence of an unhealthy lifestyle and substance abuse - alcohol, tobacco, drugs.
To solve demographic problems, state policy is of particular importance - the implementation of programs aimed at creating favorable social and natural living conditions for the population. The most vulnerable segments of the population – young families, orphans, single mothers, etc. – should receive special state support.
Global problems are problems that cover the whole world, all of humanity, pose a threat to its present and future and require united efforts and joint actions of all states and peoples to be solved.
There are various classifications of global problems. But usually among them are:
1. Problems of the most “universal” nature,
2. Problems of a natural and economic nature,
3. Problems of a social nature,
4. Problems of a mixed nature.
There are also “older” and “newer” global problems. Their priority may also change over time. So, at the end of the 20th century. Ecological and demographic problems came to the fore, while the problem of preventing a third world war became less acute.
Global problems are divided into:
1. environmental problem;
2. demographic problem;
3. the problem of peace and disarmament, prevention of nuclear war;
4. food problem - how to provide food for the growing population of the Earth?
5. energy and raw materials problems: causes and solutions;
6. human health problems: a global problem;
7. the problem of using the World Ocean.
As we can see, there are many global problems, but I would like to focus on the Global problem of human health. I'm in a medical class and that's why I chose this topic. As will be disclosed below, infectious diseases that claimed thousands of lives in antiquity unfortunately continue to occur today, although medicine has stepped forward since then thanks to scientific progress and the great discoveries of medical scientists, biologists, and ecologists. I hope that as a future doctor, and maybe an infectious disease specialist, I will be able to take part in the development of new methods of treating diseases.
Recently, in the world practice, when assessing the quality of life of people, the state of their health has been put forward in the first place. And this is no coincidence: after all, it is it that serves as the basis for the full life and activity of each person, and society as a whole.
In the second half of the 20th century. great successes have been achieved in the fight against many diseases - plague, cholera, smallpox, yellow fever, poliomyelitis, and other diseases.
Many diseases continue to threaten human lives, often on a truly global scale. Among them are cardiovascular diseases, from which 15 million people die every year in the world, malignant tumors, venereal diseases, drug addiction, and malaria. AIDS poses an even greater threat to all humanity.
Considering this problem, we must keep in mind that when assessing a person's health, one should not be limited only to his physiological health. This concept also includes moral (spiritual), mental health, with which the situation is also unfavorable, including in Russia. That is why human health continues to be one of the priority global problems.
People's health largely depends on natural factors, on the level of development of society, scientific and technological achievements, living and working conditions, the state of the environment, the development of the healthcare system, etc. All these factors are closely interrelated and together either promote health or cause certain diseases.
Medical geography studies natural conditions in order to identify the natural influences of a complex of these conditions on human health. In this case, socio-economic factors must be taken into account.
The development of medical geography as a science spans millennia; it depended on the development of many other sciences, primarily on geography and medicine, as well as on physics, chemistry, biology, etc. Each new discovery and achievement in these areas of knowledge contributed to the development of medical geography. Scientists from many countries around the world have contributed to determining the goals and objectives of medical geography and its content. However, many issues of this science remain controversial and require further study.
Slide 1
Slide 2
Plan. General characteristics of the problem. 2. The most dangerous diseases of our time: a) cancer; b) AIDS; c) schizophrenia; d) cardiovascular diseases. 3. Additives and their effect on the human body 4. Conclusion.
Slide 3
General characteristics. Global problems are problems that cover the whole world, all of humanity, pose a threat to its present and future and require united efforts and joint actions of all states and peoples to be solved. When you hear the term Global Problems, first of all you think about ecology, peace and disarmament, but hardly anyone will think about an equally important problem as the problem of human health. Recently, in world practice, when assessing the quality of people’s lives, health has been put in first place, because without health it is impossible to talk about the quality of life.
Slide 4
General characteristics. This problem worried people at all stages of historical development. The diseases for which a vaccine was found were replaced by new diseases that were not known to science before. Until the middle of the 20th century, plague, cholera, smallpox, yellow fever, polio, tuberculosis, etc. threatened human life. In the second half of the last century, great successes were achieved in the fight against these diseases. For example, tuberculosis can now be detected in the early stages, and even by getting vaccinated, you can determine the body’s ability to become infected with this disease in the future. As for smallpox, in the 60-70s the World Health Organization carried out a wide range of medical activities to combat smallpox, which covered more than 50 countries with a population of over 2 billion people. As a result, this disease was virtually eliminated from our planet. But they were replaced by new diseases, or diseases that existed before, but were rare, began to increase in numbers. Such diseases include cardiovascular diseases, malignant tumors, sexually transmitted diseases, drug addiction, and malaria.
Slide 5
Oncological diseases. This disease occupies a special place among other diseases, since this disease is very difficult to predict and it spares no one: neither adults nor children. But people are powerless against cancer. As is known, cancer cells are present in any organism, and when these cells begin to develop, and what will trigger this phenomenon, is unknown. Many scientists argue that cancer cells begin to develop under the influence of ultraviolet rays. There are also additives that speed up this process. Such additives are found in seasonings, for example glutomat, in sparkling water, chips, crackers, etc. All these supplements were invented in the late 90s, and it was then that mass illness of people began.
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Oncological diseases. The development of this disease is also influenced by the environment, which has deteriorated greatly in recent years. The number of ozone holes that allow dangerous ultraviolet rays to pass through has increased. Radiation is also very dangerous for humans; it causes many diseases, including cancer. Our planet has not yet recovered from the explosion at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, as did the disaster in Japan, which led to an explosion at the Fukushima-1 nuclear power plant. In a few years, this disaster will certainly affect people's health. And, of course, it will be oncology.
Slide 7
AIDS. The human immunodeficiency virus differs from other viruses and poses a great danger precisely because it attacks the cells that are supposed to fight the virus. Fortunately, the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is transmitted from person to person only under certain conditions and much less frequently than other diseases such as influenza and chicken pox. HIV lives in blood cells and can pass from one person to another if blood contaminated with HIV enters the blood of a healthy person. To avoid becoming infected through someone else's blood, it is enough to take basic precautions where you have to deal with blood. For example, make sure that there are no cuts or abrasions on the body. Then, even if the patient’s blood accidentally gets on the skin, it will not be able to penetrate the body.
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AIDS. The virus can be transmitted to a child from a sick mother. Developing in her womb, he is connected to her by the umbilical cord. Blood flows through blood vessels in both directions. If HIV is present in the mother's body, it can be transmitted to the child. In addition, there is a danger of infection of infants through mother's milk. HIV can also be transmitted through sexual contact.
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AIDS. SYMPTOMS. For example, a person with chickenpox develops a rash. It becomes clear to both him and everyone that he has chickenpox. But HIV may remain undetectable for a long time, often for years. At the same time, for quite a long time a person feels absolutely healthy. This is what makes HIV very dangerous. After all, neither the person into whose body the virus has entered, nor those around him, have any idea. Without knowing about the presence of HIV in his body, this person can unwittingly infect others. Nowadays, there are special tests (assays) that determine the presence of HIV in a person’s blood.
Slide 10
AIDS. It is very difficult to predict exactly what will happen to a person who has HIV, because the virus affects everyone differently, having HIV in your body and having AIDS are not the same thing. Many people infected with HIV live normal lives for many years. However, over time, they may develop one or more serious diseases. In this case, doctors call it AIDS. There are a number of illnesses that indicate that a person has AIDS. However, it has not yet been established whether HIV always leads to the development of AIDS or not. Unfortunately, no medicine has yet been found that could cure people diagnosed with HIV and AIDS.
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Schizophrenia. When considering this topic, we must also keep in mind that when assessing a person’s health, we cannot limit ourselves only to his physiological health. This concept also includes mental health, with which the situation is just as unfavorable, including in Russia. For example, a disease such as schizophrenia has become very common lately. The era of schizophrenia began in 1952. We rightfully call schizophrenia a disease, but only from a clinical, medical point of view. In the social sense, it would be incorrect to call a person suffering from this disease sick, that is, inferior. Although this disease is chronic, the forms of schizophrenia are extremely diverse and often a person who is currently in remission, that is, outside of an attack (psychosis), can be quite capable, and even more professionally productive, than his average opponents.
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Schizophrenia. For example, a very difficult person in everyday life, with difficult relationships within the family, cold and completely indifferent towards his loved ones, turns out to be unusually sensitive and touching with his favorite cacti. He can watch them for hours and cry completely sincerely and inconsolably when one of his plants dries up. Of course, from the outside it looks completely inadequate, but for him there is his own logic of relationships, which a person can justify. He’s just sure that all people are deceitful, and no one can be trusted. There are two types of schizophrenia: continuous and paroxysmal. With any type of schizophrenia, changes in personality and character traits are observed under the influence of the disease. A person becomes withdrawn, strange, and commits actions that are absurd and illogical from the point of view of others. The sphere of interests changes, hobbies that were completely unusual before appear.
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Cardiovascular diseases. Myocardial infarction is one of the most common manifestations of coronary heart disease and one of the common causes of death in developed countries. In the United States, approximately one million people develop myocardial infarction each year, and about a third of those affected die. It is important to note that about half of deaths occur in the first hour from the onset of the disease. It has been proven that the incidence of myocardial infarction increases significantly with age. Numerous clinical studies show that in women under the age of 60, myocardial infarction is four times less common and develops 10-15 years later than in men.
Slide 14
Cardiovascular diseases. Smoking has been found to increase mortality from cardiovascular disease (including myocardial infarction) by 50%, and the risk increases with age and the number of cigarettes smoked. Smoking has an extremely harmful effect on the human cardiovascular system. Nicotine, carbon monoxide, benzene, and ammonia contained in tobacco smoke cause tachycardia and arterial hypertension. Smoking increases platelet aggregation, increases the severity and progression of the atherosclerotic process, increases the content of substances in the blood such as fibrinogen, and promotes spasm of the coronary arteries.
Slide 15
Cardiovascular diseases. It has been established that an increase in cholesterol levels by 1% increases the risk of developing myocardial infarction and other cardiovascular diseases by 2-3%. It has been proven that reducing serum cholesterol levels by 10% reduces the risk of death from cardiovascular diseases, including myocardial infarction, by 15%, and with long-term treatment - by 25%. The West of Scotland study showed that lipid-lowering therapy is effective in the primary prevention of myocardial infarction. Diabetes. If you have diabetes, the risk of myocardial infarction increases on average by more than two times. Myocardial infarction is the most common cause of death in diabetic patients (both men and women) aged 40 years and older.
Slide 16
Additives and their effect on the body Today, the modern nutrition market is characterized by a very wide range of choice, both in assortment and in price categories. Recently, food products included in the daily diet have an increasing impact on the state of the body and its performance, and to be more precise, their composition, which in turn is replete with a list of all kinds of so-called food additives, the most common among which are ingredients with index E. Most of them are very dangerous for the health of adults, not to mention children.
Slide 17
Additives and their effect on the body I would like to consider one of the most harmful and at the same time the most common additives - E 250. E250 - sodium nitrite - a dye, seasoning and preservative used for dry preservation of meat and stabilization of its red color. E250 is approved for use in Russia, but prohibited in the EU. Impact on the body: - increased excitability of the nervous system in children; - oxygen starvation of the body (hypoxia); - decrease in the content of vitamins in the body; - food poisoning with possible fatal outcome; - oncological diseases. This additive is found in carbonated drinks, condiments, cooked sausages, crackers, etc.
Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation
Federal Agency for Education
State Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Syktyvkar State University"
Faculty of History and International Relations
Specialty "International Relations"
Test.
“Global problems of our time: Mass diseases, epidemics: AIDS, influenza, cholera, plague, cancer, heart disease.”
Completed by: student of group 547,
Kazakova Anna Vyacheslavovna.
Checked by: Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor Makarychev A.S.
Syktyvkar 2010
Introduction………………………………………………………………3
AIDS…………………………………………………………………. .............5
Flu……………………………………………………………………………………… ………..6
Cholera……………………………………………………………………7
Plague………………………………………………………………………………………………8
Cancer……………………………………………………………………………………… ……...9
Heart diseases…………………………………………………………………… …..10
Conclusion……………………………………………………………………...12
Appendix……………………………………………………………..13
Introduction
Global problems of our time include a wide range of phenomena that humanity considers as a threat to life. Global means affecting the interests of the whole world. These problems require joint efforts of the entire world community to overcome.
At the present stage of development, humanity is faced with an increasing number of global problems. But the chances of solving them also increase. It is necessary to note the fact that awareness of the emergence of a problem and the search for its solution arises only when humanity faces this problem face to face.
One of the most important problems of humanity is the problem of health. All kinds of mass diseases and epidemics claim millions of lives. Diseases are the number one cause of increased mortality rates. Almost every year we hear about the emergence of new forms of diseases already known to us. Scientists are working to create drugs around the clock.
The sources of epidemics can be completely different. Only in different parts of the planet do outbreaks of different diseases occur, and there are reasons for this. In third world countries, diseases caused by hunger and unsanitary conditions, such as plague, cholera, and ulcers, occur more often.
In developed countries, they have learned to cope with such diseases, but they have been replaced by “new generation” diseases, many of which are currently incurable. For example, the greatest mortality is caused by cancer, AIDS, and various heart diseases.
We can talk for a very long time about the reasons for the high mortality rate from diseases in developed countries, where medicine has reached a high level. However, in general they are clear: technological progress makes our lives easier, but at the cost of our health. Harmful radiation causes many diseases. The rhythm of city life speaks for itself: stress, lack of sleep, overwork, poor ecology - all this contributes to the development of diseases.
Of course, humanity has already done a lot to overcome the spread of diseases. But the victory over one epidemic is followed by the emergence of another, more complex one. Viruses are becoming more resistant.
Let us consider the most common mass diseases of the 20th and early 21st centuries.
First, we need to define the term epidemic: the widespread spread of an infectious disease. A mass disease is essentially the same, but it is not necessarily infectious and can be caused by other reasons.
AIDS . One of the most terrible diseases in our time is the plague of the twentieth century, AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). This disease is scary because it currently has no cure. Humanity felt completely defenseless in the face of an unfamiliar and extremely insidious enemy. For this reason, another epidemic has spread on Earth - the epidemic of fear of AIDS.
The world was also shocked that the United States was among the first and most affected countries by AIDS. The disease called into question many of the values of modern Western civilization: sexual freedom and freedom of movement. AIDS has challenged the entire modern way of life.
Since the 1980s, the spread of AIDS has reached epidemic levels. According to modern data, there are currently about 40 million patients, and the number of victims of the disease over the 20 years of its existence is approaching 20 million. The contagiousness of AIDS, its rapid spread and incurability earned him the fame of the "plague of the twentieth century", the most terrible and incomprehensible viral disease of our time.
It should also be said that the problem of AIDS is not only a medical problem, but also a psychological and social one. This was especially evident at the beginning of the epidemic, when the main feeling in relation to HIV-infected people was the fear of becoming infected, multiplied by the lack of reliable information about how HIV infection can and cannot occur.
Recently, media reports have begun to appear that a vaccine has been created that can cure AIDS. Although this information is somewhat distrustful, it gives hope to millions of people.
Flu. Perhaps the most common disease in the world. We hear about another influenza epidemic almost every year, and each time it takes on new forms, and scientists have to look for new vaccines to treat it. During this time, the flu manages to claim many lives.
Influenza epidemics arise unexpectedly, incapacitate large masses of people at once, thereby introducing anarchy into production, disrupting the rhythm of the country, and interfering with the implementation of planned plans.
The world knows such terrible epidemics of the past as the “Spanish flu” and “Asian flu”, which claimed the lives of up to 4 million people.
It would seem that the flu is a disease that is well known to everyone; it is perceived as a common occurrence and practically does not scare anyone. However, as soon as you relax, a new form of flu appears. Recently, there has been a tendency to contract influenza from animals.
In 2005, there was an outbreak of bird flu. It was managed to be localized fairly quickly, but there were still many casualties. In 2009, the “swine” or “Mexican” flu epidemic began. The latest virus is also quite atypical: it is most dangerous for people under 50, although older people and children are usually at risk.
In such conditions, the question arises: what to expect from the flu next time? Who will it affect and from what animal will a person become infected? Will scientists around the world be able to find a vaccine and prevent the epidemic?
Cholera. Cholera (Greek Cholera - to expire) is an acute infectious disease characterized by damage to the gastrointestinal tract, impaired water-salt metabolism and dehydration; refers to quarantine infections.
Cholera is transmitted primarily through contaminated water and food and is closely associated with poor environmental management. The main reasons for the spread of the disease are the absence or shortage of safe water and sanitation, usually combined with poor environmental conditions. Typical high-risk areas include urban slums where basic infrastructure is lacking, and internally displaced persons and refugee camps where minimum needs for clean water and sanitation are not met. However, it must be emphasized that the belief that cholera epidemics are caused by the corpses of people killed as a result of disasters, natural or man-made, is false. Despite this, rumors and panic often begin to spread after disasters. On the other hand, the consequences of disasters, such as the destruction of water and sanitation systems or mass displacement of populations into inadequate and overcrowded camps, can increase the risk of transmission.
Since 2005, new occurrences of cholera have been observed along with a constant increase in the size of vulnerable populations living in unsanitary conditions. Cholera remains a global public health threat and a major indicator of poor social development. While the disease has ceased to be a problem in countries where minimum hygiene standards are observed, it remains a threat in almost every developing country. The number of cholera cases notified to WHO in 2006 increased dramatically, reaching levels seen in the late 1990s. In total, 236,896 cases were reported from 52 countries, including 6,311 deaths, representing an overall increase of 79% compared to the number of cases reported in 2005. This increase is due to a number of large outbreaks that have occurred in countries where no cases have been reported for several years. It is estimated that only a small proportion of cases are reported to WHO - less than 10%. Thus, the true burden of the disease is significantly underestimated.
The development of the disease is also evidenced by the latest outbreak in Haiti in the fall of 2010. About a thousand people have already died.
Plague. Plague (lat. pestis) is an acute natural focal infectious disease of the group of quarantine infections, occurring with an extremely severe general condition, fever, damage to the lymph nodes, lungs and other internal organs, often with the development of sepsis. The disease is characterized by high mortality.
Plague is also a disease that humanity has encountered more than once. Perhaps in the Middle Ages, the plague claimed more lives than other diseases.
Every year the number of people infected with the plague is about 2.5 thousand people, with no downward trend.
According to available data, according to the World Health Organization, from 1989 to 2004, about forty thousand cases were recorded in 24 countries, with a mortality rate of about seven percent of the number of cases. In a number of countries in Asia (Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia and Vietnam), Africa (Tanzania and Madagascar), and the Western Hemisphere (USA, Peru), cases of human infection are recorded almost every year.
Under modern therapy, the mortality rate for plague does not exceed 5-10% if treatment is started early. In some cases, a transient form of the disease is possible, which is poorly amenable to intravital diagnosis and treatment (“fulminant form of plague”).
Cancer. Cancer is a type of malignant tumor that develops from epithelial tissue cells of various organs (skin, mucous membranes and many internal organs)
Another disease that causes fear in people of any age. Cancer can occur at any age, on any organ, from completely different factors. Cancer is probably no less scary than AIDS, although it can be cured in the early stages.
The incidence of malignant tumors is continuously growing. Every year, about 6 million new cases of malignant tumors are registered worldwide. The highest incidence among men was noted in France (361 per 100,000 population), among women in Brazil (283.4 per 100,000). This is partly due to the aging population. It should be noted that most tumors develop in people over 50 years of age, and every second cancer patient is over 60 years of age. Mortality from cancer ranks second in the world after diseases of the cardiovascular system.
The worst thing is the low possibility of detecting cancer and seeing a doctor in time. Many people do not attach importance to their health. In developing countries, treatment is unaffordable for many due to lack of funds. In developing countries, the incidence of cancer is increasing due to radiation exposure from many devices. And if we are talking about technical development, I think that we should not count on a decrease in the percentage of cancer cases.
Heart diseases. Heart disease is the leading cause of death worldwide: no other cause kills as many people every year as heart disease;
An estimated 17.1 million people died from STDs in 2004, accounting for 29% of all deaths worldwide. Of this number, 7.2 million people died from coronary heart disease and 5.7 million people died from stroke.
This problem affects low- and middle-income countries to varying degrees. More than 82% of deaths from SD occur in these countries, almost equally among men and women.
By 2030, approximately 23.6 million people will die from SDs, mainly from heart disease and stroke, which are projected to remain the single leading causes of death. The largest percentage increase in these cases is expected to occur in the eastern Mediterranean region, and the largest number of deaths is expected to occur in the southeastern region.
More than 80% of deaths from STDs worldwide occur in low- and middle-income countries.
In the second half of the 20th century. great successes were achieved in the fight against many diseases - plague, cholera, smallpox, yellow fever, polio, etc. In the second half of the 20th century. great successes have been achieved in the fight against many diseases - plague, cholera, smallpox, yellow fever, polio, etc.
In the 60s - 70s. The World Health Organization (WHO) carried out a wide range of medical activities to combat smallpox, which covered more than 50 countries with a population of over 2 billion people. As a result, this disease was virtually eliminated from our planet.
When considering this topic, you should keep in mind that when assessing a person's health, one should not limit oneself to just one's physiological health. This concept also includes moral (spiritual) and psychological health, with which the situation is also unfavorable, including in Russia. When considering this topic, you should keep in mind that when assessing a person's health, one should not limit oneself to just one's physiological health. This concept also includes moral (spiritual) and psychological health, with which the situation is also unfavorable, including in Russia.
