Blood is called arterial. Video: Differences between arteries and veins

Only under the influence of enzymes. Hemoglobin helps transport oxygen from the lungs to various bodies and fabrics. The difference in the color of blood is explained by the unequal oxygen content in its cells. One type of blood vessel is the artery. They carry blood from the lungs and heart to other organs and tissues. This blood is saturated with hemoglobin, which in turn combines with hemoglobin, giving the blood a bright red color. Arterial blood is distributed through capillaries and small blood vessels With thin walls, which carry oxygen and nutrients to all other cells of the body. The metabolic product produced by the cells is carbon dioxide. It enters the blood through the walls of the capillaries. From the capillaries, this rich blood flows into the veins, which are another type of blood vessel. Through veins, blood travels to the lungs and heart. Dark red, almost burgundy color blood is due to the fact that there is no oxygen in it. In addition, red blood cells increase in size and lose their saturated bright color. When the blood reaches the lungs, carbon dioxide enters them. At this moment, the brain receives a signal that carbon dioxide has accumulated, the brain gives the command to do it, and all the carbon dioxide is released into the air. After this, the person takes a breath, the blood is again saturated with oxygen, and the process begins all over again.

Some diseases may manifest themselves not only feeling unwell, but also various rashes on the body or change in color skin. It is important to notice these changes in time and seek help from specialists.

Why is the skin around the eyes dark?

The skin around the eyes is thin and delicate. It is penetrated by many capillaries through which blood flows. As a result of the tiny vessel rupturing, blood leaks out. Due to the process of releasing the body from leaked blood, dark circles appear. The composition of the blood includes, during the oxidation process it breaks down into smaller components and acquires a purple or color. The same process is observed after a blow or bruise.

Causes of dark circles under the eyes

An allergic reaction can cause black circles to appear under the eyes. When your eyes are watery, you can't resist scratching them. Due to constant rubbing, damage to the capillaries occurs, which entails the following.

It happens that fatigue, lack of sleep, and overexertion can change your appearance accordingly. But this lifestyle does not cause the appearance of black circles, it only makes the skin pale, which further emphasizes the blackness under the eyes. And here poor nutrition, lack of vitamins and lack of rest together can negatively affect the skin around the eyes.

When talking to, you always look into his eyes. Noticing black circles on your interlocutor changes your impression of him. One gets the feeling that he is sick with something. This may be true. Kidney dysfunction cardiovascular diseases, lack of oxygen can affect the color of the skin around the eyes. No help to fix this cosmetic procedures, the disease must be cured.

If you find black spots under your eyes, you should consult a doctor to determine the cause. This may be the first sign of a serious illness.

The culprit may be old age, which spares no one. The skin becomes thinner and blood vessels become more visible. And the older a person gets, the more the process gets worse. By identifying the cause of the appearance of black circles under the eyes, the doctor can diagnose a blood deficiency.

To increase the level of iron in the blood, you need to eat right, eat more fresh fruits, vegetables and natural juices.

People who work a lot at the computer need to especially carefully monitor their vision, eyes and the condition of their skin. Severe overstrain of the organs of vision - the appearance of circles under the eyes.

Various diseases and injuries can cause damage to blood vessels and lead to bleeding. To avoid large blood loss, it is very important to immediately resort to medical care.

The main causes of bleeding are inflammatory process or neoplasm on the walls of blood vessels resulting from their mechanical damage or illness. It can also be caused by a violation of the integrity of the vessel wall caused by poisoning, infection or lack of vitamins. If we're talking about about the causes of bleeding from, then this may be an increase blood pressure, trauma, infectious and respiratory diseases. People often suffer from nosebleeds during sudden changes in atmospheric pressure, overheating, intense emotional and physical activity. The causes of internal bleeding of organs are usually a violation of the integrity of the intestine or the wall and mucous membrane. About fifty percent of this type of bleeding is caused by an ulcer of the digestive organs. In addition, bleeding from the rectum can be caused by a complicated diverticulum, oncological diseases colon or cecum and hemorrhoids in chronic form. However, bleeding from the rectum is not always so dangerous; sometimes it can be caused by cracks in the area anus or provoked by scratching in this area. Whatever the location of the bleeding, it is necessary to take into account the force with which it flows and what it is. When bleeding from anus other bothersome symptoms should be reported, such as changes in bowel habits, pain syndrome etc. About the presence of internal bleeding, the cause of which may be a bruise internal organs, for a long time may not even suspect it. In such cases, gastric bleeding is especially dangerous, in which blood accumulates in the internal cavities. To the signs this state can be attributed to the pallor of the skin and mucous membranes, general weakness, rapid, weakly audible pulse and decreased blood pressure. If we talk about uterine bleeding, there are many reasons for it. They may be caused by inflammation reproductive organs, function failures endocrine system, intoxication of the body and even strong neuropsychic stress. Also provoke uterine bleeding may be lack of rest during work, the presence of polyps and neoplasms of the uterus, the use of certain medicines.

Sources:

• Bleeding

Blood performs in the body main function– provides organs with tissues with oxygen and other nutrients.

It takes carbon dioxide and other decay products from the cells. Thanks to this, gas exchange occurs, and the human body functions normally.

There are three types of blood that constantly circulate throughout the body. These are arterial (A.K.), venous (V.C.) and capillary fluid.

What is arterial blood?

Most people think that arterial view flows through the arteries, and venous flows through the veins. This is an erroneous judgment. It is based on the fact that the name of blood is associated with the name of blood vessels.

The system through which the fluid circulates is closed: veins, arteries, capillaries. It consists of two circles: large and small. This contributes to the division into venous and arterial categories.

Arterial blood enriches cells with oxygen (O 2). It is also called oxygenated. This blood mass from the left ventricle of the heart is pushed into the aorta and flows through the arteries of the systemic circle.

Having saturated the cells and tissues with O 2, it becomes venous, entering the veins of the systemic circle. In the pulmonary circulation, the arterial mass moves through the veins.

Some arteries are located deep in the human body and cannot be seen. The other part is located close to the surface of the skin: the radial or carotid artery. In these places you can feel the pulse. Read from which side.

How is venous blood different from arterial blood?

The movement of this blood mass occurs in a completely different way. The pulmonary circulation begins from the right ventricle of the heart. From here, venous blood flows through the arteries to the lungs.

More information about venous blood -.

There it gives off carbon dioxide and is saturated with oxygen, turning into an arterial type. The pulmonary vein returns blood to the heart.

In the large ring of blood flow from the heart through the arteries arterial blood. Then it turns into V.K., and through the veins it enters the right ventricle of the heart.

The venous system is more extensive than the arterial system. The vessels through which blood flows are also different. So the vein has thinner walls, and the blood mass in them is a little warmer.

Blood in the heart does not mix. Arterial fluid is always in the left ventricle, and venous fluid is always in the right.

Differences between the two types of blood

Venous blood is different from arterial blood. The difference lies in the chemical composition of the blood, shades, functions, etc.

1. The arterial mass is bright red. This is explained by the fact that it is saturated with hemoglobin, which has added O 2. For V.K. Characteristic is a dark burgundy color, sometimes with a bluish tint. This suggests that it contains a high percentage of carbon dioxide.
2. According to biology research chemical composition A.K. rich in oxygen. Average percentage of O 2 content healthy person– over 80 mmhg. IN VK. the indicator drops sharply to 38 – 41 mmhg. The carbon dioxide indicator is different. In A.K. it is 35 - 45 units, and in V.K. the proportion of CO 2 ranges from 50 to 55 mmhg.

From the arteries, not only oxygen enters the cells, but also useful microelements. In the venous - large percentage products of breakdown and metabolism.

1. The main function of A.K. – provide human organs with oxygen and nutrients. VC. necessary in order to deliver carbon dioxide to the lungs for further removal from the body and to eliminate other breakdown products.

IN venous blood in addition to CO 2 and metabolic elements, it also contains useful material, which suck digestive organs. The blood fluid also contains hormones secreted by the glands. internal secretion.

1. Blood through the arteries big ring blood circulation and the small ring moves with at different speeds. A.K. ejected from the left ventricle into the aorta. It branches into arteries and more small vessels. Next, the blood mass enters the capillaries, feeding the entire periphery with O 2. VC. moves from the periphery to the heart muscle. The differences are in pressure. Thus, blood is ejected from the left ventricle under a pressure of 120 millimeters of mercury. Further, the pressure decreases, and in the capillaries it is about 10 units.

Blood fluid also moves slowly through the veins of the systemic circle, because where it flows, it has to overcome gravity and cope with the obstacle of the valves.

1. In medicine, blood sampling for a detailed analysis is always taken from a vein. Sometimes from capillaries. Biological material taken from a vein helps determine the condition of the human body.

The difference between venous bleeding and arterial bleeding

It is not difficult to distinguish between types of bleeding; even people far from medicine can do this. If an artery is damaged, the blood is bright red.

It flows in a pulsating stream and flows out very quickly. Bleeding is difficult to stop. This main danger arterial damage.

It will not stop without first aid:

• The affected limb should be elevated.
• Hold the damaged vessel a little above the wound with your finger and apply a medical tourniquet. But it cannot be worn for more than one hour. Before applying a tourniquet, wrap the skin with gauze or any cloth.
• The patient should be urgently taken to the hospital.

Arterial bleeding may be internal character. It is called closed form. In this case, a vessel inside the body is damaged, and the blood mass enters the abdominal cavity or spills between organs. The patient suddenly becomes ill, the skin turns pale.

A few moments later he begins to severe dizziness, and he loses consciousness. This indicates a lack of O 2. Help with internal bleeding Only doctors in the hospital can.

When bleeding from a vein, fluid flows out in a slow stream. Color – dark burgundy. Bleeding from a vein can stop on its own. But it is recommended to bandage the wound with a sterile bandage.

There is arterial, venous and capillary blood in the body.

The first moves through the arteries of the large ring and veins small system blood circulation

Venous blood flows through the veins of the greater ring and pulmonary arteries small circle. A.K. saturates cells and organs with oxygen.
Taking carbon dioxide and decay elements from them, the blood turns into venous. It delivers metabolic products to the lungs for further elimination from the body.

Video: Differences between arteries and veins

To properly help a person with bleeding, you need to know exactly how. For example, arterial and venous bleeding requires a special approach. Arterial and venous blood are different from each other.

Blood in human body passes through two circles - large and small. The large circle is formed by arteries, the small circle by veins.

Arteries and veins are connected to each other. Small arterioles and venules branch off from large arteries and veins. And they, in turn, are connected by the thinnest vessels - capillaries. They exchange oxygen for carbon dioxide and deliver nutrients to our organs and tissues.

Arterial blood passes through both circles, both arteries and veins. It flows through the pulmonary veins into the left atrium. Carries and then gives oxygen to tissues. Tissues exchange oxygen for carbon dioxide.

Having given up oxygen, saturated carbon dioxide Arterial blood in humans turns into venous. It returns to the heart, and then, through the pulmonary arteries, to the lungs. It is the venous one that is taken for most tests. It contains fewer nutrients, including sugar, but more products metabolism such as urea.

Functions in the body

• Arterial blood carries oxygen, nutrients, and hormones throughout the body.
• Venous, unlike arterial, carries carbon dioxide from tissues to the lungs, metabolic products to the kidneys, intestines, sweat glands. By folding, it protects the body from blood loss. Warms organs that need warmth. Venous blood is flowing not only through the veins, but also through the pulmonary artery.

Differences

• The color of venous blood is dark red with a bluish tint. It is warmer than arterial water, its acidity is lower, and its temperature is higher. There is no oxygen in her hemoglobin, carbhemoglobin. In addition, it flows closer to the skin.
• Arterial - bright red, saturated with oxygen and glucose. Oxygen in it is combined with hemoglobin to form oxyhemoglobin. The acidity is much higher than in the venous. It comes out to the surface of the skin on the wrists and at the neck. Flows much faster. That's why it's hard to stop her.

Signs of bleeding

Before medical assistance in case of bleeding, this means stopping or reducing blood loss until the ambulance arrives. It is necessary to distinguish between types of bleeding and use it correctly necessary funds to stop them. It is important to have dressings in your home and car first aid kits.

The most dangerous species bleeding - arterial and venous. The main thing here is to act quickly, but do no harm.

• During arterial bleeding, blood flows in bright scarlet intermittent fountains with high speed in time with your heartbeat.
• With venous, a continuous or weakly pulsating dark cherry stream of blood flows from the injured vessel. If the pressure is low, a blood clot forms in the wound and blocks the blood flow.
• With capillary, bright blood slowly spreads over the entire wound or flows in a thin stream.

First aid

When providing first aid for bleeding, it is important to determine its type and, depending on this, act.

• If an artery in the arm or leg is affected, a tourniquet must be applied above the affected area. While the tourniquet is being prepared, press the artery above the wound to the bone. This is done with a fist or by pressing hard with your fingers. Elevate the injured limb.

Place it under the tourniquet soft cloth. You can use a scarf, rope, or bandage as a tourniquet. The tourniquet is tightened until the bleeding stops. You need to place a piece of paper under the tourniquet to indicate the time of application of the tourniquet.

ATTENTION. For arterial bleeding, the tourniquet can be held for two hours in the summer, and half an hour in the winter. If medical help is still not available, loosen the tourniquet for a few minutes while holding the wound with a clean cloth pad.

If a tourniquet cannot be applied, for example, in case of injury iliac artery, make a tight tampon with a sterile or at least clean cloth. The tampon is wrapped with bandages.

• In case of venous bleeding, a tourniquet or tight bandage is applied below the wound. The wound itself is covered with a clean cloth. The affected limb needs to be raised higher.

For these types of bleeding, it is good to give the victim painkillers and cover him with warm clothes.

• In case of capillary bleeding, the wound is treated with hydrogen peroxide, bandaged or covered with a bactericidal adhesive plaster. If it seems to you that the blood is darker than a normal wound, then the venule may be damaged. Venous blood is darker than capillary blood. Proceed as if you had damaged a vein.

IMPORTANT. Capillary bleeding is dangerous if blood clotting is poor.

From the right help During bleeding, a person’s health and sometimes life depends.

Blood circulates in the human body in closed system. The main function of biological fluid is to provide cells with oxygen and nutrients and remove carbon dioxide and metabolic products.

A little about the circulatory system

The human circulatory system has complex device, biological fluid circulates in the pulmonary and systemic circulation.

The heart, which acts as a pump, consists of four sections - two ventricles and two atria (left and right). Vessels, blood bearers from the heart are called arteries, to the heart are called veins. The arterial one is enriched with oxygen, the venous one – with carbon dioxide.

Thanks to interventricular septum, venous blood, which is on the right side of the heart, does not mix with arterial blood, which is on the right side. Valves located between the ventricles and atria and between the ventricles and arteries prevent it from flowing in the opposite direction, that is, from the largest artery (aorta) to the ventricle, and from the ventricle to the atrium.

When the left ventricle, whose walls are thickest, contracts, it creates maximum pressure, oxygen-rich blood is pushed into big circle blood circulation and is distributed through arteries throughout the body. In the capillary system, gases are exchanged: oxygen enters the tissue cells, carbon dioxide from the cells enters the bloodstream. Thus, the arterial becomes venous and flows through the veins to right atrium, then into the right ventricle. This is a large circle of blood circulation.

Next, the venous blood flows through the pulmonary arteries into the pulmonary capillaries, where it releases carbon dioxide into the air and is enriched with oxygen, again becoming arterial. Now it flows through the pulmonary veins into the left atrium, then into the left ventricle. This closes the pulmonary circulation.

Venous blood is located in the right side of the heart

Characteristics

Venous blood differs in a number of parameters, ranging from appearance and ending with the functions performed.

• Many people know what color it is. Due to its saturation with carbon dioxide, its color is dark, with a bluish tint.
• It is poor in oxygen and nutrients, but it contains a lot of metabolic products.
• Its viscosity is higher than that of oxygen-rich blood. This is explained by an increase in the size of red blood cells due to the entry of carbon dioxide into them.
• She has more high temperature and more low level pH.
• Blood flows through the veins slowly. This is due to the presence of valves in them, which slow down its speed.
• There are more veins in the human body than arteries, and venous blood overall accounts for approximately two-thirds of the total volume.
• Due to the location of the veins, it flows close to the surface.

Compound

Laboratory tests make it easy to distinguish venous blood from arterial blood by composition.

• In the venous oxygen tension is normally 38-42 mmHg (in the arterial - from 80 to 100).
• Carbon dioxide - about 60 mm Hg. Art. (in arterial – about 35).
• The pH level remains 7.35 (arterial - 7.4).

Functions

The veins carry the outflow of blood, which carries metabolic products and carbon dioxide. Nutrients enter it and are absorbed by the walls. digestive tract, and hormones produced by the endocrine glands.

Movement through the veins

During its movement, venous blood overcomes gravity and experiences hydrostatic pressure, therefore, if a vein is damaged, it calmly flows in a stream, and if an artery is damaged, it flows in full swing.

Its speed is much lower than that of the arterial one. The heart pumps out arterial blood at a pressure of 120 mmHg, and after it passes through the capillaries and becomes venous, the pressure gradually drops and reaches 10 mmHg. pillar

Why is material taken from a vein for analysis?

Venous blood contains breakdown products formed during the metabolic process. During diseases, substances enter it, which are in in good condition there shouldn't be. Their presence allows one to suspect the development of pathological processes.

How to determine the type of bleeding

Visually, this is quite easy to do: the blood from the vein is dark, thicker and flows out in a stream, while the arterial blood is more liquid, has a bright scarlet hue and flows out like a fountain.

Venous bleeding is easier to stop; in some cases, if a blood clot forms, it may stop on its own. Usually required pressure bandage, applied below the wound. If a vein in the arm is damaged, it may be enough to raise the arm up.

Concerning arterial bleeding, then it is very dangerous because it will not stop on its own, the blood loss is significant, and death can occur within an hour.

Conclusion

The circulatory system is closed, so the blood, as it moves, becomes either arterial or venous. Enriched with oxygen, when passing through the capillary system, it gives it to tissues, takes up decay products and carbon dioxide and thus becomes venous. After this, it rushes to the lungs, where it loses carbon dioxide and metabolic products and is enriched with oxygen and nutrients, again becoming arterial.

The blood of absolutely all representatives of humanity is red. Even the special blue bloods" not an exception. This color is provided by red blood cells. About a third of their component is hemoglobin. It is formed in the process of contact of iron atoms with a protein, scientifically called globin. Iron oxide (Fe2+) gives hemoglobin its rich red color.

There are 2 types of blood:

• arterial;
• venous.

Arterial blood is characterized by a scarlet color. As it moves through the lungs, it is saturated with oxygen, due to which the formation of “oxyhemoglobin” occurs, which affects the color and makes it so bright.

Venous blood, on the contrary, is dark in color. Sometimes it is purple, almost black. Unlike arterial blood, such blood, moving through the vessels and capillaries, on the contrary, loses a significant part of the oxygen, which is replaced by carbon dioxide. It is carbon dioxide that makes its shade darker.

A little experience will help prove this. A small amount of venous blood will be required, which we will monitor. Only extracted from a vein, it will have a characteristic dark color, and after standing for a while and coming into contact with oxygen, it will turn scarlet.

If you have to take a blood test for the first time, do not be alarmed by its excessively dark color.