Terrible pathologies in newborns. The strangest newborns
VIEWING IS NOT RECOMMENDED FOR THE WEAK NERVOUS AND PREGNANT WOMEN!
All the exhibits presented in this room are real children, these are not dummies, not rubber dolls.
The exposition that is presented to you today is collected in various regions of Russia, in the republics of the former Soviet Union. The oldest exhibits are about 50 years old, and the latest are about 2 years old.
Since ancient times, deformities have aroused fear and curiosity among superstitious people and attracted attention. In one Egyptian sarcophagus, a mummy of a human monster with an underdeveloped brain was found. In the deep past different countries Freaks were treated differently. For example, in Sparta and Athens, newborn deformed children were killed; in Europe, the Inquisition sentenced women who gave birth to deformed children to be burned at the stake for having contact with the devil. And in countries like Ancient India, Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome often endowed gods and demigods with various deformities.
The exhibits on display are based on the teachings of the famous Dutch anatomist Frederik Ruysch.
Sirenomelia (lat. sirenomelia; other Greek. σειρήν - siren + μέλος - part of the body, limb) (syn.: mermaid syndrome, sympus, siren) - developmental anomaly in the form of fusion lower limbs. The limbs grow together in such a way that they become like the tail of a fish, and the child himself looks like a mermaid or siren (hence the name). Also often there are no external genitalia, underdeveloped gastrointestinal tract and the anus is not perforated.
Front defect abdominal wall. The defect of the anterior abdominal wall at the base of the hernial sac can have a diameter of 10 cm or more. The size of the defect is not always proportional to the size of the hernial protrusion.
Osteogenesis imperfecta (lat. osteogenesis imperfecta) - group genetic disorders. One of the diseases of brittle bones. People with OI either have an insufficient amount collagen, or its quality is not normal. Because collagen important protein in bone structure, this disease results in weak or brittle bones.
Congenital malformations of the face - cleft lip and palate - have a common name " cleft lip" and "cleft palate". The cause is most often an infectious disease suffered by the mother in the first 3 months of pregnancy viral disease. Even if the infection was mild and the woman did not attach any importance to it, the consequences for the child can be very unpleasant.
The product of alcoholic parents.
Exencephaly is a deformity in which the brain or part of it is placed outside the skull, forming something like a hernia. The brain can partly emerge from the skull, either in the occipital, then in the frontal, then in the parietal region, or, finally, lie almost entirely outside the skull. Cases have been observed in humans where the entire brain lay outside the skull on the back, covered on top only thin layer skin. Such monsters are not tenacious and die before birth or soon after birth.
Spina bifida is a condition in which part of one or more vertebrae does not fully develop, causing the area spinal cord remains unprotected.
Hydrocephalus (from ancient Greek ὕδωρ - water and κεφαλή - head), hydrocephalus - a disease characterized by excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricular system of the brain as a result of difficulty in its movement from the site of secretion (ventricles of the brain) to the site of absorption in circulatory system(subarachnoid space) - occlusive hydrocephalus, or as a result of impaired absorption - aresorptive hydrocephalus.
The product of drug addict parents
For the first time in Kovrov, in the best traditions of the Kunstkamera of Peter I. The exhibition “Tragedies of Human Birth” in the city museum on the street. Abelmana, house 20.
Ticket price:
120 rub. - adults;
100 rub. - children (from 7 years old), students and pensioners;
80 rub. - for groups of 10 people.
Contact numbers: 8 930 743 41 27,
2-27-51.
The exhibition is open daily from 10 am to 7 pm.
Hard
ATTENTION NOT FOR THE FAINT OF NERVE! DO NOT ALLOW CHILDREN TO VIEW!
More than 30 years after the end of hostilities in Vietnam, relations between Hanoi and Washington remain strained. The reason is America's use of chemical weapons, Agent Orange ( Agent Orange).
This war ended on April 30, 1975, but its curse affects both the second and third generations of Vietnamese people.
In the 60s and 70s, Americans, trying to discover Viet Cong hideouts, sprayed Agent Orange from planes. The main component of Agent Orange is poison number 1 - dioxin.
Dioxin is a general name for a whole group of organochlorine substances with a rather specific structure. There are about eight dozen dioxins in total. The most common one in the “language of chemists” is designated by the abbreviation TCDD. Perhaps it is also the most dangerous, since it is 67 thousand times more poisonous than potassium cyanide. It can become a strong immunosuppressant, like the AIDS virus. May cause serious cancer.
During the war, the United States sprayed about 80 million liters of Agent Orange over Vietnamese territory...
45 million liters were secretly sprayed over the southern parts of the country, near the Cambodian border.
The Vietnamese had to sit in shelters for weeks due to American bombing. When they went outside, the trees around were already without leaves.
Agent Orange has provided and continues to provide harmful influence and on the gene pool of the population of these regions.
The powerful defoliant is responsible for causing severe illness in people in areas where this toxic chemical has been sprayed. increased level birth defects.
Children are still born in Vietnam with various kinds congenital deformities, physical and mental. Many of them are part of the group increased risk oncological diseases.
There are especially many people with disabilities in remote villages in the Mekong River Valley.
There are approximately 4.8 million victims of this toxic substance in Vietnam, including three million directly affected by the so-called “orange rain”.
More registered big number people who became disabled because their parents and grandparents were exposed to dioxin.
In the late 1990s, Canadian researchers took samples of soil, water, and the fish and ducks living in it, as well as samples of human tissue.
They found that in contaminated areas, the concentration of dioxins in the soil was 13 times higher than normal, and in fatty tissues human body- 20 times.
Japanese scientists who compared infected and uninfected areas found that in infected areas the risk of having children with a cleft palate, the so-called cleft palate, was three times higher...
Or with extra fingers and toes.
In addition, children born in these areas are eight times more likely to have umbilical hernia …
...and three times more likely to have congenital mental disabilities.
Chemical spraying over Vietnam ceased in 1971 due to public demand, but by then 6,000 missions had already been flown.
Nguyen Trong Nhan, representative of the Vietnamese Association of Victims of Agent Orange and ex-president The Vietnamese Red Cross considers the use of this substance a war crime.
"We are trying to help those affected by this substance and the dioxins it contains, but our government's capabilities are limited," he admits.
In 2004, association activists filed a lawsuit in an American court against the chemical manufacturing companies. The plaintiffs sought compensation from chemical companies for damage to human health and the country's environment.
The amount of monetary compensation in the event of a legal victory could amount to several billion dollars.
Developmental defects (synonymous with developmental anomalies) are a collective term denoting deviations from the normal structure of the body due to disturbances in intrauterine or postnatal (less often) development.
The most important of the developmental defects are congenital defects that form during prenatal period. Under the term " birth defects"should be understood as persistent morphological changes, beyond the limits of variation in the structure of a normal organism.
The term “developmental defect” is broader - a developmental disorder not only in utero, but also postnatally (dental defects, open botal duct).
“Deformity” should be called a congenital defect that disfigures part or all of the body and is detected during external examination. It is better not to use this term in relation to living people.
Rice. 3. Absence big brain: Rice. 4. Complete absence, limbs
For developmental defects that are compatible with life, early diagnosis is important, as some of them can be corrected surgically. Prevention of developmental defects should be carried out through the protection of a pregnant woman from harmful substances to the fetus. external influences- see Antenatal fetal protection.
Developmental defects (synonym: developmental anomalies, deformities) are disorders intrauterine development, deviations from the normal structure of the body.
The science that studies deformities is called teratology (from the Greek teras, teratos - freak, deformity). The terms “deformities” and “developmental defects” are used as synonyms, but sometimes the mildest degrees of developmental defects are called developmental anomalies, and the most severe (usually accompanied by disfigurement) appearance) - deformities. In the vast majority of cases, malformations are a consequence of embryopathy (see), occasionally fetopathy (see). Modern teaching about the etiology and pathogenesis of developmental defects arose on the basis of the successes of embryology, genetics and experimental teratology.
For every thousand births, there are on average about 10 children with developmental defects. Among perinatal deaths, according to pathological data, malformations are recorded in 8.5 - 14% of cases.
Malformations can be manifested by the absence of an organ (agenesis, aplasia), its underdevelopment (hypogenesis, hypoplasia) or excessive development (hypergenesis, hyperplasia), closure of a canal or opening (atresia, e.g. anus), fusion of organs or members (syndactyly; horseshoe kidney), preservation of embryonic structures (Meckel's diverticulum, open ductus arteriosus, many forms of congenital heart defects), non-closure of embryonic clefts (cleft lip, spine), displacement of organs or tissues, etc. In one
Twins may be missing a heart, head, or limbs.
United double deformities occur in identical twins during early gastrulation by bifurcation of the end of the embryo or by the fusion of two embryos. Each developmental defect can occur only during a certain (so-called critical) period of embryogenesis, when the formation of the corresponding organ occurs (Fig. 5). If the embryo is exposed to any harmful effects, such a period, according to E. Schwalbe, can become a teratogenetic termination period.
The etiology of developmental defects is different. Two main groups of etiological factors can be distinguished.
A. Genetic factors(complicated heredity, overripeness of the germ cells of the parents, disorders of the chromosomal apparatus of the germ cells due to the age of the parents, etc.). At the core hereditary defects development lies mutation (see) germ cells of ancestors; it can be caused by ionizing radiation and chemical influences. Overripeness of genital marks is the long-term (up to two days) presence of an egg or sperm in a woman’s genital tract, where these cells can be damaged. There are indications that older parents are more likely to have children with developmental defects; this is determined by violations of the chromosomal apparatus of the germ cells of the parents.
B. Factors affecting directly developing embryo(fetus); physical (radiation, mechanical, thermal), chemical (hypoxia, hormonal imbalances, malnutrition, teratogenic poisons) and biological (viruses, bacteria, protozoa), as well as mental trauma mothers who indirectly cause harm to the embryo (fetus).
From physical factors Ionizing radiation has the greatest teratogenic significance. Even small doses of radiation can sometimes cause a teratogenic effect. Mechanical damage embryo (fetus) are most often observed during amniotic fusions. Thermal effects in experiments, even short-term ones, also have a teratogenic effect.
From chemical influences highest value has hypoxia arising from various reasons. From hormonal disorders leading to developmental defects, diabetes is the most studied. Hormonal drugs, received by the mother during pregnancy, poor nutrition (lack of vitamins, essential amino acids, microelements) can also lead to developmental defects. In the experiment, trypan blue turned out to be a permanent teratogenic agent. Recently installed the same effect sedative tolidamide. The teratogenic effects of many other chemical agents, including drugs (in particular, some antibiotics) have been described.
Various biological agents can also cause birth defects. Tperr (N.M. Gregg, 1941) and other authors described deformities associated with maternal diseases in early phases pregnancy viral infections(rubella, measles, mumps). Bacteria and their toxins, apparently, can cause developmental defects only indirectly, causing changes in the mother's body. The teratogenic effect of protozoa, in particular toxoplasmosis, is controversial.
A mother's mental trauma can cause her hormonal changes, and this can ultimately lead to developmental defects. The pathogenetic “chain” can be as follows: fear (or prolonged negative emotions) → hyperadrenalineemia → embryonic ischemia → developmental defects.
The same developmental defects can be caused both genetically and by exposure to external environment to the embryo (fetus).
Treatment. For some malformations (atresia, stenosis, fusion, preservation of embryonic structures, etc.), surgical intervention may be effective.
Prevention. Social transformations of society, erasing class, property, racial and religious differences, are expanding the circle of people getting married, which is helping to reduce the number hereditary diseases, including developmental defects. Medical genetic consultations can play a major role in the prevention of such diseases. A pregnant woman should be protected in every possible way from possible teratogenic effects, especially in the first three months of pregnancy, and provided good nutrition. X-ray studies should not be carried out during this period; you need to beware of medications that can harm the fetus and contact with patients, especially viral infections.
Developmental defects individual organs- see articles dedicated to these bodies.
- Congenital malformations. These are disturbances in the formation of organs, tissues or limbs that lead to disruption of their functioning during the first two or three months of pregnancy.
- Congenital deformity. This is damage to a part of the body associated with mechanical actions on tissue during pregnancy. For example, incorrect placement of the fetus can lead to deformation thoracic or legs.
- Congenital genetic diseases . These are diseases associated with the genotype of the fetus. They may appear during the first cell division (trisomy 21, for example), or the child may receive a mutated gene from one or both parents.
- Congenital diseases associated with external factors. They occur under the influence of various maternal diseases on the fetus: infections (rubella, toxoplasmosis), intoxication (alcohol, antiseptic drugs, anticoaglutants, anticancer drugs).
If severe congenital defects not detected by intrauterine ultrasound examinations are becoming less and less common these days, then during the first pediatric examination or during a stay in the maternity hospital, it is often possible to notice minor deviations from the norm.
Positional anomalies
Varus foot- This is a minor deformation caused by incorrect positioning of the fetus. It is detected at birth.
An inward-turned foot can be more or less easily straightened by hand. An orthopedic doctor will regularly perform the necessary manipulations, and in case of significant curvature, he will apply a splint. All this will make it possible to correct the anomaly in the very first weeks after the birth of the child.
In some cases, more significant deformation may occur, which is called equine foot and which may require more to correct complex treatment(starting from a plaster boot and ending with surgical correction).
Congenital curvature of the foot(foot turned outward) caused mechanical pressure in the intrauterine period of life. In order to correct this minor deformity, it is enough to apply a small splint and conduct several sessions of foot stimulation.
This anomaly appears due to the abnormal position of the fetus during pregnancy and there are no consequences for further development has no child.
Usually, congenital torticollis is detected in the first days or weeks after birth. It is expressed in the fact that the baby’s head is always tilted in an unnatural way in the same direction (for example, to the right), and it can be very difficult to turn the newborn’s head in the other direction.
This is due to contraction of the sternocleidomastial muscle of the neck. It will be hard to the touch, and there may be 2-3 small hardenings (knots) in it. As a rule, muscle recovery requires the help of a massage therapist.
The newborn's head must be moved carefully. In addition, toys should be hung from the side opposite to the one in which the baby’s head is tilted, so that the newborn himself gently develops the muscle (from 2-3 months of age).
Skin abnormalities
Angioma is a minor tumor affecting the capillaries (small superficial blood vessels skin). Usually we are talking about benign education, which disappears in the first years of life.
Angioma looks like a red spot, sometimes unevenly colored, most often located either on the back of the head, or on the eyelids, or at the base of the nose. There are also raised angiomas, which can be located on any part of the body. Finally, we can talk about a very extensive flat angioma (also called a “port-wine stain”), which occupies a significant part of the face. IN in rare cases There are also voluminous angiomas that can compress the area of the body in which they are located.
No matter how unsightly an angioma may look, as a rule, a simple medical supervision. Only in very rare cases are compressive angiomas an indication for treatment.
Mongolian spot- This is a bluish spot, usually located in the lower back, found in children from Mediterranean regions (the spot is called Mongolian because it is probably of Asian origin). It disappears within a few years.
Birthmark(nevus) is dark spot, which can be located on any part of the body and have any size. If the nevus is very large, you should consider the possibility of surgical removal in the future.
Anomalies of the genitourinary system
During a boy's first pediatric examination, it is very important to ensure that both testicles have descended into the scrotum. It may happen that in a newborn only one testicle has descended into the scrotum, and the other is retained; in this case we talk about monarchism. If the testicle is palpated in the groin, that is, at the base of the thigh, then it often drops back into place in the next few days.
If during the first year of the baby’s life spontaneous movement of the testicle does not occur, at the age of about one and a half years, either hormonal treatment in order to help move the testicle, or to perform surgery.
Often, immediately after the birth of a child, the pediatrician notices that either the entire scrotum is enlarged, or one side is larger than the other. A completely normal scrotum can be felt through the thickness of the liquid. This hydrocele, or hydrocele of the testicular membranes. In other words, it is an excess amount of fluid that has not been removed from the membranes that make up the scrotum. The volume of the hydrocele is constantly changing, and it will eventually resolve.
Hydrocele may not appear immediately after birth, but in the first months of life or even after several years.
It is very important to monitor hydroceles. In some cases, if the dropsy does not disappear by the end of the child's first year of life, surgery may be required.
Hypospadias- this is a fairly rare anomaly in the location of the external opening of the urethra ( urethra) in boys. Typically, the head of the penis is more or less open, there is excess skin at its base and there is an opening located at bottom surface(at the base of the head). It is very important to monitor how the child urinates, because there may be two holes: one allows urine to escape, the other, as a rule, turns out to be blind. Depending on how serious the deviation is, at the end of the first year of life, but more often at about one and a half years of age, 1-2 surgical operations are performed.
An abnormality of the head of the penis in no way calls into question the future sexual capabilities of your child. It's about about a purely aesthetic problem.
Renal abnormalities
Often, even in the intrauterine stage of development, it is possible to detect the expansion of the excretory cavities of one or both kidneys. In this case, it is very important to confirm or not confirm this diagnosis in the first weeks after the birth of the child. If the pelvis is very dilated, we may be talking about ureteropelvic anastomosis syndrome, i.e. narrowing of the urethra obstructing the flow of urine.
Slight dilatation of the pelvis with normal kidney(this is shown by ultrasound) should not be a cause for concern and does not require anything other than ultrasound monitoring.
Cardiac abnormalities
Coarctation of the aorta systematically determined by palpating the femoral pulse (beating of the femoral vessels). The absence of a femoral pulse indicates the need to determine by ultrasound examination heart, whether there is a narrowing of the aorta at the exit from the heart. In fact, if the aorta is narrowed, it cannot provide good blood circulation. In this case blood pressure falls, which explains the absence of femoral pulse. Typically, coarctation of the aorta is corrected with surgery.
Immediately after birth or towards the end of the stay in the maternity hospital, a newborn is often found to have systolic murmur in heart. Sometimes the noise that was heard during the first pediatric examination disappears in the following days. Those murmurs that were detected during the child’s stay in the maternity hospital often indicate the existence of a heart defect. Most often this is a defect interventricular septum. At feeling good child in the near future, this diagnosis should be clarified using ultrasound.
Parents are always worried if a baby has a systolic heart murmur, but medical point it does not pose a threat to vision. And if the child pink skin and he sucks well, emergency assistance not required.
Abnormalities of the digestive tract
The baby's lack of bowel movements or uncontrollable vomiting indicates possible anomalies digestive tract. They are usually detected in the first days after birth. We can talk about neonatal obstruction requiring surgical assistance.
Neurological abnormalities
Often in newborns in the first days, and sometimes in the first weeks of life, there is slight trembling(sometimes called chin or limb tremors). This is quite common.
After a difficult birth, some newborns have reduced tone (their normal tone is restored within 24-48 hours), which does not subsequently affect their development. In other newborns, on the contrary, the tone is initially increased, but this also does not matter for normal development child.
Whatever diseases or abnormalities are identified or appear shortly after the birth of the child, it is very important that parents are informed about it and receive the necessary explanations.
When fetal development is disrupted, various anomalies of organs and the whole organism appear. Newborns with severe developmental abnormalities usually die. Approximately 13-15 per thousand newborns experience severe and obvious deformities.
Causes
The causes of congenital malformations are not fully understood. Deformities are caused by internal and external factors. Internal ones include: hormonal disorders in the mother’s body, inferiority of germ cells, fetal hypoxia. TO external factors can be attributed: chemical substances, infections, radiation. Deformities can be hereditary. For example, clubfoot or congenital dislocation of the hip is often common among members of the same family. Other causes of abnormalities are diseases of the fetus in the womb, for example, rubella and toxoplasmosis. Deformities can cause radioactivity, X-rays, various medications taken during pregnancy, or harmful substances that entered the body of a pregnant woman.
The most common congenital anomalies
Developmental anomalies are divided into single and multiple malformations. The first include: cleft palate, cleft lip, cardiac septal defect, undeveloped limbs or organs, adhesions, incorrect position organs. Multiple deformities are possible as a result multiple pregnancy during fetal fusion (Siamese twins).
Damage to internal organs
A heart defect or kidney abnormality can be diagnosed immediately after the birth of a child only if these disorders are severe. Approximately 1-2% of all newborns have a heart defect.
Anomalies of head development
The most common types are cleft palate and cleft lip. These deformities can be eliminated through surgery. Defects are common various organs. Congenital hydrocephalus (hydrocephalus) is especially dangerous. In this case normal birth impossible. Less common is cerebral hernia. A severe congenital malformation of the neural tube is anencephaly. A newborn is born without most of its brain.
Anomalies of the trunk, limbs
The most common malformation of the spine is spinal bifida (spina bifida), when the spinal canal is in the process of embryonic development does not close.
Limbs may be missing, underdeveloped, or significantly shorter. There may be no fingers or more fingers on the hands and feet.
Congenital syndromes
Congenital syndromes are multiple congenital anomalies in a newborn. One such syndrome is acroteriasis. Symptoms - deformation of the head shape, too short limbs, missing fingers and toes.
Treatment
Some defects can be eliminated operationally, for example, six-fingered. In case of severe deformities, it is often possible only to save the child’s life and reduce his suffering.
How to avoid such deviations?
Important genetic consultation during which you can learn about a disease or the possibility of inheriting a defect, and carry out the prevention of hereditary diseases.
The discovery of a developmental disorder does not mean that the child will be born mentally ill. Usually the child is completely mentally healthy and develops normally.
