Vibration techniques and techniques. Most common errors
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The perception of vibration depends on the frequency of vibrations, their strength and scope - amplitude. The frequency of vibration, like the frequency of sound, is measured in hertz, the energy in kilograms, and the amplitude of vibrations in millimeters. Behind last years It has been established that vibration, like noise, has an energetic effect on the human body, so it began to be characterized by a spectrum based on its vibrational speed, measured in centimeters per second or, like noise, in decibels; The threshold vibration value is conventionally taken to be a speed of 5 - 10 - 6 cm/sec. Vibration is perceived (felt) only in direct contact with a vibrating body or through other solids, in contact with it. When in contact with a source of vibrations that generates (produces) sounds of the lowest frequencies (bass), along with the sound, shaking, that is, vibration, is also perceived.
The perception of vibrations associated with changes in body position in space is a complex process.
The perception of vibration can be significantly influenced by the subject's activity. In this case, the vibration that disturbs a person during quiet sedentary work will not be perceived at all by a person who moves from place to place while working. Thus, we can assume: the calmer the work, the more intense the person perceives the vibration.
The vibration perception threshold for humans is much higher: 1 10 - 4 m/s. At an oscillatory speed of 1 m/s, painful sensations.
The boundaries between these areas are called equal vibration perception curves. The effect of vibration on the human body is determined by four main characteristics of the vibration process: intensity, spectral composition, duration of exposure, direction of action.
Let us note that the absence of differences in the thresholds for the perception of stochastic vibrations with a bandwidth of Ys octave and one octave at the same bandwidth levels indicates that in order to achieve the thresholds of perception, the same powers of the influencing oscillatory process are required, and this is already a direct confirmation of the energy concept effects of vibrations on humans.
Taking into account that the perception of vibration decreases with increasing age, it is necessary to introduce appropriate corrections for age.
| Activities that require warning about the adverse effects of vibration through the entire body. |
Acceptable vibration amplitudes in buildings are closely related to vibration perception thresholds. The permissible degree of vibration impacts inside buildings depends, in addition to the frequency, direction and duration of vibration, on the purpose of the building. Guidelines for assessing building vibration are provided in various standards, such as British Standard 6472 (1992), which specifies a procedure for assessing vibration and impact loads in buildings.
Existing regulatory requirements for permissible vibration impacts are based on assessments of the subjective perception of vibrations by humans, as well as physiological, functional, biomechanical and biochemical reactions his body. The effect of vibration from the human body is determined by four main characteristics of the vibration process: intensity, spectral composition, duration of exposure, direction of action.
The assumption we made was reliably confirmed in the conducted comparative studies vibration perception thresholds, estimated by oscillatory speed for the same discrete frequencies of sinusoidal vibration and geometric mean frequencies of random vibrations with frequency bands one octave and one third of an octave wide.
Analysis of spectrograms of average levels of vibrational velocities for various types powered tools in comparison with their number of revolutions or impacts and with the thresholds for the perception of vibrations by the palmar surfaces of the hands showed the following.
A summary qualitative assessment of subjective sensations caused by vibration is presented on the RNS. Each area of equal perception of vibration corresponds to different levels discomfort person (Table 4), the boundaries between these areas are called curves of equal perception of vibration.
Well perceptible; 4 - very noticeable; 5 - unpleasant during prolonged use; 6 - unpleasant with short-term exposure. The boundaries between these areas are called equal vibration perception curves. The effect of vibration on the human body is determined by four main characteristics of the vibration process: intensity, spectral composition, duration of exposure, direction of action.
Quite a popular subject psychological research are human and animals. Depending on the complexity, it is customary to distinguish three levels of the psyche or reality: these are sensory and perception, ideas and the highest - verbal-logical level. Let's try to understand the first one in more detail.
Sensory-perceptual processes
Perceptive is the perceiver, to put it another way. Perception is cognition and ultimately the formation in the mind of a holistic image of an object or phenomenon environment. It should be said right away that the immediate ones differ from each other. Despite the fact that without individual sensations, arising as a result of the action of reality on the senses (sensors), perception could not exist, it cannot be reduced only to them.
Sensations create the base, but perceptual is a qualitatively different process, more active and meaningful. For example, you can compare how you can simply hear sounds and listen carefully, see and purposefully look, watch someone or something.
Basic properties of perception
A large theoretical work is devoted to a detailed analysis of the sensory-perceptual organization in humans, the author is the famous Soviet psychologist B. G. Ananyev. From the point of view of specialists in this field, the following can be distinguished: characteristics perception:
Differences between perception and apperception
Along with perception, the closely related concept of apperception is distinguished. The perceptual process is perception. Apperception also represents the reception and processing of visual, auditory and other information. Adding the prefix an- to the main concept is intended to show the complexity of perception. We don't just hear, see, taste, smell and touch - the result of this passes through an individual prism. It necessarily includes previous perceptual experience, on the basis of which a judgment is made about the subject. So we compare each image with the existing standards of shape - is it a circle or a triangle, colors - green or aqua, etc.
Specific knowledge and skills, Current state mediate our learning of the world around us and determine differences in perception different people. Big influence have personal characteristics - inclinations, interests, character, lifestyle in general, which also influence the perception of ourselves.
What does it consist of? As we found out, perceptive is a synonym for the word perceiver. You can perceive not only inanimate things, animals, the relationship is also formed in terms of “person-to-person”. This means that even in communication there is perceptual side. That is, it is the perception and evaluation of other people. Perceptual communication also presupposes the ability to feel the interlocutor and mood, to understand his needs and desires, motives of behavior.
There are a number of factors on which interpersonal interaction can depend. Firstly, this is the fact of the superiority of another in certain parameters, due to which he will be perceived as an authoritative person and, accordingly, have a positive image. Secondly, the external attractiveness of the partner. They enjoy more sympathy beautiful people. Thirdly, the attitude towards the observer. If your partner treats you well, then most likely it will cause the same feelings in return. Each of these points can reduce adequacy and significantly affect the impression of someone.
Vibration techniques can be divided into two types: continuous vibration and intermittent vibration.
Continuous vibration is a technique in which the massage therapist’s brush acts on the massaged surface without leaving it, transmitting continuous oscillatory movements to it. Movements must be performed rhythmically.
You can perform continuous vibration with the pads of one, two, or all fingers; palmar surface of fingers, back of fingers; palm or supporting part of the palm; with a hand bent into a fist. The duration of continuous vibration should be 10-15 seconds, after which stroking techniques should be performed for 3-5 seconds. l You should start performing continuous vibration at a speed of 100-120 vibrations per minute, then the vibration speed should be gradually increased so that by the middle of the session it reaches 200 vibrations per minute. Towards the end the vibration speed should be reduced.
When performing continuous vibration, not only the speed, but also the pressure must change. At the beginning and end of the session, the pressure on the massaged tissues should be weak, in the middle of the session - deeper.
Continuous vibration can be performed longitudinally and transversely, zigzag and spirally, as well as vertically.
If, when performing vibration, the hand does not move from one place, the vibration is called stable. Stable vibration is used for massage of internal organs: stomach, liver, heart, intestines, etc. Stable vibration improves cardiac activity, strengthens excretory function glands, improves the functioning of the intestines and stomach.
There is also point vibration - stable vibration performed with one finger (Fig. 98). Point vibration, acting on peripheral nerve endings, helps reduce pain in myositis and neuralgia.
Point vibration is used in the treatment of paralysis and paresis, with rehabilitation treatment after fractures, since point vibration promotes accelerated formation callus. Continuous vibration can be labile; with this method, the massage therapist’s hand moves over the entire massaged surface (Fig. 99). Labile vibration is used in the treatment of paralysis, to restore weakened muscles and tendons. They produce labile vibration along the nerve trunks.
Figure 98
Continuous vibration can be performed with the pad of one finger (point vibration). You can vibrate the entire back or palm side of the finger; this method is widely used in the treatment of paresis of facial muscles and neuralgia trigeminal nerve, as well as in cosmetic massage.
You can perform continuous vibration with your palm. This method is used to massage internal organs (heart, stomach, intestines, liver, etc.). Vibration should be performed at a rate of 200-250 vibrations per minute, movements should be gentle and painless. At abdominal massage, back, hips, buttocks, you can apply continuous vibration with your fingers clenched into a fist. With this method, the hand, folded into a fist, should touch the massaged surface with the phalanges of four fingers or with the ulnar edge of the hand. Such vibrations should be performed longitudinally or transversely. Continuous vibration can be produced while gripping tissue. This technique should be used when massaging muscles and tendons. Small muscles and tendons are grasped with the fingers in a pincer-like manner, while large muscles are grasped with the hand.
Figure 99
Continuous vibration includes auxiliary techniques:
Shaking;
- shaking;
- pushing;
- concussion.
Shaking. The technique is used for the rehabilitation treatment of muscles after fractures, for paralysis and paresis, since the main feature of shaking is the activation of muscle contractile activity. Shaking increases lymph flow, so it is often used to reduce swelling. Shaking is used to treat damaged soft tissues, to smooth out traumatic scars and postoperative adhesions, it is also used as a pain reliever. Before performing the shaking technique, the muscles of the person being massaged must be relaxed. The fingers should be spread wide and clasped around the massaged area. Then you should perform shaking movements in the longitudinal or transverse direction (Fig. 100). Movements should be rhythmic, they should be performed with at different speeds, increasing towards the middle of the session and decreasing towards the end.
Figure 100
Shaking. The technique is used when massaging the limbs to improve blood circulation, relieve muscle tension, as well as to increase the mobility of muscles and joints.
When shaking the upper limb, you should take the hand of the person being massaged with both hands and, lightly pulling it, perform oscillatory movements up and down. The amplitude of such oscillations should not be large (Fig. 101).
Figure 101
When shaking the lower limb with one hand, you need to fix ankle joint, and with the other hand grab the instep of the foot and slightly pull the leg. In this case, it is necessary to ensure that the leg is straight. Then you should make rhythmic oscillatory movements.
When shaking limbs in elderly people, special care should be taken.
Nudge. The technique is used to massage internal organs.
To perform the technique, place your left hand on the area of the organ that
Figure 102
you need to undergo an indirect massage, and apply light pressure, fixing your hand in this position. Then, with your right hand, make short pushing movements, pressing on the nearby surface, as if pushing the massaged organ towards your left hand (Fig. 103). Oscillatory movements must be performed rhythmically.
Shake. Used for indirect massage of internal organs (liver, gall bladder, stomach, etc.).
When performing a concussion, the right hand must be fixed on the body in the area of the internal organ that needs to be traced. The left hand should be placed on the massaged surface parallel to the right so that the thumbs of both hands are located next to each other. With quick and rhythmic movements (either bringing your hands together or moving them away from each other), you need to oscillate the massaged surface in the vertical direction.
Figure 103
Abdominal shocks are used to resolve adhesions in abdominal cavity, to enhance intestinal motility, with chronic gastritis with secretory insufficiency, to increase the tone of the smooth muscles of the abdominal wall, etc.
When performing an abdominal shake, both hands should be positioned so that the thumbs are on an imaginary line crossing the navel, and the remaining fingers are wrapped around the sides. Then you should make oscillatory movements horizontally and vertically (Fig. 104).
Shake chest. This technique helps improve blood circulation and increase the elasticity of the lung tissue, so it is used for diseases respiratory system. Chest concussion is used for chest injuries, osteochondrosis, etc.
When performing this technique, with both hands you need to grab the sides of the chest and perform it in horizontal direction oscillatory movements. Movements should be performed rhythmically (Fig. 105).
Figure 104
Concussion of the pelvis. The technique is used to treat adhesions in the pelvic area, osteochondrosis and spondylosis, etc.
The technique should be performed with the massaged person lying on his stomach or back. The pelvis should be clasped with both hands so that the fingers are located on the lateral surfaces of the iliac bones. Oscillatory movements should be carried out rhythmically in a horizontal direction, slowly moving the hands towards the spine.
Intermittent vibration. This type of vibration (sometimes called percussion) consists of single beats that must be performed rhythmically, one after the other. In contrast to continuous vibration, the massage therapist’s hand is separated from the massaged surface after each individual blow.
Figure 105
When performing intermittent vibration, blows should be applied with the tips of the fingers, half-bent at the joints. You can strike with the ulnar edge of the palm (edge of the palm), with a hand clenched into a fist, or with the back of the fingers. You can produce impact vibration either with one hand or with both hands alternately.
Basic intermittent vibration techniques:
* puncturing;
* effleurage;
* chopping;
* patting;
* quilting.
Puncturing. This technique should be used on small areas of the body surface where the subcutaneous fat layer is practically absent (for example, on the face, in the chest area), in places where callus forms after fractures, on ligaments, tendons, small muscles, and in places where important nerve trunks exit.
Puncture should be performed using the pads of the index and middle fingers together or with each of these fingers separately. You can perform this technique with four fingers at the same time. The technique of puncturing can be done either simultaneously or sequentially (like typing on a typewriter). To perform puncturing, you can use one or both hands (Fig. 106).
Figure 106
When massaging the muscles of the limbs and scalp, you can use puncturing with movement (labile). Movements during labile puncturing should be performed in the direction of the massage lines to nearby lymph nodes.
Puncture without displacement (stable) is performed in places where callus has formed after fractures.
To make the impact of puncturing deeper, it is necessary to increase the angle between the finger(s) performing the puncturing and the massaged surface.
The speed of movements during puncturing should be from 100 to 120 beats per 1 minute.
Effleurage. This technique has a positive effect on skeletal and smooth muscles, causing its rhythmic reflex contraction. As a result of this, blood supply to tissues improves and their elasticity increases. Most often, effleurage together with kneading is used for paresis and muscle atrophy.
When performing effleurage, strikes should be made with one or more fingers, the palm or back of the hand, as well as with the hand clenched into a fist. Typically, tapping is performed using both hands. Tapping should be done with a relaxed hand at the wrist joint.
Tapping with one finger. This method of tapping should be used when massaging the face, in places of fractures, on small muscles and tendons.
This technique must be performed with the back surface of the index finger or its elbow edge. The rate of blows should be from 100 to 130 beats per 1 minute. Strikes should be made with the hand relaxed at the wrist joint.
Tapping with several fingers. The technique is used for facial massage using circular tapping (“staccato”), as well as for scalp massage.
This technique should be performed with the palmar surface of all fingers, straightening the straightened fingers at the metacarpophalangeal joints as wide as possible. Tapping should be done alternately, as when playing the piano. You can also perform tapping with the back of your fingers.
The technique can be performed simultaneously with all fingers, using the palmar surface of the ends of four fingers.
Tapping with bent fingers. The technique should be used for massage in areas of significant muscle layer: on the back, hips, buttocks. This technique helps improve muscle tone, activation of secretory and vascular nerves. When performing the technique, the fingers must be bent freely so that the index and middle fingers lightly touch the palm, and there is free space inside the bent hand. The blows should be applied with the back of the bent fingers, placing the hand across the massaged surface (Fig. 107).
Figure 107
Fist pounding. The technique should be used in areas with significant muscle layers: on the back, buttocks, thighs.
When performing the technique, the hand and forearm muscles of the massager should be as relaxed as possible, otherwise the person being massaged will experience pain. The fingers must be bent loosely into a fist so that the ends of the fingers lightly touch the surface of the palm, and thumb adjacent to the index finger without tension. The little finger needs to be slightly removed from the other fingers and relaxed. The blows are applied with the elbow surface of the fist; upon impact, the hands fall perpendicularly to the massaged surface (Fig. 108).
Chopping. The reception has an effect on the skin, improves blood circulation, as a result of which the flow of oxygen and nutrients to the massaged areas increases. Lymph flow increases, metabolism and the functioning of the sweat and sebaceous glands improves.
Chopping has a positive effect on muscles, especially smooth and striated muscles.
Figure 108
The oscillatory movements when chopping spread deeper, so the internal organs also experience the effect of this technique.
Chopping is used to massage the chest, back, upper and lower extremities, etc.
Chopping should be done using the elbow surfaces of both hands, placing your hands at a distance of 3-4 cm from each other.
Figure 109
The fingers need to be slightly relaxed and slightly moved away from each other. The forearms should be bent at a right or obtuse angle. The brushes should strike rhythmically on the surface being massaged; at the moment of impact, the fingers are connected to each other. Strikes with a brush with initially closed fingers can be painful for the person being massaged; the free space between the fingers softens the blow. The hands need to be positioned along the muscle fibers (Fig. 109). When chopping, blows should be made at a speed of 250 to 300 blows per 1 minute.
Pat. The technique promotes the dilation of blood vessels, with its help you can reduce the sensitivity of nerve endings and increase the temperature on the massaged surface.
Patting should be used when massaging the chest, abdomen, back, thighs, buttocks, and limbs.
Figure 110
Patting should be done with the palmar surface of the hand, slightly bending the fingers so that when struck, an air cushion is formed between the hand and the massaged surface - this will soften the blow and make it painless (Fig. 110). The arm must be bent at a right or obtuse angle. The blows are delivered with one or two hands while bending them at the wrist joint.
Quilting. The technique is used in cosmetic massage to increase skin firmness and elasticity. Quilting is used in therapeutic massage for muscle paresis, in the treatment of obesity, and scar tissue changes. Quilting increases blood circulation of the massaged surface, improves metabolic processes.
Vibration refers to massage techniques in which vibrations are transmitted to the massaged area at different speeds and amplitudes.
Since tissues have elasticity, mechanical vibrations that occur on their surface spread in the form of waves through the tissues and muscles. Therefore, with a certain dosage and strength, waves, penetrating inside, can cause vibration of deep-lying vessels and internal organs.
Manual (manual) vibration has a beneficial effect on the body and is often used as necessary element therapeutic massage.
Physiological effect of vibration on the body
Vibration:
Causing increased reflexes, it has a pronounced reflex effect;
Dilates or constricts blood vessels depending on its frequency and amplitude;
Helps significantly lower blood pressure;
Reduces heart rate;
Reduces the time required for callus formation after fractures;
Changes the secretory activity of individual organs.
Intermittent vibration
Intermittent vibration (shock) is the application of single, rhythmically following each other blows. Thus, intermittent vibration differs from continuous vibration in that when performing continuous vibration, the massage therapist’s hand, vibrating the tissue, is not separated from the massaged area, and with intermittent vibration, the massage therapist’s hand is separated from the surface of the body after each blow in order to deliver the next blow. Strikes are made with the tips of half-bent fingers, the edge of the palm (ulnar edge of the palm), the back surface of slightly spread fingers, the palm with bent or clenched fingers, the hand clenched into a fist with one or two hands alternately.
Intermittent vibration techniques include:
Puncturing;
Effleurage;
Pat;
Chopping;
Shaking;
Shake;
Quilting.
Puncture during massage
Execution technique. Puncture is performed with the pads of the terminal phalanges of the index and middle fingers separately or together. Puncture can also be performed with four fingers (II-V) simultaneously on several closely located areas of the skin. Puncturing can be done simultaneously or sequentially, like typing on a typewriter, using one brush or two: “finger shower” (fig.).
Labile puncture, that is, with movement, is carried out by massaging weakened muscles of the limbs and hairline heads. The direction of movements coincides with the direction of the massage lines, that is, to the nearest lymph nodes.
When massaging the fracture site or callus, puncture is performed stably, without movement.
The force of impact when performing this technique depends on the angle formed by the massaging finger and the massaged surface. At a low angle, the massage has a gentle, superficial effect. As the angle increases, the impact becomes deeper and stronger.
Puncture should be performed at a speed of 100-120 beats per minute.
Indications. Puncture is used on small areas of the body, under which there is little subcutaneous base and which are located almost immediately on bone base; in places of fracture in the area of callus, on small muscles, ligaments, tendons, in places where the most important nerve trunks exit; on the face, abdomen, chest, back and other areas of the body.
Effleurage during massage
Execution technique. The basis of effleurage consists of blows performed by the massage therapist with one or more fingers, an open hand or bent into a fist, or the back or palm side of the hand. When performing tapping, two hands are most often used, although it can be performed with one hand.
Indications. The effect of effleurage is based on the fact that alternately applied blows cause a rhythmic reflex contraction of the skeletal and smooth muscles. Such contractions improve blood supply to tissues and increase their tone. That is why, in case of paresis and muscle atrophy, effleurage and kneading are the main massage techniques.
When performing various types of effleurage, you need to know that tension in the massage therapist’s hand can cause painful sensations. Softness and elasticity in movements is possible by relaxing the wrist joint and hand.
Tapping with one finger Technique. This technique is performed with the edge of the elbow or the back surface of the index finger, making 100-130 beats per minute with an amplitude of 5-10 cm. In order not to cause painful sensations, tapping is done with a relaxed hand, moving freely in the wrist joint.
Indications. Tapping with one finger is used to massage the face and other small areas of the body to influence the fracture site, individual tendons and muscles.
Tapping with multiple fingers
Execution technique. When performing tapping with several fingers, the massage therapist places the palmar surface of the hand on the massaged area, then extends the straightened fingers at the metacarpophalangeal joints with maximum amplitude and alternately taps the fingers, as when playing the keys. Tapping can also be done with the back of your fingers.
When performing the technique simultaneously with all fingers, the palmar surface of the ends of the II-V fingers is used.
Indications. Tapping with several fingers is most often used in the form of circular tapping - “staccato” when massaging the face.
Tapping with the back of bent fingers
Execution technique. To carry out cross-fist tapping, the massage therapist’s fingers are freely bent, the pads of the index and middle fingers lightly touch the palm. In this case, an empty space is left inside the palm, which softens the blow when beating (Fig.).
Indications. This technique used on the back, buttocks, thighs, that is, those places that have a large muscle layer. Tapping with the back of bent fingers activates vascular and secretory nerves and improves muscle tone.
Tapping with the elbow edge of the fist Technique. When performing tapping with the elbow edge of the fist, the massage therapist’s fingers are freely bent and lightly touch the palm; the thumb with its palmar surface is adjacent to the radial edge of the index finger without tension; the little finger is relaxed and away from the other fingers. The massage therapist's hands follow each other perpendicular to the massaged area, bending at the very last moment of impact (Fig.).
Indications. Just like cross-fist beating, this technique is used to massage large muscle layers on the back, buttocks, and thighs.
Patting during massage
Execution technique. Patting is done with the palmar surface of one or two hands. At the same time, the fingers are slightly bent, forming an air cushion between the massage therapist’s hand and the massaged area during the blow, which softens the blow to the body. When performing a technique with both hands, the massage therapist’s hands make pats alternately. The massage therapist's forearms are bent at a right or obtuse angle, the hands are bent and extended at the wrist joint (Fig.).
Indications. Patting is used to massage the upper and lower extremities, chest, abdomen, back, buttocks, and thighs. Energetic and strong pats help dilate blood vessels, increase the temperature at the site of impact, and reduce the sensitivity of nerve endings.
Chopping during massage
Execution technique. Chopping is performed with the ulnar edges of the hands, which are in a half-bent position at a distance of 2-4 cm from each other. The massage therapist's forearms should be bent at a right or obtuse angle, the hands should perform adduction and abduction at the wrist joint, which constitutes the actual chopping.
The fingers are slightly spread before the strike; upon impact they close. Air cushions between the spread fingers make even intensive chopping painless and elastic. If the fingers are not spread apart before the strike, the impact can be harsh, painful and lead to tissue injury.
Chopping should be done rhythmically, at a speed of 250-300 beats per minute. Distinctive feature chopping is that this massage is usually performed along the muscle fibers (Fig.).
Indications. Chopping is used to massage the back, chest, limbs and other wide surfaces of the body.
This technique has a profound effect on tissues, primarily striated and smooth muscles. The contraction of muscle fibers caused by impacts runs along the entire length of the muscle.
Chopping, affecting the skin, improves blood circulation, which increases the flow of oxygen and nutrients to the massaged area, the outflow of lymph, and activates the work of sebaceous and sweat glands, metabolism.
The vibrations caused by chopping also spread deep into the tissues, which affects the internal organs.
Shaking during massage
Execution technique. Shaking can be done with one or two hands. Depending on where the massage is performed, it is necessary to fix either the hand of the person being massaged or his ankle joint.
Shaking upper limbs is performed in a horizontal plane, the hand of the person being massaged is fixed with a “handshake”.
This technique is performed on the lower extremities in a vertical plane, the knee joint is straightened, and the ankle joint is fixed (Fig.).
Indications. Shaking can only be performed on the upper and lower limbs.
Concussion during massage
Execution technique. Concussion is a movement made by individual fingers or the entire hand in various directions. Performing this technique is reminiscent of sifting flour through a sieve (Fig.).
Indications. Concussion is usually used for spasms of the muscles of the larynx, abdomen, lower extremities, etc.
Quilting during massage
Execution technique. Quilting is a technique in which tangential blows are applied to the massaged area with one or more fingers (Fig.).
Indications. Quilting is used in cosmetic massage in the form of whipping movements, for example on the chin. This technique is also used for muscle paresis. In case of obesity, cicatricial changes in the skin, quilting is carried out on large surfaces of the body with the entire palm. This improves blood flow, increasing the elasticity and firmness of the skin, and enhances metabolic processes.
Continuous vibration during massage
Continuous vibration is the transmission of continuous oscillatory movements to the massaged area as a result of the continuous impact of the brush on the tissue.
Execution technique. To carry out continuous vibration, use one, two or all fingers, pressing with the pads (ends) of the fingers, the palm or the back of the straightened fingers; the supporting part of the hand or the entire palm; fist (fingers bent at the interphalangeal joints), etc.
All types of vibrations are performed with one or two hands for a duration of 5-15 seconds, followed by stroking techniques lasting 3-5 seconds.
During one session, the vibration speed is constantly changing. If at the beginning of the massage it is 100-120 vibrations per minute, then by the middle the speed increases to 200-300 vibrations per minute and gradually decreases towards the end.
When vibrations are carried out, the pressure on the tissue also changes. First, surface pressure is applied, which becomes deeper towards the middle and weakens towards the end. With very deep pressure, vibration can turn into a pressure technique, for example, when massaging pain points of the nerve trunks.
With continuous vibration, oscillatory movements are carried out in different directions: in a zigzag and spiral, longitudinal and transverse, as well as in a vertical direction.
If the vibration is performed at one place, it is called stable. In this case, stable vibration produced by one finger is called point vibration (Fig.).
If, during a massage, the massage therapist’s hand, massaging the surface, moves along it, then such a massage is called labile (Fig.).
Indications. To accelerate the formation of callus in place bone fracture point vibration is applied. This technique reduces nervous excitability, acting as an analgesic, so it is also used for neuralgia and myositis, if it is necessary to influence pain points at the exit site of peripheral nerves. Point vibration is performed for paresis and paralysis.
Labile vibration is carried out along the nerve trunks, while weakened muscles, tendons, etc. are massaged.
When vibrating with one finger, a gentle and painless effect is achieved if the finger is placed on the massaged surface with the entire back or palm side. This type of exercise is especially often used for cosmetic massage, for trigeminal neuralgia, and for paresis of facial muscles.
A stronger effect is observed if the finger is located perpendicular to the massaged area.
Continuous palm vibration
Execution technique. Continuous vibration with the palm is usually used to influence internal organs. In this case, the massage therapist’s hand is on the projection the desired organ. Then gentle, painless pressure is applied at a rate of 200-250 vibrations per minute.
Indications. Continuous vibration with the palm is indicated for massage of the heart, liver, gall bladder, intestines, and stomach.
The effect on the heart is due to the fact that vibrations increase the force of heart contractions and reduce the pulse rate if it is rapid.
By regulating the strength of vibration, which depends on speed and amplitude, the condition of the secretory and vascular nerves is influenced.
Continuous vibration activates the glands and enhances their excretory function. Thus, in practice it has been established that vibration stimulates the secretion of the glands of the liver, stomach, intestines, salivary glands.
Gentle vibrations relieve fatigue by relaxing muscles. Strong ones, on the contrary, have a stimulating effect.
Continuous vibration of fingers clenched into a fist
Execution technique. The massage therapist's hand is folded into a fist and touches the massaged area with the surface of the second or first phalanges of the four fingers or with the edge of the elbow. Then vibrations are performed in the longitudinal or transverse directions.
Indications. Fist vibrations are used to massage large areas of the body: abdomen, back, thighs, buttocks.
Continuous vibration with tissue gripping
Execution technique. With continuous vibration of tendons and small muscles, they are held in a pincer-like manner with the fingers. Parts of the limb and large muscles are grabbed by the hands.
Indications. Continuous vibration with tissue capture is used to massage tendons and muscles.
Continuous vibration techniques also include:
Shaking;
Shaking;
Shake;
Nudge.
Shaking
Execution technique. The massaged area should be as relaxed as possible. The massage therapist's fingers are spread wide, the hand is located on a muscle or group of muscles, lightly clasping them. Then shaking is performed in the longitudinal or transverse direction, while the speed of the oscillatory movements either increases or decreases (Fig.).
Indications. Shaking is used to activate the contractile and motor work of individual muscles or muscle groups, so this technique is especially often used when massaging weakened muscles after removing plaster casts for fractures, paresis and paralysis, and reflex contractures.
Shaking also restores and strengthens extinct deep reflexes, improves lymph outflow, which has a beneficial effect on lymphostasis and muscle swelling.
Shaking also has an effective effect in the treatment of soft tissue injuries, adhesions and scars in the muscles; has a calming and analgesic effect on the massaged area.
Shaking during massage
Execution technique. When shaking the upper limb, the massage therapist takes the hand of the person being massaged with both hands and, slightly stretching it, performs oscillatory movements up and down with a small amplitude (Fig.).
When shaking the lower limb, one hand of the massage therapist fixes the ankle joint, the other hand clasps the instep of the foot. To avoid bending in the joints, you need to slightly stretch the leg, then perform rhythmic shaking, abducting and bringing the leg into place (Fig.).
Indications. Shaking is used to rapid improvement blood circulation in the limbs and for their shaking, as well as to relieve muscle tension, stimulate the mobility of joints, muscles, ligamentous apparatus.
Concussion during massage
Execution technique. When performing a concussion, the massage therapist’s right hand is placed on the body of the person being massaged in the area of the projection of the necessary internal organ. The left hand is also placed on the surface of the body parallel to the right so that the thumbs of both hands are next to or on the same side of the body surface. Then the massage therapist causes a shock to the massaged organ and nearby tissues, performing fast rhythmic oscillatory movements in the vertical direction, then moving the hands away and then bringing them closer together.
Indications. Concussion is a massage in which the internal organs are affected, that is, it is an indirect (external) massage, for example a massage of the stomach, liver, intestines, gall bladder, etc.
Concussion of the larynx during massage
Execution technique. When performing a concussion, the thumb is on one side of the larynx, and the index finger or index and middle finger are on the other. Then rhythmic oscillatory movements are performed from left to right, right to left, up and down (Fig.).
Indications. Concussion of the larynx is indicated for paresis vocal cords because of chronic laryngitis and in other cases.
Chest shaking during massage
Execution technique. To perform a chest concussion, it is better for the person being massaged to lie on his back. The massage therapist places his hands on both sides of the chest, as if grasping it. Then rhythmic oscillatory movements are performed in the horizontal direction.
Indications. Concussion of the chest improves the elasticity of the lungs and their blood circulation, which is indicated for various diseases respiratory organs. Concussion is also prescribed for osteochondrosis spinal column, for chest injuries, as this technique improves its mobility.
Abdominal shaking during massage
Execution technique. The massage therapist's hands clasp the stomach so that the thumbs are located at the level of the navel, and the others are on the side and back. Oscillatory movements are performed in horizontal or vertical directions (Fig.).
Indications. Abdominal shaking helps with adhesions in the abdominal cavity, atony (weak mobility) of the intestines, functional constipation, chronic gastritis with secretory insufficiency, weakness of the smooth muscles of the abdominal wall, etc.
Pelvic shaking during massage
Execution technique. When performing pelvic concussion, the patient lies on his stomach. The massage therapist wraps his hands around the pelvis on both sides so that the thumbs are on top and the rest are on the crests of the ilium (in the pelvic area). The shaking is carried out with rhythmic movements in the directions from right to left, left to right, forward and backward.
With segmental reflex massage, it is better to produce a concussion while the person being massaged is sitting. At the same time, the massage therapist sits behind his back. The massage therapist's hands are straightened, the thumbs are abducted as much as possible, the radial surfaces index fingers located on both sides of the pelvis on the crests of the iliac bones. Pelvic shaking is performed by oscillating movements towards the spinal column in a horizontal direction.
Indications. Pelvic concussion is used for adhesions in pelvic area, to relieve muscle tension in spondylosis (chronic disease of the spine), osteochondrosis of the spinal column (loss of elasticity), etc.
Prodding during massage
Execution technique. During this procedure left hand lies on the projection area of the massaged organ, pressing lightly on it. Right hand presses on the adjacent area with short rhythmic pushes, trying to push the projected internal organ towards the left hand (Fig.).
Indications. Nudge is used when indirect massage internal organs, such as intestines, stomach.
General guidelines for vibration
1. The strength and intensity of the impact directly depend on the angle formed by the massaging organ and the massaged area. The larger the angle, the stronger impact. When the massage therapist's hand is perpendicular to the massaged surface, maximum impact is achieved.
2. The duration of a shock technique in one area should not exceed 10 seconds, and vibration must be combined with other techniques.
3. Short, intermittent, deep (with large amplitude) vibrations cause irritation in the massaged area and, conversely, long and small (with low amplitude) vibrations cause a calming reaction and have a relaxing effect.
4. Vibrations should not cause pain in the person being massaged.
5. You cannot carry out intermittent vibrations (tapping, chopping) on inner surface thighs, in the popliteal region, in places of projection of internal organs (heart, kidneys). Compliance with this instruction is mandatory when it comes to massage for older people.
6. Vibration causes the massage therapist to quickly tire, so it is better to use hardware vibration.
Most common errors
1. Conducting vibrations with high intensity causes resistance on the part of the person being massaged.
2. The use of intermittent vibration: chopping, tapping, patting on unrelaxed muscle groups causes painful sensations in the person being massaged.
3. Performing a shaking technique on the lower or upper extremities without taking into account the direction of movement can lead to disorders in the joints. Thus, shaking the upper limbs, performed not in the horizontal, but in the vertical area, leads to pain and damage elbow joint. Movements made when bent in knee joint leg, can disrupt the bursa-ligamentous apparatus.
4. Simultaneously applying blows with both hands while performing intermittent vibration turns out to be painful for the person being massaged.
Perception of vibrations
Touch, or the sense of touch, is the ability to sense pressure; it is provided by receptors that are similar in structure and function to the Pacinian corpuscles described in Chapter. 1. These receptors, called mechanoreceptors, distributed unevenly over the body surface. For example, on back side their hands are smaller than those of the palm, and therefore the back side is less sensitive to touch. There are especially many mechanoreceptors at the fingertips; This is why the fingertips are extremely sensitive.
Sensitivity various Skin areas can be easily checked using two pins or stiff bristles. By pricking any area of the skin with pins, you can determine what minimum distance between them, the injections will be perceived separately (when conducting this experiment, it is necessary to blindfold the subject). On the back of the hand, injections are perceived separately if the distance between the pins is at least 32 mm; On the palm, it is enough to place the pins at a distance of 11 mm, and on the fingertips - at a distance of only 2 mm from each other. The most sensitive part of the body to touch is the tongue; here the pricks of two pins are perceived separately even when the distance between them is 1 mm. That's why any ulcer in the mouth or gap is in place extracted tooth always seem so big to us.
An important feature of the feeling of touch is that with the constant action of the stimulus, the latter quickly ceases to be felt. We almost immediately forget about the hat we are wearing, as the skin mechanoreceptors of the head quickly adapt to the new situation. When we take off our hat, restoration initial state these mechanoreceptors occurs slowly, and therefore it seems to us as if the hat is still on the head. Adaptation of mechanoreceptors does not mean at all that they stop functioning: we can tell at any time whether we have a hat on our head, we just need to focus our attention on it.
With the help of touch, a person receives the most general information, for example, about what fabric the clothing is made of, or whether he is lying on his side or on his back. In addition, the sense of touch is also necessary for performing special tasks, when we perform some complex and delicate work with our hands. When examining an object, we use our hands as organs of touch, using them to supplement the information obtained during inspection of the object. The sense of touch, which is based on the sensation of pressure, plays important role in the lives of many animals. Creatures as diverse as snakes and dolphins caress partners during courtship, communicating their intentions through touch; lower-order animals perceive touch or vibration as a signal of danger. Delicate sea anemones that live at the bottom of the sea, in response to touch, withdraw their tentacles and hide them in their tubes, and snails, if touched, are drawn into their shells.
It is assumed that the vibrissae serve as organs of touch, since at their base there is a whole network of mechanoreceptors; however, no one has yet been able to figure out exactly how they are used. The cat has two groups of vibrissae located on both sides of the nose; in addition, she has tufts of vibrissae above the eyes and on the lower part of the chin. Together, these vibrissae create a kind of fan of bristles around the cat’s head; It is natural to assume that the cat uses them during night walks to avoid collisions with obstacles.
In ch. 1 it was said that when studying the feelings of any animal, it is necessary first of all to find out which sense organs are most developed in it. Conversely, before studying any sense organ, one should carefully observe the animal that appears to use that sense. For example, in cats, which stalk prey at night, the whiskers are better developed than in dogs, which natural conditions usually hunt in daytime. Gerbils living in the deserts of North Africa and Asia spend the entire day in burrows and emerge only at night. These animals, which have become very popular among pet lovers, are only about 10 cm in length (from the tip of the nose to the base of the tail), and their whiskers protrude to the sides by 5 cm and forward by 3 cm. It can be assumed that with the help of such whiskers The gerbil explores the walls of its burrow and detects obstacles along the way. Aquatic animals such as seals and otters also have well-developed whiskers that may help them locate prey or detect obstacles in turbid waters.
So, based on indirect evidence, it is quite natural to assume that animals use vibrissae to detect any objects located in close proximity to them. It is very likely that with the help of whiskers an animal is able to learn a lot about any object, just as a mechanic using a screwdriver is able to determine the shape of the head of a screw and insert the screwdriver into its slot without looking. The vibrissae can be considered an extension of the animal's body, just as a screwdriver can be considered an extension of a mechanic's fingers.
Vibrissae can also be used for “distant touch,” that is, they can be used to detect objects located at some distance from the animal. The movement of an object creates wave-like vibrations in the air or water, which cause corresponding vibrissae to vibrate, just as sound waves cause the antennae of mosquitoes to vibrate. These vibrations, to which the vibrissae may be sensitive, are characterized by a very low frequency and are perceived through touch rather than hearing, just as we feel vibrations when a heavy truck rumbles past us. The vibrations that we perceive with the ear differ from the vibrations that we touch only in frequency. The ear perceives high-frequency vibrations, while low-frequency waves are felt through the sense of touch. Why not assume that seals and otters are able to detect fish swimming nearby by the vibrations in the water caused by their movement? In this case, the vibrissae should act like levers: any slight movement will be amplified and stimulate the mechanoreceptors concentrated at the bases vibrissae
Another aquatic mammal that can use "distant sense of touch" is the bottlenose dolphin. We have already noted that dolphins and related animal species have a well-developed echolocation apparatus that helps them detect prey; one might assume that any other sensory system is completely superfluous for them. However, bottlenose dolphins and other dolphins are born with several bristles on their faces. These bristles soon fall off, but the pits from which they grew remain. In an adult dolphin, in each such hole there is a small “stump” - a remnant of the vibrissa, surrounded by receptors. So far we have no evidence that these vibrissae remnants serve any function, but they could be used to detect low-frequency vibrations or vortices coming from other dolphins or rocks that are inaudible to the ear.
The mole has a whole set of vibrissae, and it is likely that he uses them as organs of “distant touch” when moving through his underground passages. The ability of moles to avoid traps that are placed in their holes is well known. Moles cover the approaches to the traps with earth and dig around them; It is quite possible that moles are helped in this by the ability to detect obstacles encountered in their path using vibrations. The mole's body fits so tightly to the walls of the hole that the mole, in fact, moves like a piston in a cylinder. The air currents created by the mole can intensify as they spread along the course; very likely, that the mole senses them when they are reflected from an obstacle and return to it. In the same way, it is easy for him to catch the movements of other moles.
Everything that was said in the previous chapters shows that we still know too little how the sense organs of animals function. Everyone is well aware of the sense organ vibrissae, and everyone agrees that they are directly related to the sense of touch, but no one has yet been able to figure out how they carry out their function. The only experiment apparently carried out to clarify this question was to cut the whiskers of several mice and then observe their behavior. It turned out that such an operation did not in any way reduce the chances of the mice staying alive; however, we didn't learn much from this experiment; we would probably get the same results if we cut off the mice's tails. Only in one case can we say with some degree of probability that the whiskers play some role in the behavior of animals: a female fur seal drives away aggressive males by grabbing them by the whiskers. Seal hunters and scientists use this specific sensitivity: while making their way through a rookery, they protect themselves from angry seals that get in their way by rubbing their whiskers with bamboo sticks.
The lateral line organs, which are found in almost all fish and aquatic amphibians, for example, the newt, remain just as mysterious. These organs are located in a chain on the sides of the animal's body. In the head area the chain branches. The sensory organs lie in special channels immersed in the skin and - communicating with external environment through small pores. The pores can be clearly seen on the side surface of the carp's body (photo XIV). Each organ is located not directly under the pores, but in the spaces between them and represents a group of mechanoreceptors deepened into the bottom of the canal, the hair-like processes of which end in a jelly-like tubercle - cupule(Fig. 29). Water flows freely through the channels, and any currents or vibrations near the fish cause water to move through the pores into or out of the channel; moving along the channel, water deforms the jelly-like cupula and bends the hairs of the receptor cells.
The lateral line organs of fish and amphibians are located in special canals, which communicate with the external environment through small pores. Water flows freely into and out of these channels; its movement stimulates the senses, which are shaped like small mounds
The mechanism of action of lateral line receptors is quite easy to study using microelectrodes, since these receptors can be stimulated by passing water through two adjacent pores. In this case, it is possible to receive impulses from a single sense organ. When the water pressure on all sides of the cupula is equal, a slow but continuous discharge is observed nerve impulses constant frequency. If water flows through the channel in one direction, bending the jelly-like cupula accordingly, the frequency of nerve impulses increases; if the water moves in the other direction, the pulse frequency drops (Fig. 30). Thus, changes in water pressure on either side of the fish are easily perceived by the lateral line organs, and this information is transmitted to the central nervous system.
At rest, the receptors of the lateral line organs generate nerve impulses of constant frequency. If the sensitive hairs bend in one direction, the frequency of discharges increases, if in the other, it decreases.
The experiments we have just described indicate that the lateral line perceives changes in water pressure, but possible function one can only guess about this organ. It is well known that fish living in rivers can “stand” in place for a long time; while their heads are directed against the current; Perhaps fish, using signals coming from the lateral line organs, compensate for changes in the speed of water flow with the help of appropriate swimming movements. However, it was experimentally shown that fish fix their position relative to some landmark using vision; and therefore it is more likely that with the help of the lateral line organs the fish detects changes in the flow of water occurring near it, caused by other fish swimming nearby, or by turbulences of water near stones. A swimming fish creates pressure waves in front of itself, which it can detect after they are reflected from obstacles encountered along the way, i.e. it performs something like echolocation. An electrophysiological study of the nerve that originates from the lateral line organs of the fish found that when another fish swam by, a burst of nerve impulses occurred in this nerve. This means that fish are able to find their prey by the vibrations it creates; such an ability should be especially useful for deep-sea fish that live in complete darkness. Well-developed lateral line organs are found on the heads of many deep-sea fish. This circumstance confirms our assumption, although we still know so little about the life of deep-sea fish that such assumptions are nothing more than guesswork.
It is also believed that the lateral line plays some role in the communication of fish with each other. Males of many freshwater fish They beat their tail demonstratively when they are courting females or driving away rival males. Male cichlids (tropical fish, very popular among aquarists) swim nearby, as if showing themselves from the side, and make sharp movements with their tails towards the opponent, but never attack him. Perhaps these movements enhance the visual impression of the bright colors of the fish; however, the movement of the tail creates waves in the water that can affect the lateral line organs of other fish. Such movements force the rival male to move away, and serve as a calling signal for the female. The actions of the fish described above are equivalent to the song of birds, which performs a dual biological function: drives away males and attracts females.
Almost in the same way as cichlids, newts court the female. Waking up in the spring after hibernation, they head to bodies of water, where their skin takes on a brighter color. The courtship ritual is designed for a visual effect, but in addition, the male pokes his muzzle into the female’s sides and beats with his tail, influencing the female’s organs of contact and “distant” touch in order to stimulate the laying of eggs.
We can only guess at the meaning of these organs of touch or vibration; on the other hand, there is no doubt that some animals are sensitive to vibrations. In an experimental study of the functions of the whiskers and lateral line organs, it is most difficult to prove that any of the animals mentioned above uses the whiskers or lateral line organs, and not the eyes or ears, for spatial orientation. However, one primitive marine animal is known that has a “distant sense of touch”; this is the sagitta, or arrow of the sea. Most sagitta species live near the surface of the water, but some can be found at greater depths or near the shore. These animals are incredibly numerous: wherever we scoop up sea water, it will almost always contain sagitta, although they are not easy to notice. The animal's tube-shaped body, 2 to 10 cm long, is completely transparent, except for a pair of tiny black eyes. Sagitta is easiest to detect when her intestines are full of food; however, in order to examine these animals properly, they must be taken to the laboratory and painted with special dyes. The body of the sagitta can be divided into three parts: a short head with hooked jaws, a long cylindrical body with two pairs of fins and a short tail ending in a paddle-shaped fin.
Sagitta is one of the main eaters of plankton, i.e. masses of tiny floating surface layer seas of organisms such as diatoms, crustaceans and fish fry. They swim passively in the water, and then rush towards some small animal passing by, moving by fast and sharp movements of their tail. Sagitta grabs the victim with its jaws and immobilizes it with the help of a sticky liquid released from its mouth. Sagitta even attack fry of herring, which are larger in size. The predator detects its prey with the help of thin hairs located around its head, sensitive to vibrations of water (Fig. 31). If you lower a thin vibrating stick in an aquarium near a floating sagitta, the sagitta will attack it. First, she bends her body towards the source of vibration, and then pounces on it and grabs it with her jaws; the behavior of the sagitta clearly shows that it is capable of correctly determining the desired direction by comparing the force of vibrations affecting the right and left side her body. Sagitta attack the source of vibrations, the frequency of which is 9...20 Hz; however, if this source is too close and creates very strong vibrations corresponding to the movements of a large and probably dangerous animal, the sagitta swim away from it in the opposite direction.
Fig. 31. Sagitta (translated as “arrow”; this name very successfully reflects the shape of her body) is capable of perceiving vibrations in the aquatic environment surrounding her.
Having detected any small animal by the vibrations of the water, the sagitta rushes at its prey and grabs it with its jaws. 1 - intestines; 2 - jaws; 3 - bristles.
Earthworms are also very sensitive to vibrations. At night they crawl to the surface of the earth; here they mate, here they look for their food - rotting leaves; Feeling the slightest vibration in the soil, they immediately hide in their burrows. However, their mortal enemy, the mole, makes them crawl upstairs in panic. When a pile of fresh soil comes to the surface near you (a sure sign that a mole is hunting below), you can see the worms wriggling their way out, almost jumping into the air in a frantic attempt to escape from the mole. One or two worms are suddenly retracted, and those who are lucky, without slowing down, continue to “run away”, moving away three meters or even more. A similar picture can be observed if you stick a stick into the ground and move it underground, but this is just a weak imitation of the underground activity of a mole, and therefore the worms crawling to the surface will not show the same panic that the mole causes them.
Whirling beetles live on the surface of the water of various reservoirs, where they can be seen in huge quantities; They quickly rush here and there, but never collide with each other. The antennae of each spinner lightly touch the surface of the water, and vibrations propagating through the water stimulate mechanoreceptors located at the bases of these antennae. By comparing the strength of stimulation of each antenna, the spinner can perceive the movements of its fellows, as well as the floundering of other insects that have fallen into the water, on which the spinner feeds.
Spiders use the web to use its vibrations to detect prey caught in the web. The web performs two important functions: it holds prey until the spider grabs it; in addition - and this is perhaps its main function - it serves as a kind of extension of the spider’s body, stimulating the sensory organs of vibration, which are located at the base of each leg. Hiding in a secluded place, the spider perceives low-frequency vibrations created by the victim, who is trying to get out of its web. Most often you can find the wheel-shaped network of the garden cross spider, which is so clearly visible in a young forest after the morning dew. Sometimes you can see a spider sitting in the center of the web; however, much more often he hides under some leaf at the edge of his network. Equally familiar to us is the web of the house spider, which has a trough-shaped shape and usually hangs somewhere in a corner or in a crevice. In a certain place, a silk thread departs from this trough, which leads down to the crack. A spider is hiding here, ready at any moment to jump out of its hiding place and catch an insect caught in its net.
You can lure the spider out of its hiding place by tapping the edge of the web with a blade of grass. The spider immediately jumps out and runs to the center of the web, and then turns to the source of the vibration and runs up to it - alas, only to find out how it was fooled. At first the spider reacts to vibrations, but finally it recognizes its prey using sight and smell; It is known that he cuts inanimate objects from the web and they fall down. Spiders do not attack every source of vibration; they are only interested in vibrations of a certain frequency range.
More than fifty years ago, the American naturalist W. T. Barrows studied the behavior of spiders that lived on the veranda of his house. These spiders weaved a circular web. By attaching a thin bristle to the tongue of an electric bell, he created an adjustable vibrator, which he used to find out how the spider reacts to vibrations of the web. different frequencies. Large spiders responded to vibrations with a frequency of 24...300 Hz; It is with this frequency that some insects, such as house flies, beat their wings when caught in a net. Smaller spiders were found to be sensitive to higher frequency vibrations (100 to 500 Hz), i.e., to the more frequent movements of the wings of smaller insects. Another American researcher studied house spiders on a university sports field. He was able to lure spiders out of hiding if the web oscillated at a frequency of 400...700 Hz. At higher frequencies, however, the spiders became restless and ran into their hiding places or even jumped to the ground. It is not yet clear why high-frequency vibrations and even clapping frighten spiders. All these vibrations probably signal danger; however, it is difficult to imagine any of the spider's enemies creating such vibrations.
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