What is blood filtration? C3

The urinary system is an organic complex that produces, stores and excretes urine. The main organ of this system is the kidney. In fact, urine is a product that is formed due to the processing of blood plasma. Therefore, urine also belongs to organic biomaterials. It is distinguished from plasma only by the absence of glucose, proteins and some microelements, as well as the content of metabolic products. This is why urine has such a specific color and smell.

Filtration of blood in the kidneys

To understand the mechanism of blood purification and urine formation, you need to have an understanding of the structure of the kidney. This paired organ consists of a huge number of nephrons, in which urine formation occurs.

The main renal functions are:

Urination;
, excretion of drugs, metabolites, etc.;
Regulation of electrolyte metabolism;
Control of blood pressure and volume;
Maintaining acid-base balance.

In fact, the kidneys are non-stop functioning filters that process up to 1.2 liters of blood per minute.

Each bud is bean-shaped. Each kidney has a kind of depression, which is also called a gate. They lead into a fat-filled space or sinus. The pyelocaliceal system, nerve fibers and vascular system are also located there. The vein and artery of the kidney, as well as the ureter, emerge from the same portal.

Each kidney consists of many nephrons, which are a complex of tubules and a glomerulus. Blood filtration occurs directly in the renal corpuscle or glomerulus. This is where urine is filtered from the blood and goes into the bladder.
Video of the structure of the kidneys

Where does it happen?

The kidney is, as it were, placed in a capsule, under which there is a granular layer called the cortex, and below it is the medulla. The medulla folds into renal pyramids, between which there are columns that expand towards the renal sinuses. At the tops of these pyramids there are papillae, which empty the pyramids, removing their contents into small calyxes, then into large ones.

The number of calyces may vary in each person, although in general 2-3 large calyces branch into 4-5 small calyces, with one small calyx necessarily surrounding the pyramidal papilla. From the small calyx, urine enters the large calyx, and then into the ureter and bladder structures.

Blood is supplied to the kidneys through the renal artery, which branches into smaller vessels, then the blood enters the arterioles, which divide into 5-8 capillaries. This is how the blood enters the glomerular system, where the filtration process takes place.

Renal filtration scheme

Glomerular filtration - definition

Filtration in the glomeruli of the kidneys occurs according to a simple principle:

First, fluid is squeezed out/filtered from the glomerular membranes under hydrostatic pressure (≈125 ml/min);
The filtered fluid then passes through the nephrons, most of it in the form of water and necessary elements is returned to the blood, and the rest is formed into urine;
The average rate of urine formation is about 1 ml/min.

The glomerulus of the kidney filters the blood, clearing it of various proteins. During the filtration process, primary urine is formed.

The main characteristic of the filtration process is its speed, which is determined by factors affecting renal activity and the general state of human health.

The glomerular filtration rate is the volume of primary urine produced in the renal structures per minute. The normal filtration rate is 110 ml/min in women and 125 ml/min in men. These indicators act as a kind of guidelines, which are subject to correction in accordance with the weight, age and other indicators of the patient.

Glomerular filtration circuit

Filtration violations

Nephrons filter up to 180 liters of primary urine per day. All the blood in the body can be cleansed by the kidneys 60 times per day.

But some factors can provoke disruption of the filtration process:

Reduced pressure;
Urinary outflow disorders;
Narrowing of the kidney artery;
Trauma or damage to the membrane that performs filtering functions;
Increased oncotic pressure;
Reducing the number of “working” glomeruli.

Such conditions most often cause filtration disorders.

How to determine a violation

Violation of filtration activity is determined by calculating its speed. You can determine how limited filtration is in the kidneys using various formulas. In general, the process of determining the rate comes down to comparing the level of a certain control substance in the patient’s urine and blood.

Typically, inulin, which is a fructose polysaccharide, is used as a comparative standard. Its concentration in the urine is compared with the content in the blood, and then the insulin content is calculated.

The more inulin in urine in relation to its level in the blood, the greater the volume of filtered blood. This indicator is also called inulin clearance and is considered as a value of purified blood. But how to calculate the filtration rate?

The formula for calculating the glomerular filtration rate of the kidneys is as follows:

GFR (ml/min),

where Min is the amount of inulin in the urine, Pin is the content of inulin in plasma, Vurine is the volume of final urine, and GFR is the glomerular filtration rate.

Renal activity can also be calculated using the Cockcroft-Gault formula, which looks like this:

When measuring filtration in women, the result obtained must be multiplied by 0.85.

Quite often in clinical settings, creatinine clearance is used to measure GFR. Such a study is also called the Rehberg test. In the early morning, the patient drinks 0.5 liters of water and immediately empties the bladder. After this, you need to urinate every hour, collecting urine in different containers and noting the duration of each urination.

Then the venous blood is examined and glomerular filtration is calculated using a special formula:

Fi = (U1/p) x V1,

where Fi is glomerular filtration, U1 is the content of the control component, p is the level of creatinine in the blood, and V1 is the duration of the test urination. Using this formula, a calculation is made every hour throughout the day.

Symptoms

Signs of impaired glomerular filtration are usually reduced to changes of a quantitative (increase or decrease in filtration) and qualitative (proteinuria) nature.

Additional signs include:

Decreased pressure;
Renal congestion;
Hyperswelling, especially in the area of the limbs and face;
Urinary disorders such as decreased or increased urge, the appearance of uncharacteristic sediment or color changes;
Pain in the lumbar area
Accumulation of various kinds of metabolites in the blood, etc.

A drop in pressure usually occurs during shock or myocardial failure.

Symptoms of glomerular filtration disorder in the kidneys

How to improve filtering

It is extremely necessary to restore kidney filtration, especially if there is persistent hypertension. Along with urine, excess electrolytes and fluids are washed out of the body. It is their delay that causes an increase in blood pressure.

To improve renal activity, in particular glomerular filtration, specialists may prescribe medications such as:

Theobromine is a weak diuretic that, by increasing renal blood flow, increases filtration activity;
Euphylline is also a diuretic containing theophylline (an alkaloid) and ethylene diamide.

In addition to taking medications, it is necessary to normalize the patient’s general well-being, restore immunity, normalize blood pressure, etc.

To restore kidney function, you also need to eat a balanced diet and follow a daily routine. Only an integrated approach will help normalize the filtration activity of the kidneys.

Traditional methods such as the watermelon diet, rosehip infusion, diuretic decoctions and herbal infusions, teas, etc. also help a lot in increasing renal activity. But before doing anything, you need to consult a nephrologist.

EXCRETORY SYSTEM

C1. Why is the volume of urine excreted by the human body per day not equal to the volume of liquid drunk during the same time?

1) part of the water is used by the body or formed in metabolic processes;

2) part of the water evaporates through the respiratory organs and through the sweat glands.

C2 Find errors in the given text. Indicate the numbers of the sentences in which errors were made and correct them.

1. The human urinary system contains the kidneys, adrenal glands, ureters, bladder and urethra. 2. The main organ of the excretory system is the kidneys. 3. Blood and lymph containing the end products of metabolism enter the kidneys through the vessels. 4. Blood filtration and urine formation occur in the renal pelvis. 5. Absorption of excess water into the blood occurs in the nephron tubule. 6. The ureters carry urine into the bladder.

Errors were made in sentences 1, 3, 4.

C2. Find errors in the given text. Indicate the numbers of the sentences in which errors were made and correct them.

1.The human urinary system contains the kidneys, adrenal glands, ureters, bladder and urethra. 2. The main organ of the excretory system is the kidneys. 3. Blood and lymph containing the end products of metabolism enter the kidneys through the vessels. 4. Blood filtration and urine formation occur in the renal pelvis. 5. Absorption of excess water into the blood occurs in the nephron tubule. 6. The ureters carry urine into the bladder.

Errors made in sentences:

1) 1. The human urinary system contains the kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra

2) 3. Blood containing the end products of metabolism enters the kidneys through the vessels

3) 4. Filtration of blood and formation of urine occurs in the nephrons (glomeruli, renal capsules and renal tubules).

C2 What function does the organ shown in the figure perform in the human body? Which parts of this organ are indicated by numbers 1 and 2? Indicate their functions.

1) Kidney – cleanses the blood of end products of metabolism, urine is formed in it;

2) 1 – the cortical layer of the kidney, contains nephrons with capillary glomeruli that filter blood plasma;

3) 2 - renal pelvis, secondary urine collects in it.

C3 Name at least 4 kidney functions

1) excretory - achieved by the processes of filtration and secretion. Filtration occurs in the glomeruli, and secretion and reabsorption occur in the tubules.

2) maintaining the acid-base balance of blood plasma.

3) ensure the constancy of the concentration of osmotically active substances in the blood under different water conditions to maintain water-salt balance.

4) the end products of nitrogen metabolism, foreign and toxic compounds (including many drugs), and excess organic and inorganic substances are removed from the body through the kidneys

5) in the formation of biologically active substances that play an important role in the regulation of blood pressure, as well as a hormone that regulates the rate of red blood cell formation.

C3 Indicate the functions of the kidneys in mammals and humans.

1. Maintaining water-salt metabolism (removal of water and mineral salts)

2. Maintaining acid-base balance

3. Kidneys - biological filters (removal of drugs, poisons and other substances)

4. Synthesis of biologically active substances (stimulation of the process of hematopoiesis, increased blood pressure).

C3 How primary and secondary urine is formed in the kidneys

The process of urine formation takes place in two stages.

The first takes place in the capsules of the outer layer of the kidneys (the glomerulus). All the liquid part of the blood that enters the glomeruli of the kidneys is filtered and ends up in capsules. This is how primary urine is formed, which is practically blood plasma.

Primary urine contains, along with dissimilation products, amino acids, glucose, and many other compounds necessary for the body. Only proteins from blood plasma are absent in primary urine. This is understandable: after all, proteins are not filtered.

The second stage of urine formation is that primary urine passes through a complex system of tubules, where substances and water necessary for the body are sequentially absorbed. Everything harmful to the functioning of the body remains in the tubules and is excreted from the kidneys through the ureters into the bladder in the form of urine. This final urine is called secondary.

C3. What organs perform the excretory function in the human body and what substances do they remove?

Cascade filtration of blood plasma (DFPP) - one of the most modern methods of blood purification, used in the treatment of a number of severe, difficult-to-treat diseases ( systemic atherosclerosis, ischemic heart disease; autoimmune diseases - hepatitis, rheumatoid arthritis, glomerulonephritis, thyroiditis, eczema, neurodermatitis; dry macular degeneration and etc.).

Do not self-medicate, consult a doctor

How does blood purification occur using cascade plasma filtration?

The patient's blood is passed in small portions through special devices and separated into plasma and blood cells (erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets), which are returned to the bloodstream.

Next, the blood plasma, passing through special membrane filters*, cleared of . This stage is called cascade plasma filtration.

The diameter of the membrane filter holes is so small that it allows you to retain large molecules, which are usually pathogenic to the body, as well as bacteria and viruses. And the plasma, purified and preserving all the components useful for the body, combines with the formed elements of the blood and returns to the bloodstream.*

Purified blood plasma, due to the difference in concentrations, promotes the release of harmful substances accumulated there from the tissues, for example, cholesterol from an atherosclerotic plaque. Therefore, repeated procedures for cascade filtration of plasma lead to the gradual purification of not only the blood, but also the body tissues, and the dissolution of atherosclerotic plaques.
It is impossible to achieve such a result by any other method! The course requires 4 procedures.

Blood saturated with “bad” cholesterol forms atherosclerotic plaques on the vessel wall, narrows the lumen, and makes the vessel fragile
In purified blood plasma, the concentration of cholesterol decreases, which promotes the release of cholesterol from the plaque and vessel wall
After a course of cascade filtration of plasma, the plaque decreases, the vessel wall cleanses and becomes elastic, blood flow is restored, and regulation of vessel tone improves

The result of cascade plasma filtration

Plasma to be filtered
Plasma after filtration before combining with blood cells
Removable plasma fraction

Efficiency and safety of blood purification using cascade filtration

This method of blood purification makes it possible to process 3 or more liters of plasma in 1 procedure (3 hours), without using donor plasma or other protein plasma-substituting solutions for replacement.

This is important from the point of view of the safety of the blood purification procedure:

There will never be an allergic reaction to your own plasma.
Own plasma eliminates the possibility of infection with blood-borne infections (HIV, hepatitis B and C).

The method of cascade filtration of blood plasma allows

Reduce blood viscosity and coagulability, which means preventing thrombosis.
Improve blood flow in organs and tissues, and therefore normalize the function of suffering organs.
Reduce the size of atherosclerotic plaques and restore blood flow in the vessels, which means eliminating or significantly alleviating pain, and in many cases avoiding serious complications (heart attack, stroke, leg amputation).
Reduce blood pressure.
Improve blood microcirculation in the vessels of the eye and help reduce and dissolve drusen in dry macular degeneration (hard lumps in the center of the retina), and therefore stop the progressive loss of vision in this disease and even improve the condition.
Remove viruses and bacteria from the bloodstream that support the pathological process.
Clear the blood of autoantibodies and circulating immune complexes, which means reducing the severity of clinical manifestations, stopping signs of exacerbation and increasing the duration of remission of autoimmune and allergic diseases.
Increase sensitivity to drugs and significantly reduce doses of drugs (including hormonal and cytostatic), and therefore reduce their side effects.
Cleanse the blood and tissues of accumulated toxins and harmful substances, which means achieving real rejuvenation of the body.

What is removed from the blood after cascade filtration of plasma?

During the cascade filtration procedure, the following can be removed from blood plasma:

Substance	Pathogenic effect of the substance
low density lipoproteins (LDL)	so-called “bad” cholesterol, responsible for the formation of atherosclerotic plaques
triglycerides	their excess is usually associated with a disorder of lipid, that is, fat metabolism
fibrinogen and its breakdown products	thrombus-forming factors
von Willebrandt factor, C1 and C3 complement components	substances accompanying damage to the inner lining of blood vessels in various vasculitis, diabetes mellitus
bacteria, hepatitis B and C viruses	pathogens
immune complexes	a combination of antibodies with an antigen, “fragments” of bacteria that migrate for a long time in the body, settling on the tissues of the kidneys, the walls of blood vessels, contributing to the formation of autoimmune reactions
immunoglobulins, incl. cryoglobulins and antibodies	altered immunoglobulins, including autoantibodies, which contribute to the development of autoimmune diseases, damage to one’s own tissues, blockage of capillaries, etc.
fibronectin	in excess amounts promotes cell adhesion
and a number of other components.

Cascade filtering procedure

The presence of indications for cascade plasma filtration and technological features of the procedure are determined during the consultation Head of the Clinic for Gravity Blood Surgery, MD, Prof. V.M. Kreines, author of many methods of extracorporeal hemocorrection
The procedure is carried out on modern equipment, using disposable consumables, by certified specialists, according to a developed treatment program

The method of treating diseases using cascade plasma filtration was appreciated by both patients and scientists. It is not without reason that the Nanotechnology State Corporation, created in 2008, made one of its first projects the development of domestic filters for cascade plasma filtration. The planned duration of the project is 5.5 years.
This method is already available for our patients Today .

Our Clinic is the first medical institution in Russia specializing in uniquely effective treatment methods - extracorporeal hemocorrection. We will select the treatment method that is most suitable for your disease.

The human urinary system is an organ where blood is filtered, waste is removed from the body, and some hormones and enzymes are produced. The structure, diagram, and features of the urinary system are studied at school during anatomy lessons, and in more detail at a medical school.

The urinary system includes such organs of the urinary system as:

ureters;
urethra.

The structure of the human urinary system is the organs that produce, accumulate and excrete urine. The kidneys and ureters are components of the upper urinary tract (UTT), and the bladder and urethra are components of the lower parts of the urinary system.

Each of these bodies has its own tasks. The kidneys filter the blood, removing harmful substances from it and producing urine. The urinary system, which includes the ureters, bladder, and urethra, forms the urinary tract, which acts as a sewage system. The urinary tract carries urine out of the kidneys, storing it and then removing it during urination.

The structure and functions of the urinary system are aimed at effectively filtering the blood and removing waste from it. In addition, the urinary system and skin, as well as the lungs and internal organs, maintain the homeostasis of water, ions, alkali and acid, blood pressure, calcium, and red blood cells. Maintaining homeostasis is important to the urinary system.

The development of the urinary system from an anatomical point of view is inextricably linked with the reproductive system. That is why the human urinary system is often referred to as the genitourinary system.

Anatomy of the urinary system

The structure of the urinary tract begins with the kidneys. This is the name given to the paired bean-shaped organ located in the back of the abdominal cavity. The kidneys' job is to filter waste, excess ions and chemicals during urine production.

The left kidney is slightly higher than the right because the liver on the right side takes up more space. The kidneys are located behind the peritoneum and touch the back muscles. They are surrounded by a layer of adipose tissue that holds them in place and protects them from injury.

The ureters are two tubes 25-30 cm long through which urine flows from the kidneys into the bladder. They go along the right and left sides along the ridge. Under the influence of gravity and peristalsis of the smooth muscles of the walls of the ureters, urine moves towards the bladder. Finally, the ureters deviate from the vertical line and turn forward towards the bladder. At the point of entry into it, they are sealed with valves, which prevent urine from flowing back into the kidneys.

The bladder is a hollow organ that serves as a temporary container for urine. It is located along the midline of the body at the lower end of the pelvic cavity. During urination, urine slowly flows into the bladder through the ureters. As the bladder fills, its walls stretch (they can hold from 600 to 800 mm of urine).

The urethra is the tube through which urine exits the bladder. This process is controlled by the internal and external sphincters of the urethra. At this stage, the woman's urinary system is different. The internal sphincter in men consists of smooth muscles, while in the woman's urinary system there are none. Therefore, it opens involuntarily when the bladder reaches a certain degree of distension.

A person feels the opening of the internal sphincter of the urethra as a desire to empty the bladder. The external urethral sphincter consists of skeletal muscles and has the same structure in both men and women and is controlled voluntarily. A person opens it with an effort of will, and at the same time the process of urination occurs. If desired, a person can voluntarily close this sphincter during this process. Then urination will stop.

How does filtering work?

One of the main tasks performed by the urinary system is blood filtration. Each kidney contains a million nephrons. This is the name given to the functional unit where blood is filtered and urine is produced. Arterioles in the kidneys deliver blood to structures consisting of capillaries that are surrounded by capsules. They are called renal glomeruli.

As blood flows through the glomeruli, most of the plasma passes through the capillaries into the capsule. After filtration, the liquid part of the blood from the capsule flows through a number of tubes that are located near the filter cells and surrounded by capillaries. These cells selectively absorb water and substances from the filtered liquid and return them back to the capillaries.

Simultaneously with this process, metabolic wastes present in the blood are released into the filtered part of the blood, which at the end of this process turns into urine, which contains only water, metabolic wastes and excess ions. At the same time, the blood that comes out of the capillaries is absorbed back into the circulatory system along with nutrients, water, and ions that are necessary for the functioning of the body.

Accumulation and release of metabolic waste

The krin produced by the kidneys passes through the ureters to the bladder, where it is collected until the body is ready to empty itself. When the volume of fluid filling the bladder reaches 150-400 mm, its walls begin to stretch, and receptors that respond to this stretch send signals to the brain and spinal cord.

From there comes a signal aimed at relaxing the internal sphincter of the urethra, as well as a feeling of the need to empty the bladder. The process of urination can be delayed by an effort of will until the bladder is inflated to its maximum size. In this case, as it stretches, the number of nerve signals will increase, which will lead to more discomfort and a strong desire to stool.

The process of urination is the release of urine from the bladder through the urethra. In this case, urine is removed outside the body.

Urination begins when the urethral sphincter muscles relax and urine exits through the opening. Simultaneously with the relaxation of the sphincters, the smooth muscles of the bladder walls begin to contract to force urine out.

Features of homeostasis

The physiology of the urinary system is that the kidneys maintain homeostasis through several mechanisms. At the same time, they control the release of various chemicals in the body.

The kidneys can control the release of potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, phosphate and chloride ions into the urine. If the level of these ions exceeds the normal concentration, the kidneys may increase their excretion from the body to maintain normal levels of electrolytes in the blood. Conversely, the kidneys can retain these ions if their levels in the blood are lower than normal. Moreover, during blood filtration, these ions are reabsorbed into the plasma.

The kidneys also ensure that the levels of hydrogen ions (H+) and bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) are in balance. Hydrogen ions (H+) are produced as a natural by-product of dietary protein metabolism and accumulate in the blood over time. The kidneys send excess hydrogen ions into the urine for removal from the body. In addition, the kidneys reserve bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) in case they are needed to compensate for the positive hydrogen ions.

The growth and development of body cells requires isotonic fluids to maintain electrolyte balance. The kidneys maintain osmotic balance by controlling the amount of water that is filtered and removed from the body through urine. If a person drinks a large amount of water, the kidneys stop the process of reabsorption of water. In this case, excess water is excreted in the urine.

If body tissues are dehydrated, the kidneys try to return as much as possible to the blood during filtration. Because of this, the urine is very concentrated, with a lot of ions and metabolic waste. Changes in water excretion are controlled by antidiuretic hormone, which is produced in the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland to retain water in the body when there is a lack of water.

The kidneys also monitor the level of blood pressure, which is necessary to maintain homeostasis. When it rises, the kidneys lower it, reducing the amount of blood in the circulatory system. They can also reduce blood volume by reducing the reabsorption of water into the blood and producing watery, dilute urine. If blood pressure becomes too low, the kidneys produce the enzyme renin, which constricts the vessels of the circulatory system and produces concentrated urine. At the same time, more water remains in the blood.

Hormone production

The kidneys produce and interact with several hormones that control various body systems. One of them is calcitriol. This is the active form of vitamin D in the human body. It is produced by the kidneys from precursor molecules that appear in the skin after exposure to ultraviolet radiation from the sun.

Calcitriol works together with parathyroid hormone, increasing the amount of calcium ions in the blood. When their levels fall below a threshold level, the parathyroid glands begin to produce parathyroid hormone, which stimulates the kidneys to produce calcitriol. The effect of calcitriol is that the small intestine absorbs calcium from food and transfers it into the circulatory system. In addition, this hormone stimulates osteoclasts in the bone tissues of the skeletal system to break down the bone matrix, which releases calcium ions into the blood.

Another hormone produced by the kidneys is erythropoietin. The body needs it to stimulate the production of red blood cells, which are responsible for transporting oxygen to tissues. At the same time, the kidneys monitor the state of the blood flowing through their capillaries, including the ability of red blood cells to carry oxygen.

If hypoxia develops, that is, the oxygen content in the blood drops below normal, the epithelial layer of the capillaries begins to produce erythropoietin and releases it into the blood. Through the circulatory system, this hormone reaches the red bone marrow, where it stimulates the rate of red blood cell production. Thanks to this, the hypoxic state ends.

Another substance, renin, is not a hormone in the strict sense of the word. This is an enzyme that the kidneys produce to increase blood volume and pressure. This usually occurs as a reaction to blood pressure falling below a certain level, blood loss, or dehydration, such as increased skin sweating.

Importance of diagnosis

Thus, it is obvious that any malfunctions in the urinary system can lead to serious problems in the body. There are a variety of pathologies of the urinary tract. Some may be asymptomatic, while others may be accompanied by various symptoms, including abdominal pain when urinating and various discharges in the urine.

The most common causes of pathology are infections of the urinary system. The urinary system in children is especially vulnerable in this regard. The anatomy and physiology of the urinary system in children proves its susceptibility to disease, which is aggravated by insufficient development of the immune system. At the same time, even a healthy child’s kidneys work much worse than those of an adult.

To prevent the development of serious consequences, doctors recommend taking a general urine test every six months. This will allow timely detection of pathologies in the urinary system and treatment.

The kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra, and in men the genitals and prostate, constitute the urinary system, the task of which is to produce, store and excrete urine. The main role in this system is played by the kidneys. Filtration of blood in the kidneys occurs through many renal corpuscles and tubules (nephrons).

Each kidney is a non-stop filter that processes about 1.2 liters of blood per minute in an adult.

The kidneys perform the following functions:

the process of urine formation takes place in them;
blood purification, as well as the removal of medications, toxins, etc.;
regulate electrolyte exchange;
control blood pressure and volume;
maintain acid-base balance.

Kidneys perform vital functions in the human body

Thanks to nephrons, the following processes occur in the kidneys.

Filtration

The filtration process in the kidneys begins with the filtering of blood through the glomerular membranes under the influence of hydrostatic pressure. As a result, a large amount of fluid, useful chemicals and toxins are lost. Substances filtered from the blood (primary urine) move into Bowman's capsule. Primary urine contains water, excess salts, glucose, urea, creatinine, amino acids and other low molecular weight compounds.

The rate of kidney filtration is its main characteristic, which affects the effective functioning of the organ and overall health.

The rate of primary urine formation is 110 ml per minute in the female body and 125 in the male. These are average values that may vary depending on a person’s weight, age and other physical characteristics.

During the day, 180 liters of primary urine are formed.

Reabsorption

During the process of reabsorption, epithelial cells absorb water, glucose, and nutrients and return them to the blood.

At this stage, 178 liters or 99% of the components of primary urine return to the blood. Threshold substances are absorbed up to a certain concentration in the blood (for example, glucose), non-threshold substances are absorbed completely (for example, proteins).

Secretion

At this stage, the secretion of hydrogen ions (H+), potassium ions (K+), ammonia and some drugs occurs. Secretion and reabsorption processes occur, as a result of which primary urine is converted into secondary urine in a volume of 1.5 to 2 liters per day.

Impaired filtration process in the kidneys

The filtration capacity of the kidneys is determined using the purification indicator - clearance. It is used to determine the rate of blood purification by the kidneys of a certain substance in 1 minute. Specialists use endogenous substances (endogenous creatinine) and exogenous substances (inulin). Data is also needed on the content of milligram percentages of the substance in blood plasma (K) and urine (M), as well as minute diuresis (D) - the volume of urine excreted by the body within 1 minute.

This method reveals decreased or increased kidney filtration.

Symptoms of a broken filtration process

Filtration disturbances manifest themselves in:

low blood pressure;
renal congestion;
hyperedema (especially of the limbs and face);
impaired urination (emptying the bladder too often or, conversely, rarely);
change in urine color;
pain syndrome in the lumbar region.

Causes of impaired kidney filtration

Impaired filtration capacity of the kidneys has causes that are divided into 2 types:

The occurrence of pathology due to the presence of serious chronic diseases that do not directly affect the urinary system. These include: shock, dehydration, purulent-inflammatory processes, different pressure in different areas in the circulatory system, etc.
The kidneys stop filtering normally due to their pathology, for example: reduced glomerular surface, reduced blood supply to the kidneys, damaged glomerular membranes, as well as tubular obstruction. Polycystic disease, pyelonephritis and other diseases lead to such changes.

Filtering glomerulus of the kidney

Reduced kidney filtration

Reduced kidney filtration is characterized by an insufficient amount of primary urine formation and occurs due to:

low blood pressure. This condition is caused by shock and heart failure, which leads to a decrease in hydrostatic pressure in the glomeruli and, as a consequence, to disruption of the filtration process. Cardiac decompensation leads to congestion in the kidneys, resulting in increased intrarenal pressure and decreased filtration. However, the kidneys have the ability to automatically regulate blood supply and low pressure cannot fully affect the functioning of the organ;
narrowed renal artery and arterioles (atherosclerotic stenosis). As a result of this pathological condition, renal blood flow decreases and hydrostatic pressure in the glomeruli decreases. A strong increase in pressure occurs when the afferent arterioles have increased tone (with reflex pain anuria, administration of a large dose of adrenaline, hypertension);
increased oncotic pressure of the blood as a result of dehydration or the introduction of protein-based medications into the blood contribute to a drop in filtration pressure, and as a result, poor renal filtration occurs;
impaired outflow of urine occurs with kidney stones, prostate hypertrophy and other diseases and contributes to a progressive increase in intrarenal pressure. When it reaches 40 mmHg. Art. there is a risk of complete cessation of filtration, followed by anuria and uremia;
a reduced number of working glomeruli is observed in chronic nephritis and nephrosclerosis. As a result, the filtration area is limited and primary urine is formed in smaller quantities. These changes may indicate damage to the filter membrane and contribute to the occurrence of uremia;
a damaged filter membrane causes disruption of the organ's filtration.

Filtration of blood in the kidneys occurs at a slower rate, most often with heart failure, hypotension and the presence of tumors, which contribute to a decrease in pressure in the kidneys and contribute to the occurrence of renal failure.

Increased kidney filtration

This pathological condition is caused by:

increased tone of the efferent arteriole, which occurs when a small dose of adrenaline enters the body, in the initial stages of nephritis or hypertension;
decreased tone of the afferent arteriole can occur reflexively with limited blood circulation to the external part of the body (for example: fever leads to increased diuresis when the temperature rises);
decreased oncotic blood pressure due to copious fluid administration or blood thinning.

Increased filtration is also observed in lupus erythematosus and diabetes mellitus, leading to increased diuresis, as a result of which the body loses essential amino acids, glucose and other substances.

Diabetes mellitus is one of the causes of impaired kidney filtration

Treatment of impaired blood filtration

The treatment regimen for the pathological condition is determined individually by the nephrologist, depending on the patient’s condition and the underlying disease that must be combated.

The most commonly prescribed medications by specialists are Theobromine and Eufillin, which are diuretics and can improve kidney filtration.

Treatment also involves following a diet. It is necessary to exclude fatty, fried, salty and spicy foods from the diet. Protein intake should also be limited. Boiled, stewed or steamed dishes are recommended. These restrictions are relevant both for treatment and for preventive purposes.

Diet is important in the treatment of kidney filtration disorders

The drinking regime should be increased to 1.2 liters of fluid per day. An exception may be the presence of edema.

To normalize kidney function, folk remedies are used. The watermelon diet, diuretic decoctions and herbal infusions, teas have proven themselves well:

parsley (1 tablespoon of roots and seeds) pour boiling water (0.5 l), leave for several hours. Drink half a glass 2 times a day;
Pour boiling water over rosehip root (2 tablespoons of roots), boil for 15 minutes. Drink 1/3 glass three times a day.

You should also give up alcohol, avoid stress, get plenty of rest and take the necessary measures to boost your immunity.

Self-medication is strictly prohibited. Only timely diagnosis and treatment of pathology, as well as concomitant diseases with the help of specialists, can lead to a positive result.