The human skeleton includes about bones. Anatomical human skeleton - torso, upper and lower limbs, head: structure with the name and function of the bones, photo in front, side, back, quantity, composition, parts, weight of bones, diagram, description

Everyone needs to know the human skeleton with the name of the bones. This is important not only for physicians, but also ordinary people, because information about his skeleton and muscles will help to strengthen him, feel healthy, and at some point they can help out in emergency situations.

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Types of bones in the adult body

The skeleton and muscles together make up the human locomotor system. Human skeleton - whole complex bones different types and cartilage, interconnected with the help of continuous connections, synarthroses, symphyses. Bones are divided into:

• tubular, forming the upper (shoulder, forearm) and lower (thigh, lower leg) limbs;
• spongy, foot (in particular, tarsus) and human hand (wrists);
• mixed - vertebrae, sacrum;
• flat, this includes the pelvic and cranial bones.

Important! Bone tissue, despite its increased strength, is able to grow and recover. Metabolic processes take place in it, and blood is even formed in the red bone marrow. With age, bone tissue is rebuilt, it becomes able to adapt to various loads.

Types of bones

How many bones are in the human body?

The structure of the human skeleton undergoes many changes throughout life. On initial stage development, the fetus consists of fragile cartilage tissue, which over time is gradually replaced by bone. A newborn baby has over 270 small bones. With age, some of them can grow together, for example, cranial and pelvic, as well as some vertebrae.

It is very difficult to say exactly how many bones in the body of an adult. Sometimes people have extra ribs or bones in the foot. There may be growths on the fingers, a little less or large quantity vertebrae in any part of the spine. The structure of the human skeleton is purely individual. On average in an adult have from 200 to 208 bones.

Functions of the human skeleton

Each department performs its highly specialized tasks, but the human skeleton as a whole has several common functions:

1. Support. The axial skeleton is a support for all soft tissues of the body and a system of levers for the muscles.
2. Motor. Movable joints between bones allow a person to make millions of precise movements with the help of muscles, tendons, ligaments.
3. Protective. The axial skeleton protects the brain and internal organs from injury, acts as a shock absorber during impacts.
4. Metabolic. Bone tissue contains a large number of phosphorus, and iron, involved in the exchange of minerals.
5. Hematopoietic. red brain tubular bones is the place where hematopoiesis takes place - the formation of erythrocytes (red blood cells) and leukocytes (cells of the immune system).

If some skeletal functions are impaired, diseases may occur. varying degrees gravity.

Functions of the human skeleton

Departments of the skeleton

The human skeleton is divided into two large sections: axial (central) and additional (or limb skeleton). Each department performs its own tasks. The axial skeleton protects the abdominal organs from damage. The skeleton of the upper limb connects the arm to the torso. at the expense increased mobility bones of the hand, it helps to perform many precise finger movements. Skeleton Functions lower extremities consist in tying the legs to the body, moving the body, depreciation when walking.

Axial skeleton. This department forms the basis of the body. It includes: the skeleton of the head and torso.

Head skeleton. The cranial bones are flat, immovably connected (with the exception of the movable lower jaw). They protect the brain and sense organs (hearing, sight and smell) from concussions. The skull is divided into the facial (visceral), cerebral and middle ear sections.

Torso skeleton. Bones chest. By appearance this subdivision resembles a compressed frustum or a pyramid. The chest includes paired ribs (out of 12, only 7 are articulated with the sternum), vertebrae thoracic spine and sternum - unpaired sternum.

Depending on the connection of the ribs with the sternum, true (upper 7 pairs), false (next 3 pairs), floating (last 2 pairs) are distinguished. The sternum itself is considered the central bone included in the axial skeleton.

The body is distinguished in it, the upper part is the handle, and the lower part is the xiphoid process. The bones of the chest are connection of increased strength with the vertebrae. Each vertebra has a special articular fossa designed for attachment to the ribs. This method of articulation is necessary to perform the main function of the skeleton of the body - the protection of human life support organs:, lungs, parts of the digestive system.

Important! The bones of the chest are external influences are prone to change. Physical activity and proper seating at the table contribute to proper development chest. sedentary image life and stoop lead to tightness of the chest organs and scoliosis. An improperly developed skeleton threatens serious problems with health.

Spine. The department is central axis and main support the entire human skeleton. vertebral column formed from 32-34 individual vertebrae that protect the spinal canal with nerves. The first 7 vertebrae are called cervical, the next 12 are thoracic, then come the lumbar (5), 5 fused, forming the sacrum, and the last 2-5, constituting the coccyx.

The spine supports the back and trunk, provides due to the spinal nerves motor activity the whole body and the connection of the lower body with the brain. The vertebrae are connected to each other semi-mobile (in addition to the sacral). This connection is carried out through the intervertebral discs. These cartilaginous formations soften shocks and tremors during any movement of a person and provide flexibility to the spine.

limb skeleton

Skeleton of the upper limb. Skeleton of the upper limb represented by the shoulder girdle and the skeleton of the free limb. The shoulder girdle connects the arm to the body and includes two paired bones:

1. The clavicle, which has an S-shaped bend. At one end it is attached to the sternum, and at the other it is connected to the scapula.
2. Shoulder blade. In appearance, it is a triangle adjacent to the back of the body.

The skeleton of the free limb (hand) is more mobile, since the bones in it are connected large joints(shoulder, wrist, elbow). Skeleton represented by three subdivisions:

1. Shoulder, which consists of one long tubular bone - the humerus. One of its ends (epiphyses) is attached to the scapula, and the other, passing into the condyle, to the forearms.
2. Forearm: (two bones) the ulna, located on the same line with the little finger and the radius - in line with the first finger. Both bones on the lower epiphyses form a wrist joint with the carpal bones.
3. A brush that includes three parts: the bones of the wrist, metacarpus and finger phalanges. The wrist is represented by two rows of four spongy bones each. The first row (pisiform, trihedral, lunate, navicular) serves to attach to the forearm. In the second row are the hamate, trapezium, capitate and trapezoid bones facing the palm. The metacarpus consists of five tubular bones, with their proximal part they are motionlessly connected to the wrist. Finger bones. Each finger has three phalanges connected to each other, in addition to the thumb, which is opposed to the rest, and has only two phalanges.

Skeleton of the lower limb. The skeleton of the leg, as well as the hand, consists of a limb belt and its free part.

limb skeleton

The belt of the lower extremities is formed by paired pelvic bones. They grow together from paired pubic, iliac and ischial bones. This happens by the age of 15-17, when the cartilaginous connection is replaced by a fixed bone one. Such strong articulation is necessary for the maintenance of the organs. Three bones to the left and right of the axis of the body form along the acetabulum, necessary for the articulation of the pelvis with the head femur.

The bones of the free lower limb are divided into:

• Femoral. It connects with the pelvis by the proximal (upper) epiphysis, and by the distal (lower) epiphysis with the large tibia.
• The patella (or patella) covers, formed at the junction of the femur and tibia.
• The lower leg is represented by the tibia, located closer to the pelvis, and the fibula.
• Foot bones. The tarsus is represented by seven bones that make up 2 rows. One of the largest and well developed is calcaneus. The metatarsus is the middle part of the foot, the number of bones included in it is equal to the number of fingers. They are connected to the phalanges by means of joints. Fingers. Each finger consists of 3 phalanges, except for the first, which has two.

Important! During life, the foot is subject to modifications, calluses and growths can form on it, and there is a risk of developing flat feet. Often this is associated with wrong choice shoes.

Sex differences

The structure of a woman and a man has no major differences. Only separate parts of some bones or their sizes are subject to changes. Among the most obvious, a narrower chest and a wide pelvis in a woman are distinguished, which is associated with labor activity. The bones of men, as a rule, are longer, more powerful than women's, and have more traces of muscle attachment. Distinguishing a female skull from a male is much more difficult. The skull of men is slightly thicker than the female, it has a more pronounced contour superciliary arches and occipital protuberance.

Human anatomy. Skeleton bones!

What bones does the human skeleton consist of, a detailed story

Conclusion

The human structure is extremely complex, but the minimum amount of information about the functions of the skeleton, the growth of bones and their location in the body, can help maintain one's own health.

The skeleton is a reliable basis for the entire human musculoskeletal system.

It is a collection of hard bones.

They perform a supporting and protective function. human body.

Their violation is accompanied by the development of serious diseases that can completely or partially immobilize the patient.

basic information

The skeleton is an important and integral part of the human body on which the whole musculoskeletal system. Thanks to its full functioning, each of us can make motor movements. It consists of bones, joints and ligaments. They are closely related to each other, perform various functions.

Composition and basis

The skeleton is a huge collection of bones, each of which differs in shape, size and strength.

The composition is divided into 2 main groups: axial and peripheral. All of them consist of a dense substance that is produced by osteocyte bone cells.

There are two types of components: organic and inorganic. The former include collagen, which provides mobility, compression and other functions of the skeleton. Inorganic components include calcium phosphate, it provides strength, with a lack of bones become brittle and brittle.

The bones of the skeleton are permeated with blood vessels, nerve endings and special fluid. Another component is the bone marrow, which contains red and white blood cells.

Skeleton structure

As described above, the human skeleton is divided into two parts: axial and peripheral. The first includes those that are located in the central part and form the basis of the body (head, neck, spine, thoracic region, ribs).

The peripheral part includes two belts: upper and lower limbs (clavicles, shoulder blades, pelvis, lower and upper limbs).

The skull is the main part of the head, it houses the brain, the organs of vision and smell. In turn, it is divided into two sections: brain and facial.

The chest is the base of the chest, it houses all the internal organs, it consists of 12 pairs of ribs, 12 vertebrae and the sternum itself.

The spine is the main frame, which is formed from bones and cartilage. It has a more complex structure, it includes the following departments: thoracic, cervical, lumbar, sacral and coccygeal.

The lower and upper limbs are included in the departments of the same name. These include arms, shoulder blades, collarbones, shoulders, etc. The belt of the lower extremities provides accommodation for the organs of the digestive and genitourinary systems.

The upper ones are designed to perform labor activities, and the lower ones create support and provide the possibility of human movement.

Number and name of bones

In total, there are about 270 bones in the human body. With age, many of them are amenable to change (fusion), as a result, in an adult, the skeleton consists of 200 species.

Some of them are paired, some are unpaired (vertebrae, sacrum, sternum, etc.). The structure of the skull includes 23 types of bones, in the spine - 26, in the upper and lower limbs 64 each. The main parts are the skull, shoulder, forearm, hands, femurs, shins, foot, pelvic and spine.

Mass and ratio

Their mass is individual for each person. It depends on age, gender, height, body weight, etc. In newborns, they make up 14% of the total body weight, in men and women, 18% and 16%, respectively. The average weight for men is 14 kg, for women -10.

Skeleton strength

Strength is ensured by the minerals that go into their composition (calcium). In addition, they have a hollow structure, so they are very light and hard.

At what age does growth stop?

As described above, a person is born with 270 types of bones, as the body grows, their number decreases by 70. The final formation occurs at 24-25 years. This can be assessed with an x-ray.

It is with this that the prescription of medicines to patients who suffer from diseases of the musculoskeletal system is connected. It has been proven that if it is not fully formed, it is possible to strengthen it with drug therapy. For people after 25 years, such methods are not used and they are considered ineffective.

Role and mechanical function

It performs, first of all, a protective function for a person, forms a kind of framework that protects our internal organs, the brain from external damage. In addition, it plays an important role in the exchange process minerals in blood.

Thanks to him, a person can make movements, perform labor activities. Due to the many joints and cartilage, the spring function is provided (mitigation of shocks and tremors).

Anatomical structure

Each of the departments has its own structural features, sizes and may differ depending on gender.

Skull and neck

These two parts are complementary and cannot function separately from each other. The structure of the skull includes the following parts of the frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, zygomatic, lacrimal, nasal, lattice and sphenoid. In addition, the upper and lower jaws belong to the skull.

The neck contains:

• sternum;
• paired clavicles;
• thyroid cartilage;
• hyoid bone.

All of them connect to different parts of the spine.

Shoulders, forearms and shoulder blades

Shoulders and forearms are a very important area, they form its proportionality. At the same time, they are the most vulnerable, which break at the slightest injury. They include:

• clavicle, which connects the shoulder blade and shoulder;
• spatula, connect muscular musculature human back and arms;
• the coracoid process helps to hold all the ligaments and tendons;
• the shoulder process performs a protective function and prevents damage to the shoulder;
• the articular cavity of the scapula provides a connecting function;
• head of the shoulder (is the connection between the shoulder and forearm);
• neck of the shoulder bone;
• the humerus, thanks to which a person can move his arm.

All departments are closely interconnected and if one of them is damaged, the work of the main joint is disrupted.

Rib cage

It performs the most important role - it protects the internal organs and the spine from damage. It consists of 4 main parts: two side, front and back. Its frame is formed by paired costal bones (there are only 12 of them), the spine acts as a back support.

The anterior part of the chest is entirely made up of cartilage. The form for each person is individual, depends on genetics, health status, etc. It is important to note that in women this part is much more developed than in men.

Arms and hands

hands provide full life for anyone. With their help, he can do work, eat, etc. At the same time, they have very complex structure. They include:

• collarbone;
• joints of the shoulder and scapula;
• scapula;
• shoulder;
• elbow;
• radius;
• carpal and metacarpal bones;
• phalanges of fingers.

The main ones are interconnected with the help of joints, which provide mobility. With an injury to the collarbone, shoulder or elbow, the entire arm of a person is immobilized.

Hip function

The pelvis performs a supporting function, supports the entire skeleton. It differs greatly depending on the gender of the person. In women, the pelvis is wider and shorter, has a cylindrical shape, the entrance to it is round, the sacrum has a short and wide structure, the angle of the pubic bone is 90-100 0 .

Men are characterized the following features structures: it is narrower and higher (the same applies to the sacrum), the entrance resembles the shape of a heart, the pelvis itself is cone-shaped, the angle of the pubic bone is not more than 75 0.

The pelvis consists of a border line (includes the coccyx and sacrum), a small and large area. The first includes the pubic bone, and the anterior part of the garter bone, the fifth vertebra of the lumbar region belongs to the large one, iliac articulation sacrum and rear end superior axis of the garterus.

Legs, feet and heels

These bones belong to the lower section. Attached directly to the pelvis, characterized by uneven placement (some are only in the back). They include the following types: femoral, patella, tibial and fibular, metatarsus and tarsus, phalanges of the fingers. The heel connects the leg and foot.

The composition of the foot includes the following bones: calcaneus, talus, cuboid, navicular, 1-3 cuneiform, 1-5 metatarsal, main and terminal types of phalanges. All parts are closely interconnected and provide normal functioning limbs.

What are interconnected

Most bones are connected to each other by joints. They provide normal mobility. different parts human skeleton. Fastening is provided thanks to the head and notch on the bones. Strength is provided by the joint capsule, which consists of fibrous tissue.

How and what are bound motionless

There are several types of bones that are closely related. For example, they include all the bones of the skull, the coccyx. This process is characterized by the ingrowth of one type of bone into another. The exception is the lower jaw and pelvis.

Structural features associated with upright posture

As evolution progressed, the skeleton underwent many changes:

1. Specific S-shaped curves that provide balance.
2. Increased mobility of the upper limbs.
3. Reducing the size of the chest.
4. The advantage of the brain region of the skull on the front. It is related to the development intellectual abilities person.
5. Expansion of the pelvic bone.
6. The advantage of the lower limbs on the upper ones (this is due to the increased need for movement).

In general, we can say that under the influence of evolution, the human skeleton succumbed to many modifications, many of them improved. Thanks to this process, today each of us can perform even the most complex tasks.

What is the longest, most massive, strongest and smallest bone in a human?

All human bones differ in size, shape, diameter, etc. The femoral is considered the longest and most massive. It can reach a length of more than 45 cm, the most durable and hardy (can withstand a mass of up to 200 kg).

The smallest bone in the human skeleton is the stirrup. It is located in the middle ear, weighing no more than 2 grams. Thanks to him, a person can pick up the vibrations of sound. The largest fortress is distinguished by the largest tibia. It can withstand loads up to 4000 kg.

Which are tubular

It consists of a large number of tubular bones, they are very long and narrow. These include the bones of the thigh, small and tibia, shoulder, elbow and radius. The short tubular bones include the phalanges of the fingers, the metacarpal, and the metatarsus. It is important to note that this type of bone makes up almost half of the human skeleton.

Helpful information

Bones come in a variety of shapes: round, flat, short, oxygen content. Some of them are in tendons. But their formation is influenced by heredity, lifestyle and nutrition, hormone levels, etc.

Known cases where the skeleton continued to form in people after 40 years. This is due to many factors external environment, existing diseases etc. Science knows such a diagnosis as "dwarfism". This is the underdevelopment of many bones. Most often it appears as a result of genetic abnormalities.

The human skeleton is its main part. Thanks to him, each of us can fully live and perform many tasks. Some bones are brittle and break with the slightest injury. This entails partial immobilization.

Therefore, it is very important to monitor your health, eat right, exercise. At the first sign of a bone injury, seek immediate medical attention.

One of the most important properties living organism is moving in the spacious. This function in mammals (and humans) is performed by the musculoskeletal system, which consists of two parts: passive and active. The first includes bones that are connected to each other in various ways, the second - muscles.

STRUCTURE OF THE HUMAN SKELETON

The skeleton (from the Greek skeleton - dried up, dried) is a complex of bones (os, ossis) that perform supporting, protective, locomotor functions. The skeleton consists of more than 200 bones, of which 33-34 are unpaired. The skeleton is conditionally divided into two parts: axial and additional. The axial skeleton includes the vertebral column (26 bones), the skull (29 bones), the chest (25 bones); to the additional - the bones of the upper (64) and lower (62) limbs. The bones of the skeleton are levers that are driven by muscles. As a result of this, the parts of the body change position in relation to each other and move the body into spacious ones. Ligaments, muscles, tendons, fascia are attached to the bones. The skeleton forms receptacles for vital organs, protecting them from external influences: the brain is located in the cranial cavity, in spinal canal- dorsal, in the chest - the heart and large vessels, lungs, esophagus, etc., in the pelvic cavity - urinary organs. Bones are involved in mineral metabolism, they are a depot of calcium, phosphorus, etc. Living bone contains vitamins A, D, C and others.

Bones are formed by bone tissue, consisting of cells and dense intercellular substance. The intercellular substance consists of 67% inorganic substances, mainly calcium and phosphorus compounds. The bone can withstand high compressive and fracture loads. This is due to the peculiarities of its structure. Distinguish between compact (dense) and spongy bone substance. The compact substance is formed by tightly fitting bone plates that form complexly organized cylindrical structures. The spongy substance consists of crossbars (beams) formed by the intercellular substance and arranged in an arcuate manner, according to the directions in which the bone experiences gravity pressure and stretching by the muscles that are attached to it. The cylindrical structure of the dense substance and the complex system of the crossbar of the spongy substance of the bone makes it strong and elastic. In tubular bones, their strength is increased by differences in structure in the direction from the center to the ends. The tubular bone in the center is more hard and less elastic than at the ends. In the direction of the articular surface, the structure of the tubular bone changes from compact to spongy. This change in structure provides a smooth transfer of stress from the bone through the cartilage to the surface of the joint.

Outside, the bone is dressed with a periosteum, or periosteum (periosteum), which is pierced blood vessels that feed the bone. There are many sensitive nerve endings in the periosteum, but the bone itself is insensitive.

The cavity of tubular bones is filled with red bone marrow, which during life is replaced by yellow (adipose tissue).

Bones differ from each other in shape and structure. Distinguish bones are tubular, flat, mixed and airy. Among the tubular ones, there are long ones (humerus, femur, bones of the forearm, lower leg) and short ones (bones of the p "meat, metatarsus, phalanges of the fingers). Spongy bones consist of a spongy substance covered thin layer compact substance. They have the shape of an irregular cube or polyhedron and are located in places where a large load is combined with mobility (for example, the patella).

Rice. 82. The structure of the bone. A - longitudinal cut through the upper end of the femur; b - diagram of the main directions along which the crossbars are located at the upper end of the femur: 1 - compact substance; 2 - spongy substance; C - bone cavity; 4 - compression lines; 5 - stretch lines.

Flat bones are involved in the formation of cavities, limb belts and perform the function of protection (bones of the skullcap, sternum).

Mixed bones have a complex shape and consist of several parts of different origin. Mixed bones include vertebrae, bones of the base of the skull.

The visceral bones have a cavity in their body lined with a mucous membrane and filled with air. Such, for example, some parts of the skull: frontal, sphenoid, upper jaw and some others.

The shape and relief of the bones depends on the nature of the muscles attached to them. If the muscle is attached to the bone with the help of a tendon, then a hump, process or ridge is formed in this place. If the muscle fuses directly with the periosteum, then a depression is formed.

Bone connections. There are three groups of bone connections: continuous, napіvglobi and intermittent connections - joints. This distribution reflects the phylogeny of vertebrates. In low (primary aquatic) vertebrates, the bones are connected mostly continuously. With the emergence of vertebrates on land, for new conditions of movement, the development of limbs as a system of levers and a movable connection of bones were necessary, they were made up.

Continuous are the connections of bones with the help of various types of connective tissue. These are the seams - the connection of the countries of the bones of the skull roof with thin layers of connective tissue. Bones can also be connected with the help of cartilage, for example, the handle of the sternum with her body.

Napіvsuglobi are also cartilaginous compounds, but in the thickness of the cartilage there is a small cavity. These include vertebral connections, pubic bones.

Joints (articulatio) are intermittent connections of bones, which necessarily contain the following elements: articular surfaces of bones covered with cartilage; joint capsule, or bag; articular cavity; cavity fluid. The joint is usually attached by ligaments. Joint fluid is produced by cells that line the inner surface of the joint capsule. The fluid facilitates the sliding of the articular surfaces of the bones and serves nutrient medium for articular cartilage. The amount of cavity fluid that fills the narrow gap between the articular surfaces is very small.

Rice. 83. Scheme of the structure of the joint: 1 - articular surfaces of bones; 2 - articular cartilage; 3 - articular bag; 4 - articular cavity.

Joints are distinguished by the number and shape of the articular surfaces of the bones and by the possible range of motion, that is, by the number of axes around which movement can take place. So, according to the number of surfaces, the joints are divided into simple (two articular surfaces) and complex (more than two), in shape - into flat (mizhza "yastkovі", zap "yastkovo-metacarpal, tarsal-metatarsal joints), spherical (shoulder, hip), ellipsoidal (between the occipital bone and the first cervical vertebra), etc.

By the nature of mobility, one-sided, that is, with one axis of rotation (block-shaped, for example, interphalangeal joints of the fingers), biaxial, that is, with two axes (ellipsoidal) and triaxial (spherical) joints, are distinguished. Until now, the latter, as indicated, include the shoulder and hip joint s.

The skeleton of the head, or skull (cranium), is conventionally divided into cerebral and facial. brain department(cranial box) serves as a container for the brain and protects it from damage. Facial department is the bone basis of the face, includes the initial sections digestive tract And respiratory tract and forms a receptacle for the sense organs.

Rice. 84. Human skull. A - front view, B - side view: 1 - frontal bone; 2 - parietal bone; C - temporal bone; 4 - occipital bone; 5 - zygomatic bone; 6 - upper jaw; 7 - lower jaw.

The cranium is formed by rigidly connected flat bones. In front is a large unpaired frontal bone, on top - two parietal, on the sides - temporal, and behind - an unpaired occipital bone, in which there is a so-called large occipital foramen. Through this opening, the head and spinal cord. On the inner surface of the bones of the cranium are pits and tubercles. The pits correspond to the cerebral gyrus, and the tubercles between them correspond to the furrows of the cerebral cortex.

The facial section of the skull consists of the upper and lower jaws, palatine, nasal, zygomatic and other bones. All these bones, excluding the lower jaw, are immovably connected to each other. There is a chin protrusion on the lower jaw - an important distinguishing feature human jaw.

The skeleton of the body includes the spine and chest. The spine, or spinal column (columna vertebralis), is formed by 33-34 vertebrae and has five sections: cervical - 7 vertebrae, thoracic - 12, lumbar - 5, sacral - 5 and coccygeal - 4-5 vertebrae. The vertebrae (vertebrae) consist of a body and an arch, from which seven processes extend: one spinous, two transverse, two pairs of articular. Between the vertebral body and the arch is the vertebral foramen. Together, these holes form the spinal canal, which houses the spinal cord. The size of the vertebral bodies increases from the cervical to the lumbar due to an increase in the load on the lower vertebrae. Between the vertebral bodies are layers of cartilage. The sacral and coccygeal vertebrae fuse to form the sacral and coccygeal bones.

Rice. 85. Human skeleton: A - front view: 1 - skull; 2.7 - spine; 3 - clavicle; 4 - chest; 5 - sternum; 6 - humerus; 8 - radius; 9 - ulna; 10 - metacarpus; 11 - phalanges of the fingers; 12 - wrist; 13 - phalanges of the toes; 14 - metatarsus; 15-tarsus; 16 - tibia; 17 - fibula; 18 - kneecap; 19 - femur; 20 - pubic bone; 21 - ilium; B - side view: 1 - frontal bone; 2 - spine; 3 - ribs; 4 - sternum; 5 - lower jaw; 6 - humerus; 7 - radius; 8 - ulna; 9 - wrist; 10 - metacarpus; 11 - phalanges of the fingers; 12 - phalanges of the toes; 13 - metatarsus; 14 - tarsus; 15 - tibia; 16 - fibula; 17 - kneecap; 18 - femur; 19 - ilium; 20 - lower back; 21 - scapula.

In connection with upright posture, the human spine forms four bends. In the cervical and lumbar sections, the curves are bulging forward, in the thoracic and sacral - backward. They have importance, because they soften shocks when walking, jumping and running, make it easier for the body to maintain balance and increase the size of the chest and pelvis. Children often develop pathological curves of the spine. With a long bent position of the spine and weakness of the spinal muscles, the bend in the thoracic spine increases. As a result of prolonged immobile sitting at a desk and an incorrect oblique landing, a curvature of the spine to the side appears.

Rice. 86. Vertebral column. Front view (A), back (B) and side (C): Departments: - cervical; II - thoracic, III - lumbar, IV - sacral; V - coccygeal. 1.3 - cervical and lumbar lordosis; 2, 4 - thoracic and sacral kyphosis; 5 - cape.

The chest (thorax) is formed by the sternum (sternum), 12 pairs of ribs (costae) and thoracic vertebrae. Seven pairs of ribs are directly connected to the sternum; 8-10-a pairs are connected together by cartilage and attached to the sternum with their anterior end, and the 11th and 12th pairs lie freely, ending in soft tissues. The chest contains important internal organs: the heart, large vessels, lungs, trachea, esophagus. She participates in respiratory movements due to the rhythmic raising and lowering of the ribs. The human chest is flat and wide due to upright posture. Its shape and size depend on age and gender, type of work activity and lifestyle. Influenced exercise its size increases. In children at improper fit and relying on a desk with the chest, deformation of the chest can occur, which disrupts the development and functioning of the heart, lungs and blood vessels.

Rice. 87. Chest. Front view: 1-body of the sternum; 2 - handle of the sternum; 3 - upper aperture of the chest; 4 - clavicle; 5 - scapula; 6 - ribs; 7 - xiphoid process of the sternum; 8 - costal arch.

The limb skeleton consists of the girdle skeleton, which attaches the limbs to the axial skeleton, and the free limb skeleton.

The skeleton of the girdle of the upper limb consists of a pair of shoulder blades and a pair of clavicles. The shoulder blade (scapula) is a paired flat triangular bone that is adjacent to the posterior surface of the chest. Together with humerus forms a scapula shoulder joint. The clavicle (clauicula) is a paired integumentary bone, one end is connected to the upper end of the sternum, the other to the shoulder blades. The skeleton of the hand consists of the humerus, two bones of the forearm (ulna and radius) and the bones of the hand (carpus, metacarpus and phalanges of the fingers).

The skeleton of the girdle of the lower limb is represented by the pelvic girdle, formed by two massive pelvic bones, each of which, in turn, consists of three fused bones - the glomerular, gluteal, and pubic. The pelvic girdle together with the sacrum forms the pelvis, which protects the abdominal organs. In women, the size of the pelvis is larger than in men, and the size of the lower opening is also larger, which is associated with childbearing. On the lateral surfaces of the pelvic bones are depressions into which the head of the femur sinks, forming the hip joint. The skeleton of the lower limb includes the femur, two bones of the lower leg (tibia and fibula) and the foot, consists of 26 small bones. In connection with the upright posture, the human foot has acquired an arched shape, which provides an elastic gait.

Ideally, in order to draw a person correctly, you need to thoroughly know the structure of all human bones. For such a purpose, an entire book or Internet portal is required. Here, we will only consider in general terms the most important, from the point of view of plastic anatomy, bones and features of their structure.

The structure of the human skeleton

Human skeleton

The skeleton is part of the human musculoskeletal system and consists of a huge number of large and small bones. The bones of the skeleton perform musculoskeletal, biological and protective functions. The bones are held together by connective, cartilaginous and bone tissues.

Human skeleton. Front view

The most important parts of the human skeleton when viewed from the front: Skull, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , .

Human skeleton. Back view

The most important parts of the human skeleton when viewed from behind: Skull , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , .

Human bones and their structure

At the chemical level, bones are composed of organic and inorganic substances. organic matter gives elasticity to the bone, and inorganic hardness. On physical level bones are composed of compact and spongy substance. The spongy substance is located where lightness and strength are required, for example, the skull. The compact substance is located where the bones perform the supporting and motor functions, acting as a support and lever, for example, in the diaphases of tubular bones. Inside the bones are blood vessels and bone marrow.

Scull

The structure of the human skull

The skull consists of paired and unpaired bones, as well as teeth. Paired bones: temporal bone, parietal bone, maxilla, inferior nasal concha, palatine bone, cheekbone, nasal bone, lacrimal bone. Unpaired bones: frontal bone, ethmoid bone, sphenoid bone, occipital bone, vomer, mandible, hyoid bone. The human skull has 32 teeth, 16 each in the upper and lower jaws.

Spine

The spine and its departments

The spine is made up of vertebrae and intervertebral joints. The spinal cord runs inside the spine. The spine is conditionally divided into 5 sections: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal. cervical The cervical region is the most upper section spine. Consists of 7 vertebrae. In the region of the cervical region, the skull is connected to the spine. The cervical region is one of the most mobile parts of the spine.
Thoracic Located next to cervical region. Consists of 12 vertebrae. The ribs and other bones of the thoracic region are attached to the thoracic spine.
Lumbar Located under the thoracic region. Consists of 5 vertebrae. The lumbar region is one of the most mobile parts of the spine.
sacral department located under lumbar. Consists of 5 vertebrae. Attached to the sacral spine pelvic bones. In connection with the upright posture of a person and the resulting vertical loads on the spine, with age, the vertebrae of the sacral region grow together, forming sacrum.
coccygeal department The coccygeal department is the most lower section spine. Consists of 1-5 vertebrae. The coccyx is a relic that humans inherited from mammals and served as a tail. With age, the vertebrae of the coccygeal region grow together, forming coccyx.

Rib cage

Ribs

The ribs are located in the chest area, 12 ribs on the right and left. With their posterior ends, the ribs are attached to the vertebrae of the thoracic region, and in front to the sternum. Moreover, 7 upper ribs on each side are attached directly to the sternum. They are called true ribs. The next 3 ribs are attached to the cartilage of the previous one and are called false edges. The remaining lower 2 ribs are attached only to the vertebrae, and are free from connections in front. These ribs are called oscillating ribs.

Sternum

The sternum is located in front of the center of the chest and is located from top to bottom. In the sternum, it is customary to highlight from top to bottom: handle, body And xiphoid process. At the very top of the handle of the sternum there is jugular tenderloin. Here the clavicle adjoins the sternum. A small angle is formed between the handle of the sternum and the body, which is called sternum angle. Below the body of the sternum is the xiphoid process. Its shapes and sizes can be very diverse.

Shoulder

Collarbone

The clavicle is located horizontally in front of the upper chest. The clavicle is the only bone that connects the bones of the upper limbs to the skeleton of the body. The clavicle sets the shoulder joint away from the chest at a sufficient distance for efficient operation person.

shoulder blade

The shoulder blade is located vertically at the back in the upper part of the chest and has a flat triangular shape. At one end, the triangle of the scapula is directed downward, and the opposite side is located almost horizontally and the shoulder and collarbone are attached to it.

Brachial bone

The humerus is located in the upper part of the body and belongs to the upper limbs. The humerus is a typical long tubular bone that acts as a long lever of movement. In the upper part, the humerus is attached to the scapula with the help of a spherical articular head. In the lower part, the humerus has an extension that is slightly curved anteriorly. Here, the ulna and radius are attached to the humerus.

Forearm

Elbow bone

The ulna is one of the two bones of the forearm and is located under the humerus. The ulna is a long, tubular bone that has a trihedral shape. At the top of the bone is a large olecranon and small coronoid process. Between them is a block-like area for articulation with the radius. The lower part of the ulna also has articular surface for articulation with the radius. Bottom part ulna less massive than the top.

Radius

The radius, like the ulna, is one of the two bones of the forearm. The ulna is a long tubular trihedral bone. Unlike the ulna, it has a greater thickening from below, where the bones of the wrist are attached to it. From above and below, the radius bone is attached to the ulna with the help of joints.

brush brush

wrist bones

The bones of the wrist are two rows of four spongy bones. From above, the wrist is attached to the forearm, and from below to the bones of the metacarpus. In the first row of the wrists are located: scaphoid, lunate, trihedral bone And pisiform bone. The first three bones are combined into one elliptical convex articular surface, which is attached to the distal end of the radius.

The second row of carpal bones consists of four bones: trapezoid, trapezius, capitate, hamate bone. All bones of the wrist have surfaces for articulation with adjacent bones, including the bones of the metacarpus.

Metacarpal bones

The metacarpus follows immediately after the wrist. The metacarpus consists of five short tubular bones with one true epiphysis. The bones of the metacarpus are named in order I, II, III, and so on. The longest of them is the II bone.

Phalanges of fingers

The bones of the fingers or phalanx are located behind the metacarpus. Phalanges are short tubular bones with one true epiphysis. Each finger consists of three phalanges lying one after another: proximal, average, distal. The exception is thumb which has two phalanges: proximal and distal. The proximal phalanges of the fingers articulate with their corresponding metacarpal bones. They are followed by the middle phalanges, and then the distal ones. The free ends of the distal phalanges are slightly flattened.

Taz

Ilium

The ilium refers to the paired bones of the girdle of the lower extremities. The ilium has a thick section called body. The rest of the bone is attached to it. On top of the body is iliac wing. Top part wing forms a thickened S-shaped crest, which behind and in front is crowned with upper and lower awns. The pubic bone is attached downward and anterior to the anterior lower spine. To the bottom, the posterior lower spine is closed by the ischium. Back down ilium attached to the sacrum. Inner surface the iliac wing has a smooth concave shape, which, due to upright posture, is the receptacle of the internal organs and supports them.

Pubic bone

The pubic bone is paired, belongs to the girdle of the lower extremities and consists of a short thickened body, as well as adjacent top And lower branches. The ischium is attached to the lower branch. TO upper branch the iliac bone is attached. On it, two centimeters from the articulation of the pubic bones is located pubic tubercle.

Ischium

The ischial paired bone belongs to the girdle of the lower extremities. It consists of body And branches forming an angle whose apex is thickened. Ischium attached to the pubic and iliac bones.

Hip

Femur

The femur is the largest and thickest tubular bone in the human skeleton. It is a long lever of movement. At the top of the bone is big And small skewers, and head, with which, through the joint, the femur is attached to the pelvis. The head is connected to femur neck. In women, the angle between the head and body of the femur approaches 90 degrees. Body the femur is slightly curved forward and has a trihedral shape. In the lower part, the bone expands and has two backward curved condyle. The condyle located closer to the center of the skeleton is larger than the one located further from the center. At vertical position of a person, his femurs are located at an angle to the vertical and the distance between them narrows downwards. Therefore, in spite of different sizes condyles, they are on the same level.

Patella

The patella is a sesamoid bone located in front of the lower part of the femur in the thickness of the tendon of the quadriceps femoris muscle. The upper wide part is the body, below the patella there is a pointed end, called the apex.

Shin

Tibia

The tibia is the larger of the two tubular bones of the lower leg and is located on the inside of the leg. It is articulated on top, has two condyles, and through them is articulated with the femur, as well as with the fibula. The body of the bone has a trihedral shape. Its front face is usually palpable under the skin. At the bottom of the bone there is a process medial malleolus and the place of articulation with the fibula and the bones of the foot.

Fibula

The fibula is the smaller of the two tubular bones of the lower leg and is located with outside legs. From above it is articulated with tibia. The body has a trihedral structure slightly twisted in the longitudinal direction. The lower part of the bone forms lateral malleolus, as well as the place of attachment to the tibia.

Foot

Tarsal bones

Tarsus of the upper part of the foot. It articulates with the bones of the lower leg on one side and the bones of the metatarsus on the other. The tarsus consists of short spongy bones: talus, calcaneus, scaphoid, three sphenoid bones and cuboid bone.

Metatarsal bones

The bones of the metatarsus are below the tarsus. The metatarsus consists of five tubular bones, which somewhat resemble the bones of the wrist. On the one hand, the bones of the metatarsus are connected to the tarsus, on the other hand, to the bones of the toes.

Bones of the toes

The bones of the toes are a continuation of the foot after the metatarsus and consist of short tubular bones, phalanges. In general, the phalanges of the foot are similar to the phalanges of the hands. In them, as well as brushes, each finger consists of three phalanges, except for the first finger, which has two phalanges. Distal phalanges feet have a thickening at the end.

The human skeleton is a movable support of the body, to which movable muscles are attached. Without the bones of the skeleton, we would look like shapeless bags.

There are only 206 bones in the human body. The bones of the limbs, spine and pelvis are the support of the body. The bones of the skull, chest and pelvis protect the internal organs from damage. The bones are smooth and hard. But that's just outside. Inside they have a tubular structure and are filled with bone marrow.

Bones can break. Children have more plastic in their bones and fractures are rare. Older people have more mineral salts in their bones, they fracture more often, and the bones heal much more slowly than in children.

The skeleton, together with the muscles attached to it, participates in the movements of the body. Many bones of the skeleton are connected movably with the help of joints and ligaments. Thanks to the flexible joints of the bones, you can run and jump. Cartilage covers the surfaces of articulating bones at the joints, and in some places - in the ears, nose, between the sternum and ribs - is part of the skeleton.

The spine consists of 7 cervical vertebrae, 12 thoracic vertebrae, 5 lumbar vertebrae, 5 fused sacral vertebrae, and 3-4 coccygeal vertebrae. In total, there are 32-33 vertebrae in the spine, and they are the most tender in the whole body. Connected by ligaments and muscles that are attached to bone processes vertebrae and separated intervertebral discs. The human spine has four bends, which take some of the load off the vertebrae and allow us to stand straight and walk on two legs, and not on four, as almost all animals do. The curves also soften the bumps that come with running.

The skull consists of 22 bones connected to each other and protecting the brain from damage. All bones of the skull, with the exception of the lower jaw, are connected to each other with the help of ossified sutures formed thick cloth. The lower jaw is movable, which allows us to open and close our mouth. There are also 3 pairs of auditory ossicles in the skull.

The lower limb consists of the thigh, lower leg and foot. The joints that connect the bones of the lower limbs allow us to run and jump.

The skeleton of the upper limbs consists of the shoulder girdle and the skeleton of the arms. The shoulder girdle is the shoulder blades on the back side and the clavicle - on the front, one end of which is connected to the sternum - the bone that makes up central part chest. The arm skeleton includes the humerus, forearm bones, and arm bones.

There is only one bone (hyoid) that is not connected to the general skeleton.

The crown is the place on the head where the three main bones of the skull converge: two parietal and one frontal. If a book is placed on the head of a standing person, the book will lie on the crown of the head. In young children, the connective tissue in this place for a long time does not ossify and remains soft. Ossification ends in the second year of life.

To avoid curvature of the spine, you must constantly monitor your posture and avoid wrong positions body or uncomfortable postures such as while doing homework or sleeping.