The influence of the pituitary gland on the human appearance.

The hypothalamus has 32 pairs of nuclei, divided into 5 groups: preoptic, anterior, middle, posterior and external. The hypothalamus is characterized by an abundance of capillaries and increased permeability vascular walls for large protein molecules, the proximity of the nuclei to the liquor-conducting pathways. This part of the brain is very sensitive to various kinds disorders: intoxication, infections, circulation and liquor circulation disorders, pathological impulses from other parts of the central nervous system.

The nuclei of the hypothalamus take part in the regulation of the main autonomic functions. This part of the brain contains the higher centers of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic system. nervous system, centers that regulate heat transfer and heat production, arterial pressure, vascular permeability, appetite and some metabolic processes. The centers of the hypothalamus take part in regulating the process of sleep and wakefulness and influence mental activity (in particular, the sphere of emotions).

Functions of the pituitary gland

It was found that the hypothalamus regulates the process of hormone synthesis by the anterior pituitary gland, which is an endocrine gland. The pituitary gland is part of the endocrine system, which provides direct action for growth, development, puberty, metabolism. It is located in a bony depression at the bottom of the skull called the sella turcica. This gland produces 6 triple hormones: growth hormone (somatotropic hormone), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), prolactin, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH).

Connection between the pituitary gland and the hypothalamus

The functioning of the pituitary gland is regulated by the hypothalamus through neural connections and the blood vessel system. The blood that enters the anterior pituitary gland passes through the hypothalamus and is enriched with neurohormones. Neurohormones are substances of peptide nature that represent parts of protein molecules. They stimulate or, conversely, inhibit the production of hormones in the pituitary gland.

Function endocrine system carried out on the principle of feedback. The pituitary gland and hypothalamus analyze signals coming from the endocrine glands. An excess of hormones from one or another gland inhibits the production specific hormone the pituitary gland, which is responsible for the functioning of this gland, and a deficiency prompts the pituitary gland to increase the production of this hormone.

A similar mechanism of interaction between the hypothalamus, pituitary gland and peripheral endocrine glands was worked out by evolutionary development. However, if there is a failure in at least one link of a complex chain, a violation of quantitative and qualitative relationships occurs, entailing the development of endocrine diseases.

“If in the near future the world equips its diplomats, high officials, legislators, citizens with proper endocrine glands, especially the anterior pituitary gland, and suppresses the adrenal cortex a little, there may be no more wars.” – Samuel Willis Bandler. Endocrine glands.

This epigraph shows the degree of importance of such an endocrine organ as the pituitary gland in the evolution of humanity and the transition from the third density of dividing self-awareness to the fourth density of unifying love and understanding.

“Something, although little, is known about the pituitary gland, but its special importance (since it affectspsychological reactions of a person) is not yet sufficiently realized.”

These words spoken by Jual Khulom almost a hundred years ago, practically unchanged general idea about the pituitary gland, and modern endocrinology is still wandering in the darkness of physiological dogmas and hormonal experiments.

However, shed some light on one of the main glands in our body, which Manly Palmer Hall, famous occultist and encyclopedist, described it as “ the key to understanding bodily harmony, for is " barometer" of the entire chain of endocrine glands, necessary. Indeed, among the symbolic names of the pituitary gland there is the Holy Grail, the tail of the Dragon of Wisdom (the head of the Dragon of Wisdom is the pineal gland), the “bridge of the mind.” In addition, under "“Marriage” meant the marriage of the Sun (pineal gland) and the Moon (pituitary gland) in the brain.

It is also necessary to study the topic of the main glands of the body because, in my opinion, in connection with the changes in the planet that have come into force and the current – by the cyclical process of transition of trained souls to higher states of consciousness/density/dimensions, corresponding to the frequency of the light emitted by them and free choice, we are rapidly changing, which inevitably affects the functions of the main organs and systems of the body.

In this material we will look at the connection between the pituitary gland and the pineal gland, the pituitary gland and the ajna center, the pituitary gland and thyroid gland, pituitary gland and pancreas, pituitary gland and, both esoteric and scientific points vision.

The article we bring to your attention continues the series of previously published materials on the endocrine system, begun in and .

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM AND ITS CONNECTION WITH CHAKRAS

The endocrine system, at the top of which is the pituitary gland, pineal gland and hypothalamus, is not just a physiological system that provides secretion and is responsible for human hormonal levels.

The endocrine glands form the great connecting system of the body, being the externalization of the etheric centers or their external, physical counterpart.

In other words, the endocrine system is an analogue of the centers in the etheric body (chakras), is closely connected with them, as the personality is with the soul, and is enlivened by energies coming from various dimensions and planes. But, first of all, from the etheric, vital or vital body - the physical analogue of the causal or causative body of the soul.

7 main glands* interact in a special way, feeding from the vital or etheric body and indicating the evolutionary point of achievement of man, his nature and expressed consciousness.

Endocrine glands have both physiological and psychological effects on the personality and its internal and external contacts and connections, leading to various psychosomatic, physiological and mental reactions.

Hyperfunction, increase in size or functional impairment endocrine glands is a consequence not so much physical processes in the human body, as orthodox science considers them, and also in the psyche, as in. Moreover, in occultism physical body is not considered as a principle, due to more subtle influences on human nature.

indicator functional changes in the endocrine system are the subtle bodies and their balance with each other.And these are “invisible” and often imperceptible influences of pranic, sexual and spiritual energies, which meet resistance of the body due to the lack of guiding rationality of consciousness.

Data and lead to all sorts of abnormalities and lack of health or disturbance of circulation, both in the energy centers and, as a result, in the endocrine glands.

Pineal, thyroid and thymus gland– the main receivers, transmitters and converters of lower energies for merging them with the energies of the soul and spirit. However, the pituitary gland also plays an important role in this ensemble, as we will see later.

After all, for example, the pituitary gland or pituitary gland creates the mood and coordinates the activities different glands body, controlling individual biorhythms and body development processes.

The key role of the pituitary gland is to activate the genetic program of puberty of the body, as well as the very moment of inclusion in at a certain age sex hormones.

At the time of puberty and up to its end, due to the increase / activity of the pituitary gland and sex glands, the pineal gland begins to gradually atrophy and by the age of 21 its internal potential becomes dormant.

However, if a growing person responds adequately to the manifestations of a hormonal storm, the pineal gland, acting on the pituitary gland, slows down the process of turning on this function.

Moreover, it allows consciousness to create a barrier between the response of hormones to stimulation and the urge to act, thereby determining the ability of a person to control his sexual nature.

TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THE PITUITARY Gland. PINEAL GLAND

So what is hypophysis – inferior medullary appendage located at the base of the brain in
bone pocket, called the Turkish saddle, and affecting the growth, development, metabolism of the body?

And why is the natural magic of the organ so great, the weight of which is not more than 1 gram, the normal height is 3-8 mm, and the width is 10-17 mm?

Is it just a matter of the hormonal “abilities” of the pituitary gland? I'm sure not only. And you can also be convinced of this by reading the article to the end.

Without going into anatomical and physiological characteristics the work of the pituitary gland, I will only note that its hormonal levels depend on many factors, but the most important impact it is influenced precisely by the epiphysis, which, being located anatomically behind, is physical manifestation The soul or its hidden light, transforming the light of the personality.

In this regard, it is interesting to consider modern biological studies of the human pineal gland from the point of view of the influence of light, which I did not touch upon in the previous material.

According to scientific data, the pineal gland is component photoneuroendocrine system. Such daylight, which is familiar to us, has an inhibitory effect on the activity of the pineal gland, and darkness has a stimulating effect. Light does not penetrate directly to the pineal gland, but the latter has a ganglion connection with the retina: the retina perceives light and sends signals along the retino-hypothalamic tract to the hypothalamus, from where, through a chain of neurons, they reach the cervical sympathetic nervous system and switch to the ascending ones sympathetic fibers, which pass through the superior cervical ganglion into the skull and finally innervate (nourish) the pineal gland.

Hence the greatest importance of meditative practices and lucid dreams. The first ones stimulate the pineal gland through stimulation of the inner glow, and the second ones involve the sleeping consciousness, awakening it to the possibility of functioning in the area of the unconscious.

However, it would be wrong to consider the pituitary gland without connection with the brain and its functions, both personal and spiritual.

BRAIN, PITUITARY GLAND, PINEAL AND CAROTID GLANDS

Jual Khul or the Tibetan teacher who gave the world through A.A. Bailey 5 treatises of fundamental knowledge, provides some provisions in form of three basic statements that will help you understand the connection of the pituitary gland with the alta center and the pineal gland.

1. The brain is the finest receiving and transmitting apparatus:

A. He accepts the information that feelings convey to him from the emotional plane and from the mind.

b. With its help, the lower personal “I” is aware of its environment, the nature of its desires and its mental characteristics, and learns about the emotional states and thoughts of the people around it.

2. The brain is predominantly driven by the endocrine system and much more than endocrinologists dare to admit:

A. It is especially strongly due to three important glands, directly related to the substance of the brain. This pituitary, pineal And carotid gland.

b. They form a triangle with practically unconnected vertices primitive man, sometimes connected in a moderately developed person and firmly connected in a spiritual person.

V. These glands are the objective correspondence of the three energy centers through which the soul, or inner spiritual man, controls its physical vehicle.

Dense interaction of three glands - as in an ever-growing number of students - always forms a triangle of circulating energies.

d. Through the carotid gland in the medulla oblongata, this triangle connects with other glands and centers.

The two main centers (corresponding to the atma-buddhi, or soul) are the head center and the alta center; esoterically they correspond to the agents of distribution - the right and left eyes, as do the two glands of the head: the pineal and pituitary gland.

This is how three triangles are formed in the head, two of which distribute energy, and the third distributes force.

And here I quote the words of student Max Handel, who chose to remain anonymous:

“It is interesting to note that the thyroid gland, which was once a gonad, arises in the embryo from the same tissue and almost from the same place as the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland: the thyroid gland becomes a process in front, and the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland becomes a process behind the same fabric.

The anterior lobe of the pituitary gland has been called the gland of intelligence, implying the ability of the mind to control the environment through concepts and abstract ideas. All this confirms what Max Handel said that the nature of the generative force is creative, manifesting itself through the brain or organs of reproduction.

The action of the thyroid gland is more directly manifested in the inner and outer membranes of the body, skin, mucous membranes, hair, irritability and the readiness of the nerves to respond.

The pituitary gland acts more on the frame of the body, the skeleton, its mechanical supports and engines.

The thyroid gland increases the energy level of the brain and the entire nervous system.

The pituitary gland directly stimulates brain cells.

The thyroid gland facilitates energy production, the pituitary gland controls its consumption.

The thyroid gland is closely related to the regulation of body contours and shapes organs according to their archetypes.”

DUAL/SPIRITUAL AND ASTROLOGICAL QUALITIES OF THE PITITUITARY Gland

“The pituitary gland is the world of the Vital Spirit.”

Related materials:

The functions of peripheral endocrine organs are regulated in varying degrees pituitary hormones. Some functions (eg, pancreatic insulin secretion is primarily regulated by plasma glucose levels) are minimally regulated, while many (eg, thyroid or sex hormone secretion) are controlled to a large extent. Secretion pituitary hormones is under the control of the hypothalamus.

The interaction between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland (hypothalamic-pituitary system) is defined as negative Feedback control system. The hypothalamus receives signals from virtually all other areas of the central nervous system and uses them to transmit to the pituitary gland. In response, the pituitary gland secretes various hormones that stimulate certain endocrine glands in the body. Changes in circulating levels of hormones secreted by the endocrine glands are controlled by the hypothalamus, which then increases or decreases stimulation of the pituitary gland to maintain homeostasis.

The hypothalamus modulates the activity of the anterior and posterior pituitary glands in different ways. Neurohormones synthesized in the hypothalamus reach the anterior pituitary gland (adenohypophysis) through a specific portal vascular system and regulate the synthesis and secretion of 6 large peptide hormones of the anterior pituitary gland. Hormones of the anterior pituitary gland regulate the function of peripheral endocrine glands (thyroid, adrenal glands, gonads), as well as growth and lactation. There is no direct neural connection between the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary gland. In comparison, the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland (neuropituitary gland) contains axons derived from neuronal cell nuclei located in the hypothalamus. These axons serve as storage areas for 2 peptide hormones synthesized in the hypothalamus; These action hormones regulate water balance, milk production and uterine contractions.

Virtually all hormones synthesized by the hypothalamus and pituitary gland are released in pulses; periods of secretion alternate with periods of inertia. Some hormones (for example, adrenocorticotropic hormone, growth hormone, prolactin) have a specific daily circadian rhythm; others (eg luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone during menstrual cycle) have a monthly rhythm with an overlapping circadian rhythm.

HYPOTHALAMIC CONTROL

Under physiological conditions and intermittent pulse caused by external influences. Long-term infusions inhibit the release of LH and FSH.

In the periphery, as well as in the hypothalamus, they function as local paracrine systems, especially in the gastrointestinal tract. One of them is a vasoactive intestinal peptide that stimulates the release of prolactin. Neurohormones control the release of many pituitary hormones. The regulation of most anterior pituitary hormones depends on stimulatory signals from the hypothalamus; only prolactin is regulated by inhibitory signals. If the pituitary stalk is cut, the release of prolactin increases, while the release of all other anterior pituitary hormones decreases.

Most hypothalamic disorders (including tumors, encephalitis and others) inflammatory diseases) can alter the release of hypothalamic neurohormones. Since neurohormones are synthesized in different centers of the hypothalamus, some disorders are caused by only one neuropeptide, while others are caused by several. The result may be a significant decrease in secretion or, conversely, hyperproduction of neurohormones. Clinical syndromes as a result of pituitary hormonal dysfunction.

1. The role of physiology in the dialectical-materialistic understanding of the essence of life. Relationship between physiology and other sciences.
2. The main stages of the development of physiology. Features of the modern period of development of physiology.
3.Analytical and systematic approaches to the study of body functions. The role of I.M. Sechenov and I.P. Pavlov in the creation of the materialistic foundations of physiology.
4. Basic forms of regulation of physiological functions (mechanical, humoral, nervous).
7.Modern ideas about the process of excitation. Local and spreading excitation. Action potential and its phases. The relationship between the phases of excitability and the phases of the action potential.
8. Laws of irritation of excitable tissues. The effect of direct current on excitable tissue.
9.Physiological properties of skeletal muscle. Strength and muscle function.
11.Modern theory of muscle contraction and relaxation.
12.Functional characteristics of non-striated (smooth) muscles.
13. Spread of excitation along non-myelinated and myelinated nerve fibers. Characteristics of their excitability and lability. Lability, parabiosis and its phases (N.E. Vvedensky).
14. The mechanism of the appearance of excitation in receptors. Receptor and generator potentials.
15.Structure, classification and functional properties of synapses. Features of the transmission of excitation in synapses of the central nervous system. Excitatory synapses and their mediator mechanisms, EPSP.
16.Functional properties of glandular cells.
17. Reflex principle of regulation (R. Descartes, Prohaska), its development in the works of I.M. Sechenova, I.P. Pavlova, P.K. Anokhina.
18. Basic principles and features of the spread of excitation in the central nervous system. General principles of coordination activities of the central nervous system.
19. Inhibition in the central nervous system (I.M. Sechenov), its types and role. Modern understanding of the mechanisms of central inhibition. Inhibitory synapses and their mediators. Ionic mechanisms of TPSP.
21. The role of cm in the processes of regulation of the activity of the body and vegetative functions of the body. Characteristics of spinal animals. Principles of the spinal cord. Clinically important spinal reflexes.
22. The medulla oblongata and the pons, their participation in the processes of self-regulation of functions.
23. Physiology of the midbrain, its reflex activity and participation in the processes of self-regulation of functions.
24. Decerebrate rigidity and the mechanism of its occurrence. The role of the midbrain and medulla oblongata in the regulation of muscle tone.
25.Static and statokinetic reflexes (R. Magnus). Self-regulatory mechanisms for maintaining body balance.
26.Physiology of the cerebellum, its influence on the motor and autonomic functions of the body.
27. Reticular formation of the brain stem. Descending and ascending influences of the reticular formation of the brainstem. Participation of the reticular formation in the formation of the integral activity of the body.
28. Thalamus. Functional characteristics and features of nuclear groups of the thalamus.
29. Hypothalamus. Characteristics of the main nuclear groups. Participation of the hypothalamus in the regulation of autonomic functions and in the formation of emotions and motivations.
30. Limbic system of the brain. Its role in the formation of biological motivations and emotions.
31. The role of the basal ganglia in the formation of muscle tone and complex motor acts.
32. Modern idea of the localization of functions in the cerebral cortex. Dynamic localization of functions.
35. Hormones of the pituitary gland, its functional connections with the hypothalamus and participation in the regulation of the activity of endocrine organs.
36. Hormones of the thyroid and parathyroid glands and their biological role.
37.Endocrine function of the pancreas and its role in the regulation of metabolism.
38. Physiology of the adrenal glands. The role of hormones of the cortex and adrenal medulla in the regulation of body functions.
39. Sex glands. Male and female sex hormones, their physiological role in the formation of sex and regulation of reproductive processes. Endocrine function of the placenta.
40. Factors shaping sexual behavior. The role of biological and social factors in the formation of sexual behavior.
41. Physiology of the pineal gland. Physiology of the thymus gland.
42. Concept of the blood system. Properties and functions of blood. Basic physiological blood constants and mechanisms of their maintenance.
43. Electrolyte composition of blood plasma. Osmotic pressure of blood plasma. A functional system that ensures constant blood osmotic pressure.
44. Functional system that maintains the constancy of blood levels
45. Blood plasma proteins, their characteristics and functional significance. Oncotic blood pressure and its role.
46. Characteristics of blood cells (erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets) and their role in the body.
47. Types of hemoglobin and its compounds, their physiological significance.
48. Humoral and nervous regulation of erythro- and leukopoiesis.
49. Concept of hemostasis. The process of blood coagulation, its phases. Factors that accelerate and slow down blood clotting.
50. Coagulation and anticoagulation systems of the blood, as the main components of the functional system for maintaining the fluid state of the blood.
51. Blood groups. Rh factor. Rules for blood transfusion.
53.Pressure in the pleural cavity, its origin and role in the mechanism of external respiration and changes in different phases of the respiratory cycle.
64. Food motivation. Physiological bases of hunger and satiety.
65.Digestion, its meaning. Functions of the digestive tract. Types of digestion depending on the origin and location of hydrolysis.
66. Principles of regulation of the digestive system. The role of reflex, humoral and local regulatory mechanisms. Gastrointestinal hormones, their classification.
67. Digestion in the oral cavity: composition and physiological role of saliva. Salivation and its regulation.
68. Self-regulation of the chewing act. Swallowing, its phases, self-regulation of this act. Functional features of the esophagus.
70. Types of gastric contractions. Neurohumoral regulation of gastric movements.
71. Exocrine activity of the pancreas. Composition and properties of pancreatic juice. The adaptive nature of pancreatic secretion to types of food and diets.
72. The role of the liver in digestion. Regulation of bile formation, its release into the duodenum.
73. Composition and properties of intestinal juice. Regulation of intestinal juice secretion.
74. Cavity and membrane hydrolysis of nutrients in various parts of the small intestine. Motor activity of the small intestine and its regulation.
75. Features of digestion in the large intestine.
76. Absorption of substances in various parts of the digestive tract. Types and mechanisms of absorption of substances through biological membranes.
77. The concept of metabolism in the body. Processes of assimilation and dissimilation of substances. Plastic and energetic role of nutrients.
78. Metabolism and specific synthesis of fats, carbohydrates, proteins in the body. Self-regulatory mechanism of nutrient metabolism.
79. The importance of minerals, trace elements and vitamins in the body. Self-regulatory nature of ensuring water and mineral balance.
80. Basic metabolism. Factors influencing the basal metabolic rate. The importance of determining the value of basal metabolic rate for the clinic.
81. Energy balance of the body. Work exchange. Energy expenditure of the body during different types of labor.
82. Physiological nutritional standards depending on age, type of work and state of the body. Features of nutrition in the North.
84. Human body temperature and its daily fluctuations. Temperature of various areas of the skin and internal organs. Heat dissipation. Methods of heat transfer and their regulation.
87. Kidney. Formation of primary urine. Its quantity and composition. Filtration patterns.
88. Formation of final urine. Characteristics of the process of reabsorption of various substances in the tubules and nephron loop. Processes of secretion and excretion in the renal tubules.
89. Regulation of kidney activity. The role of nervous and humoral factors.
90. Composition, properties, volume of final urine. The process of urination and its regulation.
91. Excretory function of the skin, lungs and gastrointestinal tract.
92. The importance of blood circulation for the body. Blood circulation as a component of various functional systems that determine hemostasis.
96. Heterometric and homometric regulation of cardiac activity. The law of the heart (Starling E.H.) and modern additions to it.
97. Hormonal regulation of heart activity.
98. Characteristics of the influence of parasympathetic and sympathetic nerve fibers and their mediators on the activity of the heart. Reflexogenic fields and their significance in the regulation of cardiac activity.
99. Basic laws of hemodynamics and their use to explain the movement of blood through the vessels. Functional structure of various parts of the vascular bed.
101. Linear and volumetric speed of blood movement in various parts of the bloodstream and the factors that determine them.
102. Arterial and venous pulse, their origin. Analysis of sphygmogram and venogram.
104. Lymphatic system. Lymph formation, its mechanisms. Functions of lymph and features of regulation of lymph formation and lymph drainage.
2) Intraorgan plexuses of postcapillaries and small lymphatic vessels equipped with valves;
3) Extraorgan drainage lymphatic vessels, flowing into the main lymphatic trunks, interrupted along their path by lymph nodes;
4) The main lymphatic ducts - the thoracic and right lymphatic, flowing into the large veins of the neck.
105. Functional features of the structure, function and regulation of the vessels of the lungs, heart and other organs.
106. Reflex regulation of vascular tone. Vasomotor center, its efferent influences. Afferent influences on the vasomotor center. Humoral influences on the vascular center.
107. Teaching of I.P. Pavlova about analyzers. Receptor department of analyzers. Classification, functional properties and characteristics of receptors. Functional lability (P.G. Sinyakin).
109. Characteristics of the visual analyzer. Receptor apparatus. Photochemical processes in the retina under the action of light.
110. Perception of color (M.V. Lomonosov, Mr. Helmholtz, I.P. Lazarev). The main forms of color vision impairment. Modern idea of color perception.
111. Physiological mechanisms of eye accommodation. Adaptation of the visual analyzer, its mechanisms. The role of efferent influences.
112. Conductive and cortical sections of the visual analyzer. Formation of a visual image. The role of the right and left hemispheres in visual perception.
114. Features of the conductive and cortical sections of the auditory analyzer. Theories of sound perception (Mr. Helmholtz, Mr. Bekesi).
116. Motor analyzer, its role in the perception and assessment of body position in space and the formation of movements.
117. Tactile analyzer. Classification of tactile receptors, features of their structure and functions.
119. Physiological characteristics of the olfactory analyzer. Classification of odors, mechanism of their perception.
120. Physiological characteristics of the taste analyzer. The mechanism of generation of receptor potential under the action of taste stimuli of different modalities.
121. The role of the interoceptive analyzer in maintaining the constancy of the internal environment of the body, its structure. Classification of interoreceptors, features of their functioning.
122. Innate forms of behavior (unconditioned reflexes and instincts), their classification and significance for adaptive activity.
124. The phenomenon of inhibition in higher nervous activity. Types of braking. Modern understanding of braking mechanisms.
125. Analytical and synthetic activity of the cerebral cortex. Dynamic stereotype, its physiological essence, significance for training and acquisition of labor skills.
126. Architecture of a holistic behavioral act from the point of view of the theory of the functional system P.K. Anokhina.
128. Teachings of P.K. Anokhin about functional systems and self-regulation of functions. Nodal mechanisms of a functional system.
129. Motivation. Classification of motivations, mechanisms of their occurrence. Needs.

Hormones of the anterior pituitary gland

The pituitary gland occupies a special position in the system of endocrine glands. It is called the central gland, since its tropic hormones regulate the activity of other endocrine glands. Pituitary gland – complex organ, it consists of the adenohypophysis (anterior and middle lobes) and the neurohypophysis (posterior lobe). Hormones of the anterior pituitary gland are divided into two groups: growth hormone and prolactin and tropic hormones (thyrotropin, corticotropin, gonadotropin).

Growth hormone (somatotropin) takes part in the regulation of growth, enhancing protein formation. Its most pronounced effect is on the growth of epiphyseal cartilage of the extremities, growth bones goes in length. Violation of the somatotropic function of the pituitary gland leads to various changes in the growth and development of the human body: if there is hyperfunction in childhood, then gigantism develops; with hypofunction – dwarfism. Hyperfunction in an adult does not affect overall growth, but the size of those parts of the body that are still capable of growing increases (acromegaly).

Prolactin promotes the formation of milk in the alveoli, but after preliminary exposure to female sex hormones (progesterone and estrogen). After childbirth, prolactin synthesis increases and lactation occurs. The act of sucking through a neuro-reflex mechanism stimulates the release of prolactin. Prolactin has a luteotropic effect, promotes the long-term functioning of the corpus luteum and its production of progesterone.

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (thyrotropin) selectively acts on the thyroid gland and increases its function. With reduced production of thyrotropin, atrophy of the thyroid gland occurs, with overproduction - proliferation, histological changes occur that indicate an increase in its activity;

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (corticotropin) stimulates the production of glucocorticoids by the adrenal glands. Corticotropin causes breakdown and inhibits protein synthesis and is a growth hormone antagonist. It inhibits the development of the basic substance of connective tissue, reduces the number of mast cells, inhibits the enzyme hyaluronidase, reducing capillary permeability. This determines its anti-inflammatory effect. Under the influence of corticotropin, the size and weight of lymphoid organs decrease. The secretion of corticotropin is subject to daily fluctuations: in the evening its content is higher than in the morning; Gonadotropic hormones (gonadotropins - follitropin and lutropin). Present in both women and men;

A) follitropin (follicle-stimulating hormone) stimulates the growth and development of the follicle in the ovary. It has a slight effect on the production of estrogens in women; in men, sperm formation occurs under its influence;

b) luteinizing hormone (lutropin) stimulates the growth and ovulation of the follicle with the formation of the corpus luteum. It stimulates the formation of female sex hormones - estrogens. Lutropin promotes the production of androgens in men.

Hormones of the middle and posterior lobes of the pituitary gland

IN middle share the pituitary gland produces a hormone melanotropin (intermedin), which affects pigment metabolism.

Posterior lobe The pituitary gland is closely connected with the supraoptic and paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. The nerve cells of these nuclei produce neurosecretion, which is transported to the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland. Hormones accumulate in pituicytes; in these cells hormones are converted into an active form. IN nerve cells oxytocin is produced in the paraventricular nucleus, and vasopressin is produced in the neurons of the supraoptic nucleus.

Vasopressin performs two functions:

1) enhances the contraction of vascular smooth muscles (arteriole tone increases with a subsequent increase in blood pressure);

2) inhibits urine formation in the kidneys (antidiuretic effect). The antidiuretic effect is provided by the ability of vasopressin to enhance the reabsorption of water from the kidney tubules into the blood. A decrease in the formation of vasopressin is the cause of diabetes insipidus(diabetes insipidus).

Oxytocin (ocytocin) selectively acts on the smooth muscles of the uterus, enhances its contraction. The contraction of the uterus increases sharply if it was under the influence of estrogens. During pregnancy, oxytocin does not affect contractility uterus, since the corpus luteum hormone progesterone makes it insensitive to all irritants. Oxytocin stimulates the release of milk; it is the excretory function that is enhanced, and not its secretion. Special cells in the mammary gland selectively respond to oxytocin. The act of sucking reflexively promotes the release of oxytocin from the neurohypophysis.

Hypothalamic regulation of pituitary hormone production

Hypothalamic neurons produce neurosecretion. Neurosecretion products that contribute to the formation of hormones of the anterior pituitary gland are called liberals, and those inhibiting their formation are statins. The entry of these substances into the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland occurs through blood vessels.

Regulation of the formation of hormones of the anterior pituitary gland is carried out by feedback principle. There is a two-way relationship between the tropic function of the anterior pituitary gland and the peripheral glands: tropic hormones activate the peripheral endocrine glands, the latter, depending on their functional state, also affect the production of tropic hormones. Bilateral relationships exist between the anterior pituitary gland and gonads, thyroid gland and adrenal cortex. These relationships are called “plus-minus” interactions. Tropic hormones stimulate (“plus”) the function of the peripheral glands, and hormones of the peripheral glands suppress (“minus”) the production and release of hormones of the anterior pituitary gland. There is an inverse relationship between the hypothalamus and tropic hormones of the anterior pituitary gland. An increase in the concentration of pituitary hormone in the blood leads to inhibition of neurosecretion in the hypothalamus.

The sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system increases the production of tropic hormones, parasympathetic division oppresses.

What is the pituitary gland and thyroid-stimulating hormone where the pituitary gland is located and how it is formed, what it is - all this is important to know to understand the nature and course of many diseases, including those associated with the occurrence of edema, tumors and various types of neoplasms.

Functions of the pituitary gland

Pituitary(lat. - process; synonyms: lower cerebral appendage, pituitary gland) is an oval formation, somewhat flattened from top to bottom and elongated from right to left. It is attached to the infundibulum at the base of the 3rd ventricle and lies in the recess of the sella turcica of the main bone. Its average dimensions are as follows: from top to bottom – 6 mm, from front to back – 9 mm, from right to left – 13 mm.

The pituitary gland is the central organ of the endocrine system; is closely connected and interacts with the hypothalamus.

The pituitary gland produces hormones that affect growth, metabolism and reproductive function person. When hormones in the body begin to be produced unstably, or more or less than normal, it occurs hormonal disbalance .

Experts call hormonal imbalance disorders hormonal levels person.

One of the most important reasons hormonal disorders are diseases of the endocrine system. Also, hormonal imbalance can be caused by surgeries and injuries, stress, metabolic disorders and other reasons.

pituitary functions

hormones and their effect on systems and organs

Thyroid-stimulating hormone

The most important is considered to be thyroid-stimulating hormone, which, by acting on specific receptors located on the surface of the epithelium of the thyroid gland, stimulates the production and activation of thyroxine.

Thyroxine affects all tissues of the body. The main function of thyroxine is the activation of metabolic processes, which is carried out through stimulation of the synthesis of RNA and corresponding proteins. Thyroxine affects metabolism, increases body temperature, and controls the growth and development of the body. Increases protein synthesis and sensitivity to catecholamines, increases heart rate. Thickens the inner lining of the uterus in women. Strengthens oxidative processes in cells of the whole body, in particular brain cells. Thyroxine is important for the proper development and differentiation of all cells in the human body, and can also stimulate the metabolism of vitamins.

The structure of the pituitary gland

Stroma loops are made of cords glandular epithelium And blood vessels. The anterior part of the medullary appendage develops like a complex tubular gland. This character is preserved to a certain extent in a developed organ; it is the main mass of the epithelium that has the appearance of cylindrical strands, branching and intertwining. The cords are essentially tubes with a collapsed lumen. Sometimes, even at some distance, the lumen remains in the form of a narrow gap; in other cases, it is filled with newly formed cells, and the epithelial cord swells.

The sections produce a very different picture of strands and islands of various sizes, with strands predominant in some places and islands in others. In some places, small round bubbles are striking, reminiscent of thyroid follicles and also filled with colored contents. They arise from the same strands by accumulation of a drop-shaped mass in the lumen and rearrangement of cells. Between the epithelial cords, closely adjacent to them, they branch blood capillaries, due to their wide lumen and swellings, having a sinus character. They develop from wide blood lacunae into which growing epithelial cords are immersed.

Development of the pituitary gland

The brain appendage develops from two independent rudiments, one epithelial, the other nervous, which come together and form a complex whole. The epithelial rudiment originates from the cavity of the primary mouth, which, as is known, is a depression on the surface of the body, i.e., the ectoderm, separated at the time of formation from the pharyngeal gut by a septum.

Immediately in front of the septum on top surface oral cavity a funnel-shaped depression is formed directed towards the brain bladder, it is known as Rathke’s pouch. A protrusion is formed towards this depression bottom surface second brain bladder, in the place of the future third ventricle of the brain. This protrusion is adjacent to the posterior surface of Rathke's pouch. In this way, the beginning of the cerebral appendage is laid.

Subsequently, Rathke's pouch, deepening, turns into a vesicle sitting on a hollow stalk, i.e., it becomes like the rudiment of a gland. When the cartilaginous base of the skull develops between the oral cavity and the brain, the vesicle appears to lie above it, and the leg on the way to the oral cavity pierces the cartilaginous plate.

Subsequently, the stem disappears and the vesicle loses contact with the oral cavity. But the remains of the stalk, growing, can give rise to accessory pituitary glands - the pharyngeal gland under the mucous membrane of the pharynx and the parahypophysis, which lies at the base of the sella turcica between the layers of the dura mater.

Meanwhile, the neural recess forms a funnel with a thickening at the end. And the epithelial vesicle, lying in front of the funnel, covers it in the form of a horseshoe, and its cavity turns into a narrow slit. Subsequently, the anterior wall of the vesicle becomes greatly thickened due to the fact that its epithelium forms tubular and continuous outgrowths, between the branches of which blood sinuses are embedded.

This thickening forms the anterior glandular part of the appendage. Back wall vesicle adjacent to the infundibulum, closely fuses with it and forms a relatively thin intermediate part, A Bottom part funnels, growing in the form of a compact rounded body, turns into a posterior one, nerve part appendage.

Subsequently, from the sides of the anterior, glandular part, two outgrowths extend upward, which, growing over the neck of the funnel, form the so-called tubercular part, otherwise a tongue-shaped process.

Stimulation of the pituitary gland and effects on the hypothalamus

The pituitary gland is localized in the area located under the brain, immediately at its base, it is framed by fibers optic nerves and precedes the beginning of the spinal cord. It is given the grand name “master gland” because its main role is to control all the other glands that are part of the endocrine system, causing them to lower or increase the levels of hormonal secretions they produce.

One of the most widely known hormonal compounds today is a hormone called HGH or, to be fully deciphered, growth hormone (human). This hormone is characterized by its effect on the growth process carried out by body cells and on their renewal processes. It also acts as a regulator of the functioning of other glands. According to many scientists, HGH can be described as the “fountain of youth” located inside the body.

By creating conditions in the blood that ensure high level growth hormone, can slow or even reverse multiple signs of old age. Additionally, this gland affects the activity of the kidneys and muscles, and is also a kind of battery for many hormones that are produced by the hypothalamus.

Hypothalamus

Hypothalamus- this is a gland located deep inside the structures of the brain, in an area that is characterized as the center of the cranial cavity, localized under a formation called thalamus.

The thalamus is a kind of switching center in which the sensory and motor pathways of the brain converge. Its peculiarity lies in the fact that its structures and its functional responsibilities are closely related to the hypothalamus, located above it. They are held together by a small bundle of connections, including nerve fibers and vascular network. This formation is a control center, the role of which is to control and implement many autonomous or independent functions that the peripheral part of the nervous system inherent in the body has.

The connections present in structural formations nervous system, combining it with the structures of the endocrine system, force the hypothalamus to ensure the continuity of a process called homeostasis, regulate the level of temperature in the body, stabilize indicators blood pressure and the nature of heart rhythms. The influence of this gland on the activity of the testicles and the functions of the ovaries, on the shift and duration of wakefulness/sleep cycles, on the manifestations of emotions, moods and behavioral characteristics, on the general energy balance and levels of generalized metabolism is also known.

Some experts use a definition where they explain the importance of the hypothalamus as a central significant organ - the “brain of the brain”. After all, the vast majority of its functions are related to the procedures for controlling the processes and structures of the brain, as well as the connections that the brain has with human body, since it is the hypothalamus that embodies the role of the connecting link of these processes.

Exercise for stimulation

The anatomical proximity and close relationship between the functions of these two glands dictate that the exercise is performed simultaneously for both of them.

Loosely clenched fists with the soft part located under the little finger tap at the base of the skull, directing the shock wave in the direction of the left eye - right, in the direction of the right - left. The blows alternate rapidly, sending a wave of shock through the hypothalamus and pituitary gland and then throughout the head, which adds some secondary benefit.

Among other things, this exercise brings the effect of relaxing tense neck muscles. The exposure time can be up to 2 minutes.

There is no limit to how many repetitions you can perform, but you must remember that the exercise only produces an effect over time, and a single long-term use of this practice instead of improvement can lead to the opposite effect.