What is stomach flu and how to treat. Stomach flu: symptoms and treatment

Peanut is a beautiful annual upright leguminous plant up to 50-60 cm high with a taproot that penetrates to a depth of 150 cm.

In the upper layers root system occupies a diameter of up to a meter, which leads to high resistance to drought. Peanut leaves are dark green, compound - paired. The flowers are collected in inflorescences in the axils of the leaves. The flower is bright yellow or orange.

In each inflorescence, one flower blooms at a time, which lengthens the flowering period from late June to autumn frosts.

The flower opens at 7-8 o'clock in the morning and blooms until noon. The plant develops up to 2000 flowers, and beans - from 30 to 70.

A few days later, in place of the flower, a young ovary begins to grow in the form of a kind of air “root”, which bends and goes to the soil.

Botanists call such ovaries gynophores. So the plant protects offspring from heat and drought.

Having penetrated into the soil, the top of the gynophore begins to grow rapidly into a cylindrical or cocoon-shaped bean, in which 1-4 elongated oval light pink seeds are formed.

Peanut growing technology

Peanuts need areas with warm soils, intense lighting without shading by other plants and good ventilation. The soil should be light sandy, black earth, neutral, with a high content of humus, calcium and magnesium (it is better to add chalk or lime on acidic soils). Peanuts also do not tolerate salinity (then phosphogypsum is added or other methods are used to reduce soil salinity).

Seeds germinate at a temperature of +12-14 °C, optimum temperature+ 25-30 ° C, after September cold snaps up to + 12-13 ° C, seeds are not formed. Even small frosts are detrimental, and after autumn frosts below -3 ° C, seeds in unripened beans lose their germination capacity.

Peanuts are very demanding on soil moisture, especially during flowering and seed formation in underground beans. In this case, there should be no stagnation of water. Excessive moisture in September significantly inhibits the ripening of seeds.

For the gynophores to quickly reach the soil and begin their growth into underground beans, it is necessary to hill the plants. In case of violation optimal conditions low disease resistance is observed - root rot spreads and leaves become stained.

How to grow a peanut

Soil preparation

In the garden, peanuts love crop rotation. It is sown after potatoes, cucumbers and cabbage, under which large doses organic fertilizers.

You can not sow a crop after peas, beans and other legumes, after which root rot develops. Peanuts are very responsive to phosphate fertilizers.

To do this, in the spring, when preparing the soil for sowing, it is better to apply nitrophoska at the rate of 50 g per 1 m². Under the autumn digging to a depth of 25-30 cm, humus is simultaneously introduced - 1-3 kg per 1 m².

It is useful to add a handful of humus to each well when sowing.

Seeding and watering

Sowing begins in May after the establishment of warm weather and warming up the soil above + 14-15 ° C. Usually sowing is carried out after melon crops. In the forest-steppe, these terms fall on May 10-15. In addition to the temperature, for seed germination, it is also necessary to take into account the possibility of a return of frosts from May 20 to 25, which are detrimental to peanuts.

It is better to sow the culture with half-shelled seeds, although it is also sown with whole beans. The remains of the valves are thrown along with the seeds, which contributes to the settlement of the roots with beneficial microscopic fungi that live on the surface of the valves.

In the country, it is better to sow peanuts in a square-nest way 60 × 60 or 70 × 70 cm, 5-6 plants per nest. It can also be sown in a wide-row way with a row spacing of 60-70 cm with a distance between plants of 15-20 cm. The sowing depth is 6-8 cm.

For sowing, only large seeds are used - small and feeble ones do not germinate. watered peanuts different ways, but, naturally, drip or furrow irrigation is better. Watering is carried out every 10-15 days in July-August in hot and dry weather. Watering is carried out only with water heated in the sun.

Hilling

The crucial moment in the cultivation of peanuts is the hilling of plants, without which the yield will be low.

Spud it 2-3 times. The first time to a height of 5-7 cm 10 days after the start of flowering.

Subsequent hillings are carried out every 10 days.

The main thing is not to rush to pour the soil around the plant at one time.

This will ensure that the soil gradually approaches the young gynophores that form after flowering along the entire length of the stem.

Cleaning

Harvest peanuts before frost. Beans are sorted into mature and unripe. Throw away very small ones. Dry in a dry ventilated warm room. Store in bags and peel as needed.

When stored in a cold and humid room, beans and seeds are affected by mold poisonous microscopic fungi. The average yield of dry seeds in vegetable gardens is 100-150 g/m².

It happens even higher - everything will depend on the experience of growing. Keep in mind that peanuts lose their germination capacity after 2-3 years.

How to grow peanuts in the country:

Many summer residents like to experiment with growing new crops. After all, it’s nice to surprise guests by putting something so unusual on the table, proudly declaring: “I grew it myself in the garden.” If you are one of these passionate people, try growing peanuts. By the way, this task is not so difficult, and in our article we will acquaint you in detail with this crop and cultivation techniques.

Although the peanut is called a nut, but in fact it is a relative of the common bean, because. belongs to the same family - legumes. This plant looks like this:

1. The bush has a height of 0.5-0.6 m.
2. The stem is branched.
3. The leaves are paired, dark green.
4. Flowers - yellow, small, sometimes their number reaches 2 hundred. The lower ones gradually descend to the ground, penetrate into it and there they turn into a bean, which is called a nut. In each shell, from 1 to 4 light pink seeds are formed. 30-70 nuts are collected from one bush.

About the benefits of peanuts

Of course, peanuts are delicious, especially roasted, but these are not all of its advantages, because it contains what the body needs so much:

• carbohydrates;
• proteins;
• fats;
• linolenic acid, vitamins B, E, if the beans are processed into oil.

And from these delicious nuts they make peanut butter, which in its own way energy value the same as meat, but more useful because of the content of folic acid in it.

We grow peanuts

To grow this plant of the legume family in our temperate climate, you should buy seeds of the following varieties:

• Krasnodarets 13;
• Krasnodarets 14;
• Steplyak;
• Valencia 433;
• Klinskaya.

Be carefull: Make sure you are not being sold processed or roasted beans, otherwise you will waste money, time, and seedlings will not wait.

To grow peanuts at home, you need to know what you need to grow them.

Conditions for plant development

1. Since nuts can develop exclusively in the ground, a good harvest is possible only in loose black earth, sandy loam or neutral soil. It is necessary to have magnesium and potassium, as well as humus in large quantities. Hilling bushes up to 3 times per season, we will increase the number of ovaries.
2. Since the homeland of peanuts is South America, where it grows as a perennial, the second condition for its successful development is temperature. Optimal - 20-27 degrees C, and as soon as it rises above +30 or drops below +15 - the bushes stop growing.
3. The third condition for successful cultivation is good lighting. It is unacceptable to have near plants that shade this culture.
4. It is important that the bed on which this representative of the legume is planted is well ventilated.
5. When a peanut blossoms and develops underground beans, it needs constant moisture, not stagnant water. In September, when the seeds ripen, excessive moisture can slow down this process.
6. The plant develops well in beds where cabbage, cucumbers, potatoes, tomatoes, cereals were grown before it, but in no case beans, peas, i.e. its relatives are legumes. But after peanuts, any crops feel good in the garden.
7. If you are going to grow it in large quantities and get oil from it, then know that the color of the peanut depends on the soil. Beans grown in light soil will produce light-coloured oil, while those grown in dark soil will produce darker oil.

Important: If the conditions necessary for the growth and development of peanuts are violated, the plant begins to hurt - spots appear on the leaves, which indicates the presence of root rot.

How to grow peanuts: ways

Groundnuts are grown through seedlings and by sowing in open ground. As planting material, grains collected no more than 2 - 3 years ago should be taken, because. then they lose their viability. In any case, the seeds must first germinate. This is done at the end of April:

1. Drop the seeds in weak solution potassium permanganate for disinfection.
2. Wash and soak for germination. After 10 days, sprouts will appear.
3. We harden the germinated seeds, keeping them indoors for 2-3 days at a temperature of about +3 degrees during the daytime, and at night we transfer them to a place where the temperature is room temperature.

Seedlings are grown from germinated seeds or sown in the garden. First, consider how to grow peanut seedlings. So:

• we fill the cups with light soil in early April;
• we deepen the seeds into the ground by 3 centimeters;
• place cups on a sunny windowsill;
• water moderately;
• in the meantime, we prepare the garden bed - we dig it up and remove the weeds;
• we plant plants in early June with an interval of 15 - 20 cm from each other and 0.6 - 0.7 m row by row.

If you decide to plant peanuts immediately in the ground, then as soon as it is established constant temperature air at least 20 degrees C, and the earth at a depth of 10 cm warms up to 15 degrees C, we proceed to sowing germinated seeds. The planting scheme is identical to that used when planting seedlings, and the depth is 60 - 80 mm. Sprouted seeds are planted in the ground, not only in order to see the harvest faster, but also in order to protect them from damage by the bear.

Good to know : many useful microscopic fungi live on the shell in which the nuts are located, so it is crushed and also thrown into the ground when planting.

We fight with a bear

To destroy the bear, we make a bait:

• we collect cleaning, grain;
• we dig in the garden;
• we take a piece of roofing material and cover it;
• pour plant debris, manure or humus on top;
• periodically look at the bait and collect the bear.

For your information : as soon as shoots appear, it is necessary to protect them from birds, since the shoots can completely destroy crows and thrushes.

Hilling, feeding peanuts

An important component of a good harvest is hilling, which is carried out several times per season:

1. Before the plants bloom, we spud the bushes to a height of 50 to 70 mm.
2. 10 days after flowering.
3. Regularly with an interval of 10 days, gradually reducing the distance between the roots (gynophores) formed after flowering and the soil. The last hilling is carried out in early August.

Three times a season, namely when real leaves begin to form, buds begin to tie, and then fruits, we apply mineral fertilizers per 1 weave:

• nitrogen - from 0.45 to 0.6 kg;
• phosphorus - from 0.5 to 0.6 kg;
• potassium - up to 0.45 kg, but only in sandy loamy soil.

Peanuts on a warm bed

When wondering how to grow peanuts in the country, consider also such an option as a warm bed. It is better to cook it in the fall or very early spring in case of emergency:

1. We allocate a place and proceed to digging a trench to a depth of a shovel bayonet. The optimal width is 1 m, and the length is whatever.
2. We store the top layer of soil on one side of the trench, and the bottom layer on the other.
3. We cover the bottom with plant residues, sprinkle them with earth. We place half-rotted compost on top.
4. We cover everything top layer earth.

If the soil is healthy, then after 60 days the bed will be filled with warm nutrient soil suitable for growing peanut.

Growing peanuts in a greenhouse

Peanuts are comfortable in a greenhouse, especially when grown in tandem with tomatoes, but provided that the latter are not very densely packed so that the peanuts still receive light. Legumes share nitrogen with tomatoes, and you don’t often need to spud bushes - 2 times in June is enough. By September, the harvest will already be ripe.

How to grow peanuts at home on a windowsill

After growing seedlings of peanuts, you can leave a few plants at home, and then harvest directly on the windowsill. To do this is simple:

1. We take a wide container and fill it with soil with humus and sand added to it.
2. We plant a plant in it and place it in the brightest place, making sure that there are no drafts.
3. We wait until a flower appears, and a bean develops from it. It is important that the shoots do not hang outside the container, otherwise the set fruit will not develop.
4. Water regularly, slightly loosen the soil.
5. We collect the fruits when the bush stops growing, and the leaves begin to turn yellow.

Harvest

Peanuts cannot withstand even slight frosts, so harvesting should be done before they occur. Wherein:

• we sort nuts into mature and not ripe;
• throw away very small ones;
• we bring it into a ventilated, dry room for drying;
• store in cloth bags;
• peel as needed.

If we have provided proper care, we can count on a yield of 100 to 150 g of dry grains per 1 sq. m or even higher.

Watch a video on how to grow peanuts:

Peanut crops in the middle and southern strip of Russia are quite rare, but with some knowledge, even without the slightest experience, getting a crop of this crop is quite simple. Peanuts belong to annuals, the legume family. The bush of the plant is small, up to 40 cm in height with paired leaves. Flowers yellow color small. After the flowers die off, fruits begin to form in the ground, protected by a peel.

Content:

Concerning pollination and formation of the peanut crop, then this process is quite complicated, because the flower lives only a day and during this time it must be pollinated, so the abundant flowering of plants is imperceptible. favorable conditions for the formation of ovaries do not always exist, but the peculiarity of the plant is that it can form up to 200 flowers for the entire period of vegetative development.

A feature of fruiting peanuts is the following fact - the fruits are not formed in root system like a potato, and antennae, which releases plants from lateral branches in place of flowers. Based on the above, it should be noted that the plant during the formation of fruits need frequent pruning loose soil.

Peanuts are native to South America, where their relatives grow in unprotected soil like weeds, thanks to the perfect balance of air temperature (high) and humidity (medium). In our conditions, the fruits in the soil during wintering are not preserved; high humidity can contribute to the defeat of the plant by infectious fungal diseases, and low humidity causes the flowers to fall off. This culture grows ideally at a temperature +20…+27 degrees. The plant lags behind in growth at a temperature of more than +30 degrees and less than 15 degrees.

In the open ground our culture can only be planted in the south of Russia, although many gardeners are engaged in the cultivation of "peanut" in other regions. This is possible thanks to a huge number of varieties of peanuts, more than 700.

Planting peanuts in the soil is recommended germinated seeds - in the southern regions seeds are planted in prepared holes in open ground, V middle lane seeds are recommended to be planted in a film greenhouse(it is possible along the aisles between other crops, for example, between tomatoes).

If peanuts do not sprout, then the reasons should be sought in the seeds - they can be damaged or dry, so nuts from the market are not always a full-fledged seed material.

Preparing seed for planting

There are several methods for preparing peanut seeds before planting in the soil: germination And growing two week old seedlings in peat cups. In the latter case, the ripening period of the plant is accelerated, the plant is not damaged by the bear. To protect plants from this pest, baits are made: cleanings and defective root crops are added to the soil, then this place is covered with a sheet of roofing material and sprinkled with earth. Traps need to be checked periodically when collecting a bear.

Soaking peanut seeds should be done at the end of April, and germination lasts 10 days. For disinfection of seeds, a weak (pink) solution of potassium permanganate is used. In the middle lane it is recommended to carry out hardening of seeds, do it in the following way: during the day, within 18-20 hours, the seeds are kept at a temperature of + 2 ... + 3 degrees, at night at room temperature.

The duration of seed hardening should last no more than three days.

After the appearance of sprouts, the seeds are planted in cups with previously prepared loose soil or in a permanent place, in unprotected soil. When planting plants in open ground, a distance of 20 centimeters is left between plants, and 25 centimeters between rows. Peanut culture is thermophilic, therefore, it is better to cover the plantings with a film pre-stretched over the prepared frame, remove the film only after persistent warm weather has been established.

According to folk beliefs peanuts in the southern regions can be planted without the use of protective structures - this time comes along with the flowering of viburnum.

Agricultural technology for growing peanuts

Hilling is considered the main event in the cultivation of peanuts; the amount of the crop depends on the number and correctness of hilling. Peanuts bloom in the last decade of June and continues to bloom almost until the end of August. At this time, experienced gardeners carry out several rounds peanut plants. For the first time, it is recommended to fill the root zone of plants by about 3 centimeters with a mixture of garden soil and compost. In August, two more hillings should be carried out with the same mixture, adding up to 2 centimeters of the same bedding.

Harvesting peanuts begin with the onset of yellowing of the leaves in September. The plant must be carefully dug up so as not to damage the fruits and shake, removing the ground. Drying the beans in the sun, together with the above-ground part. After about two weeks, the fruits are ready for further use. It is recommended to keep nuts for sowing together with the peel so they are better preserved.

Coffee, cocoa, halva are made from peanuts, they are eaten raw or fried, salted and served with beer, used as an additive to chocolate and other products. Nuts contain linoleic acid, vitamins B and E.

Growing peanuts in the garden, watch the video:

Peanut Planting and Growing (Part 1)

Peanut Planting and Growing (Part 2)

Peanut planting and cultivation (part 3)

Peanut planting and cultivation (part 4)

How to plant and grow peanuts. How to sow and grow seedlings? Can it be planted in open ground? How to care for planting? When to harvest? (10+)

Peanuts in the garden

Peanut fell in love in our latitudes as a native, however, his homeland is South America. He traveled a long way to our table: from South America he got to China and only then to Europe, which is why he for a long time was known as "Chinese pistachio", although this has nothing to do with reality. Peanuts belong to the legume family.

The popularity of peanuts is quite understandable and is explained by a rare combination palatability and useful properties.

Useful properties of peanuts and its use

Peanuts are very valuable in terms of their nutritional properties, it contains a large number of vitamins: B1, B2, niacin, C and in addition, a number useful elements: potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, sodium and phosphorus. Peanuts - very nutritional product nutrition, well, how could it be otherwise with such a calorie content: per 100g - 551 kcal.

Peanuts are really rich in antioxidants and thanks to this, they help in the prevention of diseases. of cardio-vascular system, aging processes, gastrointestinal diseases, genitourinary system. More content protein can only be found in soy.

Peanuts are easily absorbed by the body, although they are very satisfying, thanks to high content proteins. The high percentage of fat and protein makes peanuts an excellent raw material. In many countries, the main product from peanuts is oil, which in terms of its benefits is not inferior to olive oil. Peanuts are useful not only for people, but also for animals: the shell and tops of the peanut are very nutritious and healthy food for cattle.

We are accustomed to using peanuts as a salty snack and as an additive to baked goods.

Peanuts are also used in cosmetology, pharmacology and the chemical industry.

Growing peanuts outdoors

Peanut grows with a medium-sized shrub, blooms in small yellow flowers, beans (what we call nuts) are tied up and ripened underground.

Despite the fact that peanuts are a heat-loving plant, practice shows that it grows quite successfully in our climatic conditions. In warmer places in the country, you can grow peanuts immediately in open ground.

In this case, the site needs to be prepared in the fall, and in the spring the soil needs to be leveled and the beds outlined. Between the holes you need to maintain a distance of about 30 cm, and between rows - at least 60 cm.

Nuts need to be taken out of the cocoon and put into a hole 5-7 cm deep, 3 pieces each. Landing should be done in early May, when the soil is warm enough and the likelihood of frost is practically excluded. The soil for peanuts should be loose and well fluffed, heavy and clay will not work.

There is no need to water immediately, because the soil at this time of the year is already wet, but when the first shoots appear, watering can begin. Almost immediately, the peanuts will begin to bloom with small yellow flowers. As soon as the peanut has blossomed, it must be sprinkled with earth. You need to hill up high, as the bush grows, you need to increase the soil shaft of hilling. Careful hilling is desirable until the bush is completely strong. This procedure is very important and it will positively affect the yield. Watering should be carried out moderately, especially if it falls enough precipitation.

In addition, it is worth weeding rows of peanuts regularly, ridding them of weeds, and this will also help maintain a loose soil structure.

Growing peanut seedlings

Seedlings of peanut bushes can already be planted in open ground. You need to start growing seedlings from the beginning of April: you need to lower the seeds (nuts) of peanuts into cups with soil to a depth of about 3 cm. The soil should be loose, soft and moderately moist. The cups are placed on windowsills on the sunny side and moderately watered and fluffed. It is necessary to plant seedlings in open ground, in previously prepared soil, in early June.

Attention should be paid to the selection of a place for planting peanuts: it is advisable to choose a sunny place where potatoes, cabbage, cucumbers were previously grown, but not any other legumes.

Harvesting

You can harvest when the bushes begin to dry out. This usually happens at the beginning of October. The weather should be sunny, warm, and the ground dry so that the bush is easily pulled out. About a week before harvest, watering is not necessary at all. You can check if the peanut is ripe by digging up one bush.

It is convenient to dig up peanut bushes with a pitchfork: the rhizome must be carefully pry off, cocoons with peanuts should remain on the bush if the harvest is on time. The dug bushes should be left for a couple of days in a well-ventilated, dry place, then the cocoons with peanuts should be picked and dried at room temperature until completely dry. An indicator that the peanuts have dried up is the sound when shaking the cocoon: the nuts should roll freely.

After that, the peanut is ready for consumption and further manipulations.

Unfortunately, errors occur periodically in articles, they are corrected, articles are supplemented, developed, new ones are being prepared. Subscribe to the news to stay informed.

If something is not clear, be sure to ask!

Jujube - How to prepare the soil, propagate, fertilize, feed. How does he endure...

Knitting. Autumn memories. Foliage. Drawings. Pattern schemes...
How to knit the following patterns: Autumn memories. Leaves. Detailed instructions...

Cutlets from plantain leaves - cooking. Ingredients, composition. TO...
How to cook cutlets from plantain leaves, bake plantain in milk. Personal...

Cherry plum. Pruning. Growing technology...
How to plant and grow cherry plum. How to properly cut...