Duplex scanning of the vessels of the head. Who is eligible for Duplex Extremity Scanning? Duplex scanning of renal arteries and veins

Patients with possible side effects stenosis or obstruction of carotid or vertebral arteries or symptomatic patients and clinical symptoms indicating these states. Patients with risk factors for atherosclerosis. . Proper conduct this study can monitor the effects of a medical, interventional, or surgical treatment primary or secondary prevention cerebrovascular diseases.

Transcranial Doppler screening and color-coded transcranial Doppler scanning are non-invasive methods for studying intracerebral blood flows. The main indications for adults are. The clinical manifestations and severity of this disease vary from simple embarrassment or aesthetic defect before severe pain, disability or even instant death. These diseases occur in the veins of all tissues and organs, but pathological manifestations the most common and characteristic are: leg veins: varicose disease, thromboembolic diseases, venous malformations upper limbs veins: thrombophlebitis of the upper limbs of the veins of the small pelvis varicose pelvic thrombophlebitis of the pelvic veins hemorrhoids: hemorrhoids, hemorrhoidal thrombophlebitis, etc. system portal vein: portal vein thrombosis, cave, portal hypertension cerebral veins: thrombosis of the cavernous sinuses.

Interpretation of study data

Anatomy lower extremities The veins of the lower extremities are divided into superficial veins, deep veins and connecting veins after their fascia. Superficial veins Superficial veins form networks that do not accompany arteries and do not drain into the two main superficial collectors: large and small sagging veins. The foot has digital foot veins that spill into the dorsal arch of the foot. From the medial end of the bow begins the internal protective vein from the lateral external vein. There are several anastomoses on the back of the leg between the two veins that make up the dorsal vein with large eyes.

The internal guard vein moves from close to the medial surface of the tibial malleolus, then behind the medial margin tibia, on inner surface calf passing behind the medial tibial condyle femur and directed towards the root of the thigh and in the subcutaneous recess, located about 4 cm to 1.5 cm in the middle and tibia arches. Inside Sapen internal vein receives as a tributary a rich anterior superficial vena cava and a posterior venous arch. The projection of the subcutaneous skin to the skin is represented by a line connecting the tibial male to the guard.

At the level of overdose internal cavity safen-vein flows into the femoral vein with the crank pointing backwards. The name "safen" of the vein comes from the Greek saph because the subcutaneous features are visible. In the popliteal fossa, it describes a ventrally oriented corona and flows into the popliteal vein. The great anastomotic vein of Giacomini is a femoral-popliteal anastomosis that descends obliquely in a "handkerchief" at the back of the thigh. deep veins on plantar foot the feet have digital plant veins deep and parallel to the homonymous arteries, leaking into the venom arbor next to the plantar artery.

From the venous arch that begins, the median plant veins and the lateral planting veins begin. They meet in grooves behind the peroneal malleolus to form the corresponding tibial posterior tibial vein accompanying the arteries and veins of the peroneal, which is the same name.

The anterior tibial vein is adjacent to the artery in the muscular lobe. Thus, there are three pairs of deep veins that accompany the arteries on the edge. From the union of the tibial veins with the peroneal veins, the trunk of the tibioperonium is formed, which receives the veins of the lumbar muscle. The veins of the seminal muscle, called the sole sinusoids, are usually wide, 1. The popliteal vein is adjacent to the artery and rises in the middle of the popliteal region, receiving the external protective vein. The adductor ring continues with the femoral vein, which at 9 cm arcade receives the deep femoral vein and becomes the common femoral vein; the femoral vein also receives the femoral circumflex veins and the internal protective vein.

The external iliac vein continues the femoral vein and is oriented along the ascending and posterior side of the sacral joint, where it forms the common iliac vein through its connection with the internal iliac vein. Two common iliac veins oriented proximally and medially, forming, connecting the inferior cervical vein, which is located along the straight line of the spine. In the lower extremities, there are numerous connections between veins that contribute to the drainage of blood from the surface to the depth and from the periphery to the cord.

Connecting veins have several types: anastomotic veins connecting veins of the same type: deep between them, protective substances between them, in an arc on the same venous trunk, communicating or perforating the veins, unite the superficial and profane venous system; perforate the superficial aponeurosis to reach depth. There are about 150 perforating veins in the lower extremity, but only a few have clinical significance. Perforated veins roll on the leg, and calves are equipped with 2-3 valves.

Contraindications for carrying out

Normal perforations have solid valves and are continents, that is, they drain blood from the surface to the depth. Perforating veins are considered deficient or incapacitating if they drain blood from depth to surface, thus back to normal circulation. Perforation vascular insufficiency is due to dilation, in which case the valves no longer touch or are the result of direct destruction of the valves through a reperfusion mechanism after acute thrombophlebitis.

There are usually three perforations located 6 cm, 13.5 cm and 18.5 cm above the top of the inner maleol. Venous upper limbs, neck and head. superior veins. The upper superficial veins of the upper limb are the basal vein and the cephalic vein, which drain blood from the skin and subcutaneous tissue. The basilar vein moves to the medial region of the elbow, where it passes through the deep fascia to become the accompanying vein of the brachial artery. The cephalic vein runs along the lateral edge into the biceps groove, where one chest passes through the osteoclavicular membrane to leak into the axillary vein.

The deep veins of the upper extremities accompany the distal arteries, then unite and receive basil, usually forming a single trunk of the brachial vein, which, after passing the edge of the axis, becomes the axillary vein. It has numerous tributaries that correspond to branches of the axillary artery. Arriving at the level of the first rib, it becomes the subclavian vein above the first rib and back clavicle. Attachment to the internal jugular vein forms the brachicidal vein. Compression at this level may contribute to axillary vein thrombosis.

The superficial and deep veins of the upper extremities are wrapped around the proximal axillary vein. 2. Physiology of the lower venous circulation Main functions venous system are: blood flow in the heart, blood storage and thermoregulation. The physiology of the venous circulation of the lower extremities is complex and varies greatly depending on the conditions: orthostatic, debubitus, limb elevation. Engine providing factors venous circulation return push left ventricular force aspiring heart and respiratory muscles leg muscle pump, especially calves walking pulse printed artery paravenous tone autonomous vein wall of the action of venous valves that prevent reflux.

Factors that impede the circulation of the vein are: the gravitational force of the viscosity of the blood of the abdominal press. Diagnosis of the genetic aspects of a history of vein disease requires knowledge of varicose vein disease, thrombophlebitis, arterial or lymphatic in family history. Of the personal physiological antecedents in women, the number of pregnancies and evolution are important. Heart, kidney or liver diseases are important for differential diagnosis edema and treatment. Professions and efforts involving prolonged standing or exposure to heat accompanied by varicose veins veins and their complications, and they are: teachers, workers, professional staff, cooks, builders, athletes.

Ultrasound duplex scanning technique

This applies to the patient's age, work, weight, weight. From history, we need to know about the beginning of the disease, its initial symptoms and its evolution. Edema of the affected extremities is functional symptom. Interests, whether one-sided or two-sided. Venous edema occurs with prolonged orthostatism and decreases to a stop on the dorsal descent, so it is increased in the evening and reduced in the morning. Inferior venous pain in the legs is caused by prolonged orthostaticism and initially decides to walk, but especially at rest in decubitus ulcers with limb elevation.